ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6217-5058
Current Organisations
中国科学院生态环境研究中心
,
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
,
Telethon Kids Institute
,
University of Western Australia
,
Edith Cowan University
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Public Health and Health Services | Health Promotion | Social and Community Psychology | Preventive Medicine | Educational Psychology | Specialist Studies in Education not elsewhere classified | Indigenous Health | Criminal Law and Procedure | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health | Education not elsewhere classified | Curriculum and Pedagogy | Law | Psychology | Tort Law | Community Child Health | Teacher Education: Secondary | Health Promotion | Curriculum Studies: Other Social Sciences, Humanities And Arts |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Mental Health | Substance abuse | Preventive medicine | Health Status (e.g. Indicators of Well-Being) | Behaviour and health | Cultural Understanding not elsewhere classified | Education and Training Systems not elsewhere classified | Health education and promotion | Child health | Primary education | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health | Education and Training Systems Policies and Development | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education | Education and Training not elsewhere classified | Education policy | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health - Determinants of Health | Behaviour and Health | Health Education and Promotion | Justice and the Law not elsewhere classified
Related Links
Publications
School transition and mental health among adolescents: A comparative study of school systems in Denmark and Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
A longitudinal study of the social and emotional predictors and consequences of cyber and traditional bullying victimisation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S00038-015-0655-1
Abstract: Few longitudinal studies have investigated how cyberbullying interacts with traditional bullying among young people, who are increasingly using online environments to seek information, entertainment and to socialise. This study aimed to identify the associations between the relative contribution of cyberbullying victimisation and traditional bullying victimisation on social and emotional antecedents and outcomes among adolescents. Participants were a cohort of 1,504 adolescents from 16 Australian schools followed from age 13 to 15 years. Adolescents experiencing social and emotional difficulties were more likely to be cyberbullied and traditionally bullied, than traditionally bullied only. Those targeted in both ways experienced more harm and stayed away from school more often than those traditionally bullied only. These findings suggest a high coexistence of cyber and traditional bullying behaviours and their antecedents, and higher levels of harm from a combination of these behaviours for adolescents over time. Future research should engage students as co-researchers to enhance school and parent strategies to support adolescents experiencing difficulties, and to reduce the likelihood of both cyber and traditional bullying.
Translating an Adolescent Smoking Cessation Program Into Policy and Practice in an Australian Context
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2008
Abstract: Although Australia's restrictive tobacco control policies have made it an international leader in reducing smoking prevalence, and only 7% of teens smoke weekly, cessation efforts are still needed among adolescents. Of the c aigns and programs implemented in Australia to reduce this problem among adolescents, most have provided only abstinence messages and few have been effectively evaluated and translated into policy and practice. This article describes the translation of a harm minimization cessation program for teens, the Smoking Cessation for Youth Project (SCYP), derived from an approach developed with adults. In addition, the article describes the unique sociopolitical context of Australia in which the SCYP program was developed and the significant conceptual, contextual, and methodological factors that enabled and limited this program's effective implementation and translation.
School bullying: moving beyond a single school response to a whole education approach
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-07-2022
Predictors of Bullying among 10 to 11 Year Old School Students in Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2008
One size doesn’t fit all: re-thinking implementation research for bullying prevention
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 06-02-2014
Cyber-Victimisation: The Association Between Help-Seeking Behaviours and Self-Reported Emotional Symptoms in Australia and Austria
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2010
Abstract: Many young people who are bullied do not tell anyone. School staff therefore are often unaware of which students are being victimised and when to provide support or assistance. A critical strategy to overcome this problem is to encourage victimised students to seek help and report this bullying. This study aims to examine the relationship between help-seeking behaviours and self-reported emotional symptoms in young people from Australia ( n = 5959 M age = 12.36 years, SD = 1.46 years) and Austria ( n = 1530 M age = 12.68 years, SD = .84 years) who reported being victimised (via cyber and traditional bullying). In both countries, students who were cyber-victimised compared to those who were victimised in more traditional methods were less likely to seek help. Girls in both countries were significantly more likely to seek help and endorse more emotional symptoms than boys. No relationship was found between help-seeking and emotional symptoms in students who had been cyber-victimised. These preliminary results have important implications for the types of strategies used to enhance the approachability of school staff and families to provide appropriate help and support for young people who are being bullied.
Social and Ecological Structures Supporting Adolescent Connectedness to School: A Theoretical Model
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-10-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1746-1561.2009.00443.X
Abstract: Adolescence is a time of great change. For most young people, this is a healthy and happy experience however, for some it is characterized by many health, social, and academic challenges. A student's feeling of connectedness to school helps meet these challenges. Little is known, however, about the school characteristics that promote this connection and, more importantly, how this connection occurs. This article reviews the connectedness literature and integrates health promotion, adolescent development, and ecological frameworks to describe how a school context fosters this connection. A systematic search and review process was used to retrieve scholarly articles pertaining to the research topic. Each retrieved article was summarized, and a subsequent model was developed to define a school ecology and describe how this ecology influences a student's need to feel connected to school and the positive influence this connection has on adolescent health and well-being. Integrating developmental, ecological, and health promotion intervention theories and frameworks assists in the identification of interpersonal and organizational aspects of a school environment, which satisfy an in idual's needs to feel autonomous, competent, and connected, and to improve health and well-being outcomes for adolescents.
Study protocol for a self-controlled cluster randomised trial of the Alert Program to improve self-regulation and executive function in Australian Aboriginal children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2017-021462
Abstract: While research highlights the benefits of early diagnosis and intervention for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), there are limited data documenting effective interventions for Australian children living in remote communities. This self-controlled cluster randomised trial is evaluating the effectiveness of an 8-week Alert Program school curriculum for improving self-regulation and executive function in children living in remote Australian Aboriginal communities. Children in grades 1–6 attending any of the eight participating schools across the Fitzroy Valley in remote North-West Australia ( N ≈ 363) were invited to participate. Each school was assigned to one of four clusters with clusters randomly assigned to receive the intervention at one of four time points. Clusters two, three and four had extended control conditions where students received regular schooling before later receiving the intervention. Trained classroom teachers delivered the Alert Program to students in discrete, weekly, 1-hour lessons. Student outcomes were assessed at three time points. For the intervention condition, data collection occurred 2 weeks immediately before and after the intervention, with a follow-up 8 weeks later. For control conditions in clusters two to four, the control data collection matched that of the data collection for the intervention condition in the preceding cluster. The primary outcome is change in self-regulation. FASD diagnoses will be determined via medical record review after the completion of data collection. The results will be analysed using generalised linear mixed modelling and reported in accordance with Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Western Australia (WA) (RA/4/1/7234), WA Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee (601) and WA Country Health Service (2015:04). The Kimberley Aboriginal Health Planning Forum Research Sub-Committee and WA Department of Education also provided approval. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, the media and at forums. ACTRN12615000733572 Pre-results.
Three‐year results of the Friendly Schools whole‐of‐school intervention on children's bullying behaviour
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2011
Combining whole‐school and targeted programs for the reduction of bullying victimization: A randomized, effectiveness trial
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-02-2020
DOI: 10.1002/AB.21881
Direct Measurement of Sun Protection in Primary Schools
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1999
Testing for Response Shift Bias in Evaluations of School Antibullying Programs
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2015
Abstract: Involvement in bullying at school is detrimental to students’ mental and physical health however, school antibullying programs have not been found to be uniformly successful. Self-reported frequency of involvement in bullying victimization and perpetration, often used as outcome measures in intervention impact evaluation studies, may be subject to response shift, particularly in intervention conditions. Such differential shifts could lead to biased estimates of intervention effects. This study investigated the presence of reconceptualization, reprioritization, and recalibration response shift, resulting from intervention implementation. The study subjects were Grade 8 students ( n = 3,382, 53% female) in the 35 schools participating in the Cyber Friendly Schools Project, a longitudinal group-randomized intervention trial. Response shift was assessed by comparing traditional and retrospective pretest measures of bullying involvement, as well as testing for measurement invariance over time in the Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS) using confirmatory factor analyses. No evidence of response shift was found, indicating students’ understandings of bullying behavior remained stable over time. These findings also demonstrate the applicability of the FBS in longitudinal studies involving adolescents. While response shift was not present in our study, researchers conducting program evaluations in other contexts are advised to consider testing for this potential source of bias in their studies.
Child pedestrian injury prevention project: Student results
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
Using Theory to Guide Practice in Children's Pedestrian Safety Education
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2003
Evaluation of a School-Site Cardiovascular Risk Factor Screening Intervention
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1993
Abstract: Though several published reports have demonstrated the feasibility of conducting school-site cardiovascular risk factor screening programs as well as the ability of such programs to detect high-risk children and parents, less is known about their cognitive and behavioral impact. Four Michigan elementary schools received a cardiovascular risk factor screening intervention twice between spring 1989 and spring 1990 and four other area schools served as comparison sites. All eight schools received the Michigan Model Comprehensive School Health Education Program. Among participating students (n = 1,166) and their parents (n = 514), significant favorable changes in relevant health knowledge as well as attitudes regarding nutrition and early detection of disease relative to comparison student (n = 480) and parents (n = 158), were observed. There was also a significant decrease in students' self-reported intake of high-fat foods and parents of children who participated were themselves significantly more likely to report having had their cholesterol and blood pressure tested. This quasi-experimental study suggests that school-based risk factor screening programs can positively influence the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of schoolchildren and their parents and may, therefore, represent a potentially effective adjunct to traditional curricular approaches to disease prevention and health education as well as an alternative means of early detection.
Prevalence and pattern of energy drink intake among Australian adolescents
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-08-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JHN.12789
Abstract: Energy drinks (ED) are popular among young people despite evidence of associated health risks. Research into the prevalence and pattern of ED intake among young people is sparse. The present study investigates the prevalence and pattern of ED intake among a large s le of adolescents, including how many consume them, how often, for what reasons and in what contexts. In 2018, all students in grades 7-12 attending 25 randomly selected Western Australian schools were invited to complete an online self-report survey about EDs. Of the 3688 respondents, 51.2% reported consuming an ED. Of these 'ever consumers', 23.4% drank them monthly, 19.2% weekly and 2% every day. The average age of first intake was 10.7 years. One-fifth (19.7%) of 'ever consumers' reported consuming more than two EDs in 1 day. Reasons for ED use included taste, to boost energy levels, sport performance and studying. The findings add to limited international evidence about adolescent ED use and provide valuable information to help ensure interventions to reduce intake address the underlying reasons and contexts of ED consumption.
Creating SunSmart schools
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 02-2004
DOI: 10.1093/HER/CYG003
A Three-Year Evaluation of the Know Your Body Program in Inner-City Schoolchildren
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.1177/109019819201900410
Abstract: The impact of the Know Your Body (KYB) comprehensive school health education program was evaluated in a s le of first through sixth-grade students from New York City, using two analytic strategies: a longitudinal cohort and a "posttest only" cohort. In both cohorts, program impact was examined between condition (i.e., KYB vs. no-treatment comparison group) as well as within condition (i.e., low, moderate, and high student exposure). Students in the longitudinal cohort (n = 1,209) who were exposed to high implementation teachers had significantly (p .05) lower total plasma cholesterol and systolic blood pressure at 3-year posttest than comparison students. Students in the posttest only cohort (n = 3,066) who had high implementation teachers showed significantly (p .05) lower total plasma cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, self-reported intake of meat and desserts, as well as higher health knowledge and self-reported intake of "heart healthy" foods and vegetables than comparison students. In both cohorts, program effects for several outcome variables were linearly related to level of student exposure to the curriculum, suggesting a dose-response effect. While several methodologic limitations may have influenced study outcomes, these data nonetheless appear to confirm that the KYB program can have a significant positive impact on the knowledge, behavior, and selected risk factors of students in primary grades and that efforts to disseminate and evaluate school health education programs should include strategies to monitor and enhance teacher implementation.
Cyberbullying Versus Face-to-Face Bullying
Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.182
Abstract: Cyberbullying has been described as a type of electronic bullying and has recently been subjected to intense media scrutiny largely due to a number of high profile and tragic cases of teen suicide. Despite the media attention relatively little is known about the nature of cyberbullying. This is, at least in part, due to a lack of theoretical and conceptual clarity and an examination of the similarities and differences between cyberbullying and face-to-face bullying. This paper reviews the limited theoretical and empirical literature addressing both cyberbullying and face-to-face bullying, using some specific ex les from a qualitative study for illustration. We compare and contrast in idual factors common to cyber and face-to-face bullying. We then examine social information processing factors associated with face-to-face bullying and present a discussion of the similarities and differences that may characterize cyberbullying.
Measuring students' connectedness to school, teachers, and family: Validation of three scales.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 09-2010
DOI: 10.1037/A0020942
School-based intervention to address self-regulation and executive functioning in children attending primary schools in remote Australian Aboriginal communities
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 24-06-2020
Improved sun protection behaviour in children after two years of the Kidskin intervention
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2000
DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-842X.2000.TB00497.X
Abstract: To evaluate a school-based intervention in terms of reducing children's sun exposure and improving their use of sun protection measures. 'Kidskin' is a five-year, school-based intervention study in Perth, Western Australia, of a cohort of children who were five or six years old in 1995. The study involves three groups: control, 'moderate' and 'high' intervention. Children in the control schools received the standard health curriculum those in the intervention schools received a multicomponent intervention, including a specially designed curriculum. Children in the high intervention group also received program materials over the summer holidays and were offered sun-protective swimwear at a low cost. After two years, parents completed a questionnaire about their child's sun-related behavior. Children in the intervention groups--especially the 'high' group--were reported to have had less sun exposure. This involved covering the back more often, spending more time in the shade when outdoors and wearing a style of swimsuit that covered the trunk. There was also evidence that children in the intervention groups spent less time outdoors in the middle of the day. There was little difference between groups in the wearing of hats or sunscreen. Our school-based intervention improved children's sun protection, but had little effect on specific behaviours that have already been vigorously promoted. School-based prevention c aigns would benefit from focusing on sun protection using clothing and shade, and reducing sun exposure in the middle of the day. There may be little potential to improve hat and sunscreen use.
Cyberbullying in the Global Playground
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-01-2012
Cyberbullying and the role of the law in Australian schools: Views of senior officials
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-02-2016
Abstract: This study examined the opinions of influential, authoritative employees from the education and legal systems, regarding their perceptions of the role of the law and cyberbullying in Australian schools. Participants were asked whether they thought a specific law for cyberbullying should be introduced, what particular behaviours, if any, should be criminalised and who should be involved. Participants were located across three Australian States. Thematic analysis was used to identify eight main themes within the data, namely (1) uses of the law in general, (2) introduction of a law for cyberbullying, (3) benefits and difficulties of criminalising cyberbullying for young people, (4) conditions for a cyberbullying law for young people, (5) who should be involved in a cyberbullying law, (6) legal sanctions thought to be appropriate, (7) educational and legal solutions and (8) educational interventions for student cyberbullying. Implications include increasing the awareness of how existing legislative responses can be used as deterrents, working towards more effective cooperation of education and legal systems.
Effects of a positive education programme on secondary school students’ mental health and wellbeing; challenges of the school context
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-05-2023
A qualitative exploration of the role and needs of classroom teachers in supporting the mental health and well-being of deaf and hard-of-hearing children
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Date: 12-07-2019
DOI: 10.1044/2019_LSHSS-18-0085
Abstract: Children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) face a wide array of issues that can impact their mental health and well-being. This study aimed to explore the role of schools and classroom teachers in supporting the mental health and well-being of DHH children. A qualitative study comprising telephone and semistructured interviews with 12 mainstream school classroom teachers who directly support the education and well-being of DHH children was conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Classroom teachers indicated they play an important role in supporting the mental health and well-being of DHH children but identified a range of constraints to providing this support. Four themes were identified: (a) “culture of professional practice,” (b) “operationalized practice,” (c) “constraints to practice,” and (d) “solutions for constraints.” Classroom teachers play an important role in supporting the mental health and well-being of DHH children but face several constraints in their practice, including limited training and awareness and access to resources. While further research is needed, this study suggests that classroom resources and teacher professional development are needed to enhance classroom teachers' understanding of how to support the mental health and well-being of DHH children.
The development of a culturally appropriate school based intervention for Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities: A formative evaluation of the Alert Program® intervention
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-12-2017
Abstract: Although previous research has demonstrated the benefits of targeting self-regulation in non-Aboriginal children, it is unclear whether such programs would be effective for Aboriginal children attending school in remote communities. Some of these children have been diagnosed with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) impairing their ability to self-regulate. The aim of this article is to describe a three phase formative process to develop and pilot a curriculum version of the Alert Program A mixed methods approach was used. Modifications to the Alert Program This study identified aspects of the Alert Program
Benefits of powered standing wheelchair devices for adolescents with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the first year of use
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-07-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.14963
Effect of a School-based Sun-Protection Intervention on the Development of Melanocytic Nevi in Children
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 15-04-2002
Abstract: "Kidskin" was a 5-year (1995-1999), school-based intervention trial among first-grade children in Perth, Western Australia. It aimed to assess whether a sun-protection intervention could protect against nevus development on the trunk, face, and arms. Included were a control group, a "moderate intervention" group, and a "high intervention" group. Control schools taught the standard health curriculum, while intervention schools received a specially designed sun-protection curriculum over 4 years. The high intervention group also received program materials over summer vacations when sun exposure was likely to be highest and were offered low-cost sun-protective swimwear. After adjustment for baseline nevus counts and potential confounding, nevus counts on all body sites were slightly lower in both intervention groups relative to the control group at follow-up, although the differences were not statistically significant and the high intervention was no more protective. Children in the moderate and high intervention groups, respectively, had fewer nevi on the back (6%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0, 12 4%, 95% CI: -3, 11), chest (boys) (5%, 95% CI: -4, 13 3%, 95% CI: -8, 14), face (11%, 95% CI: 0, 21 9%, 95% CI: -6, 21), and arms (8%, 95% CI: -1, 17 3%, 95% CI: -10, 14).
“That Could Be Me Squishing Chips on Someone’s Car.” How Friends Can Positively Influence Bullying Behaviors
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S10935-010-0218-4
Abstract: Semi-structured one-on-one interviews with a purposive s le of 51 grade 7 students (12 years old) who reported bullying others explored what might encourage students to stop bullying others. The theoretical perspectives of symbolic interactionism, in particular the development of self and definition of the situation, were used to inform this study. Dissonance theory was used to understand how students felt about their bullying behaviors. The theme of peer group emerged as an influence when considering desisting bullying others. Feelings of dissonance reinforced by peers and the need to be accepted by peers facilitated positive changes if significant peers disapproved of bullying. Some students changed friendship groups to move away from negative situations, representing significant development of self. School-based programs can work to enhance the positive influence of prosocial students, to focus on the development of self, and to reduce the social status achieved by some through bullying others.
Protecting and Promoting Young People’s Social and Emotional Health in Online and Offline Contexts
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2015
Does the nature of schools matter? An exploration of selected school ecology factors on adolescent perceptions of school connectedness
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2010
The Effect of Chronic Victimisation on Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties of Adolescents
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2014.16
Abstract: The current study used developmental trajectories to examine the relationship between internalising and externalising behaviours and victimisation over the transition period from primary to secondary school. Data were collected using a self-completion questionnaire four times over 3 years from 3,459 students aged 11–14 years. Students were tracked longitudinally to assess their knowledge, attitudes, mental health and bullying experiences during the transition period. Multilevel modelling was used to examine the relationship between developmental victimisation trajectories and behavioural and emotional difficulties over time of students’ transitioning from primary to secondary school. Males who experienced low, but increasing, levels of victimisation over secondary school had greater emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems and lower pro-social behaviour than those who had not been victimised. Whereas females who experienced low, but increasing, levels of victimisation over secondary school had greater emotional symptoms and peer problems than those who had not been victimised. The current results highlight the need to prevent the continuation or escalation of chronic victimisation from primary to secondary school and to improve the emotional wellbeing of adolescents. It is recommended that whole-school bullying prevention and intervention programs and social wellbeing programs are implemented during primary school and the transition to secondary school.
Community participation in road safety: Barriers and enablers
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2001
Abstract: The objectives of the paper were to identify barriers to community participation in road safety activities and to recommend strategies to reduce those barriers. Information was obtained from: a review of relevant literature, from the authors' extensive community-based experiences, from undertaking community-based research, and from interviews with key stakeholders in road safety in Western Australia. Ten significant barriers to community participation were identified. These are classified into two groups: personnel and planning issues. The former includes: reasons why people are often reluctant to become involved in projects in their communities, a lack of leadership, and a lack of skills. The latter includes: inappropriate program foci, inappropriate program evaluation, lack of resources, and a lack of sustainability. It was concluded that the barriers to community involvement in road safety initiatives are similar in many parts of Australia and overseas and apply to a wide range of health promotion interventions besides road safety. Awareness of the barriers and knowledge of their solutions can ensure that appropriate steps are taken to maximise the likelihood of community participation.
A Qualitative Exploration of Electronic Image Sharing Among Young People: Navigating the Issues of Conformity, Trust, Intention, and Reputation
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-11-2019
Abstract: This research sought to explore the main factors affecting young people’s image-sharing behaviors, particularly in the context of peer relationships and norms. Ten focus groups were held with young people aged 13 to 14 years (Grade 9) with a total of 68 participants (39 females and 29 males) across 15 Australian schools contributing to the discussions. Focus groups were ided into either all-girls ( n = 4), all-boys ( n = 4), or mixed gender ( n = 2) participants to observe gender-specific issues. Thematic analysis of the data revealed the considerable complexities that young people encounter daily when sharing images in the online environment, including how they navigate issues of conformity, trust, intention, and reputation. Gender-specific differences in young people’s perceptions of risky image sharing were also observed. These findings have important implications for the design of school-based interventions to prevent and reduce harm from image-sharing behaviors, including the appointment and training of cyber ambassadors in schools to help positively influence peer-level norms about image sharing.
DETECT Schools Study Protocol: A Prospective Observational Cohort Surveillance Study Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 in Western Australian Schools
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 22-02-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2021.636921
Abstract: Introduction: Amidst the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the transmission dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is key to providing peace of mind for the community and informing policy-making decisions. While available data suggest that school-aged children are not significant spreaders of SARS-CoV-2, the possibility of transmission in schools remains an ongoing concern, especially among an aging teaching workforce. Even in low-prevalence settings, communities must balance the potential risk of transmission with the need for students' ongoing education. Through the roll out of high-throughput school-based SARS-CoV-2 testing, enhanced follow-up for in iduals exposed to COVID-19 and wellbeing surveys, this study investigates the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the current psychosocial wellbeing impacts of the pandemic in school communities. Methods: The DETECT Schools Study is a prospective observational cohort surveillance study in 79 schools across Western Australia (WA), Australia. To investigate the incidence, transmission and impact of SARS-CoV-2 in schools, the study comprises three “modules”: Module 1) Spot-testing in schools to screen for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Module 2) Enhanced surveillance of close contacts following the identification of any COVID-19 case to determine the secondary attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in a school setting and Module 3) Survey monitoring of school staff, students and their parents to assess psycho-social wellbeing following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in WA. Clinical Trial Registration: Trial registration number: ACTRN12620000922976
How Does Support From Peers Compare With Support From Adults as Students Transition to Secondary School?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2013.10.012
Abstract: Understanding how young people navigate the transition from primary to secondary school is critical for preventing the adverse mental health, social, and academic outcomes associated with a difficult transition. This study sought to determine from whom young people receive support before the transition period to help inform the development of future intervention research testing, as well as peer, school, and family-based supports during transition. Data were collected from 1,974 primary school students prior to the transition and again in Term 1 of the first year of secondary school. Students were asked about their expectation of the transition as well as their support from peers, family, and the school. Just over half (52%) of the s le were females with a mean age of 12 years. Peer, school, and family supports all predicted positive student transition experiences. When in Grade 7 and considering all predictors together, a high level of perceived peer support was the most significant predictor of an expectation of an easy or somewhat easy transition. In Grade 8, again after considering all sources of support, parental presence was the most significant protective predictor of an easy or somewhat easy transition experience. Students who expect and experience a positive transition to secondary school are generally well-supported by their peers, school, and family. The most stable influence for young people over the transition period is the presence of families before and after school and future intervention efforts to support young people during transition need to build support from families.
Do emotional and behavioural difficulties in primary school predict adolescent victimisation trajectories?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-01-2014
Incidence of injury in elite junior Rugby Union: A prospective descriptive study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2004
DOI: 10.1016/S1440-2440(04)80261-5
Abstract: The high incidence of injury in Rugby Union is well documented, particularly at elite levels of competition. This article describes the incidence and nature of all injuries sustained by elite Western Australian junior Rugby Union players during the 26 weeks up to and including the 1997 National Ch ionship c aign. Informed consent was gained for each participant (n = 44) prior to completion of an extensive baseline questionnaire. Exposure and injury data were collected at each training session and game. The injury incidence rate over the 26 week period was 13.26/1000 player hours. Injury data were analysed by phase of play, position, severity and if occurred at games or training. The incidence of injury was significantly associated with the position played (chi2 = 67.49, p value = 0.008) and the phase of play in which the injury occurred (chi2 = 8.07, p value = 0.042). Tackling was the most dangerous phase of play (52% of injuries) and the most common site of injury was the lower limb (37%). Most injuries occurred during games (56%) and the flanker was the position most at risk of injury (12%). Further research is needed to identify the aetiology of injury at all levels of competition and to use these findings to develop effective injury prevention strategies in this sport. Position-specific risk factors should also be investigated, as should the mechanism of injury associated with tackling which is the phase of play in which significantly more injuries occur in rugby.
Alcohol consumption and young people in Australia: problems and prevention
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-1987
DOI: 10.1177/001789698704600309
Abstract: THE consumption of alcohol by young people in Aus tralia is of increasing public health concern. This paper, which draws on recent studies, discusses the prevalence of teenage drinking within its social con text, and some of the problems associated with excessive alcohol consumption. It concludes with a summary of the major prevention efforts and suggests a much closer co-ordination of preventive strategies.
Problem behaviours, traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents: longitudinal analyses
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2012
The Clustering of Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviour within Australian Schools
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1177/000494411205600204
Abstract: Bullying between students at school can seriously affect students' health and academic outcomes. To date, little is known regarding the extent to which bullying behaviour is clustered within certain schools rather than similarly prevalent across all schools. Additionally, studies of bullying behaviour in schools that do not account for clustering of such behaviour by students within the same school are likely to be underpowered and yield imprecise estimates. This article presents intraclass correlation (ICC) values for bullying victimisation and perpetration measures based on a large representative s le of 106 Australian schools. Results show that bullying is not confined to specific schools and school differences contribute little to explaining students' bullying behaviour. Despite this, seemingly negligible ICC values can substantially affect the s le sizes required to attain sufficiently powered studies, when large numbers of students are s led per school. S le size calculations are illustrated.
The Effect of a School-Based Sun Protection Intervention on the Development of Melanocytic Nevi in Children: 6-Year Follow-up
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 04-2005
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0531
Abstract: Because nevi share risk factors with melanoma and are strong risk factors for melanoma, they are suitable biomarkers for evaluating sun protection programs. Kidskin was a trial of a school-based sun protection program in Western Australia that included high and moderate intervention groups and a control group. Schools were assigned nonrandomly to groups. The primary outcome was number of nevi on the back. Nevi were counted at baseline, after 4 years intervention and again 2 years later. Linear growth models, allowing for correlated data within schools and children were fitted to the data. The primary analysis included 639 control children, 414 in the moderate and 355 in the high intervention group. Compared with the control group, the relative increase in number of nevi on the back was 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.99) for the high intervention group and 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.04) for the moderate group (P = 0.09). In subgroup analyses of nevi on the back, the association was stronger in boys (P & 0.001) than in girls (P = 0.7), although the test for interaction was not significant (P = 0.11). For the chest, examined in boys, the associations were similar to that for nevi on the back in boys. Associations were weak for nevi on the face and arms (P = 0.2) for this site, there was weak evidence of heterogeneity by sex. Overall, there was weak evidence that the Kidskin intervention reduced the number of new nevi over a 6-year period, but there was stronger evidence of an effect on the trunk in boys.
Measuring community/environmental interventions: The Child Pedestrian Injury Prevention Project
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-1999
DOI: 10.1136/IP.5.1.26
Abstract: To assess the effectiveness of community/environmental interventions undertaken as part of the Child Pedestrian Injury Prevention Project (CPIPP). Three communities (local government areas) in the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia. A quasiexperimental community intervention trial was undertaken over three years (1995-97). Three communities were assigned to either: a community/environmental road safety intervention and a school based road edestrian safety education program (intervention group 1) a school based road edestrian safety education program only (intervention group 2) or to no road safety intervention (comparison group). Quantification of the various road safety community/environmental activities undertaken in each community during the trial was measured, and a cumulative community activity index developed. Estimates of the volume and speed of vehicular traffic were monitored over a two year period. Greater road safety activity was observed in intervention group 1 compared with the other groups. A significant reduction in the volume of traffic on local access roads was also observed over the period of the trial in intervention group 1, but not in the remaining groups. The findings indicate that the various community/environmental interventions initiated in collaboration with CPIPP in intervention group 1 contributed, in part, to the observed reduction in the volume of traffic. A combination of community/environmental interventions and education are likely to reduce the rate of childhood pedestrian injury.
Is sexual content in new media linked to sexual risk behaviour in young people? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1071/SH16037
Abstract: Background: Social networking and digital media increasingly have an impact on the lives of young people. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that examined the relationship between exposure to sexually explicit websites (SEWs) and ‘sexting’ (i.e. sending semi-nude or nude photos from a mobile phone) and the sexual attitudes and practices of young people. Methods: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses statement, Medline, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched for papers that described the statistical association between viewing SEWs or sexting by young people (defined as 10–24 years) and their sexual attitudes and behaviours. Results: Fourteen studies, all cross-sectional in design, met the inclusion criteria. Six studies (10 352 participants) examined young people’s exposure to SEWs and eight (10 429 participants) examined sexting. There was substantial variation across studies in exposure and outcome definitions. Meta-analyses found that SEW exposure was correlated with condomless sexual intercourse (odds ratio (OR) 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.38, two studies) sexting was correlated with ever having had sexual intercourse (OR 5.58, 95% CI: 4.46–6.71, five studies), recent sexual activity (OR 4.79, 95% CI: 3.55–6.04, two studies), alcohol and other drug use before sexual intercourse (OR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.99–3.32, two studies) and multiple recent sexual partners (OR 2.79, 95% CI: 1.95–3.63, two studies). Most studies had limited adjustment for important potential confounders. Conclusions: Cross-sectional studies show a strong association between self-reported exposure to sexual content in new media and sexual behaviours in young people. Longitudinal studies would provide a greater opportunity to adjust for confounding, and better insight into the causal pathways underlying the observed associations.
The prevention of anxiety and depression in children from disadvantaged schools
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2009.09.002
Abstract: A randomised controlled trial evaluated the Aussie Optimism Program in preventing anxiety and depression. Grade 7 students (n = 496) from disadvantaged government schools in Perth Western Australia, participated. Six schools were randomly assigned to Aussie Optimism and six schools received their usual health education lessons. Students completed questionnaires on depression, anxiety, attribution style, and social skills. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist. No significant group effects were found for student-reported data. Parents of intervention group only students reported reductions in internalizing problems at post-test. No follow-up group effects were significant. Students and teachers found the program acceptable.
Australia: the Friendly Schools project
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 21-10-2004
Adolescent Bystander Behavior in the School and Online Environments and the Implications for Interventions Targeting Cyberbullying
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-02-2016
Development of a novel mobile-health application to empower young people with type 1 diabetes to exercise safely: A co-design approach (Preprint)
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 02-08-2023
Abstract: anaging blood glucose levels around exercise is one of the most challenging tasks for young people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Innovative interventions that include decision-support aids are required to better support young people to effectively contextualize a blood glucose result and take appropriate action to optimize glucose levels during and after exercise. Mobile health (mHealth) tools are a useful platform to deliver health behaviour interventions for young people living with T1D, given the use of technology for glucose monitoring, insulin dosing and carbohydrate counting. he aim of this study was to develop a novel prototype mHealth application (app) to support exercise management for young people with T1D. co-design approach with a user-centred design thinking framework was used to develop a prototype mHealth app called “acT1ve”during the 18-month design process from March 2018 to September 2019. To better understand and respond to the challenges faced by young people with diabetes when physically active, ten focus groups were conducted with young people aged 13-25years living with T1D and parents of young people living with T1D. The next stage of development involved conducting participatory design workshops with young people to identify key features of the app that would support in idual needs when physically active. These features were incorporated into a wireframe, which was presented to participants for critical review. A beta version of “acT1Ve” was built in iOS and android operating systems which underwent critical review by consumers, clinicians, researchers, experts in exercise and T1D and app designers. ixty young people (13-25y) living with T1D, 14 parents of young people living with T1D, 6 researchers and 10 clinicians were engaged in the development of “acT1ve”. The acT1ve app included key features identified by the young people which would support their in idual needs when physically active. It provided carbohydrate and insulin advice during exercise, information on hypoglycaemia treatment, pre-and post-exercise advice, and an educational food guide in the context of exercise management. “acT1ve” contained an exercise advisor algorithm consisting of 240 pathways developed by experts in diabetes and exercise research. Based on participant input during exercise, acT1ve provided personalized insulin and carbohydrate advice for exercise lasting up to 60 minutes. The app is complemented by other features like an activity log which displays a complete record of the users’ activities and associated exercise advice provided by the app’s algorithm for later reference, and regular reminder notifications for users to check/monitor their glucose levels. he co-design approach and the practical application of the user-centred design thinking framework was successfully applied to develop “acT1ve”, an app to support exercise management for young people living with T1D.
The Friendly Schools Friendly Families programme: Three-year bullying behaviour outcomes in primary school children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Recalling our day in the sun: comparing long-term recall of childhood sun exposure with prospectively collected parent-reported data
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1039/C9PP00240E
Transition to secondary school: Expectation versus experience
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-02-2014
Abstract: Adolescence is a time of great physical, emotional and social development complicated by a key organisational change in schooling. This study investigated what young people in primary school reported being worried about with their impending move to secondary school, and how their expectations of the transition experience predicted their actual experience. A s le of 2078 students aged 12–13 years enrolled to attend 20 Perth metropolitan Catholic secondary schools was invited to complete two surveys six months apart, the first at the end of Grade 7, followed by Term 1 of Grade 8. The data indicate one half of all Grade 7 students anticipate a positive transition experience, yet almost 70% of students in Grade 8 report the transition was a positive experience for them, with boys reporting a more positive transition experience overall. Moreover, students who expected a positive transition were more than three times more likely to report an actual positive transition experience. These findings and information about what boys and girls are most looking forward to or worried about at secondary school are presented and implications for future interventions explored.
The Potential of Anti-Bullying Efforts to Prevent Academic Failure and Youth Crime. A Case Using the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-05-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S11121-021-01254-3
Abstract: The effectiveness of bullying prevention programs has led to expectations that these programs could have effects beyond their primary goals. By reducing the number of victims and perpetrators and the harm experienced by those affected, programs may have longer-term effects on in idual school performance and prevent crime. In this paper, we use Norwegian register data to study the long-term impact of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP) on academic performance, high school dropout, and youth crime for the average student, which we call population-level effects. The OBPP program is widely acknowledged as one of the most successful programs reducing school-level bullying yet, using a difference-in-difference design, no statistically significant population-level effects of the OBPP were found on any of the long-term outcomes in this study. When studied at the population level, as in the current project, the base rate prevalence of bullying is a major explanatory factor for these results. Earlier studies have shown that OBPP reduces bullying prevalence by 30–50%. This decrease translates into absolute reductions in bullying victimization and perpetration at the population level of “only” four and two percentage points, respectively. Our results suggest the average causal effects of school bullying involvement are too small to translate this reduction in bullying into a sizeable population-level impact on students’ long-term outcomes. However, a limited potential of anti-bullying programs to prevent population- level adversity can very well be compatible with substantial program effects for in idual bullies and victims. Further, our results do not speak to the main objective of anti-bullying programs of limiting childhood abuse and safeguarding children’s human rights.
The power of peers: Why some students bully others to conform
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2008
Abstract: Utilizing an interactionist perspective, two associated sensitizing constructs, and a combination of social psychological theory, this article reports on the influence of the peer group on in idual perceptions, and its impact on initiation and persistence of bullying. The specific research question, “How does the need to conform with peers and the peer group influence the initiation and persistence of bullying others?” is investigated. Semistructured, one-on-one interviews with a purposive s le of 51 Grade 7 students (aged 12 years) were conducted during school time to investigate factors that influence students to bully others and what might help them to stop. Emerging from the theme of peer group was the need for belonging and group status, in particular social norms or the need to conform, which was influential when students described why they initiated and persisted with bullying others. The influence of labeling, the group process, and the aspiration to be like others within their group emerged as key constructs. The implications of these data for schools will be described and recommendations made.
Designs on Narrative: A Design-Based Method to Elicit Young People’s Narratives About Electronic Image-Sharing Issues and Interventions
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2019
A review of the evidence on the relationship between gender and adolescents' involvement in violent behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
Bullying in an Aboriginal Context
Publisher: The University of Queensland
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1375/S1326011100000934
Abstract: Abstract Aboriginal children appear to be more likely to be involved in bullying than non-Aboriginal children. This paper describes part of the “Solid Kids Solid Schools” research process and discusses some of the results from this three year study involving over 260 Aboriginal children, youth, elders, teachers and Aboriginal Indigenous Education Officers (AIEO's), and an Aboriginal led and developed Steering Committee. It is the first study that contextualises Aboriginal bullying, using a socio-ecological model where the in idual, family, community and society are all interrelated and influence the characteristics and outcomes of bullying. This paper demonstrates that for Aboriginal children and youth in one region of Western Australia, bullying occurs frequently and is perpetuated by family and community violence, parental responses to bullying and institutional racism. Addressing bullying requires actions to reduce violence, foster positive cultural identity and reduce socio-economic disadvantage.
DYRK1A in neurodegeneration and cancer: Molecular basis and clinical implications.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHARMTHERA.2015.03.004
Abstract: Protein kinases are one of the most studied drug targets in current pharmacological research, as evidenced by the vast number of kinase-targeting agents enrolled in active clinical trials. Dual-specificity Tyrosine phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 1A (DYRK1A) has been much less studied compared to many other kinases. DYRK1A primary function occurs during early development, where this protein regulates cellular processes related to proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells. Although most extensively characterised for its role in brain development, DYRK1A is over-expressed in a variety of diseases including a number of human malignancies, such as haematological and brain cancers. Here we review the accumulating molecular studies that support our understanding of how DYRK1A signalling could underlie these pathological functions. The relevance of DYRK1A in a number of diseases is also substantiated with intensive drug discovery efforts to develop potent and selective inhibitors of DYRK1A. Several classes of DYRK1A inhibitors have recently been disclosed and some molecules are promising leads to develop DYRK1A inhibitors as drugs for DYRK1A-dependent diseases.
A school‐based harm minimization smoking intervention trial: outcome results
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-04-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1360-0443.2005.01052.X
Abstract: To determine the impact of a school-based harm minimization smoking intervention compared to traditional abstinence-based approaches. A school-based cluster randomized trial was conducted in Perth, Western Australia in 30 government high schools from 1999 to 2000. Over 4000 students were recruited to participate and schools were assigned randomly to either the harm minimization intervention or a standard abstinence-based programme. The harm minimization intervention comprised eight 1-hour lessons over 2 years, quitting support from school nurses and enactment of policies to support programme components. Comparison schools implemented standard abstinence-based programmes and policies. Cigarette smoking was categorized at two levels: regular smoking, defined as smoking on 4 or more days in the previous week and 30-day smoking as any smoking within the previous month. At immediate post-test (20 months post-baseline), after accounting for baseline differences, school-level clustering effects, socio-economic status, gender and family smoking, intervention students were less likely to smoke regularly [OR = 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.36, 0.71] or to have smoked within the previous 30 days (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.91). The school-based adolescent harm minimization intervention appears to have been more effective than the abstinence-based social influences programme at reducing regular smoking.
Does self-efficacy mediate the association between socioeconomic background and emotional symptoms among schoolchildren?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-02-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S00038-016-0790-3
Abstract: Emotional symptoms are widespread among adolescents with the highest prevalence among lower socioeconomic groups. Less is known about why and how to reduce this inequality but personal control, e.g., self-efficacy may be crucial. This study examines whether self-efficacy is a mediator in the association between occupational social class (OSC) and emotional symptoms. Data stem from the cross-sectional Health Behavior in School-aged Children-Methodology Development Survey 2012 (HBSC-MDS) conducted among 11-15-year old schoolchildren in two Danish municipalities. Participation rate was 76.8 % of 5165 enrolled schoolchildren, n = 3969. Low OSC is associated with higher odds of daily emotional symptoms and low selfefficacy. Schoolchildren with low self-efficacy have higher odds for daily emotional symptoms. We find a strong and statistically significant direct effect between low OSC and daily emotional symptoms (OR = 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.33 1.84) and a borderline statistically significant indirect effect of self-efficacy [OR = 1.17 (0.99 1.38)]. Socioeconomic inequality in emotional symptoms exists. This inequality is partly explained by socioeconomic inequality in self-efficacy. Promotion of personal competences like self-efficacy may reduce emotional symptoms among all socioeconomic groups, thereby reducing socioeconomic inequalities in emotional symptoms.
Development of physical activity policy and implementation strategies for early childhood education and care settings using the Delphi process
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-10-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12966-020-01034-2
Abstract: The aim of this study was to gain consensus on an evidence informed physical activity policy template for early childhood education and care (ECEC) and determine best-practice dissemination and implementation strategies using the Delphi process. Three-round modified Delphi methodology. During round one an expert working group developed an evidence informed ECEC specific physical activity policy template. Rounds two and three involved national online surveys to seek insight from a group of experts on the draft physical activity policy template. Ninety per cent of experts reported ECEC services are fully responsible for having a physical activity policy. There was consensus on the components of the policy and key physical activity and sedentary behaviour statements and recommendations. The most effective methods for disseminating a physical activity policy to ECEC providers included online (websites, social and electronic media), ECEC targeted launch events, direct mail outs and via professional associations. Twenty five key strategies related to management, supervisors and educators the ECEC physical environment communicating with families and accreditation, monitoring and review, were identified as necessary for the successful implementation of physical activity policy in ECEC. Experts reached consensus on nine of these strategies indicating they were both easy to implement and likely to have a high level of influence. Key barriers and enablers to implementing ECEC-specific physical activity were also identified. This evidence informed physical activity policy template for ECEC provides recommendations on the amount of physical activity and sedentary time (including screen time) children should have whilst attending ECEC and aligns with national/international guidelines. A number of effective physical activity policy implementation strategies for ECEC were identified. An important next step is advocating for the introduction of legislative requirements for services to have and implement a physical activity policy.
The Relationship Between School Connectedness and Mental Health During the Transition to Secondary School: A Path Analysis
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-10-2013
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2013.20
Abstract: During the transition from primary to secondary school, students typically experience a new social environment, moving from primary school with small intact classes throughout the day with one main teacher, to a larger secondary school with teachers, classrooms and often classmates changing throughout the day. During this time, students report a reduced sense of connectedness, which has been associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. This study investigated the temporal association between feeling connected to school and mental health prior to and over the transition period. Data were obtained from 3,459 students in a longitudinal study of adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes and experiences of bullying victimisation and perpetration during the transition from primary school to secondary school. Students completed a questionnaire at four time points from Grade 7 to the end of Grade 9. Path analysis was used to model relationships between school connectedness, depression and anxiety. The findings suggest reciprocal relationships between connectedness and mental health where increased connectedness to school is associated with decreased depression and anxiety conversely, increased depression and anxiety is associated with decreased connectedness to school. The significant reciprocal associations found in the cross-lag models in the first two years of secondary school indicate the need to intervene during the transition period to improve students’ social and mental health outcomes.
Exploring offending characteristics of young people with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Western Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-06-2023
Facilitators and barriers to the implementation of motivational interviewing for bullying perpetration in school settings
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-12-2020
DOI: 10.1111/SJOP.12502
Abstract: Bullying is a perplexing and persistent problem with negative consequences for all involved. Schools are assigned considerable responsibility for the management of bullying because of its prevalence amongst youth. Despite considerable efforts over decades to curtail bullying through the use of anti-bullying policies and other school-based interventions, the rates of young people who frequently bully has not decreased significantly. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a relational and affirming conversational method that strengthens an in idual's motivation and commitment to change, overcoming ambivalence toward the problem. The aim of the current study was to provide preliminary insight into the feasibility of incorporating MI into student service repertoires for addressing bullying. Ten staff participants from six secondary schools, who had roles in bullying intervention within their respective schools, were offered training in MI and invited to use and monitor this method in their practice as an intervention for students who perpetrate bullying. Results indicated a number factors which influenced the uptake of MI in schools. Facilitators enabling the use of MI included practitioner's professional background, administrative support, training and implementation of MI. Barriers to the use of MI included time pressure and administrative expectations, school roles and system limitations, and preconceptions and the stigma of bullying.
Sun safety education intervention for school and home
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 12-2003
Adolescent bystanders' perspectives of aggression in the online versus school environments☆
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2016.02.003
Abstract: Researchers' understanding of bystanders' perspectives in the cyber‐environment fails to take young people's perceptions into account and remains imperfect. Interventions encouraging adolescents to help targets of cyber‐aggression are therefore typically based upon traditional school‐based aggression research. Twenty‐four in‐depth interviews with Australian 13–16 year‐olds revealed two themes that reflect how young bystanders perceive differences between aggression online and at school. The physical presence theme suggests that young bystanders struggle to determine online intentions in the absence of body language, leading to hesitancy in reactions and furthermore make it easier for them to ignore online transgressions and avoid becoming involved. The authority theme indicates young bystanders perceive that, compared to the school environment, the online environment lacks clearly established rules, authority figures and formal reporting mechanisms. These differences indicate that unique strategies should be developed to encourage young bystanders to intervene in cyber‐aggression situations.
The association between the mental health and behavioural problems of students and their reactions to cyber-victimization
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2012
Investigating the long-term impact of a childhood sun-exposure intervention, with a focus on eye health: Protocol for the Kidskin-Young Adult Myopia Study
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2017-020868
Abstract: Excessive and insufficient sun exposure during childhood have been linked to serious diseases in later life for ex le, insufficient sun exposure during childhood may increase the risk of developing myopia. The Kidskin-Young Adult Myopia Study (K-YAMS) is a follow-up of participants in the Kidskin Study, a non-randomised controlled trial that evaluated the effect of a 4-year educational intervention on sun-protection behaviours among primary school children in the late 1990s. Children who received the Kidskin intervention had lower levels of sun exposure compared with peers in the control group after 2 and 4 years of the intervention, but this was not maintained 2 years after the intervention had ceased. Thus, a follow-up of Kidskin Study participants provides a novel opportunity to investigate the associations between a childhood sun-exposure intervention and potentially related conditions in adulthood. The K-YAMS contacts Kidskin Study participants and invites them to participate using a variety of methods, such as prior contact details, the Australian Electoral Roll and social media. Self-reported and objective measures of sun-exposure and sun-protection behaviours are collected as well as a number of eye measurements including cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry. Data will be analysed to investigate a possible association between myopic refractive error and Kidskin intervention group or measured sun exposure. The K-YAMS is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia (RA/4/1/6807). Findings will be disseminated via scientific journals and conferences. ACTRN12616000812392 Pre-results .
Adolescent Smoking Cessation: Development of a School Nurse Intervention
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2004
DOI: 10.1177/10598405040200030701
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of a range of strategies to engage and to enhance secondary school nurse involvement in teenage smoking prevention and cessation. School nurses were willing to assist students to quit smoking, but they felt unprepared. Information provided by nurses involved in a three-stage review, pilot-testing, and trial design resulted in the development of a resource for nurses. This resource comprised in idual student approaches (brief intervention based on motivational interviewing and written activities designed to help students examine their smoking behavior), approaches to assist parents (letter of support for parents of students who smoke), and school newsletter items. Each component of the resource was found by school nurses to be appropriate, useful, and complementary to their other school-wide approaches to assist adolescents to quit smoking. Nurses also reported an interest to expand or to enhance their smoking cessation role in the school.
The Challenges of Being Physically Active: A Qualitative Study of Young People With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCJD.2020.09.010
Abstract: Benefits of physical activity are well recognized for youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but being active is challenging. In this study, we aimed to investigate the challenges experienced by adolescents, their parents and young adults with T1DM when they are physically active. Six focus groups involving adolescents (13 to 18 years old, n=14) and young adults (19 to 25 years old, n=7) and 4 focus groups with parents (n=14) of the adolescents (13 to 18 years) were established. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Adolescents and young adults with T1DM identified challenges of unpredictability, knowledge, trust and stigma when they were physically active. Parent challenges were specifically unpredictability and trust. Interventions are needed that provide adolescents and young adults with T1DM and parents of adolescents with T1DM more in-depth information about managing physical activity in a manner that enhances their perceived competence and builds autonomy. Interventions can also target peer and community support.
Investigating parental preferences regarding the development and implementation of a parent-directed drug-related educational intervention: An exploratory study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2006
DOI: 10.1080/09595230600741172
Abstract: Strengthening parents' capacity to reduce children's risk of alcohol, tobacco and other drug-related harm is recognised as an important public health strategy in Australia, but engaging parents' involvement in these training programs is known to be challenging. This study utilised a self-complete questionnaire and structured small group discussions with parents in order to identify their needs in terms of communicating with their children about drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes. It also investigated their preferences regarding the nature of a parent drug education intervention as well as strategies to recruit and actively engage them in parent-directed interventions. Parents identified numerous barriers to their participation in such programs and reported any intervention targeting them should be able to be completed in their home, be non-judgemental, easy to read, time-efficient, easy to use, fun, colourful and interactive. Parents recommended practical communication skills (such as how to talk with children, how to raise the topic and what topics to talk about) be addressed in the intervention. They also recommended a range and combination of strategies to promote and maintain parent involvement, such as providing small rewards for the children of parents who participate. Despite some limitations, the findings of this study contribute important practical knowledge regarding how to recruit, engage and retain higher percentages of parents in parent training programs.
Developing a smartphone application to support social connectedness and wellbeing in young people with cystic fibrosis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCF.2019.12.011
Abstract: Young people with cystic fibrosis (CF) may be at increased risk of social isolation and mental illness. This study aimed to design and evaluate the usability and acceptability of a smartphone application (app) to support the social connectedness and wellbeing of young people living with CF. Young people with CF aged 12-17 years (N = 22) were recruited from two paediatric hospitals in Australia. Study participants tested the CF app for six weeks before responding to an online survey about the app's usability and acceptability. A subs le of participants (n = 20) discussed the app's strengths and weaknesses during 11 online group interviews. During the six-week testing period, 77% of participants used the app at least once a week and 82% accessed the app from a smartphone. Usability of the CF app was rated high. Most participants agreed the app was easy to use (86%) and felt comfortable using it (96%). Acceptability of the app was moderate. 77% of participants agreed they would recommend the app to others. Recommendations to improve the app's functionality and acceptability included locating the chatroom within the app rather than redirecting users to a web browser and allowing users to personalise images, wellness tips and videos. This study developed and tested a highly usable, and moderately acceptable, smartphone app to improve the psychosocial health of young people living with CF. Future research will test the efficacy of the CF app on users' social connectedness and wellbeing.
Cyberbullying in Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-01-2012
Bullying victimisation and adolescents: Implications for school-based intervention programs
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-07-2013
Abstract: Schools have become increasingly aware of the prevalence, seriousness and negative impacts of bullying. Investigation into the direction and strength of the relationship between social health factors and bullying victimisation during early adolescence and the determination of a critical time to focus school-based bullying intervention programs is a high priority. Data were collected using a self-completion questionnaire four times over 3 years from 3459 students aged 11–14 years during the transition from primary to the end of the second year of secondary school. Results show the path coefficients for bullying victimisation to social heath factors were stronger at the beginning of secondary school than the reverse paths, with bullying victimisation associated with greater loneliness, less peer support, less connectedness to school and feeling less safe at school. Reciprocal relationships between bullying victimisation and social health were found during the first 2 years of secondary school. Consequently, the time prior to the transition to secondary school and within the first 2 years of secondary school appears to be a critical time to implement a whole-school bullying intervention program to reduce victimisation.
Reduced sun exposure and tanning in children after 2 years of a school-based intervention (Australia)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2001
Abstract: This paper presents the results of the evaluation of measured suntan and parent-reported sun exposure in participating children after 2 years of the Kidskin study, a 5-year school-based sun protection intervention undertaken in Perth, Western Australia (1995-1999). The study involves three groups: a control, a "moderate", and a "high" intervention group. Participants were 5 or 6 years of age at the beginning of the study. Control schools received the standard Health Education curriculum, while intervention schools received a multicomponent intervention including a specially designed curriculum. Children in the high intervention group also received program materials over the summer vacation and were offered sun-protective swimwear at low cost. At the end of the second summer, suntan was measured and parents completed a questionnaire about their child's sun-related behavior. Children in the intervention groups--especially the high group--were less tanned at the end of the summer this effect was greater for the back than for the forearms. These children were also reported to have received less sun exposure and made greater use of sun protection measures. Intensive school-based interventions can reduce tanning and reported sun exposure in children.
Supporting the Social-Emotional Well-Being of Elementary School Students Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing: A Pilot Study.
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Date: 06-10-2022
DOI: 10.1044/2022_LSHSS-21-00178
Abstract: Children who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH), their parents, Teachers of the Deaf, and other community stakeholders were involved in co-designing a web-based resource to support students' social–emotional well-being. The resource was designed to provide families and teachers with strategies to enhance the social and emotional well-being of Grade 4–6 students who are DHH. This study reports outcomes of a pilot study of the web-based resource intervention. A pre–post pilot study was conducted to quantitatively examine reported anxiety, well-being, social relationships, school experience, student–teacher relationship, and parent and teacher self-efficacy. A total of 37 students, their parents ( n = 37), and their classroom teachers ( n = 40) participated in the intervention program and were provided access to the resource. In total, 19 students, 22 parents, and 17 teachers completed both pre- and postsurvey measures. Paired t tests revealed that there was a statistically significant increase in parents' self-efficacy scores from pre- to posttest. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed a significant association between parent use of the website and student-reported improved peer support and reduced school loneliness. No other statistically significant differences were found. The use of a web-based resource codeveloped with students who are DHH, their parents, and teachers could potentially be beneficial for the well-being of students who are DHH as well as parents' self-efficacy. Further research is needed to confirm the benefits.
Research Into Cyberbullying: Context
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-01-2012
Motivational interviewing as a positive response to high-school bullying
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-03-2018
DOI: 10.1002/PITS.22120
Friendly schools’ bullying prevention research: Implications for school counsellors
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-09-2021
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2021.19
Abstract: Bullying varies in frequency, intensity, duration and hence severity, and contributes uniquely and directly to mental health problems, with severe and long-lasting consequences. Almost a half of school-age students report being bullied in the past year. All school staff, especially school counsellors, are uniquely positioned to reduce student bullying through proactive primary prevention, early intervention, and treatment. However, given the intensity of schools, and counsellors’ limited time and resources, robust evidence is needed to guide their unique contribution to a whole-school approach to reducing bullying behaviour. Since 1999, a pipeline of 18 Friendly Schools studies, including seven randomised control trials, have developed and tested ways to build all school staff’s capacity to effectively target and deliver evidence-based strategies across the prevention, early intervention and treatment continuum to reduce harm from all forms of bullying behaviour. This article describes the implications of Friendly Schools’ research findings relevant and applicable to the work of school counsellors, as part of a whole-school approach to bullying prevention. These implications demonstrate the interconnectedness of actions of all members of the school community, and the need for a whole-school commitment to preventing and reducing bullying, to realise the important synergistic contribution of school counsellors.
Built Environments And Child Health in WalEs and AuStralia (BEACHES): a study protocol
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2022-061978
Abstract: Childhood obesity and physical inactivity are two of the most significant modifiable risk factors for the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Yet, a third of children in Wales and Australia are overweight or obese, and only 20% of UK and Australian children are sufficiently active. The purpose of the Built Environments And Child Health in WalEs and AuStralia (BEACHES) study is to identify and understand how complex and interacting factors in the built environment influence modifiable risk factors for NCDs across childhood. This is an observational study using data from five established cohorts from Wales and Australia: (1) Wales Electronic Cohort for Children (2) Millennium Cohort Study (3) PLAY Spaces and Environments for Children’s Physical Activity study (4) The ORIGINS Project and (5) Growing Up in Australia: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The study will incorporate a comprehensive suite of longitudinal quantitative data (surveys, anthropometry, accelerometry, and Geographic Information Systems data) to understand how the built environment influences children’s modifiable risk factors for NCDs (body mass index, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and diet). This study has received the following approvals: University of Western Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (2020/ET000353), Ramsay Human Research Ethics Committee (under review) and Swansea University Information Governance Review Panel (Project ID: 1001). Findings will be reported to the following: (1) funding bodies, research institutes and hospitals supporting the BEACHES project (2) parents and children (3) school management teams (4) existing and new industry partner networks (5) federal, state and local governments to inform policy as well as (6) presented at local, national and international conferences and (7) disseminated by peer-reviewed publications.
Evaluation of a school-based peer leader bicycle helmet intervention
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2004
DOI: 10.1080/156609704/233/289652
Abstract: Bicycle-related injury remains a major cause of death and injury hospitalization among Australian children. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a whole-school intervention to increase the correct wearing of bicycle helmets by primary school children. A randomized intervention trial was conducted in 27 Western Australian primary schools. A major component of the intervention was a peer-led classroom curriculum for 10-12 year old children. Helmet use by cyclists was observed as children were leaving school at baseline (May 2000) and after the first year and second year of the intervention. A cohort of 10-11 year old children in study schools completed a self-administered questionnaire at the same three data collection points. Over the 2 years of the study, observed helmet wearing rates declined by 13% in the control group (from 93% at baseline to 80% at post-test 2) and by 5% in the intervention group (from 89% to 84%) (F = 1.745, p = 0.185). Among the Grade 5/6 cohort students who were regular riders, the likelihood of reporting always wearing a helmet was 1.9 times higher at post-test 1 (z = 2.51, p = 0.012) and 1.7 times higher at post-test 2 (z = 2.13, p = 0.033) for the intervention group than the control group students who did not always wear a helmet at baseline. The data suggest that school-based activities can arrest the rate of decline in helmet use by children. Using peer teachers is a useful strategy to engage students in normative-based protective behaviours. The logistical challenges this strategy presents appear to be worth the outcomes.
Mental Health promotion and students with disabilities: the need for targeted interventions
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 14-04-2016
WHO Collaborative Study on Alcohol Education and Young People: Outcomes of a Four-Country Pilot Study
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1989
DOI: 10.3109/10826088909048710
Abstract: In 1985 the Division of Mental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, convened a group of investigators from centers in four countries--Australia, Chile, Norway, Swaziland--to participate in a pilot study on the efficacy of school-based alcohol education. The goal of the educational program was to delay onset and minimize involvement of alcohol use among 13- to 14-year-old adolescents. Twenty-five schools in the four countries, representing middle- and lower-class populations, were randomly assigned to peer-led education, teacher-led education, or a control condition. The educational program was derived from social-psychological theory and etiological research on adolescent alcohol use. The program focused on the social and environmental influences to drink alcohol and skills to resist those influences. It consisted of five lessons over 2 months. Baseline and posttest data measured alcohol use knowledge, attitudes, skills, and friends' drinking patterns. Data were collected immediately prior to and 2 months following the educational program. The data converge on the finding that peer-led education appears to be efficacious in reducing alcohol use across a variety of settings and cultures.
Longitudinal impact of the Cyber Friendly Schools program on adolescents' cyberbullying behavior
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-09-2016
DOI: 10.1002/AB.21609
Abstract: Cyberbullying is a major public health problem associated with serious mental, social, and academic consequences for young people. To date, few programs addressing cyberbullying have been developed and empirically tested. The Cyber Friendly Schools (CFS) group-randomized controlled trial measured the longitudinal impact of a whole-school online cyberbullying prevention and intervention program, developed in partnership with young people. Non-government secondary schools in Perth, Western Australia, (N = 35 3,000+ students) were randomized to an intervention (n = 19) or usual practice control group (n = 16 schools). Students completed online questionnaires in 2010, 2011, and at 1-year follow-up in 2012, measuring their cyberbullying experiences during the previous school term. The intervention group received the program in Grades 8 and 9 (aged 13-14 years). Program effects were tested using two-part growth models. The program was associated with significantly greater declines in the odds of involvement in cyber-victimization and perpetration from pre- to the first post-test, but no other differences were evident between the study conditions. However, teachers implemented only one third of the program content. More work is needed to build teacher capacity and self-efficacy to effectively implement cyberbullying programs. Whole-school cyberbullying interventions implemented in conjunction with other bullying prevention programs may reduce cyber-victimization more than traditional school-based bullying prevention programs alone. Aggr. Behav. 42:166-180, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The friendly schools initiative: Evidence-based bullying prevention in Australian schools
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 20-08-2019
Burden and preference-based quality of life associated with bullying in children
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-05-2021
Internalising Symptoms: An Antecedent or Precedent in Adolescent Peer Victimisation
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2012.25
Abstract: The transition period from primary to secondary school is a critical time in adolescent development. The high prevalence of adolescent mental health problems makes understanding the causal pathways between peer victimisation and internalising symptoms an important priority during this time. This article utilises data collected from self-completion questionnaires four times over 3 years from 3,459 students’ aged 11–14 to examine directional relationships among adolescents as they transition from primary to secondary school, and investigates gender differences in these associations. The findings suggest depression in males is both a precedent and antecedent for victimisation over the transition period, whereas for females depression is an antecedent only. Anxiety is a both a precedent and antecedent for victimisation for males and females. To maintain emotional wellbeing and prevent peer victimisation, interventions prior to and during this transition period are critical, especially among adolescents experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety.
The built environment and child obesity: A review of Australian policies
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-10-2023
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.13650
Using Systems Theory to Understand and Respond to Family Influences on Children's Bullying Behavior: Friendly Schools Friendly Families Program
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-10-2014
EDITORIAL
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2012.23
Abstract: This special issue has as its focus the promotion of mental health and wellbeing in children and adolescents. It is also noteworthy that all lead authors are early career researchers.
Gender-Neutral Toilets: A Qualitative Exploration of Inclusive School Environments for Sexuality and Gender Diverse Youth in Western Australia
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-08-2022
Abstract: School toilets have been identified by sexuality and gender erse (SGD) students as the least safe spaces in educational institutions. They are sites of verbal, physical and sexual victimisation. Providing gender-neutral toilets in primary and secondary schools may reduce the bullying and victimisation of SGD students, particularly those who are transgender or gender- erse. This study explored factors influencing the inclusion of gender-neutral toilets in primary and secondary schools in Western Australia. Thirty-four interviews were conducted from May to December 2020 with policy makers or practitioners (n = 22) and school staff (n = 12) in Perth, Western Australia. Interviews were conducted online and face-to-face using semi-structured interview guides. A thematic analysis of the cross-sectional qualitative data was undertaken. School staff, policy makers, and practitioners identified school toilets as sites of bullying and victimisation of SGD youth and expressed support for gender-neutral toilets as an anti-bullying strategy. Perceived barriers to introducing gender-neutral toilets in schools included financial and spatial costs, building code compliance constraints, resistance from parents and students, privacy and confidentiality concerns, and cultural appropriateness. Including gender-neutral toilets in schools may reduce school-based bullying and victimisation, and improve the mental and physical health of SGD youth.
Adolescent perceptions of bystanders’ responses to cyberbullying
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-07-2016
Abstract: Cyberbullying can be harmful to adolescents using online technology, and one way of combating it may be to use interventions that have been successfully utilised for traditional bullying, such as encouraging peer bystander intervention. The online environment, however, differs notably from the environment in which traditional bullying takes place raising questions about the suitability of transferring traditional bullying approaches to the cyber environment. This study explored the perceptions of, and key influences on, adolescent bystanders who witness cyberbullying. In all, 24 interviews were conducted with students aged 13–16 years. Relationships emerged as a key theme with participants believing that a bystander’s relationship with both the perpetrator and the target influenced whether they would intervene when witnessing cyberbullying. Relationships also influenced their ability to understand the context of the situation, the perceived severity of the effect of the incident on the target and therefore the need, or otherwise, to seek help from adults.
Parent voices guide smoking intervention development
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 03-08-2015
Abstract: – While parents’ influence on their children’s smoking behaviour is widely recognised, little is known about parents of four to eight year olds’ attitudes and beliefs around smoking cessation and how they communicate with their children about smoking. The purpose of this paper is to explore parents’ perceptions of quitting smoking and their beliefs and actions related to the use of parenting practices to discourage smoking by their children. – Four focus groups and 17 interviews were conducted with parents ( n =46) of four to eight year old children in Perth, Western Australia. – Many parents indicated their children strongly influenced their quitting behaviours, however, some resented being made to feel guilty about their smoking because of their children. Parents were ided in their beliefs about the amount of influence they had on their children’s future smoking. Feelings of hypocrisy appear to influence the extent to which parents who smoked talked with their child about smoking. Parents recommended a variety of resource options to support quitting and talking with their child about smoking. – Interventions aimed at parents who smoke and have young children should: reinforce parents’ importance as role models highlight the importance of talking to children about smoking when they are young and provide strategies for maintaining ongoing communication be supportive and avoid making parents feel guilty and emphasise that quitting smoking is the best option for their child’s health (and their own), while also providing effective harm minimisation options for parents who have not yet quit. – Parents of children of lower primary school age can be highly influential on their children’s later smoking behaviours, thus, effective interventions that address the current beliefs and practices of these parents may be particularly advantageous.
Understanding and Preventing Cyberbullying
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-01-2012
Encouraging student access to and use of pastoral care services in schools
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2012.28
Abstract: School-based health services (SBHS) including pastoral care can play a pivotal role in addressing adolescent health and wellbeing including their tobacco and other drug use. To maximise the benefits of these services, they need to be accessible, useful for, and acceptable to students. This formative, qualitative study involved 12 focus groups within nine lower socio-economic Western Australian Government secondary schools. The purpose was to identify student (n = 59) perceptions of the availability and usefulness of SBHS (and other identified caring staff) to reduce students’ harm associated with tobacco and other drug use. The findings suggest students were aware of the SBHS available to them, but considered them less useful if staff were regularly unavailable presented a ‘don't care’ attitude held solely disciplinary roles and were based in an area of the school unfamiliar to the student. Services were considered useful when staff members built rapport with students took time to listen followed-up with students and displayed a general concern for the student's wellbeing. Interestingly, students acknowledged trusting health teachers more than SBHS staff for tobacco information and support. These findings have important implications for school counsellors and other school health astoral care staff who want to increase the likelihood of students approaching and using school support services to reduce harm associated with tobacco and other harmful drug (OHD) use.
Developmental trajectories of adolescent victimization: Predictors and outcomes
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2013
The Invisibility of Covert Bullying Among Students: Challenges for School Intervention
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2012.27
Abstract: Covert bullying behaviours are at least as distressing for young people as overt forms of bullying, but often remain unnoticed or unacknowledged by adults. This invisibility is increased in schools by inattention to covert bullying in policy and practice, and limited staff understanding and skill to address covert behaviours. These factors can lead to a school culture that appears to tolerate and thus inadvertently encourages covert bullying. This study explores these dynamics in Australian primary and secondary schools, including the attitudes of over 400 staff towards covert bullying, their understanding of covert bullying behaviours, and their perceived capacity to address these behaviours both in idually and at a whole-school level. While most respondents felt a responsibility to intervene in bullying situations, nearly 70% strongly agreed with statements that staff need more training to address covert bullying. Only 10% of respondents described their current whole-school strategies as very effective in reducing covert bullying, and fewer than 40% reported their school had a bullying policy that explicitly referred to covert bullying. These results suggest an urgent need for sustainable professional development to enhance school staff understanding, skills and self-efficacy to address covert bullying through school policy and practice, and the need to identify and consolidate effective strategies to better address these behaviours.
Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-11-2010
A Theoretically Grounded Exploration of the Social and Emotional Outcomes of Transition to Secondary School
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2012.26
Abstract: Adolescent development involves a complex interplay between genetics, biology, and social and emotional relationships within multiple contexts of home, school and the broader community. The transition from primary to secondary school, coupled with the onset of puberty, can therefore be a difficult period for young people to negotiate at a critical period of their developmental pathway. Using a social ecological perspective, this article examines the impact of the transition experience on adolescent social and emotional health, both immediately following transition to secondary school and at the end of the first year in this new school environment. This 1-year prospective study involving 1,500 Australian Grade 8 secondary school students found that 31% of students in the s le experienced a ‘difficult’ or ‘somewhat difficult’ transition to their new school. This third of the student s le were consequently more likely to experience poorer social and emotional health, including higher levels of depression and anxiety at the end of their first year of secondary school, while controlling for these variables at the time of transition. A central message from this work exemplifies the urgent need for a longitudinal intervention trial to develop best practice guidelines for activities that help ameliorate the negative impact a change in education context can create for adolescents negotiating a rapid metamorphosis from childhood to adulthood.
Telling an Adult at School about Bullying: Subsequent Victimization and Internalizing Problems
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-07-2019
Impact of the Friendly Schools whole-school intervention on transition to secondary school and adolescent bullying behaviour
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-10-2018
DOI: 10.1111/EJED.12307
Evaluation of an Intervention to Reduce Sun Exposure in Children, Design and Baseline Results
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 15-07-1999
DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AJE.A009976
Abstract: The Kidskin Study is a 5-year intervention study (1995-1999) involving 1,776 5- and 6-year-old children attending 33 primary schools in Perth, Western Australia. The aim of the study is to design, implement, and evaluate an intervention to reduce sun exposure in young children. There are three study groups: a control group, a "moderate intervention" group, and a "high intervention" group. The control schools receive the standard Western Australian health education curriculum, while the moderate and high intervention schools receive a specially designed curricular intervention. In addition, children in the high intervention group receive program materials over the summer holidays, when exposure is likely to be highest, and are offered sun-protective swimwear at low cost. The main outcome measure is the number of nevi on the back. Other outcomes include nevi on the chest (boys only), face, and arms, levels of suntanning, degree of freckling, and sun-related behaviors. At baseline, the three groups were similar with respect to nevi and freckling after adjustment for observer and month of observation. Sun exposure was slightly higher in the high intervention group. The groups were also similar with respect to most potential confounders, although they differed with respect to Southern European ethnicity and parental education.
Encouraging the positive use of technology through community engagement
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 11-07-2016
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe a seven stage community engagement process to develop and disseminate community uptake strategies which encouraged cybersafety as part of a positive transition from primary to secondary school among Australian young people. The combined principles from socio-ecological models, community development models and student participation models formed the foundation for the strategies. Resources were developed for all members of the community – students, parents, teachers and the broader community. The methods included: the formation of a steering committee and a Youth Advisory Board review of the current literature development of online resources a youth resource development activity development of youth resources translation of resources into health promotion initiatives and the dissemination of resources at community events and facilities such as schools, libraries and recreation centres and through print and social media. Community engagement strategies – in particular a partnership between a Western Australian university and local government body, the steering committee consisting of local organisations, and the student advisory board – were used to successfully design and promote resources developed by young people for young people. This study utilises a community-level approach to develop resources to encourage cybersafety and a positive transition from primary to secondary school.
Impact of a mental health promotion program on substance use in young adolescents
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2011
Cyber-Friendly Schools
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2018
Current Evidence of Best Practice in Whole-School Bullying Intervention and Its Potential to Inform Cyberbullying Interventions
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-2011
DOI: 10.1375/AJGC.21.1.1
Abstract: In 2004, a set of validated guidelines for school bullying prevention and management was released by the Child Health Promotion Research Centre in Australia to guide schools' action to prevent and manage bullying behaviours. At this time little was known about cyber and other forms of covert bullying behaviours. These guidelines were updated in 2010 to include current research that provides a greater understanding of all forms of bullying behaviour. This article describes a summary of the current empirical evidence used to update these guidelines particularly related to relatively new and emergent forms of bullying, such as cyberbullying. Meta-analyses and reviews that assessed the effectiveness of school-based bullying interventions were examined to inform the relevance of the previously validated guidelines and to identify potential intervention strategies to reduce cyberbullying. This review confirmed the importance of a systematic whole-school approach to effectively prevent and manage all forms of bullying behaviours in schools (including cyberbullying) and the need to strengthen capacity supports to enable schools to put evidence into informed practice.
Risk factors in adolescents’ involvement in violent behaviours
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 12-01-2015
DOI: 10.1108/JACPR-09-2013-0025
Abstract: – The purpose of this paper is to examine risk factors associated with Western Australian secondary school students’ involvement in violence-related behaviours. – This cross-sectional study examined data collected using an anonymous self-completion questionnaire from 542 school students aged 13-17 years. The questionnaire measured risk factors associated with being a perpetrator and/or victim of violence-related behaviours. – Gender was significantly associated with being a victim and perpetrator of violence-related behaviours. Males were significantly more likely than females to be a victim of threatening and physical violence at school, and to be a perpetrator of physical violence at school and in the community. Males were significantly more likely than females to watch violent media, with exposure to violent media associated with physically hurting someone at school. Students involved in greater acts of animal cruelty had increased odds of being involved in all forms of the violence measured. – Limitations such as the cross-sectional nature of the study and the small s le size are noted, along with suggestions for future research. – Implications of the research for practitioners working with adolescents, with a particular focus on the school setting, are discussed. – Most previously published research on adolescent involvement in violence has been conducted outside Australia, and as such, may not be directly applicable to the experiences of young people in Western Australia.
Bullying and mental health amongst Australian children and young people with cystic fibrosis
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1037/ORT0000289
Abstract: Currently, there is little research investigating how schools can support the mental health and social development of young people with cystic fibrosis (CF), given their heightened risk of mental illness. Few studies have examined the relationship between bullying and mental health in populations of children with CF. This study describes the peer bullying experiences of young people with CF, and examines associations between school bullying and the psychological well-being of these young people. A sequential mixed-methods approach was used to collect data from 26 young people with CF (10-16 years of age). These data were compared with large s les of healthy children. Following an online survey, 11 young people, through online focus groups, expanded on the survey findings, describing their experiences within the school environment. Young people with CF reported lower involvement in bullying victimization and perpetration relative to the comparison population. For older adolescents with CF, victimization was associated with less connectedness to school and less peer support, and more school loneliness, anxiety, and depression. Young people with CF reported they generally liked the school environment, and were happy with their friendships, whereas some older adolescents reported that bullying evoked anxiety and mood problems. Reported bullying was primarily verbal and targeted characteristics of their CF, including their coughing, noninvolvement in certain activities because of shortness of breath, use of medication, and being underweight (for boys only). The findings provide some recommendations for interventions to promote mental health and school engagement among young people with CF. (PsycINFO Database Record
A group randomized controlled trial evaluating parent involvement in whole-school actions to reduce bullying
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-11-2018
What Young People Need to Make Better-Informed Decisions When Communicating With Digital Images: Implications for Mental Health and Well-Being
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 14-11-2019
Abstract: Sixty-eight young people contributed to a Design Thinking Challenge created to elicit a better understanding of their electronic image-sharing experiences, the helpful and harmful consequences of image-sharing to adolescent mental health and safety, and promising interventions that allow young people to make more positive decisions and minimize their risks when sharing images through electronic devices. Through this collaborative group-based process, each co-design group engaged in a four-phase process to discover, define, develop, and deliver an intervention that took the form of a paper-based mobile app prototype. Young people reported that they need information and advice to support their and others’ online decision making, help making situational decision-making skills for managing online interactions, and means to control information and images that can be accessed and distributed. Detailed app features that they required to address their decision-making needs are also discussed. These app intervention features highlight what young people need to make better-informed decisions when communicating through images electronically.
The impact of the kidskin sun protection intervention on summer suntan and reported sun exposure: Was it sustained?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2005.11.002
Abstract: Recognition that early sun exposure is an important risk factor for cutaneous melanoma in white populations has led to efforts to reduce children's sun exposure. 'Kidskin' was a non-randomized, school-based sun protection intervention trial in Perth, Western Australia (1995-1999). Its aim was to determine the extent to which such a program could reduce children's sun exposure. Kidskin involved 1614 children assigned to one of three groups: a Control, a 'Moderate' and a 'High' intervention group of 14, 11 and 8 schools respectively. The unit of assignment was the school. Control schools received the standard health education curriculum, while intervention schools received a multi-component intervention including a specially designed curriculum. The High intervention group received additional components. Outcomes included parent reported sun-related behaviors and objectively measured suntan at the end of summer vacation. These outcomes were observed every 2 years. Statistical analyses allowed for correlations between students within schools. Kidskin initially had favorable effects on reported sun exposure and measured suntan. However, at the end of the 4-year program, and again 2 years later, little evidence of a favorable effect remained. The benefits of childhood sun protection interventions may not last beyond the life of the program.
Family Involvement in a Whole-School Bullying Intervention: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Communication and Influence with Children
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-06-2017
School policy: What helps to reduce teenage smoking?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2003
“Arguments online, but in school we always act normal”: The embeddedness of early adolescent negative peer interactions within the whole of their offline and online peer interactions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
Preparation of PVDF-CTFE hydrophobic membranes for MD application: Effect of LiCl-based mixed additives
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
Youth experiences of co-designing a well-being intervention: reflections, learnings and recommendations
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-05-2023
How Important are School and Interpersonal Student Characteristics in Determining Later Adolescent School Connectedness, by School Sector?
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1177/000494411005400207
Abstract: The extent to which students feel connected to their school is a powerful predictor of many health, social and academic outcomes. These outcomes are also influenced by other factors including characteristics of the school such as its size, policies and practices, but how do these characteristics modify the relationship between a student and his or her later school connectedness? This article draws on Western Australian data describing 5159 students from 39 schools who were tracked for the first two years of their secondary schooling. Controlling for interpersonal predictors of adolescent connectedness, the extent to which school characteristics, represented by school sector, modified later school connectedness was assessed using random intercept multi-level models. Significant interactions between school and in idual student characteristics of interpersonal relationships as well as mental health were found for later school connectedness, suggesting the sector to which a school belongs influences a student's sense of connectedness to school.
Acute injection‐related infections requiring hospitalisation among people who inject drugs: Clinical features, microbiology and management
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-08-2022
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.13525
Abstract: People who inject drugs are at risk of hospitalisation with injection‐related infections (IRI). We audited the clinical features, microbiology and management of IRI at a tertiary service in Melbourne to describe the burden and identify quality improvement opportunities. We performed retrospective review of IRI admissions from January 2017 to April 2019. We extracted admissions where ICD‐10 codes or triage text suggested injecting drug use, and the diagnosis suggested IRI. We reviewed these for eligibility and extracted data using a standardised form. We performed mixed‐effects logistic regression to determine predictors of unplanned discharge. From 574 extracted candidate admissions, 226 were eligible, representing 178 patients. Median age was 41 years (interquartile range 36–47), 66% (117/178) male and 49% (111/226) had unstable housing. Over 50% (96/178) had a psychiatric diagnosis and 35% (62/178) were on opioid agonist therapy (OAT) on admission. Skin and soft tissue infection was the most common IRI (119/205, 58%), followed by bacteraemia (36/205, 18%) and endocarditis (26/205, 13%). Management included addictions review (143/226, 63%), blood‐borne virus screening (115/226, 51%), surgery (77/226, 34%) and OAT commencement (68/226, 30%). Aggression events (54/226, 15%) and unplanned discharge (69/226, 30%) complicated some admissions. Opioid use without OAT was associated with almost 3‐fold increased odds of unplanned discharge compared to no opioid use (odds ratio 2.90, 95% confidence interval 1.23, 6.85, p = 0.015). Comorbidities associated with IRI may be amenable to opportunistic intervention during hospitalisation. Further research is needed to develop optimal models of care for this vulnerable patient group.
Domestic wastewater treatment by forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) integrated system
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 23-01-2018
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2018.031
Abstract: In this study, real domestic wastewater treatment by forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) integrated system was investigated in laboratory scale. The integrated membrane system presented a good separation performance and the removal efficiency of most contaminants in the domestic wastewater was higher than 90%. High molecular weight contaminants were completely removed, while a few low molecular weight contaminants permeated through the membrane. The FO membrane fouling layer mainly consisted of organic substances like polysaccharides and proteins, and was very loose and could be effectively removed by rinsing the membrane surface with tap water. By comparison, the MD membrane fouling was mainly induced by inorganic salts and was not as severe as that of the FO membrane. During 120 h continuous operation, the FO-MD integrated system exhibited satisfying performance stability and maintained a high water yield and high product water quality. The results indicated the potential of the FO-MD integrated system for municipal wastewater treatment in coastal cities, water purification and desalination.
Economic Evaluation of an Intervention Designed to Reduce Bullying in Australian Schools
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S40258-021-00676-Y
Abstract: There is a shortage of information on the costs and benefits of anti-bullying programs implemented in Australia. Information on the costs and benefits of anti-bullying programs is vital to assist policy making regarding the adoption of these programs. The aim of this study was to estimate the changes to costs and health benefits of implementing the "Friendly Schools Friendly Families" (FSFF) anti-bullying intervention in Australia. A societal perspective cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken based on randomised controlled trial data for an anti-bullying intervention implemented in primary schools in Western Australia. The modelling strategy addressed changes to costs comprising intervention costs, less cost-savings, and then changes to health benefits measured by avoidable disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Costs and health benefits were identified, measured, and valued in 2016 Australian dollars. Intermediate events modelled included anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, intentional self-harm, cost-savings accrued by educator time, and reduced productivity losses for carers associated with absenteeism. Uncertainty analysis and scenario analyses were also conducted. The prevalence of bullying victimisation was reduced by 18% by the Friendly Schools Friendly Families anti-bullying intervention. At a national level, this is expected to result in the avoidance of 9114 DALYs (95% CI 8770-9459) and cost-savings of A$120 million per year. The majority of cost-savings were associated with the reduction in mental healthcare. The model results demonstrated that the FSFF anti-bullying intervention is likely to be a cost-effective approach to reduce bullying in Australia, relative to a threshold of A$50,000 per DALY averted, with an ICER of A$1646. The Friendly Schools Friendly Families anti-bullying intervention represents a good investment compared to usual activities for the management of child and adolescent bullying in Australia. The investment and implementation of evidence-based interventions that reduce bullying victimisation and bullying perpetration in schools could reduce the economic burden associated with common mental health disorders and thereby improve the health of many Australians.
A novel microwave assisted photo-catalytic membrane distillation process for treating the organic wastewater containing inorganic ions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
The impact of a parent-directed intervention on parent-child communication about tobacco and alcohol
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1080/09595230801935698
Abstract: Given the likelihood of engaging in the hazardous use of tobacco and alcohol increases during teenage years, pre-adolescence is a critical time to implement prevention programmes. While social factors other than those associated with parenting play a role in determining a child's risk for initiation of tobacco and alcohol use, parents can have a significant influence on their children's decisions about these issues. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an in-home parent-directed drug education intervention on parent-child communication about tobacco and alcohol. A group randomised intervention trial was conducted in Perth, Western Australia. Schools were selected using stratified random s ling and randomised to three study conditions. A total of 1201 parents of 10- 11-year-old children were recruited from 20 schools. The impact of a self-help intervention, comprised of five communication sheets containing information and activities designed to encourage parents to talk with their 10- 11-year-old child about issues related to smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol, was assessed. Intervention-group parents were more likely to have spoken with their children, to have spoken more recently, to have engaged the child during the discussion and to have addressed the topics identified as being protective of children's involvement in tobacco and alcohol. In addition, the duration of talks about alcohol was longer than for parents in the comparison group. Parents of 10- 11-year-old children appear to be receptive to participating in a home-based drug-related educational intervention and the parent-directed intervention seems to have enhanced parent-child tobacco- and alcohol-related communication.
Does harm minimisation lead to greater experimentation? Results from a school smoking intervention trial
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2007
DOI: 10.1080/09595230701613585
Abstract: Declines in adolescent smoking prevalence have slowed recently, resulting in increased interest and literature in tobacco harm minimisation. To date, harm reduction strategies have focused largely on modifying the product and alternative (safer) mechanisms of nicotine delivery. There has been little exploration of primary harm minimisation to prevent the onset of regular smoking among young people. A major concern expressed about harm reduction interventions and young people is that they may increase experimentation among non-users. The Smoking Cessation for Youth Project was a 2-year school-based cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in 30 Western Australian schools. Results on the primary outcome showed a significant reduction in regular smoking among 4636 13-15-year-olds receiving a harm minimisaton versus standard intervention. This paper addresses the intervention effects on 2078 students who had not smoked at baseline. At 20-month follow-up, smoking initiation was slightly lower among intervention students than comparison students (who received a largely abstinence-based intervention), although this difference did not attain statistical significance (OR=0.86 95% confidence interval: 0.68, 1.09). This study provided limited evidence to suggest that harm minimisation is a superior approach to abstinence-based interventions for non-smokers. However, this intervention did not contribute to increased experimentation among non-smokers. Although more trials are required, these results indicate that fears of potential negative iatrogenic effects from school-based harm minimisation interventions may be unwarranted.
The Association of Fly-in Fly-out Employment, Family Connectedness, Parental Presence and Adolescent Wellbeing
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-08-2016
Comparison of Two School-Based Smoking Prevention Programs among South African High School Students: Results of a Randomized Trial
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S12160-008-9072-5
Abstract: Smoking rates are projected to increase substantially in developing countries such as South Africa. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of two contrasting approaches to school-based smoking prevention in South African youth compared to the standard health education program. One experimental program was based on a skills training eer resistance model and the other on a harm minimization model. Thirty-six public schools from two South African provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape, were stratified by socioeconomic status and randomized to one of three groups. Group 1 (comparison) schools (n = 12) received usual tobacco use education. Group 2 schools (n = 12) received a harm minimization curriculum in grades 8 and 9. Group 3 schools (n = 12) received a life skills training curriculum in grades 8 and 9. The primary outcome was past month use of cigarettes based on a self-reported questionnaire. Five thousand two hundred sixty-six students completed the baseline survey. Of these, 4,684 (89%) completed at least one follow-up assessment. The net change in 30-day smoking from baseline to 2-year follow-up in the control group was 6% compared to 3% in both harm minimization (HM) and life skills training (LST) schools. These differences were not statistically significant. Intervention response was significantly moderated by both gender and race. The HM intervention was more effective for males, whereas the life skills intervention was more effective for females. For black African students, the strongest effect was evident for the HM intervention, whereas the strongest intervention effect for "colored" students was evident for the LST group. The two experimental curricula both produced similar overall reductions in smoking prevalence that were not significantly different from each other or the control group. However, the impact differed by gender and race, suggesting a need to tailor tobacco and drug use prevention programs. More intensive intervention, in the classroom and beyond, may be needed to further impact smoking behavior.
Moral Disengagement of Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: Shared and Distinct Mechanisms
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-07-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S10964-019-01067-2
Abstract: The vast majority of adolescents recognize that bullying is morally wrong, yet bullying remains a problem in secondary schools, indicating young people may disengage from their moral values to engage in bullying. But it is unclear whether the same mechanisms enabling moral disengagement are active for bully/victims (who both bully and are bullied) as for pure bullies (who are not targets of bullying). This study tested the hypotheses that mechanisms of moral disengagement, including blaming the victim and minimizing the impact of bullying, may operate differently in bully/victims compared to pure bullies. From a s le of 1895 students from grades 7-9 (50.6% female 83.4% from English speaking homes), 1870 provided self-reports on bullying involvement and mechanisms of moral disengagement associated with bullying. Two cut-offs were compared for bullying involvement (as perpetrator and as target of bullying) during the previous school term: a conservative cut-off (every few weeks or more often) and a liberal cut-off (once-or-twice). Using the conservative cut-off, both pure bullies and bully/victims enlisted moral disengagement mechanisms to justify bullying more than did uninvolved students and pure victims, with no significant difference in scores on any of the moral disengagement scales between pure bullies and bully/victims. For the liberal cut-off, bully/victims reported lower overall moral disengagement scores than did pure bullies, and specifically less distortion of consequences, diffusion of responsibility, and euphemistic labeling. This study advances bullying research by extending the role of moral disengagement in bullying episodes beyond pure bullies to victims, both pure victims and bully/victims. Examination of specific moral disengagement mechanisms and the extent of involvement in bullying enabled a more nuanced differentiation between the bullying groups. These results will inform future interventions aimed at reducing the use of moral disengagement mechanisms that sustain bullying and victimization. Targeted interventions are needed to challenge specific moral disengagement mechanisms from the perspectives of pure bullies and bully/victims.
Bias in student survey findings from active parental consent procedures
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-03-2015
DOI: 10.1002/BERJ.3137
Friendly Schools Universal Bullying Prevention Intervention: Effectiveness with Secondary School Students
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-01-2019
A social–ecological framework for understanding and reducing cyberbullying behaviours
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Does the Risk Outweigh the Benefits? Adolescent Responses to Completing Health Surveys
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-10-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JORA.12343
Abstract: The aim of this study is to describe the self-reported experiences of adolescents in population-based s les when completing health-related surveys on topics with varying potential for evoking distress. Survey data were collected in three school-based studies of bullying behaviors (N = 1,771, 12-14 years), alcohol use (N = 823, 12, 15, and 17 years), and electronic image sharing (N = 274, 13 years). Between 5% and 15% of respondents reported being upset at survey completion, but at most 1.4% were entirely negative in their evaluation. Age was not associated with being upset, but younger adolescents were more likely to see benefit in participation. Although concurrent mental health symptoms increased the risk of being upset, this was mostly mitigated by perceived benefits from participation.
Principles of Cyberbullying Research
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 20-12-2012
Improving self-regulation and executive functioning skills in primary school children in a remote Australian Aboriginal community: A pilot study of the Alert Program®
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2019
Abstract: Self-regulation and executive functioning impairments are common in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Given the high rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder identified amongst children living in the remote Fitzroy Valley region of Western Australia, the Alert Program® was identified as a culturally safe intervention for use in local primary schools. Researchers collaborated with Aboriginal Elders, community members, and staff from a Fitzroy Valley primary school to trial the Alert Program®. Teachers were trained to deliver eight Alert Program® lessons to children in class. Self-regulation and executive functioning were measured using teacher and parent/caregiver questionnaires three times. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Teacher-led delivery of the Alert Program® was feasible in a region with high fetal alcohol spectrum disorder rates. As measured by teacher and parent/caregiver ratings, this curriculum may improve the self-regulation and executive functioning of children for some outcomes and provide sustained effects for some children. This community partnered pilot research, evaluated a school-based program to reduce the behavioral impact of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and informed design of a larger trial across eight Aboriginal community schools.
Powered standing wheelchairs promote independence, health and community involvement in adolescents with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.NMD.2019.01.010
Abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a common neuromuscular disorder involving progressive muscle weakness. A powered wheelchair standing device provides capacity to stand despite increasing muscle weakness. This study used qualitative methods to explore how adolescents with Duchenne muscular dystrophy used a powered wheelchair standing device in their daily lives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 adolescents, 11 parents and 11 teachers. Qualitative thematic analysis using a grounded theory framework was conducted to identify emerging domains. "Capacity to be able" was the central theme that emerged across the dataset: the introduction of the powered wheelchair standing device at a time when motor skills were declining enabled the adolescent to maintain and sometimes extend his independence. There were four underlying themes including (1) Independence, (2) Health, (3) Comfort, and (4) Community belonging and involvement. Each theme was illustrated in data collected from adolescents, parents and teachers. The device appeared to mitigate some of the challenges of progressive muscle weakness by providing the option for the in idual with Duchenne muscular dystrophy to choose when and where to stand for participation in a range of activities, beyond what would be possible with existing therapeutic regimes involving standing frames.
Informing Resource Allocation for Investment in Early Childhood: A Review of the International Peer-Reviewed Evidence
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-02-2022
Abstract: Early childhood investment decisions represent critical policy frameworks that ideally reflect a strong evidence base. This review seeks to assess early childhood intervention priorities based on return on investment without limitation by health, education or social science sector. A systematic search of peer‐reviewed literature identified 858 eligible papers relating to economic evaluations of intervention in early childhood (0–4 years). Data for this narrative review was provided by 34 papers. The capacity to rank interventions and to compare relevance across disciplines is limited by the degree of heterogeneity across studies and the potential to compare published studies based on journal indices.
National Safe Schools Framework: Policy and practice to reduce bullying in Australian schools
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 25-07-2011
Abstract: In 2003 Australia was one of the first countries to develop an integrated national policy, called the National Safe Schools Framework (NSSF), for the prevention and management of violence, bullying, and other aggressive behaviors. The effectiveness of this framework has not yet been formally evaluated. Cross-sectional data collected in 2007 from 7,418 students aged 9 to 14 years old and 453 teachers from 106 representative Australian schools were analyzed to determine teachers’ perceptions about the extent of implementation of the NSSF, teachers’ capacity to address student bullying, and students’ reports of bullying in their school, 4 years following the framework’s dissemination. While methodological issues limit the findings, schools appear not to have widely implemented the recommended safe school practices, teachers appear to need more training to address bullying, especially covert bullying, and bullying prevalence among students seems relatively unchanged compared to Australian data collected 4 years prior to the launch of the NSSF.
Teacher–child relationship, parenting, And growth in likelihood and severity of physical aggression in the early school years
Publisher: Project MUSE
Date: 2014
The Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS): Validity and reliability estimates for a measure of bullying victimization and perpetration in adolescence.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 12-2013
DOI: 10.1037/A0032955
Abstract: The study of bullying behavior and its consequences for young people depends on valid and reliable measurement of bullying victimization and perpetration. Although numerous self-report bullying-related measures have been developed, robust evidence of their psychometric properties is scant, and several limitations inhibit their applicability. The Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS), with versions to measure bullying victimization (FBS-V) and perpetration (FBS-P), was developed on the basis of existing instruments, for use with 12- to 15-year-old adolescents to economically, yet comprehensively measure both bullying perpetration and victimization. Measurement properties were estimated. Scale validity was tested using data from 2 independent studies of 3,496 Grade 8 and 783 Grade 8-10 students, respectively. Construct validity of scores on the FBS was shown in confirmatory factor analysis. The factor structure was not invariant across gender. Strong associations between the FBS-V and FBS-P and separate single-item bullying items demonstrated adequate concurrent validity. Correlations, in directions as expected with social-emotional outcomes (i.e., depression, anxiety, conduct problems, and peer support), provided robust evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Responses to the FBS items were found to be valid and concurrently reliable measures of self-reported frequency of bullying victimization and perpetration, as well as being useful to measure involvement in the different forms of bullying behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
RE-AIM evaluation of a teacher-delivered programme to improve the self-regulation of children attending Australian Aboriginal community primary schools
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-10-2020
The use of observational methods for monitoring sun-protection activities in schools
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-1999
DOI: 10.1093/HER/14.2.167
Abstract: Evaluation of health promotion interventions aimed at behavioural or environmental change involves assessing change that occurs as a result of the program. Direct observational methods can be used for this purpose and this paper describes three such methods that we pilot tested for use in a 5-year intervention study aimed at reducing sun exposure in primary school children. (1) Monitoring 'No hat, no play' policies. This method involved video taping children in selected school play areas during lunch time and analysing the content of the videos to assess the proportion of children wearing various types of hats. (2) Assessing shade provision in the playground. This method involved taking aerial photographs of each school and using them to estimate the proportion of shade in play areas available to children at lunchtime. (3) Shade use. This involved children wearing polysulphone film badges to measure the amount of UV-B exposure they received during one lunch period, relative to the total possible dose registered on index badges. Each method was implemented successfully, and we demonstrated that the video and aerial photography methods produced highly reproducible results and that all three methods were feasible. These three methods will be used in our intervention study to assess longitudinal change in schools' sun-protection policy and practice.
Adolescent bully-victims: Social health and the transition to secondary school
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2012
Ten Unanswered Questions Regarding Comprehensive School Health Promotion
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1111/J.1746-1561.1993.TB06110.X
Abstract: The past two decades witnessed dramatic growth in support for comprehensive school health promotion. Yet, many questions about its effectiveness and feasibility remain unanswered. This article poses several research and policy questions, the answers to which may help to shape the future of school health programs in this country.
Engaging Primary Health Care Providers in the Promotion of Healthy Weight among Young Children: Barriers and Enablers for Policy and Management
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1071/PY07025
Abstract: Recent national efforts to stem the alarming growth of childhood overweight and obesity in Australia have highlighted the importance of preventative strategies that focus beyond the child-on parents, families, primary health care providers (PHCPs) and child care services. But, while such efforts have to date focused on school-based interventions, once poor eating habits and sedentary lifestyles have set in, a growing body of research is indicating that PHCPs can play a more influential role in monitoring and modifying factors affecting prevention and early intervention in preschool children. This paper presents the findings of a systematic review to: (a) identify key barriers to the effective engagement of PHCPs with parents and child care staff in the promotion of healthy weight among children aged 2-6 years, (b) appraise "promising" interventions for strengthening the capacity of PHCPs to effectively deal with these barriers, and (c) synthesise policy options to encourage and engage PHCPs. The study draws on the lessons of promising interventions to highlight the urgent need to address organisational, attitudinal, knowledge, skills and training barriers, to facilitate the engagement of PHCPs in different settings-based environments (clinical, child care, home and community).
Beyond the reactive-proactive dichotomy: Rage, revenge, reward, and recreational aggression predict early high school bully and bully/victim status
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-06-2018
DOI: 10.1002/AB.21770
Abstract: The role of reactive and proactive aggression in school bullying perpetration remains unclear. In this study, we explore the predictive value of an expanded model of aggression motives based on the Quadripartite Violence Typology (QVT), which distinguishes between motivational valence (appetitive or aversive) and recruitment of deliberative self-control to derive four classes of motives: Rage, Revenge, Reward, and Recreation. With a s le of 1,802 students from grades 7-9, we assessed aggression motives via self-report, along with self-report of bullying perpetration and victimization, which were used to assign students into categories of Pure Bully, Bully/Victim (B/V), Pure Victim, and Uninvolved. Two structural models were computed to examine the relationship between these four categories of bullying involvement and aggression motives, using conservative and liberal bullying cutoffs. As predicted, B/V status was more strongly related to Rage and Revenge motives. However, B/Vs had higher scores than Pure Bullies for almost all aggression motives, including Recreation. We discuss the implications of addressing Revenge and Recreation, as well as Reward and Rage (which map most clearly to proactive and reactive aggression, respectively) aggression motives, for bullying prevention and intervention strategies, especially among adolescents for whom extant bullying prevention strategies may be ineffective or counterproductive.
Long-term economic outcomes for interventions in early childhood: protocol for a systematic review
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-2020
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2019-036647
Abstract: Investment in early childhood produces positive returns: for the child, the family and the community. Benefits have been shown to be significant within certain parameters, but a systematic review of the economic evidence across multiple sectors including health, education and social welfare will have the capacity to inform policy relative to the full range of social determinants. This review will take a broad approach, encompassing a range of costs and benefits to enable the identification of the most beneficial investments in early childhood and to highlight gaps in current research. Economic evaluations incorporating both costs and long-term outcomes of early childhood interventions and programmes will be included. Outcomes may be valued in monetary units or quantified non-monetary units (eg, quality-adjusted life years (QALY), disability-adjusted life years (DALY)). Results will be expressed as a ratio according to the outcome with monetary outcomes expressed as cost-benefit ratios or return on investment, and non-monetary outcomes expressed as cost per QALY or DALY. The target population is children aged 0–5 years. Extensive database searches across sectors will be undertaken. The review will involve five phases: defining the research question, identifying relevant studies, selecting studies, extracting and collating data, and summarising and reporting results. The search commenced in 2019 and the expected end date is December 2020. The findings of this review will inform policymakers and practitioners in public health, education, social welfare and primary care settings. The publication plan includes a series of academic publications, and policy papers prepared and disseminated through Telethon Kids Institute networks. Exemption from ethics approval was granted by the University of Western Australia Human Ethics Office (RA/4/20/5677). CRD42020145901.
Cyberbullying through the New Media
Publisher: Psychology Press
Date: 04-12-2013
Relationship Between Self‐Esteem and Smoking Behavior Among Japanese Early Adolescents: Initial Results from a Three‐Year Study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1999
DOI: 10.1111/J.1746-1561.1999.TB06409.X
Abstract: Researchers examined the relationship between self-esteem and smoking behavior among Japanese elementary and junior high school students. Students (2,090) in fourth to ninth grade from three elementary schools and two junior high schools in the Hyogo and Niigata prefectures completed an anonymous questionnaire. Self-esteem was measured using the Harter Perceived Competence Scale, the Pope Self-Esteem Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results indicated that never smokers had higher cognitive, family, and global self-esteem, but lower physical self-esteem than ever smokers. Grade and gender were significantly associated with self-esteem, showing a decrease of self-esteem with increases in grade and a higher level of self-esteem among boys than girls. The results suggest that effective smoking prevention programs for Japanese early adolescents should be integrated into more comprehensive health education or health promotion programs including self-esteem enhancement training.
The PRECEDE-PROCEED model: Application to planning a child pedestrian injury prevention program
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-1997
DOI: 10.1136/IP.3.4.282
Abstract: The objectives were first, to modify the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and to use it is as a basis for planning a three year intervention trial that aims to reduce injury to child pedestrians. A second objective was to assess the suitability of this process for planning such a relatively complex program. The project was carried out in 47 primary schools in three local government areas, in the Perth metropolitan area. The program was developed, based on extensive needs assessment incorporating formative evaluations. Epidemiological, psychosocial, environmental, educational, and demographic information was gathered, organised, and prioritised. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model was used to identify the relevant behavioural and environmental risk factors associated with child pedestrian injuries in the target areas. Modifiable causes of those behavioural and environmental factors were delineated. A description of how the model facilitated the development of program objectives and subobjectives which were linked to strategy objectives, and strategies is provided. The process used to plan the child pedestrian injury prevention program ensured that a critical assessment was undertaken of all the relevant epidemiological, behavioural, and environmental information. The gathering, organising, and prioritising of the information was facilitated by the process. The use of a model such as PRECEDE-PROCEED can enhance the development of a child injury prevention program. In particular, the process can facilitate the identification of appropriate objectives which in turn facilitates the development of suitable interventions and evaluation methods.
Bullying and psychosocial adjustment among children with and without asthma
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 05-03-2021
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2020.32
Abstract: Children with asthma face serious mental health risk, but the pathways remain unclear. This study aimed to examine bullying victimisation and perpetration in children with asthma and a comparison s le without a chronic health condition, and the role of bullying in moderating psychosocial adjustment outcomes for those with asthma. A s le of children with ( n = 24) and without asthma ( n = 39), and their parents, were recruited from hospital clinics. Parents rated children’s psychosocial adjustment children provided self-report of bullying victimisation and perpetration from which co-occurring bully/victim status was derived. No differences in mean perpetration or victimisation were found, but children with asthma were more likely to be bully/victims (involved both as target and perpetrator), compared to those without asthma. Children with asthma who were victims of bullying had greater peer problems and overall adjustment problems bully/victims did not show this pattern. Children with asthma may be more likely to be bully/victims, and those who are victims of bullying may be at elevated risk for psychosocial adjustment problems and require particular support in this area from school counsellors and psychologists.
The Role of Comprehensive School‐Based Interventions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1991
DOI: 10.1111/J.1749-6632.1991.TB43738.X
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether young, normotensive blacks who have been recently demonstrated to have a venodilator response to isoprenaline decreased compared with whites, also have an decreased vasodilatory response to bradykinin. Eleven black and 11 white subjects were studied. Full dose-response curves to bradykinin (dosing range 0.5-500 ng min-1) were generated in hand veins preconstricted with phenylephrine (dosing range 20-6800 ng min-1). The groups had a similar maximal response to bradykinin (57.6 +/- 32.2% vs 67.8 +/- 49.3%, P = NS 95% confidence interval for the difference (CI): -47.3, 26.8). Also, the log of the dose that produced half maximal response to bradykinin was similar for the two groups (0.89 +/- 0.58 vs 0.78 +/- 0.61 ng min-1, P = NS, 95% CI: -0.42, 0.64). There was no difference between the two groups in the log dose of phenylephrine necessary to produce 80% constriction of the hand vein. Diminished vasodilatory response to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) does not seem to be associated with the increased prevalence of hypertension in blacks.
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End Date: 12-2016
Amount: $143,226.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Indigenous Researchers Development - Grant ID: DI0989770
Start Date: 2009
End Date: 06-2013
Amount: $80,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP160100515
Start Date: 12-2016
End Date: 12-2022
Amount: $452,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0347559
Start Date: 2003
End Date: 12-2006
Amount: $404,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity