Damian Gore

Discussion and Reply. Grooves and striations on the Stanthorpe Adamellite

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 06-2003

DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-0952.2003.00996.X

Treatment of soil co-contaminated with inorganics and petroleum hydrocarbons using silica: Implications for remediation in cold regions

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.COLDREGIONS.2016.10.008

Elemental compositions of papyrus removed from ancient cartonnage reveal technology and date papyrus

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.CULHER.2023.10.001

In field analysis of aqueous environmental samples using transportable EDXRF

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2006

DOI: 10.1016/J.GCA.2006.06.484

Retreat history of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2013.07.024

Assessment of metal contamination using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) during remediation of a waste disposal site in Antarctica

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.1039/B712631J

Abstract: The remediation of the Thala Valley landfill, Casey Station, East Antarctica, is part of efforts to clean-up contaminated sites associated with the Australian Antarctic Program. These sites, ranging from abandoned rubbish dumps to fuel spills, are contaminated principally with metals and petroleum hydrocarbons. Remediation success depends on accurate, cost-effective and timely--fit-for-purpose--chemical analysis of soil and water s les from the site, which is required to guide excavation, the in situ or off-site treatment and disposal of contaminated material, and to validate satisfactory remediation. Owing to the remote location of Antarctica, it is necessary to carry out chemical analyses on-site. Waste and soil contaminated with Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu were excavated from Thala Valley for removal to Australia, treatment and disposal. Analysis of total metal concentrations in soil was performed at Casey Station with a transportable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. Soil s les were prepared using a simple size-fractionation method to expedite s le throughput. A method for assessing contaminant mobility in solid waste (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, TCLP) was also used to characterise soil. Although this was more labour-intensive and time-consuming than the total metals analysis, it was of great utility because leachable metals were often significant determinants in the assessment of contaminated soil. The combined data helped managers during remediation, directing excavation and allowing waste to be classified for treatment and disposal before its return to Australia.

Bunger Hills, East Antarctica

Publisher: Geological Society of America

Date: 2001

DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1103:BHEAIF>2.0.CO;2

Geochemical insights to the formation of sedimentary buffers

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2014.04.035

Managing legacy waste in the presence of cultural heritage at Wilkes Station, East Antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 16-12-2015

DOI: 10.1017/S0032247413000740

Abstract: The Antarctic Treaty has been the principal governing force in Antarctica since 1961. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol) requires that all past and present work and waste-disposal sites are cleaned up unless doing so would cause greater environmental damage or the site is considered to be a monument of significant historical importance. Despite this requirement, legacy waste issues remain unresolved in parts of Antarctica. Clean-up operations in Antarctica are complicated by a combination of restricted access, extreme weather, financial limitations and logistical constraints. Further complications arise at sites such as Wilkes Station, where the requirement for clean-up coexists with the desire to preserve potentially valuable heritage items. Several buildings and artefacts with potential heritage value remain at Wilkes Station. However, Wilkes Station is not officially designated as a historic site or monument under the Antarctic Treaty, nor is it a national or world heritage place under Australian domestic legislation. Consequently the buildings and relics at Wilkes Station are afforded little protection under the existing relevant domestic and international legislative frameworks. This paper uses Wilkes Station as a case study of the complexities associated with conducting clean-up operations at contaminated sites with informal heritage value in Antarctica. The legislative and environmental considerations surrounding clean-up operations at Wilkes Station are also investigated. Furthermore, we argue the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach to operations which facilitate the clean-up of legacy waste and preservation of the potential heritage values at Wilkes. Finally, we recognise that the complexities discussed in this paper have wider applicability and we investigate the relevance of these issues to other Antarctic contaminated sites with formal or informal heritage value.

Application of reactive barriers operated in frozen ground

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Date: 2009

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69371-0_20

Transportable EDXRF analysis of environmental water samples using Amberlite IRC748 ion-exchange preconcentration

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2010

DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1244

Freeze-thaw cycling, moisture and leaching from a Controlled Release Nutrient source

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.COLDREGIONS.2007.07.007

Corrosion at the surface of chalcogenide glass microspheres

Publisher: IOP Publishing

Date: 04-04-2012

DOI: 10.1088/2040-8978/14/5/055401

Spatial variability of elements in ancient Greek (ca. 600–250 BC) silver coins using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and time of flight-secondary ion mass sp

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 12-2017

DOI: 10.1017/S0885715617001002

Abstract: Archaeometrists use a variety of analytical methods to determine trace elements in ancient Greek silver coins, for provenance studies, understanding social and technological change, and authentication. One analytical problem which is little documented is understanding the horizontal spatial heterogeneity of coin elemental composition in micro-s led areas, which are usually assumed to be uniform. This study analysed ten ancient Greek coins representative of silver circulating in the Aegean region in the sixth to third centuries BC. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry was used to map the spatial distribution of elements on coins that were abraded to remove the patina. Time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry was then conducted on selected coins, mapping an area ~100 × 100 µm and depth profiling from 0 to 10 µm. These data revealed the three-dimensional elemental complexity of the coins, in particular, the heterogeneity both in the patina and beneath it. These data will guide future authentication and provenance studies of larger s le sets of ancient Greek coins including the use of line scanning for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data collection rather than spot analyses, and non-destructive analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.

Grain size of activated carbon, and untreated and modified granular clinoptilolite under freeze-thaw

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 04-2006

DOI: 10.1017/S0032247406005109

Abstract: Permeable reactive barriers are used to adsorb contaminants from soil water. Their fillings are granular materials whose stability under freezing conditions has not been demonstrated. In this research, three granular materials (activated carbon, raw clinoptilolite and a nutrient amended clinoptilolite) were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles at different moisture conditions, in order to simulate their use in permeable reactive barriers in areas of freezing ground. The μm fraction, which will potentially accumulate grain fragments, showed no change for the carbon, but an increase from ∼1% to ∼3% abundance by volume for the clinoptilolite with modes at 100–200 μm. SEM images show cracks in the zeolite grains, forming fragments of the size observed in the particle size data. These findings may have implications for the long-term permeabilities of reactive barriers operated in areas of freezing ground.

Characterisation of the dilute HCl extraction method for the identification of metal contamination in Antarctic marine sediments

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2004

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2004.05.042

Changes in the Ice Boundary of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, 1947 to 1990

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 04-1993

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8470.1993.TB00650.X

Evaluation of geochemical methods for discrimination of metal contamination in Antarctic marine sediments

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2006

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2006.02.062

Abstract: Detecting anthropogenic metal contamination in regional surveys can be particularly difficult when there is a lack of pre-disturbance data, especially when trying to differentiate low to moderate levels of contamination from background values. Furthermore, comparisons with other regional studies are confounded by differing analytical methods used and variations in sediment properties such as grainsize. Several types of geochemical technique, including weak acid partial extraction, strong acid extractions and total digestion have been used. Attempts have been made to overcome the influence that grainsize has on chemical concentrations in heterogeneous environments by analysing the fines, typically the mud fraction (<63 microm), in an attempt to improve the detection of anthropogenic contamination. Here we compare a weak acid partial extraction using 1M HCl and total digestion methods for a regional survey of reference and impacted sites in Antarctica using both whole sediment (<2 mm) and mud (<63 microm) fractions. The 1M partial extraction on whole sediment (<2 mm) most closely distinguished weakly, or moderately, impacted sites from reference locations. It also identified small scale within-location spatial variation in metal contamination that the total digest did not detect. Compared with total digests or analysis of the <63 microm fraction alone, this method minimised the possibility of a Type II statistical error in the regional survey - that is, failing to identify a site as being contaminated when it has elevated metal concentrations. To allow inter-regional comparison of sediment chemistry data from elsewhere in Antarctica, and also more generally, we recommend a 1M HCl partial extraction on whole sediment (<2 mm).

Glacial Crooked Lake, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 1996

DOI: 10.1017/S0032247400027637

Abstract: Glacial Crooked Lake was an ice-dammed impoundment in Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, that had a volume of (250 ± 45) × 10 m. The impoundment is inferred to have existed during deglaciation following the Late Holocene Chelnok Advance of Sørsdal Glacier. The dam released water incrementally, allowing the formation of four major series of shorelines with a maximum height of 24 m above the current lake level of 22 m asl. Water from Glacial Crooked Lake overflowed into Watts Lake downstream, allowing saltwater there to mix, dilute, and be transported to the sea via Ellis Rapids. In this way water in Watts Lake became fresh, and alluvial fans consisting of cobbles and boulders formed below Crooked Lake and Ellis Rapids.

Non-Destructive or Noninvasive? The Potential Effect of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers on Luminescence Age Estimates of Archaeological Samples

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 18-05-2016

DOI: 10.1002/GEA.21574

Metal and petroleum hydrocarbon contamination at Wilkes Station, East Antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 10-09-2015

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102014000443

Abstract: The management of sediment and water contamination from legacy waste is a significant problem in Antarctica. Although several reports have noted that there are contaminated sites at the abandoned Wilkes Station, a systematic attempt to assess the spatial scale of the problem has not been made, making development of clean-up or preservation programmes difficult. A contaminated site assessment for the old Wilkes Station and surrounds is presented in this paper. The Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) sediment and water quality guidelines and background concentration levels (BCL) were used to assess the extent of contamination across Clark Peninsula. Of 67 sediment sites s led, 72% were contaminated with at least one metal or metalloid, with values exceeding the ANZECC ISQG-High or 2 x BCL. Moreover, 19% were contaminated with four or more metals/metalloids. Of the 93 water s les collected, all but one was contaminated with at least one metal/metalloid concentration exceeding the guidelines, and 96% were contaminated with two or more metals/metalloids. For hydrocarbons in sediment and water, most s les were below quantitation limits. There is a complex pattern of contamination across Clark Peninsula that needs to be considered in future waste treatment, containment or removal operations, and for protection of heritage items.

Immobilisation of metals in contaminated landfill material using orthophosphate and silica amendments

Publisher: Avestia Publishing

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.11159/IJEPR.2015.004

Aspects of the design and calibration of a portable flume

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-1988

DOI: 10.1016/0933-3630(88)90011-6

A community-based geological reconstruction of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2014.06.025

Human occupation, impacts and environmental management of Bunger Hills

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 27-02-2020

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102019000348

Abstract: The types and distributions of anthropogenic rubbish have been documented at Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. The area has been the site of scientific research stations from 1958 to the present. Rubbish types include deliberately or negligently discarded items (gas cylinders, broken glass), abandoned unserviceable equipment (boats, vehicles, scientific equipment), spills (chemicals, fuel, oil) and the slow collapse of old buildings. Some rubbish remained where it was left, while other material was redistributed by strong winds. Modern expeditioner training should limit the production of new rubbish, while inadvertent wind dispersal of rubbish from old station buildings could be minimized by better management of these structures and their surrounds. Buildings and other constructed items need ongoing maintenance if they are not to break down and be distributed by wind, or they should be removed within a reasonable period.

Spatio-temporal variation of skeletal Mg-calcite in Antarctic marine calcifiers in a global change scenario

Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Date: 20-12-2018

DOI: 10.1101/502765

Abstract: Human driven changes such as increases in oceanic CO2, global warming and pollution may negatively affect the ability of marine calcifiers to build their skeletons/shells, especially in polar regions. Here we address, for the first time, spatio-temporal variability of skeletal Mg-calcite using bryozoan and serpulid species as models in a recruitment experiment of settlement tiles in East Antarctica. Mineralogies were determined using X-ray diffractometry for 754 specimens belonging to six bryozoan species (four cheilostome and two cyclostome species) and two serpulid species from around Casey Station. All species had calcitic skeletons. Intra- and interspecific variability in wt% MgCO3 in calcite among most species contributed to the biggest source of variation overall. Therefore, biological processes seem to be the main factor controlling the skeletal Mg-calcite in these taxa. However, spatial variability found in wt% MgCO3 in calcite could also reflect local impacts such as freshwater input and contaminated sediments. The vulnerability of these species to global change is also examined and those species with high-Mg calcite skeletons and low thermal tolerance (e.g. Beania erecta) could be particularly sensitive to near-future global ocean chemistry changes.

Chemical immobilization of metals and metalloids by phosphates

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2015.03.014

Derived constituents in the glacial sediments of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 1994

DOI: 10.1016/0277-3791(94)90033-7

Management and remediation of contaminated sites at Casey Station, Antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 07-2001

DOI: 10.1017/S0032247400027236

Abstract: The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty requires that past and present work sites be cleaned up unless removal would result in greater adverse environmental impact than leaving the contaminant in its existing location. In the early 1990s Australia began the documentation of contaminated sites associated with its research stations, which resulted in an extensive record of contamination at abandoned stations and waste-disposal sites. Currently the technical capability to remediate these sites does not exist because of environmental challenges that are unique to the cold regions. Investigations indicate that clean-up operations in the past have proceeded without adequate precautions and without effective monitoring. To address these problems, three research priorities have been identified to assist meeting international and national obligations to clean up these sites. They are: understanding contaminant mobilisation processes development of ecological risk assessment for use in monitoring and setting priorities and development of clean-up and remediation procedures. This study provides sufficient information to guide the completion of a clean-up at Casey Station and to indicate how other similar sites should be managed. The next stage is to develop the theory into an operational plan to include detailed protocols for clean-up, monitoring, site remediation, and management of the waste stream from site to final repository. To achieve this, the Australian Antarctic Division has established a contaminated sites taskforce to facilitate the transition from research and development of techniques to implementation of suitable clean-up options.

Last glaciation of Vestfold Hills: Extension of the East Antarctic ice sheet or lateral expansion of Sørsdal Glacier?

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 1997

DOI: 10.1017/S003224740001411X

Abstract: Opinions are ided as to whether the area of Vestfold Hills was formerly covered by the East Antarctic ice sheet or S0rsdal Glacier. Striae orientations have been used to erect the model of extension of the ice sheet followed by a minor lateral expansion of Sørsdal Glacier, while basal till fabrics distribution of weathered rock and the nature, orientation, and distribution of moraines have been used to conclude that lateral expansion of Sørsdal Glacier alone can explain the evidence of the last glaciation of Vestfold Hills. A review of all available data supports the model of regional glaciation by an extended East Antarctic ice sheet. Lateral expansion of Sørsdal Glacier has probably only played a minor role in the glaciation of Vestfold Hills since the regional glaciation.

Exposure ages from mountain dipsticks in Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica, indicate little change in ice-sheet thickness since the Last Glacial Maximum

Publisher: Geological Society of America

Date: 2007

DOI: 10.1130/G23503A.1

Salt, sediments and weathering environments in Bunger Hills

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 27-02-2020

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102020000073

Abstract: Terrestrial environments at Bunger Hills, East Antarctica, vary from vegetation-rich, little-weathered rock surfaces retaining glacial polish and striations near the glacier and ice-sheet margins to salty, vegetation-poor, extensively weathered regions near to and downwind of marine bays and inlets. Weathering forms include tafoni and orientated pits, which record former wind directions. Although salts are found all over Bunger Hills, the strongly weathered area is coincident with the distribution of halite (NaCl) and thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ), both of which are derived from seawater and marine salt spray. Salts elsewhere in Bunger Hills are either subglacial calcium carbonates or rock weathering products including gypsum (CaSO 4 ⋅2H 2 O) and a range of rarer minerals. These other salt minerals do not weather rocks and sediment. The distribution of halite and thenardite acts as a major control on the geomorphology, sediment geochemistry and biogeography of Bunger Hills.

Late Quaternary aeolian dunes on the presently humid Blue Mountains, Eastern Australia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2003

DOI: 10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00191-X

On-site and in situ remediation technologies applicable to metal-contaminated sites in Antarctica and the Arctic: A review

Publisher: Norwegian Polar Institute

Date: 31-12-2013

DOI: 10.3402/POLAR.V33.21522

Ice-Damming and fluvial erosion in the vestfold hills, east antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 06-1992

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102092000348

Abstract: An ice dam with a former impoundment volume of 1.1 × 10 6 m 3 is reported from the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. The ice of the dam was derived from wind-drifted snow subsequently changed into ice by normal summer melt and freeze processes. The reformation (after 1979 and 1987) and failure of this ice dam (during 1987 and 1990) indicates the potential for the release of geomorphologically significant flows in a polar climate. The origin of a nearby fluvially eroded channel is attributed to the release of an ice-dammed impoundment. The potential of such flows for reworking glacial debris may be important when considering the sedimentology of former proglacial areas.

Were the Larsemann Hills ice-free through the Last Glacial Maximum?

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 12-2001

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102001000608

Abstract: Lake sediments in the Larsemann Hills contain a great ersity of biological and physical markers from which past environments can be inferred. In order to determine the timing of environmental changes it is essential to have accurate dating of sediments. We used radiometric ( 210 Pb and 137 Cs), radiocarbon (AMS 14 C) and uranium series ( 238 U) methods to date cores from eleven lakes. These were s led on coastal to inland transects across the two main peninsulas, Broknes and Stornes, together with a single s le from the Bolingen Islands. Radiometric dating of recent sediments yielded 210 Pb levels below acceptable detection limits. However, a relatively well-defined peak in 137 Cs gave a date marker which corresponds to the fallout maximum from the atmospheric testing of atomic weapons in 1964/65. Radiocarbon (AMS 14 C) measurements showed stratigraphical consistency in the age-depth sequences and undisturbed laminae in some cores provides evidence that the sediments have remained undisturbed by glacial action. In addition, freshwater surface sediments were found to be in near-equilibrium with modern 14 CO 2 and not influenced by radiocarbon contamination processes. This dating program, together with geomorphological records of ice flow directions and glacial sediments, indicates that parts of Broknes were ice-free throughout the Last Glacial Maximum and that some lakes have existed continuously since at least 44 ka bp . Attempts to date sediments older than 44 ka bp using 128 U dating were inconclusive. However, supporting evidence for Broknes being ice-free is provided by an Optically Stimulated Luminescence date from a glaciofluvial deposit. In contrast, Stornes only became ice-free in the mid to late Holocene. This contrasting glacial history results from the Dålk Glacier which erts ice around Broknes. Lakes on Broknes and some offshore islands therefore contain the oldest known lacustrine sediment records from eastern Antarctica, with the area providing an ice-free oasis and refuge for plants and animals throughout the Last Glacial Maximum. These sediments are therefore well placed to unravel a unique limnological sequence of environmental and climate changes in East Antarctica from the late Pleistocene to the present. This information may help better constrain models of current climate changes and ensure the adequate protection of these lakes and their catchments from the impacts of recent human occupation.

Immobilization and encapsulation of contaminants using silica treatments

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 12-2013

DOI: 10.1002/REM.21377

Imaging of jurassic fossils from the talbragar fish bed using fluorescence, photoluminescence, and elemental and mineralogical mapping

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 05-06-2017

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0179029

Long-term acid-generating and metal leaching potential of a sub-Arctic oil shale

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 14-04-2014

DOI: 10.3390/MIN4020293

Retreat of the East Antarctic ice sheet during the last glacial termination

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 16-01-2011

DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1061

Late Pleistocene and Holocene history of Lake Terrasovoje, Amery Oasis, East Antarctica, and its climatic and environmental implications

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-2004

DOI: 10.1007/S10933-004-0143-8

Soil phosphorus enhancement below stormwater outlets in urban bushland: Spatial and temporal changes and the relationship with invasive plants

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2004

DOI: 10.1071/SR03035

Abstract: Invasion by exotic plant species is a significant problem in urban bushland remnants and is often associated with nutrient enrichment of soils. A major source of nutrient enrichment in urban areas is stormwater runoff, which is transferred from impervious surfaces in urban catchments and discharged at outlets on the residential/bushland interface. We measured the spatial extent of soil total phosphorus (P) enhancement below stormwater outlets on Hawkesbury Sandstone-derived soils in northern Sydney and examined whether total P concentration has increased with time since urban development and extended laterally beyond the stormwater flow path. The average area of soil P enhancement below outlets was 0.24 ± 0.05 ha and was widest 30–50 m downslope from the outlet, where it extended an average 40 m across slope. Catchment area was not significantly related to average soil total P concentration. There was a significant decline in total P across slope from the centre of the flow path and a significant positive relationship between soil total P and proportion of exotic plant cover, with soil P accounting for 77.5% of variation. We found evidence for a build-up in soil total P concentration over time within the run-on zone below outlets, with the rate of enhancement being ~68 mg/kg per decade over a 40-year period. Evidence for lateral transfer of soil P out of the run-on area was more equivocal. There was a significant decline in soil total P across slope from the boundary of the run-on zone, with higher concentrations at distances 0.5 m and 1 m from the boundary compared with .5 m. However, this could be due to error in locating the boundary between run-on and non run-on areas. There was no significant relationship between soil P in the non run-on zone and age of development, which would be expected if P was being transferred by biological activity beyond the run-on zone over time. It is clear that the primary areas of concern for management must be the run-on areas below outlets.

Algae River

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 04-2002

DOI: 10.1017/S0032247400017526

Abstract: An extensive terrestrial drainage system, centred on Algae Lake in southern Bunger Hills, is described. The 25-km-long Algae River is the third longest known in Antarctica after Onyx River (Wright Valley, Victoria Land) and Druzhby River (Vestfold Hills, Queen Elizabeth Land). Algae River receives meltwater from the Antarctic ice sheet, Apfel Glacier, and ephemeral and permanent snow banks in the ice-free area of the Bunger Hills. Water flows through a series of epiglacial lakes before reaching the extensive Algae Lake, which in turn has an outlet to Transkriptsii Gulf, a largely fresh-water, tidal epishelf lake connected to the ocean under the Edisto Ice Tongue and Shackleton Ice Shelf. Total flow from Algae Lake was estimated to be greater than 1 x 10 7 m 3 a -1 from data collected in the 1986/87 summer. Some portions of the drainage system that were flowing during the 1946/47,1985/86, 1986/87, 1994/95, 1995/96, and 1998/99 summers were not flowing during the 1999/2000 summer, indicating the variable nature of discharge in the river and emphasising that parts of the drainage network may become disconnected readily.

Preparation of electrotechnical products for reduction of hazardous substances compliance testing

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 25-04-2008

DOI: 10.1021/ES071748L

Abstract: Potentially toxic substances in electrical and electronic equipment are increasingly regulated, yet there is little guidance regarding appropriate s le preparation and analysis for compliance testing. Printed circuit boards are likely to contain regulated substances. Unfortunately, they are very difficult to break into homogeneous components of a mass allowing ready analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, instrumental neutron activation analysis or dissolution-based techniques such as inductively coupled plasma, yet they must be analyzed despite this heterogeneity. Analysis of unprepared s les of circuit board using microspot, hand-held, benchtop and polarizing XRF spectrometers results in unacceptable analytical precision. Shredding s les to < 0.5 mm improves analytical precision sufficientlyfor RoHS compliance screening. To improve analytical precision further, additional s le preparation by fine shredding or milling is required. Milling for 90 s using a puck and ring mill reduces mean particle size to < 90 microm, which is sufficiently fine for XRF analyses or acid dissolution. S le loss during milling means that fine shredding is probably an optimal form of s le preparation.

Porous metal–organic framework-based filters: Synthesis methods and applications for environmental remediation

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.CEJ.2021.133160

Products and stability of phosphate reactions with lead under freeze-thaw cycling in simple systems

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2011.08.026

Abstract: Orthophosphate fixation of metal contaminated soils in environments that undergo freeze-thaw cycles is understudied. Freeze-thaw cycling potentially influences the reaction rate, mineral chemical stability and physical breakdown of particles during fixation. This study determines what products form when phosphate (triple superphosphate [Ca(H(2)PO(4))(2)] or sodium phosphate [Na(3)PO(4)]) reacts with lead (PbSO(4) or PbCl(2)) in simple chemical systems in vitro, and assesses potential changes in formation during freeze-thaw cycles. Systems were subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles from +10 °C to -20 °C and then analysed by X-ray diffractometry. Pyromorphite formed in all systems and was stable over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Low temperature lead orthophosphate reaction efficiency varied according to both phosphate and lead source the most time-efficient pyromorphite formation was observed when PbSO(4) and Na(3)PO(4) were present together. These findings have implications for the manner in which metal contaminated materials in freezing ground can be treated with phosphate.

The diatom flora and limnology of lakes in the Amery Oasis, East Antarctica

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-05-2004

DOI: 10.1007/S00300-004-0624-2

Formation and stability of Pb-, Zn-& Cu-PO 4 phases at low temperatures: Implications for heavy metal fixation in polar environments

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2011.09.035

Abstract: Low temperatures and frequent soil freeze-thaw in polar environments present challenges for the immobilisation of metals. To address these challenges we investigated the chemical forms of Pb, Zn and Cu in an Antarctic landfill, examined in vitro reaction kinetics of these metals and orthophosphate at 2 and 22 °C for up to 185 days, and subjected the products to freeze-thaw. Reaction products at both temperatures were similar, but the rate of production varied, with Cu-PO(4) phases forming faster, and the Zn- and Pb-PO(4) phases slower at 2 °C. All metal-orthophosphate phases produced were stable during a 2.5 h freeze-thaw cycle to -30 °C. Metal immobilisation using orthophosphate can be successful in polar regions, but treatments will need to consider differing mineral stabilities and reaction rates at low temperatures.

Late Quaternary environment of southern Windmill Islands, East Antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 12-2002

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102002000202

Abstract: Analyses on a sediment core collected from the Windmill Islands, East Antarctica are used to demonstrate that climatic conditions in this region prior to the Last Glacial Maximum were similar to those during the Holocene and that the area was overrun by ice at some stage between 26 kyr BP and the onset of biogenic sedimentation 11 kyr BP . The 10.9 m long core was taken from a marine inlet (epishelf lake) on Peterson Island and is predominantly a sapropel of Holocene age. Material in the lower part of the core includes a till layer lain down during the last glacial in the region and below this till is material which has been dated to 26 kyr BP . Geochemical analyses conducted on the core demonstrate similarities between the Holocene sequence and the preglacial material. The Holocene sequence shows enhanced biogenic production and periods of open water around 4 kyr BP , suggesting a climatic optimum around that time. A subsequent decline in conditions, probably a colder climate with greater extent of sea ice, is evident from 1 kyr BP to the present. The data support results from ice core studies on nearby Law Dome, which suggest there was a period of warming around 11.5 to 9 kyr BP , that recent summer temperatures are low relative to a few centuries ago, and that increasing winter temperatures are the main contributing factor to a recent overall warming in the region.

Managing produced water from coal seam gas projects: Implications for an emerging industry in Australia

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 19-03-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11356-015-4254-8

Abstract: This paper reviews the environmental problems, impacts and risks associated with the generation and disposal of produced water by the emerging coal seam gas (CSG) industry and how it may be relevant to Australia and similar physical settings. With only limited independent research on the potential environmental impacts of produced water, is it necessary for industry and government policy makers and regulators to draw upon the experiences of related endeavours such as mining and groundwater extraction accepting that the conclusions may not always be directly transferrable. CSG is widely touted in Australia as having the potential to provide significant economic and energy security benefits, yet the environmental and health policies and the planning and regulatory setting are yet to mature and are continuing to evolve amidst ongoing social and environmental concerns and political indecision. In this review, produced water has been defined as water that is brought to the land surface during the process of recovering methane gas from coal seams and includes water sourced from CSG wells as well as flowback water associated with drilling, hydraulic fracturing and gas extraction. A brief overview of produced water generation, its characteristics and environmental issues is provided. A review of past lessons and identification of potential risks, including disposal options, is included to assist in planning and management of this industry.

Sediment tracing in the upper Hunter catchment using elemental and mineralogical compositions

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2013.04.010

Chapter 12 Antarctica at the Last Glacial Maximum, deglaciation and the Holocene

Publisher: Elsevier

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.1016/S1571-9197(08)00012-8

Removal of Copper and Zinc from Ground Water by Granular Zero-Valent Iron: A Mechanistic Study

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 23-06-2015

DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2015.1058822

Indications of Holocene sea-level rise in Beaver Lake, East Antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 28-02-2007

DOI: 10.1017/S095410200700017X

Abstract: A 100 cm long sediment sequence was recovered from Beaver Lake in Amery Oasis, East Antarctica, using gravity and piston corers. Sedimentological and mineralogical analyses and the absence of micro and macrofossils indicate that the sediments at the base of the sequence formed under glacial conditions, probably prior to c . 12 500 cal. yr BP. The sediments between c . 81 and 31 cm depth probably formed under subaerial conditions, indicating that isostatic uplift since deglaciation has been substantially less than eustatic sea-level rise and that large areas of the present-day floor of Beaver Lake must have been subaerially exposed following deglaciation. The upper 31 cm of the sediment sequence were deposited under glaciomarine conditions similar to those of today, supporting geomorphic observations that the Holocene was a period of relative sea-level highstand in Amery Oasis.

Remediation of metal-contaminated soil in polar environments

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2014.08.011

Cosmogenic nuclide evidence for enhanced sensitivity of an East Antarctic ice stream to change during the last deglaciation

Publisher: Geological Society of America

Date: 03-12-2010

DOI: 10.1130/G31591.1

Characterizing the spatial distributions of soil biota at a legacy base metal mine using environmental DNA

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2021.131899

Local and global identification and strong consistency in time series models

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-1978

DOI: 10.1016/0304-4076(78)90048-9

Tafoni show postglacial and modern wind azimuths that are similar at Bunger Hills

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 27-02-2020

DOI: 10.1017/S095410201900035X

Abstract: The directions of strong winds are important for the distribution of marine salt spray, rock weathering, lake chemistry and the distribution of vegetation in Bunger Hills, a coastal ice-free oasis in East Antarctica. Present-day strong winds ( 10 m s −1 ) dominantly blow from 118 ± 21 degrees true (°T ± 1 SD). Orientated tafoni (weathering pits) might form in bedrock surfaces by salt and ice crystallization, thermal stress and saltating sand particles, recording the orientation of a strongly directional wind field since the last deglaciation, which commenced 30 000 years ago. The orientations of these tafoni, at 101 ± 18°T for 686 measurements at 28 sites, are indistinguishable from the direction of modern-day strong winds ( 10 m s −1 ), indicating that the orientation of the slope of the ice sheet has been stable throughout the last 10 000 years during the Holocene.

Landscape preservation under post-European settlement alluvium in the South-Eastern Australian tablelands, inferred from portable OSL reader data

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-05-2016

DOI: 10.1002/ESP.3942

Deglaciation and weathering of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 03-06-2009

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102009002028

Suitability of Transportable EDXRF for the On-site Assessment of Ancient Silver Coins and Other Silver Artifacts

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 04-04-2016

DOI: 10.1177/0003702816638283

Abstract: Transportable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers allow the elemental composition of coins to be measured at collections, enhancing security while maximizing access to historically important material. We assessed 10 silver coins, using five XRF spectrometers. We found no systematic differences between analyses using Mo- and Rh-anode tubes, and no substantial advantage using He flush over air for elements heavier than Ti. Higher voltage X-ray tubes enhanced analytical precision. Understanding patina composition made a numerical correction possible, allowing an approximation of the underlying coin metal with good results for metals including Cu, Ag, Au, Pb, and Bi.

Spatial distribution of birds and terrestrial plants in Bunger Hills

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 27-02-2020

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102020000012

Abstract: In this paper, we synthesize recorded observations of moss, lichen and bird species in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica, and assess the role of environmental controls, including sediment, salinity, moisture and geology, on species' distributions. The distribution of snow petrels ( Pagodroma nivea ) appears to be associated with geology they nest by preference in crevices in bedrock outcrops around the margins of the hills or wherever jointed cliffs are found. South polar skuas ( Catharacta maccormicki ) are seen throughout Bunger Hills, where they nest and prey on snow petrels. Mosses and lichens were most abundant around the ice margins where fresh snow and ice meltwater are abundant. In the central area of Bunger Hills, where the highest salt concentration in sediments is found and exposure to abrasion by wind-driven mineral sand grains and ice particles is greatest, mosses and lichens are reduced in abundance and ersity. Exposure of parts of Bunger Hills from the ice sheet throughout the Last Glacial Maximum, c. 20 ka bp , means that some land and lakes could have acted as regional refugia and as a locus of recolonization of other ice-free areas.

High sensitivity of subglacial hydrological pathways in Antarctica to small ice‐sheet changes

Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)

Date: 09-2008

DOI: 10.1029/2008GL034937

Analyses of queen Hetepheres’ bracelets from her celebrated tomb in Giza reveals new information on silver, metallurgy and trade in Old Kingdom Egypt, c. 2600 BC

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.JASREP.2023.103978

Rapid ice sheet response to deglacial and Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in eastern Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2022.107401

Effects of red earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on leachability of lead minerals in soil

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2017.11.021

Abstract: Contamination of soils by metals and metalloids is an important environmental problem in many residential and industrial sites around the world. Lead is a common contaminant, which enters the soil through mining, industrial activities and waste disposal. A range of technologies can be used to remediate soil lead, however most remediation technologies adversely affect the environment and particularly soil biota. We have assessed the efficacy of vermiremediation (the use of earthworms for remediation) to reduce water extractable lead concentrations in soil. Earthworms were introduced to a sandy soil spiked with the common lead minerals cotunnite (PbCl

Glacial sediment provenance, dispersal and deposition, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 20-05-2003

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102003001263

Abstract: Field observations involving landform evaluation and the physical characterization of sediments, combined with a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution of bedrock and sediment geochemical patterns, suggests a limit to the glacial transport half-distance of c. 3 km in Vestfold Hills. Four morphologically distinct glacial deposits were s led (small debris ridges, large debris ridges, debris drapes and valley fills) on the basis of field geometry. These landforms were subsequently distinguished by grain size, mineralogy and geochemistry. Since there are no nunataks south of Vestfold Hills, all debris is derived subglacially and sedimentological differences are attributed to the physical weathering of preglacial surfaces in Vestfold Hills and fluvial winnowing during deposition. Given that thrust geometries may occur in large debris ridges, glacial transport distances were short, and fluvial sorting of sediments was an important mechanism, reconstructions of glacial histories based on the stratigraphy of deposits in Vestfold Hills should be made with caution.

Which elements are useful for understanding the composition of ancient papyrus inks?

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 26-09-2017

DOI: 10.1017/S0885715617000951

Abstract: X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used in mapping and spot analysis modes, to help identify which elements are useful for understanding the composition of ancient papyrus inks, for 25 papyri from four age groups. We report seven elements (Al, Si, P, S, Ca, Ti, Fe) which provide sufficient contrast to be useful for mapping analysis, and 16 elements (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Nb, Ag, Ba, and Pb) which show significant differences through time. Only one element – Pb – showed sufficient contrast in the thin ink layer to be significantly different when measured on the ink and adjacent papyrus. There is greater complexity in the elemental compositions of the papyrus and ink than can be understood with a study this size and additional work is required to develop and explain the patterns observed here.

Using a fluvial archive to place extreme flood sediment (dis)connectivity dynamics in context of a longer-term record

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.IJSRC.2022.02.003

50 kGy of gamma irradiation does not affect the leachability of mineral soils and sediments

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 30-10-2014

DOI: 10.1017/S0885715614000918

Abstract: Sterilization of soils and sediments can release them from quarantine restrictions. Gamma irradiation is effective at sterilization but can damage materials and in so doing affect their suitability for environmental research. Duplicate s les of a wide range of mineral soils and sediments were subject to an acetic acid extraction before and after 50 kGy gamma irradiation. This amount of gamma irradiation did not affect the leachability of a range of analytes from the soils and sediments.

Design, installation and preliminary testing of a permeable reactive barrier for diesel fuel remediation at Casey Station, Antarctica

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.COLDREGIONS.2013.06.002

Post-rehabilitation environmental hazard of Cu, Zn, As and Pb at the derelict Conrad Mine, eastern Australia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2007

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2006.12.016

Abstract: A post-rehabilitation audit of the derelict Conrad base metal mine, eastern Australia, indicates ongoing environmental hazard regarding acid mine drainage and concentrations of arsenic and lead to 3 wt% in the soil and sediment. In order to rehabilitate remote contaminated sites effectively, on-site analyses should be carried out to ensure that the materials used to rehabilitate the site are not contaminant-bearing. Understanding the geomorphic setting of the rehabilitated areas is also important in understanding where, and for what period, contaminated materials might be stored in fluvial systems downstream of mine workings. Chemical and geomorphic audits should form a fundamental part of all rehabilitation works to ensure favourable environmental outcomes.

Effects of freeze-thaw cycling on metal-phosphate formation and stability in single and multi-metal systems

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2013.01.007

Abstract: Freeze-thaw cycling may influence the chemistry, mineral stability and reaction rate during metal orthophosphate fixation. This study assessed the formation and stability of Cu-, Pb-, and Zn-phosphates in chemically simple laboratory systems during 240 freeze-thaw cycles (120 days) from +10 to -20 °C, using X-ray diffractometry. In single heavy metal systems, chloro- and hydroxy-pyromorphite (Pb(5)(PO(4))(3)(Cl,OH)), sodalite (Na(6)Zn(6)(PO(4))(6)·8H(2)O), chiral zincophosphate (Na(12)(Zn(12)P(12)O(48))·12H(2)O), and copper phosphate hydrate (Cu(3)(PO(4))(2)·3H(2)O) were the primary phosphate minerals that formed, and were typically stable during the experiment. Zinc and Cu-phosphate formation was reduced in multi heavy metal systems, and was substantially lower in abundance than chloropyromorphite. Successful Cu-, Pb- and Zn-phosphate formation can be expected in cold and freezing environments like the polar regions. However, field implementation of orthophosphate fixation needs to consider competing ion effects, concentration of the phosphate source, and the amount of free-water.

Postglacial evolution of marine and lacustrine water bodies in Bunger Hills

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 27-02-2020

DOI: 10.1017/S0954102019000476

Abstract: Unglaciated coastal areas in East Antarctica provide records of past ice sheet and glacier fluctuations and subsequent environmental conditions. In this paper we review lithological, geochemical, diatom and radiocarbon data from sediment records from inland and epishelf lakes in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. While some hilltops were unglaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum, till deposits in lake basins indicate infilling by glacier ice prior to the Holocene. Proglacial sedimentation occurred in lakes during the early Holocene. Around 9.6 ka bp , deposition of marine sapropel started under relatively warm climate conditions. Inland lakes were affected by high clastic input from meltwater runoff until c. 7.9 ka bp , when deposition became highly organic and biogenic proxies indicate a period of cooler conditions. Epishelf lakes experienced a decrease in water exchange with the ocean and increased freshwater input around 7.7 ± 0.2 ka bp and after 2.2 ka bp . This probably resulted from grounding line advances of the bounding glaciers, which could be either controlled by relative sea level (RSL) lowering and/or climate-driven glacier dynamics. The absence of marine sediments in the postglacial record of Algae Lake indicates that Holocene RSL probably reached a maximum at or below 10 m above present sea level.

On-site teaching with XRF and XRD

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 20-10-2014

DOI: 10.1017/S0885715614000876

Abstract: There is a growing need for environmental scientists, geoscientists, and analysts skilled in the use of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry. The challenge for educators is how to inspire, teach, and make the next generation of professional X-ray users and analysts ready for employment. In this paper, we present vignettes from teaching applications of X-ray analytical techniques at three scaffolded levels, from senior high school students, undergraduate science students, to postgraduate researchers. At each of these levels the pedagogical complexity increases, from simple data use at high school, to observing how data are generated and being able to constrain analytical uncertainty at the undergraduate level, to generating high-quality data at the postgraduate level. In all cases, transportable equipment is used in on-site analytical programs to inform the experimental design, level of s ling required, and research outcomes.

Macquarie University

Location: Australia

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Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0775073

Start Date: 2007

End Date: 12-2009

Amount: $160,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP190100590

Start Date: 11-2020

End Date: 12-2024

Amount: $507,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE100100094

Start Date: 10-2010

End Date: 05-2012

Amount: $110,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0776373

Start Date: 11-2007

End Date: 12-2011

Amount: $350,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP190100240

Start Date: 01-2019

End Date: 12-2023

Amount: $286,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE160100155

Start Date: 03-2016

End Date: 06-2019

Amount: $648,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0556728

Start Date: 2005

End Date: 06-2008

Amount: $229,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0560895

Start Date: 2005

End Date: 12-2005

Amount: $854,354.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP120103519

Start Date: 2012

End Date: 12-2015

Amount: $150,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0989680

Start Date: 2009

End Date: 12-2009

Amount: $300,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0668439

Start Date: 11-2006

End Date: 11-2007

Amount: $730,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE100100229

Start Date: 2010

End Date: 12-2010

Amount: $160,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council