ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4959-0828
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Condensed Matter Physics | Nanotechnology | Optics And Opto-Electronic Physics | Surfaces and Structural Properties of Condensed Matter | Nanotechnology | Quantum Optics And Lasers | Condensed Matter Physics—Electronic And Magnetic Properties; | Photonics, Optoelectronics and Optical Communications | Optical Physics | Condensed Matter Physics—Other | Optical And Photonic Systems | Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Condensed Matter; Superconductivity | Condensed Matter Physics—Structural Properties | Medical Devices | Quantum Physics | Colloid And Surface Chemistry | Quantum Physics not elsewhere classified | Communications Technologies | Functional Materials | Materials Engineering | Biomaterials | Biomedical Engineering | Nanomaterials | Surface properties of condensed matter | Synthesis Of Macromolecules | Biochemistry and Cell Biology | Organic Chemical Synthesis | Microelectronics and Integrated Circuits | Computer Software | Materials Engineering not elsewhere classified | Signal Transduction | Biological Physics | Biophysics | Interorganisational Information Systems | Software Engineering | Elemental Semiconductors | Biosensor Technologies | Microtechnology | Theoretical Physics | Medical Biotechnology Diagnostics (incl. Biosensors) | Organic Chemistry | Solid State Chemistry | Mathematical Physics | Electrical and Electronic Engineering | Nanoscale Characterisation | Biomaterials | Cellular Interactions (incl. Adhesion, Matrix, Cell Wall) | Protein Trafficking | Nanomedicine | Image Processing | Biomedical engineering | Interdisciplinary Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Materials Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Cellular Nervous System | Cellular Immunology | Quantum Optics | Quantum Information, Computation and Communication | Medical devices | Condensed Matter Characterisation Technique Development | Atomic And Molecular Physics | Nanoelectronics
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Physical sciences | Expanding Knowledge in the Physical Sciences | Scientific instrumentation | Integrated circuits and devices | Expanding Knowledge in Engineering | Information processing services | Expanding Knowledge in Technology | Chemical sciences | Other | Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences | Biological sciences | Integrated Circuits and Devices | Other | Network switching equipment | Medical Instruments | National Security | Electronic Information Storage and Retrieval Services | Cancer and Related Disorders | Computer hardware and electronic equipment not elsewhere classified | Immune System and Allergy | Industrial instrumentation | Higher education | Medical instrumentation | Modules—special and attached processors | Expanding Knowledge in the Chemical Sciences |
Related Links
Publications
Scalable fabrication of high-quality, ultra-thin single crystal diamond membrane windows
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1039/C5NR08348F
Abstract: High quality, ultra-thin single crystal diamond (SCD) membranes that have a thickness in the sub-micron range are of extreme importance as a materials platform for photonics, quantum sensing, nano/micro electro-mechanical systems (N/MEMS) and other erse applications. However, the scalable fabrication of such thin SCD membranes is a challenging process. In this paper, we demonstrate a new method which enables high quality, large size (∼4 × 4 mm) and low surface roughness, low strain, ultra-thin SCD membranes which can be fabricated without deformations such as breakage, bowing or bending. These membranes are easy to handle making them particularly suitable for fabrication of optical and mechanical devices. We demonstrate arrays of single crystal diamond membrane windows (SCDMW), each up to 1 × 1 mm in dimension and as thin as ∼300 nm, supported by a diamond frame as thick as ∼150 μm. The fabrication method is robust, reproducible, scalable and cost effective. Microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition is used for in situ creation of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers into the thin SCDMW. We have also developed SCD drum head mechanical resonator composed of our fully cl ed and freely suspended membranes.
Diamond penetrating electrode array for Epi-Retinal Prosthesis
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 08-2010
Acoustic Streaming Driven Enhanced Dye-Uptake in Cells for Fluorescence Imaging
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 10-2018
Quantum measurement in living cells: Fluorescent diamond nanocrystals for biology
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 08-2011
Nanodiamond induced high-Q resonances in defect-free photonic crystal slabs
Publisher: The Optical Society
Date: 24-10-2011
DOI: 10.1364/OE.19.022219
Spatial extent of band bending in diamond due to ion impact as measured by secondary electron emission: Experiment and theory
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 12-04-2006
On-Chip Manipulation of Single Photons from a Diamond Defect
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 20-11-2013
VLSI quantum computer in diamond
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 09-02-2006
DOI: 10.1117/12.660186
Toward quantum information processing using EIT in diamond
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 09-02-2006
DOI: 10.1117/12.660189
Nanocarbon-coated porous anodic alumina for bionic devices
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-08-2015
DOI: 10.3390/MA8084992
Towards characterisation of millimetre length waveguides and new fabrication method for nanoscale diamond photonic structures
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
Two-Level Ultrabright Single Photon Emission from Diamond Nanocrystals
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 11-08-2009
DOI: 10.1021/NL9014167
Abstract: The fabrication of stable ultrabright single photon sources operating at room temperature is reported. The emitter is based on a color center within a diamond nanocrystal grown on a sapphire substrate by chemical vapor deposition method and exhibits a two-level electronic behavior with a maximum measured count rate of 3.2 x 10(6) counts/s at saturation. The emission is centered at approximately 756 nm with a full width at half-maximum approximately 11 nm and an excited state lifetime of 3.7 ns. These unique properties make it a leading candidate for quantum photonics and communication applications as well as for cellular biomarking.
Telecommunication-wavelength two-dimensional photonic crystal cavities in a thin single-crystal diamond membrane
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 25-10-2021
DOI: 10.1063/5.0061778
Abstract: We demonstrate two-dimensional photonic crystal cavities operating at telecommunication wavelengths in a single-crystal diamond membrane. We use a high-optical-quality and thin (∼300 nm) diamond membrane, supported by a polycrystalline diamond frame, to realize fully suspended two-dimensional photonic crystal cavities with a high theoretical quality factor of ∼8 × 106 and a relatively small mode volume of ∼2(λ/n)3. The cavities are fabricated in the membrane using electron-beam lithography and vertical dry etching. We observe cavity resonances over a wide wavelength range spanning the telecommunication O- and S-bands (1360–1470 nm) with Q factors of up to ∼1800. Our method paves the way for on-chip diamond nanophotonic applications in the telecommunication-wavelength range.
Modeling of electrostatic gate operations in the Kane solid state quantum computer
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 21-11-2001
DOI: 10.1117/12.449136
Scanning Kelvin-probe study of the hydrogen-terminated diamond surface in ultrahigh vacuum
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 21-09-2009
DOI: 10.1063/1.3222864
Abstract: Atomic-force and Kelvin-probe microscopies were employed in ultrahigh vacuum to image the surface topography and contact potential of the hydrogen-terminated and unterminated surfaces of diamond. A variation of about 25 meV in the contact potential was measured on a length scale of 20 nm and ascribed to differently orientated surface domains resulting from hydrogen-plasma processing of the s le. Shifts in the work function arising from s le heating in vacuum and the adsorption of C60 were measured. The Fermi level was found to be 0.7 and 1.1 eV below the valence band maximum for C60 coverages of 1 and 4 monolayer, respectively.
High resolution techniques using scanning proton microprobe (SPM)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1994
Stark Shift Control of Single Optical Centers in Diamond
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 23-08-2006
Quantum gate forQ
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 26-01-2006
Effect of radiation damage on the quantum optical properties of nitrogen vacancies in diamond
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Molecular detection by liquid gated Hall effect measurements of graphene
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1039/C7NR06330J
Abstract: A liquid gated Hall effect measurement of graphene shows that the Hall coefficient is more sensitive to the change of l -histidine concentration in the pM range than the sheet resistance.
Feasibility of Nitrogen Doped Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Microelectrodes for Electrophysiological Recording From Neural Tissue.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 22-06-2018
Critical components for diamond-based quantum coherent devices
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 12-05-2006
Structural transformation of implanted diamond layers during high temperature annealing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Realization of heterostructures by pulsed laser induced epitaxy of C+ implanted pseudomorphic SiGe films and of a-SiGeC: H films deposited on Si(100)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1995
Diamond C1 s
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 15-09-2010
Extremely high aspect ratio alumina transmission nanomasks: their fabrication and characterization using electron microscopy
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 15-01-2009
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/6/065706
Abstract: Free standing, nanoporous alumina templates were fabricated as transmission masks from aluminium using a two-step anodization process followed by acid etching. The resulting membrane comprises self-ordered, periodic arrays of non-connecting circular channels which can be prepared with pore diameters <100 nm and with minimal occlusion. Aspect ratios greater than 300:1 were measured directly using electron transmission and the channels were shown to be highly aligned (angular) over membrane thicknesses of tens of microns. Also evident is some local order associated with both azimuthal and angular domain structure giving rise to local channel tilt which has not previously been reported. Transmission electron microscopy has been shown to be an important characterization tool for these nanomasks as the channels are transparent to electrons, providing a means of directly measuring their thickness and aspect ratio. Expressions for determining their thickness and aspect ratio are also presented and evaluated in this work. These membranes are well suited for use as nanotemplates in transmission lithography applications including ion implantation and ion or electron beam collimation.
Optical properties of single crystal diamond microfilms fabricated by ion implantation and lift-off processing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Diamond-based single-photon emitters
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 14-06-2011
Sonochemical nanoplungers: Crystalline gold nanowires by cavitational extrusion through nanoporous alumina
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1039/C2TC00560C
The Effects of Phase Durations on the Spatial Responses of Retinal Ganglion Cells to Epi- and Sub-Retinal Electrical Stimulation
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 07-2019
A Novel Optical Assay System for Bilirubin Concentration Measurement in Whole Blood
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 02-2022
Processing of photonic crystal nanocavity for quantum information in diamond
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
Structural investigation of xenon-ion-beam-irradiated glassy carbon
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 09-1994
Size dependence of structural stability in nanocrystalline diamond
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 15-12-2000
Diamond/aluminium nitride composites for efficient thermal management applications
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 30-07-2012
DOI: 10.1063/1.4742736
The effect of temperature on the secondary electron emission yield from single crystal and polycrystalline diamond surfaces
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 28-12-2009
DOI: 10.1063/1.3275729
Abstract: The effect of temperature in the 293–473 K range, on the secondary electron emission (SEE) yield of single crystal and polycrystalline diamond film surfaces is reported. For the polycrystalline films the SEE yield was found to decay as function of electron irradiation dose while for the single crystal an increase occurs first, followed by a decrease. For both surfaces, the SEE yield increases significantly upon heating and obtained a nearly constant value with electron dose at 473 K. These effects are explained as due to the temperature dependence of the electron beam induced hydrogen desorption and surface band bending.
Diamond photonics
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-06-2011
Reply to comment on ‘Superconducting transition in Nb nanowires fabricated using focused-ion beam’
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 30-03-2010
Diamond integrated quantum photonics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2008
A little diamond goes a long way
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2010
An algorithm for simulating the Ising model on a type-II quantum computer
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Laser Driven Miniature Diamond Implant for Wireless Retinal Prostheses
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-10-2020
Laminin coated diamond electrodes for neural stimulation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
The influence of sterilization on nitrogen-included ultrananocrystalline diamond for biomedical applications
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEC.2015.12.041
Abstract: Diamond has shown great potential in different biomedical applications, but the effects of sterilization on its properties have not been investigated. Here, we studied the influence of five sterilization techniques (solvent cleaning, oxygen plasma, UV irradiation, autoclave and hydrogen peroxide) on nitrogen-included ultrananocrystalline diamond. The chemical modification of the diamond surface was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. Different degrees of surface oxidation and selective sp(2) bonded carbon etching were found following all sterilization techniques, resulting in an increase of hydrophilicity. Higher viabilities of in vitro mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and rat cortical neuron cells were observed on oxygen plasma, autoclave and hydrogen peroxide sterilized diamond, which correlated with their higher hydrophilicity. By examination of apatite formation in simulated body fluid, in vivo bioactivity was predicted to be best on those surfaces which have been oxygen plasma treated and lowest on those which have been exposed to UV irradiation. The charge injection properties were also altered by the sterilization process and there appears to be a correlation between these changes and the degree of oxygen termination of the surface. We find that the modification brought by autoclave, oxygen plasma and hydrogen peroxide were most consistent with the use of N-UNCD in biological applications as compared to s les sterilized by solvent cleaning or UV exposure or indeed non-sterilized. A two-step process of sterilization by hydrogen peroxide following oxygen plasma treatment was then suggested. However, the final choice of sterilization technique will depend on the intended end application.
Surface damage on diamond membranes fabricated by ion implantation and lift-off
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 06-06-2011
DOI: 10.1063/1.3597223
Abstract: Thin membranes with excellent optical properties are essential elements in diamond based photonic systems. Due to the chemical inertness of diamond, ion beam processing must be employed to carve photonic structures. One method to realize such membranes is ion-implantation graphitization followed by chemical removal of the sacrificial graphite. The interface revealed when the sacrificial layer is removed has interesting properties. To investigate this interface, we employed the surface sensitive technique of grazing angle channeled Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. Even after high temperature annealing and chemical etching a thin layer of damaged diamond remains, however, it is removed by hydrogen plasma exposure.
A near edge X-ray absorption fine structure study of oxidized single crystal and polycrystalline diamond surfaces
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
Enhanced electrochemical capacitance of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond through oxygen treatment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Room-temperature coherent coupling of single spins in diamond
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-05-2006
DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS318
Towards optical neuromodulation using nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond photoelectrodes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
Activation and control of visible single defects in 4H-, 6H-, and 3C-SiC by oxidation
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 11-01-2016
DOI: 10.1063/1.4939906
Abstract: In this work, we present the creation and characterisation of single photon emitters at the surface of 4H- and 6H-SiC, and of 3C-SiC epitaxially grown on silicon. These emitters can be created by annealing in an oxygen atmosphere at temperatures above 550 °C. By using standard confocal microscopy techniques, we find characteristic spectral signatures in the visible region. The excited state lifetimes are found to be in the nanosecond regime in all three polytypes, and the emission dipoles are aligned with the lattice. HF-etching is shown to effectively annihilate the defects and to restore an optically clean surface. The defects described in this work have ideal characteristics for broadband single photon generation in the visible spectral region at room temperature and for integration into nanophotonic devices.
Single Crystal Diamond Cantilevers for Mechanical Control of Quantum Systems
Publisher: OSA
Date: 2015
Enhanced Widefield Quantum Sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles Using Diamond Nanopillar Arrays
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 26-02-2020
Plasma-enabled growth of single-crystalline SiC/AlSiC core-shell nanowires on porous alumina templates
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 07-05-2012
DOI: 10.1021/CG300103A
Hermetic fusion of diamond micro-components with silicon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Disintegration ofC 60
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 15-12-1993
Nickel related optical centres in diamond created by ion implantation
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 05-2010
DOI: 10.1063/1.3357374
Abstract: Ni-related optical centres in diamond are promising as alternatives to the nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre for quantum applications and biomarking. In order to achieve the reliability and reproducibility required, a method for producing the Ni-related centres in a controllable manner needs to be established. In this study, we have attempted this control by implanting high purity CVD diamond s les with Ni and N followed by thermal annealing. S les implanted with Ni show a new Ni-related PL peak centered at 711 nm and a well known doublet at 883/885 nm along with weak NV luminescence. The optical properties of the two Ni-related defects are investigated. In particular, an excited state lifetime of the 883/885 nm peak is measured to be 11.6 ns.
Optical and electronic properties of sub-surface conducting layers in diamond created by MeV B-implantation at elevated temperatures
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 13-06-2016
DOI: 10.1063/1.4953583
Abstract: Boron implantation with in-situ dynamic annealing is used to produce highly conductive sub-surface layers in type IIa (100) diamond plates for the search of a superconducting phase transition. Here, we demonstrate that high-fluence MeV ion-implantation, at elevated temperatures avoids graphitization and can be used to achieve doping densities of 6 at. %. In order to quantify the diamond crystal damage associated with implantation Raman spectroscopy was performed, demonstrating high temperature annealing recovers the lattice. Additionally, low-temperature electronic transport measurements show evidence of charge carrier densities close to the metal-insulator-transition. After electronic characterization, secondary ion mass spectrometry was performed to map out the ion profile of the implanted plates. The analysis shows close agreement with the simulated ion-profile assuming scaling factors that take into account an average change in diamond density due to device fabrication. Finally, the data show that boron diffusion is negligible during the high temperature annealing process.
Controlled synthesis of high quality micro/nano-diamonds by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Integration of Single-Photon Emitters into 3C-SiC Microdisk Resonators
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 06-03-2017
3D Diamond Electrode Array for High-Acuity Stimulation in Neural Tissue
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 10-02-2020
Abstract: Innovations in micro- and nanofabrication technologies enable the manufacture of multielectrode arrays for use in neuromodulation and neural recording. Multielectrode arrays make possible medical implants such as pacemakers, deep-brain stimulators, or visual and hearing aids, to treat numerous neural disorders. An optimal neural interface requires a high density of electrodes to precisely record from and stimulate the nervous system while minimizing the overall size of the array. For ex le, people with retinal degenerative diseases can benefit from retinal prostheses implanted inside the eye. However, at present the visual acuity provided by such implants is well below the threshold for functional vision, mainly due to the limited spatial resolution. In this work, we present a design of 3D nanostructured conductive diamond electrodes, integrated within a polycrystalline diamond housing, offering a high electrode density and count, which simultaneously satisfies spatial resolution and biocompatibility goals. The array is composed of height adjustable pillar electrodes that are 80 μm in diameter and separated by 150 μm. A holistic characterization of the electrodes was performed and the device tested for stimulation performance in a whole-mounted retina. Electrochemical testing showed impedance of 20 kΩ and a wide water window of 2.47 V. The pillar structure allows the distance between the electrodes and the retinal ganglion cells to be reduced which is key to more confined stimulation at lower current levels, leading to potentially higher-acuity stimulation without damaging retinal tissue.
Optical manipulation of single spins in diamond
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 08-02-2007
DOI: 10.1117/12.716391
70 years of bilirubin sensing: towards the point-of-care bilirubin monitoring in cirrhosis and hyperbilirubinemia
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1039/D2SD00033D
Abstract: We provide a perspective on monitoring the blood bilirubin concentration using simple methods, which are economical and can be adopted in point of care settings. These are a homecare test system, a miniature implant, and a neonatal wearable patch.
Direct fabrication of 3D graphene on nanoporous anodic alumina by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-01-2016
DOI: 10.1038/SREP19822
Abstract: High surface area electrode materials are of interest for a wide range of potential applications such as super-capacitors and electrochemical cells. This paper describes a fabrication method of three-dimensional (3D) graphene conformally coated on nanoporous insulating substrate with uniform nanopore size. 3D graphene films were formed by controlled graphitization of diamond-like amorphous carbon precursor films, deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). Plasma-assisted graphitization was found to produce better quality graphene than a simple thermal graphitization process. The resulting 3D graphene/amorphous carbon/alumina structure has a very high surface area, good electrical conductivity and exhibits excellent chemically stability, providing a good material platform for electrochemical applications. Consequently very large electrochemical capacitance values, as high as 2.1 mF for a s le of 10 mm 3 , were achieved. The electrochemical capacitance of the material exhibits a dependence on bias voltage, a phenomenon observed by other groups when studying graphene quantum capacitance. The plasma-assisted graphitization, which dominates the graphitization process, is analyzed and discussed in detail.
Ion implantation in tetrahedral amorphous carbon
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 07-1995
Minimizing axon bundle activation of retinal ganglion cells with oriented rectangular electrodes
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 29-06-2020
Diamond in Tellurite Glass: a New Medium for Quantum Information
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-04-2011
The impact of H/D substitution on the structure, composition and thermal stability of grain boundaries in sub-micron diamond films deposited on silicon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Mechanism for the Amorphisation of Diamond
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-03-2012
Abstract: The breakdown of the diamond lattice is explored by ion implantation and molecular dynamics simulations. We show that lattice breakdown is strain-driven, rather than damage-driven, and that the lattice persists until 16% of the atoms have been removed from their lattice sites. The figure shows the transition between amorphous carbon and diamond, with the interfaces highlighted with dashed lines.
Near-infrared excitation of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond photoelectrodes in saline solution
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Growth of diamond on α-(0001) sapphire substrates
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2003
Improved visual acuity using a retinal implant and an optimized stimulation strategy
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 23-12-2019
Abstract: Retinal prosthetic devices hold great promise for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Through electrical stimulation of the surviving retinal neurons, these devices evoke visual signals that are then relayed to the brain. Currently, the visual prostheses used in clinical trials have few electrodes, thus limiting visual acuity. Electrode arrays with high electrode densities have been developed using novel technologies, including diamond growth and laser machining, and these may provide a more promising route to achieve high visual acuity in blind patients. Here, we studied the potential spatial resolution of electrical stimulation using diamond electrodes. We did this by labeling retinal ganglion cells in whole mount retina with a calcium indicator in wild-type rats and those with retinal degeneration. We imaged the ganglion cell responses to a range of stimulation parameters, including pulse duration and return electrode configuration. With sub-retinal stimulation, in which electrodes were in contact with the intact or degenerated photoreceptor layer, we found that biphasic pulses of 0.1 ms phase duration and a local return configuration was the most effective in confining the retinal ganglion cell activation patterns, while also remaining within the safety limits of the materials and providing the best power efficiency. These results provide an optimized stimulation strategy for retinal implants, which if implemented in a retinal prosthetic is expected to improve the achievable visual acuity.
Conductivity in insulators due to implantation of conducting species
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-04-1993
DOI: 10.1063/1.352893
Abstract: Control of the surface conductivity of insulators can be accomplished by high dose ion implantation of conductive species. The use of C+ as the implant species is particularly interesting because C can either form electrically insulating sp3 bonds or electrically conducting sp2 bonds. In the present work, fused quartz plates have been irradiated with 100 keV C+ ions to doses up to 1×1017 ions/cm2 at room temperature and at 200 °C. The ion beam induced conductivity was monitored in situ and was found to increase by up to 8 orders of magnitude for the ion dose range studied. Xe implantations over a similar range did not induce any changes in the conductivity showing that the increase in conductivity is caused by the presence of the C in the fused quartz matrix and not by damage. The conductivity, σ, is found to vary with dose D as log σ∝D−1/3 over a wide dose range, strongly supporting a hopping model for the conduction mechanism. The dependence of the conductivity on implantation temperature and on post-implantation annealing sheds light on the clustering of the C implants. The temperature dependence of the conductivity for the highest doses employed (1×1017 C+/cm2) can be described very well by ln σ∝T. This is a peculiar dependence which does not comply with any of the standard models for conduction.
Enhanced single-photon emission in the near infrared from a diamond color center
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 15-06-2009
Very bright, near-infrared single photon emitters in diamond
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1063/1.4821630
Abstract: We demonstrate activation of bright diamond single photon emitters in the near infrared range by thermal annealing alone, i.e., without ion implantation. The activation is crucially dependent on the annealing ambient. The activation of the single photon emitters is only observed when the s le is annealed in forming gas (4% H2 in Ar) above temperatures of 1000 °C. By contrast, no emitters are activated by annealing in vacuum, oxygen, argon or deuterium. The emitters activated by annealing in forming gas exhibit very bright emission in the 730-760 nm wavelength range and have linewidths of ∼1.5-2.5 nm at room temperature.
Near coalescent submicron polycrystalline diamond films deposited on silicon: Hydrogen bonding and thermal enhanced carbide formation
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-11-2009
DOI: 10.1063/1.3257255
Abstract: The influence of high temperature annealing up to 1200 °C in vacuum on ∼100 nm nearly continuous thick diamond films consisting of 30–50 nm crystallites, deposited onto silicon substrates is reported. The hydrogen bonding and phase composition of the films were studied with Raman spectroscopy, while the surface microstructure and composition were studied with high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Annealing to 800–900 °C of ∼100 nm thick films results in a decrease in the intensities of the peaks associated with hydrogen bonding (Raman), as well as changes to the morphological microstructure at the film surface. Heating the films to 1000 °C resulted in the complete disappearance of the Raman peaks associated with hydrogen bonding at grain boundaries, and an increase in the relative intensity of the diamond peak relative to the graphite-related D and G Raman peaks, concomitant with changes to the microstructure (SEM and TEM). Ex situ XP analysis of the films annealed to 800 and 1000 °C provides clear evidence for the formation of SiC on the films surface and near surface region. However a sharp SiC Raman peak at 796 cm−1 appears only after annealing to 1200 °C and it is concomitant with a decrease in the Raman peaks associated with sp2 bonded carbon. Our results suggest that formation of SiC phase preferentially consumes sp2/sp hybridized carbon matrix, produced by thermal desorption of hydrogen atoms at diamond grain boundary and at the diamond film—silicon substrate interface.
Spin-Orbit Interaction in a Two-Dimensional Hole Gas at the Surface of Hydrogenated Diamond
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 08-12-2015
DOI: 10.1021/NL502081Y
Abstract: Hydrogenated diamond possesses a unique surface conductivity as a result of transfer doping by surface acceptors. Yet, despite being extensively studied for the past two decades, little is known about the system at low temperature, particularly whether a two-dimensional hole gas forms at the diamond surface. Here we report that (100) diamond, when functionalized with hydrogen, supports a p-type spin-3/2 two-dimensional surface conductivity with a spin-orbit interaction of 9.74 ± 0.1 meV through the observation of weak antilocalization effects in magneto-conductivity measurements at low temperature. Fits to 2D localization theory yield a spin relaxation length of 30 ± 1 nm and a spin-relaxation time of ∼ 0.67 ± 0.02 ps. The existence of a 2D system with spin orbit coupling at the surface of a wide band gap insulating material has great potential for future applications in ferromagnet-semiconductor and superconductor-semiconductor devices.
An ab initio study of structural properties and single vacancy defects in Wurtzite AlN
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1063/1.1645790
Abstract: The cell parameters, bulk moduli and electronic densities-of-states (DOS) of pure and vacancy defect AlN were computed using generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) and hybrid functional (B3LYP) computational methods within both plane wave-pseudopotential and localized Gaussian basis set approaches. All of the methods studied yielded cell parameters and bulk moduli in reasonable agreement with experiment. The B3LYP functional was also found to predict an optical band gap in excellent agreement with experiment. These methods were subsequently applied to the calculation of the geometry, defect state positions and formation energies of the cation (VAl) and anion (VN) single vacancy defects. For the VAl defect, the plane wave-pseudopotential predicted a significant retraction of the neighboring N away from the vacancy, while for the VN defect, only slight relaxations of the surrounding Al atoms towards the vacancy were predicted. For the computed DOS of both vacancy defects, the GGA methods yielded similar features and defect level positions relative to the valence band maximum, while the B3LYP method predicted higher separations between the defect levels and the valence and conduction bands, leading to higher energy occupied defect levels.
The effect of annealing and implantation temperature on the structure of C ion-beam-irradiated glassy carbon
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 09-1995
DOI: 10.1063/1.360054
Abstract: Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effects of dynamic and postimplantation annealing on glassy carbon implanted with 50 keV C ions to a dose of 5×1016 ions/cm2. The postimplantation annealing of damage in the ion-beam modified material was found to occur in two stages as a function of postimplantation annealing temperature Ta. These occur for 500& Ta& K and Ta≳1300 K and correspond to the thermal energy required to activate C interstitials and vacancies, respectively. Once mobile these defects diffuse through the implanted layer, reducing bond angle disorder which leads to an increase in graphitic order as interstitial-vacancy recombination occurs. The effects of the ion-beam irradiation on the final structure of glassy carbon were found to be a strong function of the temperature of the s le during the irradiation, Ti. This dependence is interpreted in terms of dynamic annealing and radiation-enhanced diffusion. Three temperature regimes were found to be important. For Ti& K defect motion during irradiation is suppressed. For 300& Ti& K, the mobility of C interstitials during irradiation results in dynamic annealing which prevents amorphization, with the result that the ion irradiation creates a highly disordered, but essentially graphitically bonded carbon. For Ti≳600 K, vacancy mobilities are sufficiently high such that most ion-beam-induced defects are dynamically annealed and, for Ti≳800 K the unimplanted glassy carbon microstructure is retained following the ion-beam irradiation. Finally, activation energies for interstitial and vacancy mobilities were determined and found to compare favorably with those found in other forms of carbon.
Improved diamond surfaces following lift-off and plasma treatments as observed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 02-05-2011
DOI: 10.1063/1.3585106
Abstract: We have investigated the nature of the residual damage in diamond crystals following the ion implantation/graphitization “lift-off” process, using near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A defective but crystalline interface is found, which displays dense pre-edge unoccupied states and an almost complete loss of the core-level C 1s exciton signature. This residual crystalline damage is resistant to standard chemical etching, however a hydrogen plasma treatment is found to completely recover a pristine diamond surface. Analysis and removal of residual ion-induced damage is considered crucial to the performance of many diamond device architectures.
Buried picolitre fluidic channels in single-crystal diamond
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 20-12-2013
DOI: 10.1117/12.2035099
Electrically conducting diamond films grown on platinum foil for neural stimulation
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 09-10-2019
Abstract: With the strong drive towards miniaturization of active implantable medical devices and the need to improve the resolution of neural stimulation arrays, there is keen interest in the manufacture of small electrodes capable of safe, continuous stimulation. Traditional materials such as platinum do not possess the necessary electrochemical properties to stimulate neurons safely when electrodes are very small (i.e. typically less than about 300 µm (78 400 µm Platinum foils were roughened to various degrees with regular arrays of laser milled pits. Conducting diamond films were grown on the foils by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The adhesion strength of the films to the platinum was assessed by prolonged sonication and accelerated aging. Electrochemical properties were evaluated and compared to previous work. In line with previous results, diamond coatings increased the charge injection capacity of the platinum foil by more than 300% after functionalization within an oxygen plasma. Roughening of the underlying platinum substrate by laser milling was required to generate strong adhesion between the diamond and the Pt foil. Electrical stress testing, near the limits of safe operation, showed that the diamond films were more electrochemically stable than platinum controls. The article describes a new method to protect platinum electrodes from degradation in vivo. A 300% increase in charge injection means that device designers can safely employ diamond coated platinum stimulation electrodes at much smaller sizes and greater density than is possible for platinum.
Flexible design of ultrahigh-Q microcavities in diamond-based photonic crystal slabs
Publisher: Optica Publishing Group
Date: 03-04-2009
DOI: 10.1364/OE.17.006465
Abstract: We design extremely flexible ultrahigh-Q diamond-based double-heterostructure photonic crystal slab cavities by modifying the refractive index of the diamond. The refractive index changes needed for ultrahigh-Q cavities with Q approximately 10(7), are well within what can be achieved (Delta n approximately 0.02). The cavity modes have relatively small volumes V<2 (lambda/n)(3), making them ideal for cavity quantum electro-dynamic applications. Importantly for realistic fabrication, our design is flexible because the range of parameters, cavity length and the index changes, that enables an ultrahigh-Q is quite broad. Furthermore as the index modification is post-processed, an efficient technique to generate cavities around defect centres is achievable, improving prospects for defect-tolerant quantum architectures.
Structural and chemical bonding investigation of tungsten implanted glassy carbon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1993
Controlled shallow single-ion implantation in silicon using an active substrate for sub-20-keV ions
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 09-05-2005
DOI: 10.1063/1.1925320
Abstract: We demonstrate a method for the controlled implantation of single ions into a silicon substrate with energy of sub-20-keV. The method is based on the collection of electron-hole pairs generated in the substrate by the impact of a single ion. We have used the method to implant single 14-keV P31 ions through nanoscale masks into silicon as a route to the fabrication of devices based on single donors in silicon.
Ion-Beam-Assisted Lift-Off Technique for Three-Dimensional Micromachining of Freestanding Single-Crystal Diamond
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-10-2005
Ion-beam modification of fullerene
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 07-1995
Ambient nanoscale sensing with single spins using quantum decoherence
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 23-07-2013
Progress towards achieving diamond waveguides
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 07-2008
Plasmonic Metamaterial Sensor with Ultra-High Sensitivity in the Visible Spectral Range
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-02-2015
Development of a Magnetic Attachment Method for Bionic Eye Applications
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-09-2015
DOI: 10.1111/AOR.12582
Abstract: Successful visual prostheses require stable, long-term attachment. Epiretinal prostheses, in particular, require attachment methods to fix the prosthesis onto the retina. The most common method is fixation with a retinal tack however, tacks cause retinal trauma, and surgical proficiency is important to ensure optimal placement of the prosthesis near the macula. Accordingly, alternate attachment methods are required. In this study, we detail a novel method of magnetic attachment for an epiretinal prosthesis using two prostheses components positioned on opposing sides of the retina. The magnetic attachment technique was piloted in a feline animal model (chronic, nonrecovery implantation). We also detail a new method to reliably control the magnet coupling force using heat. It was found that the force exerted upon the tissue that separates the two components could be minimized as the measured force is proportionately smaller at the working distance. We thus detail, for the first time, a surgical method using customized magnets to position and affix an epiretinal prosthesis on the retina. The position of the epiretinal prosthesis is reliable, and its location on the retina is accurately controlled by the placement of a secondary magnet in the suprachoroidal location. The electrode position above the retina is less than 50 microns at the center of the device, although there were pressure points seen at the two edges due to curvature misalignment. The degree of retinal compression found in this study was unacceptably high nevertheless, the normal structure of the retina remained intact under the electrodes.
Ion-beam induced compaction in glassy carbon
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 07-1993
DOI: 10.1063/1.354145
Abstract: Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate the implanted layer in glassy carbon irradiated with 50 keV C ions to a dose of 5×1016 ions/cm2. It was found that in addition to the formation of an amorphous surface layer approximately 100 nm deep, the ion-beam modified layer was compacted from the unirradiated density of 1.5 to 2.4±0.2 g/cm3. Ion implantation was also found to increase the refractive index of glassy carbon from 1.8±0.1 to 2.4±0.1 which is also consistent with the proposition that an increase in the density of the implanted layer has occurred. The formation of a dense, amorphous carbon surface layer could explain the observed increase in wear resistance of glassy carbon following ion implantation.
Chromium single-photon emitters in diamond fabricated by ion implantation
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 15-03-2010
Kinetic modelling of NH3 production in N2–H2 non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma catalysis
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 15-03-2017
Quantum-dot cellular automata using buried dopants
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 07-03-2005
Bi-modal system-on-chip platform for bilirubin monitoring by using photometric and temporal degradation approaches
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2023
Diamond for Quantum Computing
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 20-06-2008
Diamond waveguides: toward an all-diamond platform
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 21-12-2007
DOI: 10.1117/12.769906
Direct measurement and modelling of internal strains in ion-implanted diamond
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 30-08-2013
DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/38/385403
Abstract: We present a phenomenological model and finite element simulations to describe the depth variation of mass density and strain of ion-implanted single-crystal diamond. Several experiments are employed to validate the approach: firstly, s les implanted with 180 keV B ions at relatively low fluences are characterized using high-resolution x-ray diffraction secondly, the mass density variation of a s le implanted with 500 keV He ions, well above its amorphization threshold, is characterized with electron energy loss spectroscopy. At high damage densities, the experimental depth profiles of strain and density display a saturation effect with increasing damage and a shift of the damage density peak towards greater depth values with respect to those predicted by TRIM simulations, which are well accounted for in the model presented here. The model is then further validated by comparing transmission electron microscopy-measured and simulated thickness values of a buried amorphous carbon layer formed at different depths by implantation of 500 keV He ions through a variable-thickness mask to simulate the simultaneous implantation of ions at different energies.
Hybrid functional study of Si and O donors in wurtzite AlN
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 19-09-2011
DOI: 10.1063/1.3641861
Abstract: The properties of Si and O donors in wurtzite AlN have been studied by means of hybrid functional calculations, finding that both impurities form DX centres. In the case of Si, the stable DX centre is close in energy to the substitutional donor state and to a second metastable DX centre, thus explaining both the persistent effects and the broad range of activation energies observed experimentally. Ionisation energies have been computed for both Si and O donor states.
Fabrication and investigation of Nitrogen doped ultra-nano-crystalline diamond Hall-bar devices
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2012
Fabrication and electrical characterization of three-dimensional graphitic microchannels in single crystal diamond
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 09-05-2012
Producing optimized ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy color centers for quantum information applications
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-12-2009
DOI: 10.1063/1.3271579
Abstract: Quantum information applications place stringent demands on the development of platforms that can host them. Color centers in diamond have been identified as important media for quantum information processing. Accordingly, the photoluminescence properties of nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond created by implantation and annealing are studied at cryogenic temperatures (below 10 K). We examine high pressure high temperature and chemical vapor deposition synthetic diamonds with varying nitrogen concentration and present an accurate method to estimate the concentration of the (N-V) centers created by ion implantation. The ion irradiation route produced up to 6 ppm of optically active (N-V) centers, while nitrogen implantation yielded up to 3 ppm of optically active (N-V) with 8% conversion efficiency. However, a broadening of the (N-V)− zero phonon line was observed in all s les.
ZnO nanomaterials: Green synthesis, toxicity evaluation and new insights in biomedical applications
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Hermetic diamond capsules for biomedical implants enabled by gold active braze alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2015.02.103
Abstract: As the field of biomedical implants matures the functionality of implants is rapidly increasing. In the field of neural prostheses this is particularly apparent as researchers strive to build devices that interact with highly complex neural systems such as vision, hearing, touch and movement. A retinal implant, for ex le, is a highly complex device and the surgery, training and rehabilitation requirements involved in deploying such devices are extensive. Ideally, such devices will be implanted only once and will continue to function effectively for the lifetime of the patient. The first and most pivotal factor that determines device longevity is the encapsulation that separates the sensitive electronics of the device from the biological environment. This paper describes the realisation of a free standing device encapsulation made from diamond, the most impervious, long lasting and biochemically inert material known. A process of laser micro-machining and brazing is described detailing the fabrication of hermetic electrical feedthroughs and laser weldable seams using a 96.4% gold active braze alloy, another material renowned for biochemical longevity. Accelerated ageing of the braze alloy, feedthroughs and hermetic capsules yielded no evidence of corrosion and no loss of hermeticity. S les of the gold braze implanted for 15 weeks, in vivo, caused minimal histopathological reaction and results were comparable to those obtained from medical grade silicone controls. The work described represents a first account of a free standing, fully functional hermetic diamond encapsulation for biomedical implants, enabled by gold active alloy brazing and laser micro-machining.
Fabrication of single optical centres in diamond—a review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Carbon diffusion and nanocrystalline diamond formation in carbon ion-implanted oxides studied by nuclear elastic scattering
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2001
Single-photon emitting diode in silicon carbide
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-07-2015
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS8783
Abstract: Electrically driven single-photon emitting devices have immediate applications in quantum cryptography, quantum computation and single-photon metrology. Mature device fabrication protocols and the recent observations of single defect systems with quantum functionalities make silicon carbide an ideal material to build such devices. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of bright single-photon emitting diodes. The electrically driven emitters display fully polarized output, superior photon statistics (with a count rate of >300 kHz) and stability in both continuous and pulsed modes, all at room temperature. The atomic origin of the single-photon source is proposed. These results provide a foundation for the large scale integration of single-photon sources into a broad range of applications, such as quantum cryptography or linear optics quantum computing.
Development of a templated approach to fabricate diamond patterns on various substrates
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 30-05-2014
DOI: 10.1021/AM5016556
Abstract: We demonstrate a robust templated approach to pattern thin films of chemical vapor deposited nanocrystalline diamond grown from monodispersed nanodiamond (mdND) seeds. The method works on a range of substrates, and we herein demonstrate the method using silicon, aluminum nitride (AlN), and sapphire substrates. Patterns are defined using photo- and e-beam lithography, which are seeded with mdND colloids and subsequently introduced into microwave assisted chemical vapor deposition reactor to grow patterned nanocrystalline diamond films. In this study, we investigate various factors that affect the selective seeding of different substrates to create high quality diamond thin films, including mdND surface termination, zeta potential, surface treatment, and plasma cleaning. Although the electrostatic interaction between mdND colloids and substrates is the main process driving adherence, we found that chemical reaction (esterification) or hydrogen bonding can potentially dominate the seeding process. Leveraging the knowledge on these different interactions, we optimize fabrication protocols to eliminate unwanted diamond nucleation outside the patterned areas. Furthermore, we have achieved the deposition of patterned diamond films and arrays over a range of feature sizes. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the mdND-substrate interaction that will enable the fabrication of integrated nanocrystalline diamond thin films for microelectronics, sensors, and tissue culturing applications.
Fabrication of single nickel-nitrogen defects in diamond by chemical vapor deposition
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 25-03-2005
DOI: 10.1063/1.1896088
Abstract: Fabrication of single nickel-nitrogen (NE8) defect centers in diamond by chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated. Under continuous-wave 745nm laser excitation single defects were induced to emit single photon pulses at 797nm with a linewidth of 1.5nm at room temperature. Photon antibunching of single centers was demonstrated using a Hanbury–Brown and Twiss interferometer. Confocal images revealed approximately 106 optically active sites∕cm2 in the synthesized films. The controlled fabrication of an NE8 based single photon source in synthetic diamond is important for fiber based quantum cryptography, and potentially linear optics quantum computing.
Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer to Stent-Based Biomedical Implants
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 09-2018
The effect of carbon and nitrogen implantation on the abrasion resistance of type IIa (110) diamond
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1993
Characterization of three-dimensional microstructures in single-crystal diamond
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2006
High Fidelity Bidirectional Neural Interfacing with Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes Coated with Boron‐Doped Carbon Nanowalls: An Acute Study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-09-2020
ION-BEAM-INDUCED LUMINESCENCE FROM DIAMOND AND OTHER CRYSTALS FROM A NUCLEAR MICROBEAM
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1994
Progress in silicon-based quantum computing
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 15-07-2003
Abstract: We review progress at the Australian Centre for Quantum Computer Technology towards the fabrication and demonstration of spin qubits and charge qubits based on phosphorus donor atoms embedded in intrinsic silicon. Fabrication is being pursued via two complementary pathways: a 'top-down' approach for near-term production of few-qubit demonstration devices and a 'bottom-up' approach for large-scale qubit arrays with sub-nanometre precision. The 'top-down' approach employs a low-energy (keV) ion beam to implant the phosphorus atoms. Single-atom control during implantation is achieved by monitoring on-chip detector electrodes, integrated within the device structure. In contrast, the 'bottom-up' approach uses scanning tunnelling microscope lithography and epitaxial silicon overgrowth to construct devices at an atomic scale. In both cases, surface electrodes control the qubit using voltage pulses, and dual single-electron transistors operating near the quantum limit provide fast read-out with spurious-signal rejection.
The effect of gallium implantation on the optical properties of diamond
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
Cooling of Miniature Electronic Systems Using Diamond Circuit Boards
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 05-2018
Fabrication of Ultrathin Single‐Crystal Diamond Membranes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-12-2008
Optical properties of silver nanowires grown electrochemically in nanoporous alumina
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2012
P2 dimer implantation in silicon: A molecular dynamics study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2006
Processing of Diamond: Towards All-Diamond Integrated Optics
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 06-2007
Phonon-induced dephasing of chromium color centers in diamond
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 30-11-2012
Development and Characterization of a Sucrose Microneedle Neural Electrode Delivery System
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-12-2018
Diamond Devices for High Acuity Prosthetic Vision (vol 1, 1600003, 2017)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2018
Reactive ion etching of waveguide structures in diamond
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2008
Concentration of point defects in wurtzite AlN: A hybrid functional study
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 05-2012
Raman spectroscopic investigation of ion-beam-irradiated glassy carbon
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 09-1990
DOI: 10.1063/1.346547
Abstract: Raman spectroscopy has been used to monitor the changes induced in glassy carbon as a result of irradiation with H, He, C, N, Si, and Xe ions. The Raman spectrum of unirradiated glassy carbon consists of an intrinsic graphite peak at 1590 cm−1 (the a peak) and a disorder-induced D peak at 1350 cm−1. The G peak position and FWHM and the ratio of the D peak intensity to that of the G peak [I(D)/I(G)] are plotted as functions of the calculated damage density induced by the ion beam. The results show that at very low damage levels [ & 0.008 displacements per atom (DPA)], considerable disorder is being introduced into the system, and the average crystallite size has been reduced from 35 Å for the unirradiated material to about 25 Å. At damage levels of ∼0.21 DPA, the material starts to undergo an ion-beam-induced modification which saturates at about 5 DPA. The Raman spectra for these heavily irradiated s les are very similar to those obtained from amorphous carbons. At yet higher doses there is some evidence suggesting that ion-beam-induced partial graphitization of the irradiated glassy carbon has occurred. The results are discussed in the context of previously reported Raman studies of amorphous carbons and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.
Creation and Characterization of Buried Microstructures in Diamond by Ion Implantation
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 07-2006
New problems in nuclear microprobe analysis of materials
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1999
Wireless multichannel optogenetic stimulators enabled by narrow bandwidth resonant tank circuits
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
Miniature power and data transceiver based on multimodal operation of a single photovoltaic device
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 25-02-2020
Temperature enhancement of secondary electron emission from hydrogenated diamond films
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-09-2009
DOI: 10.1063/1.3224881
Abstract: The effect of temperature on the stability of the secondary electron emission (SEE) yield from ∼100-nm-thick continuous diamond films is reported. At room temperature, the SEE yield was found to decay as a function of electron irradiation dose. The SEE yield is observed to increase significantly upon heating of the diamond surface. Furthermore, by employing moderate temperatures, the decay of the SEE yield observed at room temperature is inhibited, showing a nearly constant yield with electron dose at 200 °C. The results are explained in terms of the temperature dependence of the electron beam-induced hydrogen desorption from the diamond surface and surface band bending. These findings demonstrate that the longevity of diamond films in practical applications of SEE can be increased by moderate heating.
Depletion of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond via hydrogen passivation
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 13-02-2012
DOI: 10.1063/1.3684612
Abstract: We show reduction in the emission from nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in single crystal diamond due to exposure to hydrogen plasmas ranging from 700 °C to 1000 °C. Significant fluorescence reduction was observed beneath the exposed surface to 80 μm depth after ∼10 min and did not recover after post-annealing in vacuum for 7 h at 1100 °C. We attribute the fluorescence reduction to the formation of nitrogen-vacancy-hydrogen centers by the plasma-induced diffusion of hydrogen. These results have important implications for the formation of NV centers for quantum applications, whilst also providing experimental evidence of long range hydrogen diffusion through intrinsic high-purity diamond.
Photochromism in single nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-11-2005
Coherent population trapping in diamond N-V centers at zero magnetic field
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 2006
Hybrid diamond/ carbon fiber microelectrodes enable multimodal electrical/chemical neural interfacing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2019.119648
Abstract: Implantable medical devices are now in regular use to treat or ameliorate medical conditions, including movement disorders, chronic pain, cardiac arrhythmias, and hearing or vision loss. Aside from offering alternatives to pharmaceuticals, one major advantage of device therapy is the potential to monitor treatment efficacy, disease progression, and perhaps begin to uncover elusive mechanisms of diseases pathology. In an ideal system, neural stimulation, neural recording, and electrochemical sensing would be conducted by the same electrode in the same anatomical region. Carbon fiber (CF) microelectrodes are the appropriate size to achieve this goal and have shown excellent performance, in vivo. Their electrochemical properties, however, are not suitable for neural stimulation and electrochemical sensing. Here, we present a method to deposit high surface area conducting diamond on CF microelectrodes. This unique hybrid microelectrode is capable of recording single-neuron action potentials, delivering effective electrical stimulation pulses, and exhibits excellent electrochemical dopamine detection. Such electrodes are needed for the next generation of miniaturized, closed-loop implants that can self-tune therapies by monitoring both electrophysiological and biochemical biomarkers.
Electronic Properties and Metrology Applications of the DiamondNV
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
Date:
31-01-2014
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 31-01-2014
Conformal nanocarbon coating of alumina nanocrystals for biosensing and bioimaging
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Work function of hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces under ion impact
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2007
An upper limit on the lateral vacancy diffusion length in diamond
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
Correlation between crystalline perfection and film purity for chemically vapor deposited diamond thin films grown on fused quartz substrates
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 05-1991
DOI: 10.1063/1.348876
Abstract: Chemically vapor deposited (CVD) diamond films have been deposited on quartz substrates using a configuration in which the substrate is placed parallel to the direction of the gas flow in the deposition system. Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy of the resultant films revealed that (a) as the diamond component of the films increases, the defect density (as measured by the FWHM of the Raman 1332 cm−1 line) decreases, (b) there is a decrease of the quality and perfection of the CVD diamond particles as they overgrow to form a continuous film, and (c) the best quality diamond particles (FWHM) of the 1332 cm−1 line=2.7 cm−1) are produced downstream at the bottom of the plasma ball. It is suggested that the limitations on the continuous film quality appear to be governed not so much by the details of the growth chemistry, but rather by the effects of particle overgrowth.
Diamond-based structures to collect and guide light
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 21-02-2011
Ultrahigh-Q microcavities in diamond-based photonic crystal slabs
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 06-2009
First principle study of valence-band offsets at AlN/diamond heterojunctions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Diamond nanocrystals formed by direct implantation of fused silica with carbon
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-09-2001
DOI: 10.1063/1.1388857
Abstract: We report synthesis of diamond nanocrystals directly from carbon atoms embedded into fused silica by ion implantation followed by thermal annealing. The production of the diamond nanocrystals and other carbon phases is investigated as a function of ion dose, annealing time, and annealing environment. We observe that the diamond nanocrystals are formed only when the s les are annealed in forming gas (4% H in Ar). Transmission electron microscopy studies show that the nanocrystals range in size from 5 to 40 nm, depending on dose, and are embedded at a depth of only 140 nm below the implanted surface, whereas the original implantation depth was 1450 nm. The bonding in these nanocrystals depends strongly on cluster size, with the smaller clusters predominantly aggregating into cubic diamond structure. The larger clusters, on the other hand, consist of other forms of carbon such as i-carbon and n-diamond and tend to be more defective. This leads to a model for the formation of these clusters which is based on the size dependent stability of the hydrogen-terminated diamond phase compared to other forms of carbon. Additional studies using visible and ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy, optical absorption, and electron energy loss spectroscopy reveal that most s les contain a mixture of sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon phases.
Nano-manipulation of diamond-based single photon sources
Publisher: Optica Publishing Group
Date: 22-06-2009
DOI: 10.1364/OE.17.011287
Abstract: The ability to manipulate nano-particles at the nano-scale is critical for the development of active quantum systems. This paper presents a technique to manipulate diamond nano-crystals at the nano-scale using a scanning electron microscope, nano-manipulator and custom tapered optical fibre probes. The manipulation of a approximately 300 nm diamond crystal, containing a single nitrogen-vacancy centre, onto the endface of an optical fibre is demonstrated. The emission properties of the single photon source post manipulation are in excellent agreement with those observed on the original substrate.
Cathodoluminescence microanalysis of diamond nanocrystals in fused silicon dioxide
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 12-2008
DOI: 10.1063/1.3039215
Abstract: MeV carbon ion implantation followed by thermal annealing in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere produces a layer of diamond nanocrystals within fused quartz (SiO2). Cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis in a scanning electron microscope has revealed at least three previously unreported low intensity CL emissions from carbon implanted and thermally annealed fused SiO2. The CL emissions are observed at 2.78 eV [full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.08 eV], ∼3 eV (FWHM of 0.4 eV), and 3.18 eV (FWHM of 0.11 eV). The peak widths and energies of these emissions are incompatible with any known defects associated with the silicon dioxide host lattice. Nondestructive depth resolved CL microanalysis investigations confirm that these CL emissions originate from the near-surface region, consistent with their association with the layer of diamond nanocrystals.
Wide-range electrical tunability of single-photon emission from chromium-based colour centres in diamond
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 05-07-2011
Implantation of labelled single nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond using N15
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 09-01-2006
DOI: 10.1063/1.2158700
Abstract: Nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) color centers in diamond were created by implantation of 7 keV N15(I=1∕2) ions into type IIa diamond. Optically detected magnetic resonance was employed to measure the hyperfine coupling of single NV− centers. The hyperfine spectrum from NV−15 arising from implanted N15 can be distinguished from NV−14 centers created by native N14(I=1) sites. Analysis indicates 1 in 40 implanted N15 atoms give rise to an optically observable NV−15 center. This report ultimately demonstrates a mechanism by which the yield of NV− center formation by nitrogen implantation can be measured.
Coherent population trapping in diamond N-V centers at zero magnetic field
Publisher: The Optical Society
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1364/OE.14.007986
Abstract: Coherent population trapping at zero magnetic field was observed for nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond under optical excitation. This was measured as a reduction in photoluminescence when the detuning between two excitation lasers matched the 2.88 GHz crystal-field splitting of the color center ground states. This behavior is highly sensitive to strain, which modifies the excited states, and was unexpected following recent experiments demonstrating optical readout of single nitrogen-vacancy electron spins based on cycling transitions. These results demonstrate for the first time that three-level Lambda configurations suitable for proposed quantum information applications can be realized simultaneously for all four orientations of nitrogen-vacancy centers at zero magnetic field.
Measuring decoherence properties of charge qubits using buried donor cellular automata
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 23-02-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.583194
Plasma catalysis as an alternative route for ammonia production: status, mechanisms, and prospects for progress
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 07-12-2018
Imaging and quantum-efficiency measurement of chromium emitters in diamond
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 16-11-2010
Photophysics of chromium-related diamond single-photon emitters
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 13-04-2010
Mechanisms and Applications of Neuromodulation Using Surface Acoustic Waves—A Mini-Review
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 27-01-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FNINS.2021.629056
Abstract: The study of neurons is fundamental for basic neuroscience research and treatment of neurological disorders. In recent years ultrasound has been increasingly recognized as a viable method to stimulate neurons. However, traditional ultrasound transducers are limited in the scope of their application by self-heating effects, limited frequency range and cavitation effects during neuromodulation. In contrast, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, which are producing wavemodes with increasing application in biomedical devices, generate less self-heating, are smaller and create less cavitation. SAW devices thus have the potential to address some of the drawbacks of traditional ultrasound transducers and could be implemented as miniaturized wearable or implantable devices. In this mini review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of SAW-based neuromodulation, including mechanical displacement, electromagnetic fields, thermal effects, and acoustic streaming. We also review the application of SAW actuation for neuronal stimulation, including growth and neuromodulation. Finally, we propose future directions for SAW-based neuromodulation.
Enhanced effective diffusion in sub-wavelength, axon-scale microchannels using surface acoustic waves
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 03-2023
DOI: 10.1063/5.0134605
Abstract: Excitation using surface acoustic waves (SAW) has demonstrated efficacy in improving microscale particle/chemical transport due to its ability to generate microscale wavelengths. However, the effects of acoustic stimulation on transport processes along the length of sub-wavelength microchannels and their underlying mechanisms, essential for long-range transport, have not been examined in detail. In this work, we investigate diffusion along the length of subwavelength microchannels using experimental and simulation approaches, demonstrating enhanced transport under SAW excitation. The microchannel-based enhanced diffusion mechanisms are further studied by investigating the acoustic pressure and streaming fields, finding that the degree of enhancement is a function of applied power, microchannel dimensions, and viscosity. This microchannel-based diffusion enhancement approach is applicable to microfluidic and biomedical microscale transport enhancement, with the findings here being relevant to acoustic-based micro-mixing and neurodegenerative therapies.
Microstructure evolution in carbon-ion implanted sapphire
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-01-2010
DOI: 10.1063/1.3284963
Abstract: Carbon ions of MeV energy were implanted into sapphire to fluences of 1×1017 or 2×1017cm−2 and thermally annealed in forming gas (4% H in Ar) for 1h. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy results obtained from the lower dose implant showed retention of implanted carbon and accumulation of H near the end of range in the C implanted and annealed s le. Three distinct regions were identified by transmission electron microscopy of the implanted region in the higher dose implant. First, in the near surface region, was a low damage region (L1) composed of crystalline sapphire and a high density of plateletlike defects. Underneath this was a thin, highly damaged and amorphized region (L2) near the end of range in which a mixture of i-carbon and nanodiamond phases are present. Finally, there was a pristine, undamaged sapphire region (L3) beyond the end of range. In the annealed s le some evidence of the presence of diamond nanoclusters was found deep within the implanted layer near the projected range of the C ions. These results are compared with our previous work on carbon implanted quartz in which nanodiamond phases were formed only a few tens of nanometers from the surface, a considerable distance from the projected range of the ions, suggesting that significant out diffusion of the implanted carbon had occurred.
An all-diamond, hermetic electrical feedthrough array for a retinal prosthesis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2013.10.040
Abstract: The interface between medical implants and the human nervous system is rapidly becoming more and more complex. This rise in complexity is driving the need for increasing numbers of densely packed electrical feedthrough to carry signals to and from implanted devices. This is particularly crucial in the field of neural prosthesis where high resolution stimulating or recording arrays near peripheral nerves or in the brain could dramatically improve the performance of these devices. Here we describe a flexible strategy for implementing high density, high count arrays of hermetic electrical feedthroughs by forming conducting nitrogen doped nanocrystalline diamond channels within an insulating polycrystalline diamond substrate. A unique feature of these arrays is that the feedthroughs can themselves be used as stimulating electrodes for neural tissue. Our particular application is such a feedthrough, designed as a component of a retinal implant to restore vision to the blind. The hermeticity of the feedthroughs means that the array can also form part of an implantable capsule which can interface directly with internal electronic chips. The hermeticity of the array is demonstrated by helium leak tests and electrical and electrochemical characterisation of the feedthroughs is described. The nitrogen doped nanocrystalline diamond forming the electrical feedthroughs is shown to be non-cyctotoxic. New fabrication strategies, such as the one described here, combined with the exceptional biostability of diamond can be exploited to generate a range of biomedical implants that last for the lifetime of the user without fear of degradation.
Diamond‐Based Optical Waveguides, Cavities, and Other Microstructures
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-03-2013
In vivo feasibility of epiretinal stimulation using ultrananocrystalline diamond electrodes.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 05-08-2020
Real-time detection and identification of nematode eggs genus and species through optical imaging
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-04-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-63747-5
Abstract: Nematode eggs are pervasive pathogens that infect billions of people and livestock every year. Adult parasitic nematode worms can be distinguished based on their size and morphology. However, their eggs, particularly their species Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum cannot be identified from each other. Identifying eggs of helminths from wastewater and sludge is important from a public health perspective to minimize the spread of Ascaris infections. Numerous methods exist for nematode identification, from a morphological-based approach to high throughput sequencing technology. However, these techniques are not consistent and often laborious and time-consuming. In this study, we demonstrate that non-invasive real-time identification of eggs is possible based on their intrinsic fluorescence. Using confocal microscopy, we investigate the autofluorescence properties of five species of nematode eggs and observe clear differences between genus and for the first time their species in sludge s les. This non-invasive imaging technique could lead to better understanding of these species and may assist in early control of diseases.
Electronic conductance of ion implanted and plasma modified polymers
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 30-07-2007
DOI: 10.1063/1.2761233
Abstract: The authors used the plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition technique to modify polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and by using conductive atomic force microscope, the spatial distribution of ∼10nm size titanium nanoclusters embedded in PET matrices were observed. The I-V plots showed typical metal-semiconductor junction conductivity between the conductive tip and the surface. In addition, the authors also measured the temperature dependent conductivity and fitted it well to the Mott law, which implied that the conductance arose from electron hopping process. Such technique to create the surface structure of metal olymer nanocomposites may open an alternative way for plastic nanoelectronics.
Electrical stimulation of retinal ganglion cells with diamond and the development of an all diamond retinal prosthesis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2012.04.063
Abstract: Electronic retinal implants for the blind are already a market reality. A world wide effort is underway to find the technology that offers the best combination of performance and safety for potential patients. Our approach is to construct an epi-retinally targeted device entirely encapsulated in diamond to maximise longevity and biocompatibility. The stimulating array of our device comprises a monolith of electrically insulating diamond with thousands of hermetic, microscale nitrogen doped ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) feedthroughs. Here we seek to establish whether the conducting diamond feedthroughs of the array can be used as stimulating electrodes without further modification with a more traditional neural stimulation material. Efficacious stimulation of retinal ganglion cells was established using single N-UNCD microelectrodes in contact with perfused, explanted, rat retina. Evoked rat retinal ganglion cell action potentials were recorded by patch cl recording from single ganglion cells, adjacent to the N-UNCD stimulating electrode. Separately, excellent electrochemical stability of N-UNCD was established by prolonged pulsing in phosphate buffered saline at increasing charge density up to the measured charge injection limit for the material.
Towards hybrid diamond optical devices
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 06-2011
Brazing techniques for the fabrication of biocompatible carbon-based electronic devices
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Optimizing growth and post treatment of diamond for high capacitance neural interfaces
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2016.07.006
Abstract: Electrochemical and biological properties are two crucial criteria in the selection of the materials to be used as electrodes for neural interfaces. For neural stimulation, materials are required to exhibit high capacitance and to form intimate contact with neurons for eliciting effective neural responses at acceptably low voltages. Here we report on a new high capacitance material fabricated using nitrogen included ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD). After exposure to oxygen plasma for 3 h, the activated N-UNCD exhibited extremely high electrochemical capacitance greater than 1 mF/cm(2), which originates from the special hybrid sp(2)/sp(3) structure of N-UNCD. The in vitro biocompatibility of the activated N-UNCD was then assessed using rat cortical neurons and surface roughness was found to be critical for healthy neuron growth, with best results observed on surfaces with a roughness of approximately 20 nm. Therefore, by using oxygen plasma activated N-UNCD with appropriate surface roughness, and considering the chemical and mechanical stability of diamond, the fabricated neural interfaces are expected to exhibit high efficacy, long-term stability and a healthy neuron/electrode interface.
Modelling of electrostatic gate operations in the Kane solid state quantum computer
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2002
Ultrananocrystalline diamond-CMOS device integration route for high acuity retinal prostheses
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-04-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S10544-015-9952-Y
Abstract: High density electrodes are a new frontier for biomedical implants. Increasing the density and the number of electrodes used for the stimulation of retinal ganglion cells is one possible strategy for enhancing the quality of vision experienced by patients using retinal prostheses. The present work presents an integration strategy for a diamond based, high density, stimulating electrode array with a purpose built application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The strategy is centered on flip-chip bonding of indium bumps to create high count and density vertical interconnects between the stimulator ASIC and an array of diamond neural stimulating electrodes. The use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) housing prevents cross-contamination of the biocompatible diamond electrode with non-biocompatible materials, such as indium, used in the microfabrication process. Micro-imprint lithography allowed edge-to-edge micro-scale pattering of the indium bumps on non-coplanar substrates that have a form factor that can conform to body organs and thus are ideally suited for biomedical applications. Furthermore, micro-imprint lithography ensures the compatibility of lithography with the silicon ASIC and aluminum contact pads. Although this work focuses on 256 stimulating diamond electrode arrays with a pitch of 150 μm, the use of indium bump bonding technology and vertical interconnects facilitates implants with tens of thousands electrodes with a pitch as low as 10 μm, thus ensuring validity of the strategy for future high acuity retinal prostheses, and bionic implants in general.
Novel Single Photon Emitters Based on Color Centers in Diamond
Publisher: AIP
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1063/1.3666714
Molecular dynamics and experimental studies of preferred orientation induced by compressive stress
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1995
Single Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Chemical Vapor Deposited Diamond Nanocrystals
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 29-09-2007
DOI: 10.1021/NL0719271
Abstract: Nanodiamond crystals containing single color centers have been grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The fluorescence from in idual crystallites was directly correlated with crystallite size using a combined atomic force and scanning confocal fluorescence microscope. Under the conditions employed, the optimal size for single optically active nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center incorporation was measured to be 60-70 nm. The findings highlight a strong dependence of NV incorporation on crystal size, particularly with crystals less than 50 nm in size.
Irradiation-Induced Modification of the Superconducting Properties of Heavily-Boron-Doped Diamond
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 05-10-2018
Ultra-nanocrystalline diamond electrodes: optimization towards neural stimulation applications
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 07-12-2011
DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/9/1/016002
Abstract: Diamond is well known to possess many favourable qualities for implantation into living tissue including biocompatibility, biostability, and for some applications hardness. However, conducting diamond has not, to date, been exploited in neural stimulation electrodes due to very low electrochemical double layer capacitance values that have been previously reported. Here we present electrochemical characterization of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond electrodes grown in the presence of nitrogen (N-UNCD) that exhibit charge injection capacity values as high as 163 µC cm(-2) indicating that N-UNCD is a viable material for microelectrode fabrication. Furthermore, we show that the maximum charge injection of N-UNCD can be increased by tailoring growth conditions and by subsequent electrochemical activation. For applications requiring yet higher charge injection, we show that N-UNCD electrodes can be readily metalized with platinum or iridium, further increasing charge injection capacity. Using such materials an implantable neural stimulation device fabricated from a single piece of bio-permanent material becomes feasible. This has significant advantages in terms of the physical stability and hermeticity of a long-term bionic implant.
Advancing the ethical use of digital data in human research: challenges and strategies to promote ethical practice
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-11-2018
Production of ammonia by heterogeneous catalysis in a packed-bed dielectric-barrier discharge: Influence of argon addition and voltage
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 10-2014
Nucleation and chemical vapor deposition growth of polycrystalline diamond on aluminum nitride: Role of surface termination and polarity
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 26-06-2013
DOI: 10.1021/CG400383T
Raman spectroscopy of Si1 − x − yGexCy layers obtained by pulsed laser induced epitaxy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1996
Impurities in diamond: a new revival for quantum optics
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 19-08-2010
DOI: 10.1117/12.865609
Recent progress in diamond photonics
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 07-2012
A highly efficient two level diamond based single photon source
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 18-05-2009
DOI: 10.1063/1.3141450
Abstract: An unexplored diamond defect center that is found to emit stable single photons at a measured rate of 1.6 MHz at room temperature is reported. The center, identified in chemical vapor deposition grown diamond crystals, exhibits a sharp zero phonon line at 734 nm with a full width at half maximum of ∼4 nm. The photon statistics confirm that the center is a single emitter and provides direct evidence of a true two level single quantum system in diamond.
Quantum measurement and orientation tracking of fluorescent nanodiamonds inside living cells
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-05-2011
Abstract: Fluorescent particles are routinely used to probe biological processes. The quantum properties of single spins within fluorescent particles have been explored in the field of nanoscale magnetometry, but not yet in biological environments. Here, we demonstrate optically detected magnetic resonance of in idual fluorescent nanodiamond nitrogen-vacancy centres inside living human HeLa cells, and measure their location, orientation, spin levels and spin coherence times with nanoscale precision. Quantum coherence was measured through Rabi and spin-echo sequences over long (>10 h) periods, and orientation was tracked with effective 1° angular precision over acquisition times of 89 ms. The quantum spin levels served as fingerprints, allowing in idual centres with identical fluorescence to be identified and tracked simultaneously. Furthermore, monitoring decoherence rates in response to changes in the local environment may provide new information about intracellular processes. The experiments reported here demonstrate the viability of controlled single spin probes for nanomagnetometry in biological systems, opening up a host of new possibilities for quantum-based imaging in the life sciences.
A Comparative Study of Carbonate Determination in Human Teeth Using Raman Spectroscopy
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1159/000337398
Abstract: Carbonate determination in dental apatites such as dentine and enamel is important for studying the dynamics of dental caries and developmental defects of these tissues. Traditionally, these determinations have been performed by acidic digestion with the subsequent measurement of released carbon dioxide gas. As an alternative, Raman spectroscopy has been used for the determination of carbonate in synthetic carbonated apatites with at least four analytical methods published thus far. However, these methods have not been applied to biological apatites. The aim of this comparative study was to test the suitability of these four methods for the determination of B-type carbonate in human enamel and dentine. A method for determining the A-type carbonate content of enamel using the Raman technique is also presented. Raman spectra were obtained from 10 human enamel and dentine s les and analysed with each of the four methods using either a single or multiple ν sub /sub (PO sub /sub sup – /sup ) band spectral fitting model. Each of the methods resulted in a different determination for the carbonate content when using the same measurement data. The method that used the full-width-at-half-maximum of the ν sub /sub (PO sub /sub sup – /sup ) band to determine the B-type carbonate concentration was found to be in best agreement with (i) the results (using the acid digestion method) of teeth collected from the same s le population and (ii) previously reported values for both enamel and dentine. The use of a multiple-band spectral fitting model produced the highest determination precision (particularly in the case of dentine).
Low-temperature optical characterization of a near-infrared single-photon emitter in nanodiamonds
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 17-11-2009
Diamond chemical-vapor deposition on optical fibers for fluorescence waveguiding
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 21-03-2005
DOI: 10.1063/1.1890484
Abstract: A technique has been developed for depositing diamond crystals on the endfaces of optical fibers and capturing the fluorescence generated by optically active defects in diamond into the fiber. This letter details the diamond growth on optical fibers and transmission of fluorescence through the fiber from the nitrogen-vacancy color center in diamond. Control of the concentration of defects incorporated during the chemical vapor deposition growth process is also demonstrated. These are critical steps in developing a fiber coupled single-photon source based on optically active defect centers in diamond.
Single photon emission from nanodiamond in tellurite glass
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 08-2011
Initial growth of conducting island-like structure on insulating polymer substrate
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 2008
Plasma Catalytic Synthesis of Ammonia Using Functionalized-Carbon Coatings in an Atmospheric-Pressure Non-equilibrium Discharge
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-05-2016
High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy surface studies of hydrogenated detonation nano-diamond spray-deposited films
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
Bulk and surface thermal stability of ultra nanocrystalline diamond films with 10–30 nm grain size prepared by chemical vapor deposition
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 05-2010
DOI: 10.1063/1.3359714
Abstract: The thermal stability of nanocrystalline diamond films with 10–30 nm grain size deposited by microwave enhanced chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrate was investigated as a function of annealing temperature up to 1200 °C. The thermal stability of the surface-upper atomic layers was studied with near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy recorded in the partial electron yield mode. This technique indicated substantial thermally induced graphitization of the film within a close proximity to the surface. While in the bulk region of the film no graphitization was observed with either Raman spectroscopy or NEXAFS spectroscopy recorded in total electron yield mode, even after annealing to 1200 °C. Raman spectroscopy did detect the complete disappearance of transpolyacetylene (t-PA)-like ν1 and ν3 modes following annealing at 1000 °C. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, applied to investigate this relative decrease in hydrogen atom concentration detected only a ∼30% decrease in the bulk content of hydrogen atoms. This enhanced stability of sp3 hybridized atoms within the bulk region with respect to graphitization is discussed in terms of carbon bond rearrangement due to the thermal decomposition of t-PA-like fragments.
Evidence for Primal sp2 Defects at the Diamond Surface: Candidates for Electron Trapping and Noise Sources
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-12-2018
Lattice location of nickel in diamond by RBS channelling and PIXE
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-10-2010
Formation of carbon nanoclusters by implantation of keV carbon ions in fused silica followed by thermal annealing
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 23-02-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.582855
Tailoring the optical constants of diamond by ion implantation
Publisher: The Optical Society
Date: 17-04-2012
DOI: 10.1364/OME.2.000644
Improved wetting of gold active braze alloy on diamond for use in medical implants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Diamond waveguides fabricated by reactive ion etching
Publisher: The Optical Society
Date: 10-11-2008
DOI: 10.1364/OE.16.019512
Abstract: We demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of all-diamond integrated optic devices over large areas using a combination of photolithography, reactive ion etching (RIE) and focused ion beam (FIB) techniques. We confirm the viability of this scalable process by demonstrating guidance in a two-moded ridge waveguide in type 1b single crystal diamond. This opens the door to the fabrication of a diamond-based optical chip integrating functional elements such as X-crossings, Y-junctions, evanescent couplers, Bragg reflectors/couplers and various interferometers.
Near-Surface Spectrally Stable Nitrogen Vacancy Centres Engineered in Single Crystal Diamond
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-05-2012
Abstract: A method for engineering thin (<100 nm) layers of homoepitaxial diamond containing high quality, spectrally stable, isolated nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres is reported. The photoluminescence excitation linewidth of the engineered NVs are as low as 140 MHz, at temperatures below 12 K, while the spin properties are at a level suitable for quantum memory and spin register applications. This methodology of NV fabrication is an important step toward scalable and practical diamond based photonic devices suitable for quantum information processing.
Single photon quantum non-demolition measurements in the presence of inhomogeneous broadening
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 09-2009
Multifunctional three-dimensional nanodiamond-nanoporous alumina nanoarchitectures
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
Accessing diamond waveguides and future applications
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 11-02-2010
DOI: 10.1117/12.843013
Engineering of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in high purity diamond by ion implantation and annealing
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-04-2011
DOI: 10.1063/1.3573768
Abstract: The negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is the most studied optical center in diamond and is very important for applications in quantum information science. Many proposals for integrating NV centers in quantum and sensing applications rely on their tailored fabrication in ultra pure host material. In this study, we use ion implantation to controllably introduce nitrogen into high purity, low nitrogen chemical vapor deposition diamond s les. The properties of the resulting NV centers are studied as a function of implantation temperature, annealing temperature, and implantation fluence. We compare the implanted NV centers with native NV centers present deep in the bulk of the as-grown s les. The results for implanted NV centers are promising but indicate, at this stage, that the deep native NV centers possess overall superior optical properties. In particular, the implanted NV centers obtained after annealing at 2000 °C under a stabilizing pressure of 8 GPa showed an ensemble linewidth of 0.17 nm compared to 0.61 nm after annealing at 1000 °C. Over the same temperature range, the ensemble NV−/NV0 ratio increased by a factor of ∼5, although this was accompanied by an overall decrease in the NV count.
Transient photoresponse of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond electrodes in saline solution
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 07-03-2016
DOI: 10.1063/1.4942976
Abstract: Beyond conventional electrically-driven neuronal stimulation methods, there is a growing interest in optically-driven approaches. In recent years, nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) has emerged as a strong material candidate for use in electrically-driven stimulation electrodes. This work investigates the electrochemical activity of N-UNCD in response to pulsed illumination, to assess its potential for use as an optically-driven stimulation electrode. Whilst N-UNCD in the as-grown state exhibits a weak photoresponse, the oxygen plasma treated film exhibits two orders of magnitude enhancement in its sub-bandgap open circuit photovoltage response. The enhancement is attributed to the formation of a dense network of oxygen-terminated diamond nanocrystals at the N-UNCD surface. Electrically connected to the N-UNCD bulk via sub-surface graphitic grain boundaries, these diamond nanocrystals introduce a semiconducting barrier between the sub-surface graphitic semimetal and the electrolyte solution, leading to a photovoltage under irradiation with wavelengths of λ = 450 nm and shorter. Within the safe optical exposure limit of 2 mW mm−2, charge injection capacity of 0.01 mC cm−2 is achieved using a 15 × 15 μm electrode, meeting the requirements for extracellular and intercellular stimulation. The nanoscale nature of processes presented here along with the diamond's biocompatibility and biostability open an avenue for the use of oxygen treated N-UNCD as optically driven stimulating electrodes.
Diamond encapsulated photovoltaics for transdermal power delivery
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOS.2015.10.022
Abstract: A safe, compact and robust means of wireless energy transfer across the skin barrier is a key requirement for implantable electronic devices. One possible approach is photovoltaic (PV) energy delivery using optical illumination at near infrared (NIR) wavelengths, to which the skin is highly transparent. In the work presented here, a subcutaneously implantable silicon PV cell, operated in conjunction with an external NIR laser diode, is developed as a power delivery system. The biocompatibility and long-term biostability of the implantable PV is ensured through the use of an hermetic container, comprising a transparent diamond capsule and platinum wire feedthroughs. A wavelength of 980 nm is identified as the optimum operating point based on the PV cell's external quantum efficiency, the skin's transmission spectrum, and the wavelength dependent safe exposure limit of the skin. In bench-top experiments using an external illumination intensity of 0.7 W/cm(2), a peak output power of 2.7 mW is delivered to the implant with an active PV cell dimension of 1.5 × 1.5 × 0.06 mm(3). This corresponds to a volumetric power output density of ~20 mW/mm(3), significantly higher than power densities achievable using inductively coupled coil-based approaches used in other medical implant systems. This approach paves the way for further ministration of bionic implants.
Towards all-diamond optical devices
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 06-2010
Coherent Population Trapping of Single Spins in Diamond under Optical Excitation
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 13-12-2006
Formation of color centers in nanodiamonds by plasma assisted diffusion of impurities from the growth substrate
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-12-2008
DOI: 10.1063/1.3049606
Abstract: A technique to create nickel-related single color centers in in idual nanodiamonds is demonstrated. The method involves implantation of nickel ions into a substrate onto which the diamond nanocrystals are subsequently grown by chemical vapor deposition. The nickel is transported during the growth from the implanted substrate to the plasma and incorporates itself into the growing nanodiamonds. The nanodiamonds grown by this method reveal narrow photoluminescence peaks and proved to be single photon emitters. The results demonstrate a significant advance in the control of nickel-related color centers in diamond which are core candidates for quantum information processing.
Minimally invasive endovascular stent-electrode array for high-fidelity, chronic recordings of cortical neural activity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-02-2016
DOI: 10.1038/NBT.3428
Abstract: High-fidelity intracranial electrode arrays for recording and stimulating brain activity have facilitated major advances in the treatment of neurological conditions over the past decade. Traditional arrays require direct implantation into the brain via open craniotomy, which can lead to inflammatory tissue responses, necessitating development of minimally invasive approaches that avoid brain trauma. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of chronically recording brain activity from within a vein using a passive stent-electrode recording array (stentrode). We achieved implantation into a superficial cortical vein overlying the motor cortex via catheter angiography and demonstrate neural recordings in freely moving sheep for up to 190 d. Spectral content and bandwidth of vascular electrocorticography were comparable to those of recordings from epidural surface arrays. Venous internal lumen patency was maintained for the duration of implantation. Stentrodes may have wide ranging applications as a neural interface for treatment of a range of neurological conditions.
Soft, Flexible Freestanding Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes Fabricated from Reduced Graphene Oxide
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-05-2015
Fabrication of single atom nanoscale devices by ion implantation
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 2006
Fabrication of planarised conductively patterned diamond for bio-applications.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEC.2014.07.016
Abstract: The development of smooth, featureless surfaces for biomedical microelectronics is a challenging feat. Other than the traditional electronic materials like silicon, few microelectronic circuits can be produced with conductive features without compromising the surface topography and/or biocompatibility. Diamond is fast becoming a highly sought after biomaterial for electrical stimulation, however, its inherent surface roughness introduced by the growth process limits its applications in electronic circuitry. In this study, we introduce a fabrication method for developing conductive features in an insulating diamond substrate whilst maintaining a planar topography. Using a combination of microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching, secondary diamond growth and silicon wet-etching, we have produced a patterned substrate in which the surface roughness at the interface between the conducting and insulating diamond is approximately 3 nm. We also show that the patterned smooth topography is capable of neuronal cell adhesion and growth whilst restricting bacterial adhesion.
Pulsed laser annealing of P-implanted diamond
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 11-10-1993
DOI: 10.1063/1.110592
Abstract: Diamond deeply implanted with 4 MeV P ions to a dose of 1×1015/cm2 is annealed by a focused pulsed laser that is selectively absorbed by the implanted damaged layer. Laser treatment with multiple pulses at ever increasing power leads to excellent regrowth as measured by channeling Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, surface profilometry, and by optical transmission. The importance of the deep implantation and the potential of this method for doping diamond is demonstrated.
Low temperature transport on surface conducting diamond
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-0002
Diamond devices for high acuity prosthetic vision
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-12-2017
Electrical Double Layer at Various Electrode Potentials: A Modification by Vibration
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 16-02-2017
Cryogenic platform for coupling color centers in diamond membranes to a fiber-based microcavity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-07-2020
DOI: 10.1007/S00340-020-07478-5
Abstract: We operate a fiber-based cavity with an inserted diamond membrane containing ensembles of silicon vacancy centers (SiV $${}^{-}$$ - ) at cryogenic temperatures $$\\ge 4~$$ ≥ 4 K. The setup, s le fabrication and spectroscopic characterization are described, together with a demonstration of the cavity influence by the Purcell effect. This paves the way towards solid-state qubits coupled to optical interfaces as long-lived quantum memories.
Splitting of photoluminescent emission from nitrogen–vacancy centers in diamond induced by ion-damage-induced stress
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 17-04-2013
Corrigendum: Kinetic modelling of NH3 production in N2–H2 non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma catalysis (2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 154005)
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 15-02-2018
Engineering chromium-related single photon emitters in single crystal diamonds
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 14-04-2011
Dynamic Stabilization of the Optical Resonances of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 14-05-2012
Ultra-high-density 3D DNA arrays within nanoporous biocompatible membranes for single-molecule-level detection and purification of circulating nucleic acids
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C4NR07351G
Abstract: Single-molecule-detection, selectivity, broad-range detection and biocompatibility are achieved using nanoporous diamond-like carbon coated oxide membranes.
Nanomechanical Sensing Using Spins in Diamond
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 13-02-2017
DOI: 10.1021/ACS.NANOLETT.6B04544
Abstract: Nanomechanical sensors and quantum nanosensors are two rapidly developing technologies that have erse interdisciplinary applications in biological and chemical analysis and microscopy. For ex le, nanomechanical sensors based upon nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) have demonstrated chip-scale mass spectrometry capable of detecting single macromolecules, such as proteins. Quantum nanosensors based upon electron spins of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have demonstrated erse modes of nanometrology, including single molecule magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here, we report the first step toward combining these two complementary technologies in the form of diamond nanomechanical structures containing NV centers. We establish the principles for nanomechanical sensing using such nanospin-mechanical sensors (NSMS) and assess their potential for mass spectrometry and force microscopy. We predict that NSMS are able to provide unprecedented AC force images of cellular biomechanics and to not only detect the mass of a single macromolecule but also image its distribution. When combined with the other nanometrology modes of the NV center, NSMS potentially offer unparalleled analytical power at the nanoscale.
Controlled single electron transfer between Si:P dots
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 08-05-0001
DOI: 10.1063/1.2203740
Abstract: We demonstrate electrical control of Si:P double dots in which the potential is defined by nanoscale phosphorus-doped regions. Each dot contains approximately 600 phosphorus atoms and has a diameter close to 30nm. On application of a differential bias across the dots, electron transfer is observed, using single electron transistors in both dc and rf modes as charge detectors. With the possibility to scale the dots down to a few and even single atoms these results open the way to a new class of precision-doped quantum dots in silicon.
Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy investigation of xenon irradiated glassy carbon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1993
Characterization of a novel diamond-based microdosimeter prototype for radioprotection applications in space environments
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 12-2012
Surface charge effects in protein adsorption on nanodiamonds
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C5NR00250H
Abstract: An electrostatic model is developed to qualitatively explain the protein adsorption based on charge-induced pH modifications near the charged nanoparticles/surfaces.
Superconducting transition in Nb nanowires fabricated using focused ion beam
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 21-10-2009
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/46/465302
Abstract: Making use of focused Ga-ion beam (FIB) fabrication technology, the evolution with device dimension of the low-temperature electrical properties of Nb nanowires has been examined in a regime where crossover from Josephson-like to insulating behaviour is evident. Resistance-temperature data for devices with a physical width of order 100 nm demonstrate suppression of superconductivity, leading to dissipative behaviour that is shown to be consistent with the activation of phase-slip below T(c). This study suggests that by exploiting the Ga-impurity poisoning introduced by the FIB into the periphery of the nanowire, a central superconducting phase-slip nanowire with sub-10 nm dimensions may be engineered within the core of the nanowire.
Refractive index variation in a free-standing diamond thin film induced by irradiation with fully transmitted high-energy protons
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-03-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-00343-0
Abstract: Ion irradiation is a widely employed tool to fabricate diamond micro- and nano-structures for applications in integrated photonics and quantum optics. In this context, it is essential to accurately assess the effect of ion-induced damage on the variation of the refractive index of the material, both to control the side effects in the fabrication process and possibly finely tune such variations. Several partially contradictory accounts have been provided on the effect of the ion irradiation on the refractive index of single crystal diamond. These discrepancies may be attributable to the fact that in all cases the ions are implanted in the bulk of the material, thus inducing a series of concurrent effects (volume expansion, stress, doping, etc.). Here we report the systematic characterization of the refractive index variations occurring in a 38 µm thin artificial diamond s le upon irradiation with high-energy (3 MeV and 5 MeV) protons. In this configuration the ions are fully transmitted through the s le, while inducing an almost uniform damage profile with depth. Therefore, our findings conclusively identify and accurately quantify the change in the material polarizability as a function of ion beam damage as the primary cause for the modification of its refractive index.
Creating diamond color centers for quantum optical applications
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2007
Anisotropic three-dimensional weak localization in ultrananocrystalline diamond films with nitrogen inclusions
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 23-03-2020
Raman spectroscopic study of noncarious cervical lesions
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-09-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S10266-005-0052-Y
Abstract: The surface of noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) consists of sclerosed dentin. This type of dentin may affect the ability of adhesive restorative materials to bond well to its surface, but little information exists on the chemical nature of this dentin surface and how it may be affected during acidic treatment. The inorganic part of normal dentin and dentin from NCCLs before and after acid conditioning with phosphoric acid or polyacrylic acid was investigated. Ten premolars with NCCLs and four human third molars (control) were used. Replicas of NCCLs were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surfaces and longitudinal sections of four NCCLs and control dentin discs were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. The discs and NCCLs were sectioned, and treated with 35% phosphoric acid or 20% polyacrylic acid/3% aluminum chloride, and Raman spectra obtained. The area under phosphate nu1 of the dentin spectrum was computed to obtain a ratio with the area under the second-order spectrum of a silicon phonon comparative standard. Mean phosphate nu1 and silicon phonon ratios from normal dentin and NCCLs were compared using a linear model with repeated measurements and Tukey's pairwise tests. Mean ratios from different locations of the NCCLs were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's pairwise tests. SEM micrographs of NCCL surfaces showed variation from relatively smooth with no dentinal tubule openings to surfaces with occluded tubules. The mean phosphate nu1 and silicon phonon ratios for NCCLs were higher than those of normal dentin in all treatment groups (P < 0.05). Ratios from the untreated specimens were higher than those of the polyacrylic acid-treated specimens, and those for the phosphoric acid-treated group were the lowest (P < 0.05). The ratios obtained for the surfaces of NCCLs were higher than those halfway towards the pulp, and those adjacent to the pulp were the lowest (P < 0.05).
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