ORCID Profile
0000-0002-9772-0439
Current Organisation
Massey University
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-09-2014
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2010
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7356-2.CH013
Abstract: This chapter illustrates a three-stage analytical procedure to examine and detect the likelihood of financial statements manipulation and identify the accounts that were manipulated by Toshiba. It applies the Beneish model and Benford's law to Toshiba's balance sheet and income statement from 2002 to 2016. The results show significant deviation from Benford's law in the pre-fraud period in equity, long-term receivables and property, plant and equipment, long-term liabilities, and in the post-fraud period in the long-term liabilities, equity, long-term receivables, and total current assets. The results provide evidence of the usefulness of Beneish and Benford law as forensic auditing tools for detecting financial statements' irregularities and fraud that would be useful for the audit planning and s ling procedures.
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7356-2.CH014
Abstract: The increasing number of recent fraud cases involving the board of directors and top management in cooperative societies has raised concerns about the effectiveness of internal control systems (ICS) in these organizations. This chapter aims to examine the relationship between the effectiveness of the ICS and the likelihood of fraud occurrence by focusing on the control environment, risk assessment, and monitoring activities of cooperative societies in Malaysia. The results showed that the effectiveness of the control environment, risk assessment, and monitoring had no significant relationship with the likelihood of fraud occurrence in these organizations. However, this does not necessarily mean that the fraud risk is not an emerging issue. The study proposes that the internal auditors and audit committee oversee a pro-active fraud prevention check-up, as suggested by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), which is to be implemented in co-operative societies to assess how vulnerable the organizations are to fraud.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 19-06-2023
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 16-06-2023
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-6727-5.CH011
Abstract: Environmental degradation will continue if the corporate continues to misbehave. This study offers evidence for whether environmental violators are more likely to disclose if they are in sensitive industries, faced higher penalties, and required to implement an environmental project. This chapter examines how environmental violations have shaped the mandatory and discretionary environmental disclosures of oil and gas companies in 10-k reports filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission from 2011 to 2020. Using the Leximancer text mining tool, the violators' annual reports were examined before and after the violations. The results suggest that disclosure tended to be discretionary, and it is possible that selective information was traded off with other discretionary non-financial information for the sake of legitimacy. This chapter provides evidence of the effectiveness of regulators' efforts for higher mandated disclosures to encourage firms to deal with environmental matters proactively to prevent further environmental misbehaviour.
Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore
Date: 2023
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 22-10-2021
Abstract: This study analyses fraudsters and their motives in New Zealand’s post-colonial times, using Papers Past, from 1840 to 1939. The aim is to understand the past societal context concerning fraud crimes. The historical analysis reveals that fraud was reported as early as 1840, and since then, reports of fraud have grown rapidly. False pretences and representation were the most common types of fraud, and there was a greater proportion of male than female perpetrators. Female criminality was the main subject of discussion during the period studied, and often biased perceptions regarding how typical women should behave were expressed. The motives of perpetrators of fraud were mainly to maintain cohesion for the family. Overall, the motivations for committing fraud indicated social struggles rather than greed. There is also some evidence for how fraudsters from privileged social classes received lighter sentencing regardless of the grave nature of the offence.
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1558-7.CH011
Abstract: This chapter discusses some of the stages involved in detecting and investigating financial statement fraud in the digital environment. It emphasizes the human element aspects – the fraudster and the forensic investigator, their skills and capability. The explanation focuses specifically on the context of financial statement fraud detection and investigation which requires the accounting knowledge of the investigator. It also highlights the importance of the investigator to be a skeptic and have an inquiring mind of who had the opportunity to perpetuate the fraud, how the fraud could have been perpetrated, and the motive(s) to do so.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-10-2011
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2136-6.CH018
Abstract: The literature suggests that firms are actively managing the smoothing of their reported positive net incomes. The observed frequency of second digits abnormally exceeds the level predicted by Benford's Law, which results in a higher frequency of the number zero and an abnormally low occurrence of the number nine in the second digit of the reported income numbers. A reversal pattern occurs for reported net losses. This phenomenon is typically peculiar to countries with weak governance and firms under pressure to meet analysts' expectations. This chapter examines 10 years of reported net incomes by 5,040 firms (44,636 firm-years) in 10 countries ranked as having the best corporate governance quality. The analysis reveals that firms in these countries were not spared from opportunistically rounding their earning numbers. In fact, this rounding behavior is more prevalent when net losses were reported and this rounding phenomenon co-varied with some institutional factors in particular, the rule of law and government effectiveness has significantly influenced the rounding behavior.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-09-2014
DOI: 10.1002/BSE.1793
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 13-01-2012
DOI: 10.1108/14691931211196213
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the disclosure of intellectual capital (IC) information in the Malaysian initial public offering (IPO) prospectus using multiple regression analysis. The s le consists of 130 companies in the technology and industrial products sectors of Bursa Malaysia that went through an IPO between 2004 and 2008. Initially, the extent of the IC disclosure index is quantified using content analysis methodology. The multiple regression analysis is then used to examine the associations of nine potential explanatory variables with IC disclosure level. In general, the results provide evidence that board size, board independence, age, leverage, underwriter and listing board significantly influence the extent of IC disclosure in an IPO prospectus. Nonetheless, the effect of each explanatory variable may vary in each estimated parameter of the multiple regression models. Three variables, board ersity, size and auditor, were not significant. Although many studies have examined the content of and reasons for IC disclosures, this study provides empirical evidence in this specific area, i.e. to explore the determinants of IC disclosure, particularly from the perspective of IPO prospectuses, in emerging countries such as Malaysia.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 28-12-2021
DOI: 10.1177/26338076211065180
Abstract: Framed by opportunity and gender theories, this study examines whether men and women who occupy similar organisational positions differ in the types of fraud committed and their rationalisations. Based on 261 published legal cases of convicted fraudsters in New Zealand, our results show that fraudster's position and rationalisation are important fraud predictors. Our multinomial regression results show that there is a significant difference in the fraud committed in a similar position. There is a relationship between female gambling and embezzlement fraud. A large percentage of fraudsters of both genders offered no rationalisation those who did, claimed they were victims of circumstances (denial of responsibility) and morally justified their offending. The morally justified rationalisation was associated with lifestyles and pleasing others. Moreover, two rationalisation categories —appeal to higher loyalties and condemning the condemners—are significant in predicting the likelihood of obtaining by deception and embezzlement fraud in the New Zealand context. We also identify two distinct patterns of fraud offending: instrumental-opportunist and pathological-opportunist.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 14-08-2009
DOI: 10.1108/09513540910981032
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the processes involved in implementing school performance index (SPIN) – a new key performance indicator – and the results of its application in Malaysian public schools. A s le of 76 Malaysian schools from five districts was selected randomly. The analytical procedures such as documentary analysis, observation and interviews with 101 headmasters and principals, Parents‐Teachers Association representatives and brainstorming session with Schools Inspectors was used. Schools performed differently when evaluated using various criteria of their operational efficiency and effectiveness. The results show that schools, which have scored higher in examination results (test scores) do not necessarily perform in other categories. In fact, the overall SPIN scores indicated they are in the bottom list. SPIN can help authorities to better monitor the operational performance of the schools in providing quality education to future generations of Malaysians. In general, schools' performance is measured based on students' examination results (test scores). SPIN is introduced to propose that a school should be measured within its capability as different schools will have different capacity. It is argued that operational efficiency and effectiveness (by incorporating various elements such as leadership, measurement analysis and strategic planning), is a better measure on how the school performs.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 11-05-2015
Abstract: – The purpose of this paper is to describe the role and responsibilities of Shari’ah auditors in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) in the auditing process in the IFIs, to highlight capacity building challenges in the Shari’ah auditing industry. – The authors used a legitimacy theory to understand linkages between demand for Shari’ah audit and the role of Shari’ah auditors in IFIs complemented with the review the Accounting and Auditing Organization of Islamic Financial Institutions and Auditing Standard for Islamic Financial Institutions to understand the Shari’ah audit work requirements from an Islamic perspective. – Shari’ah auditing is an emerging field of investigation. There is no doubt that conventional auditing has a significant influence on the auditing frameworks used in IFIs. Western auditing practices are undergoing a metamorphosis to meet the needs of stakeholders in the Islamic economic system. The role and responsibilities of auditors in IFIs are much broader than those found in conventional banks in relation to an examination of a variety of contracts, product structures, transactions reporting, preparation of financial statements, reports, marketing circulars and any other legal documents, which are pertinent to IFIs’ operations. – We posit that the absence of a proper Shari’ah auditing framework and standards attuned to the needs of an Islamic economic system could d en the future of the Islamic finance industry. The regulators and management of IFIs should meet the expectations of the stakeholders to whom they owe a duty of care by selecting competent professionals for auditing work, along with transparent policies and systems. – This paper presents an attempt to establish auditors’ roles and responsibilities from an Islamic perspective.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 05-2012
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 23-10-2007
DOI: 10.1108/14720700710827158
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide an extension of the Corporate Governance Reporting Initiative (CGI) 2004, which reports on Malaysia's first corporate governance ratings. Characteristics of firms with high and low scores in the corporate governance ratings are analysed by comparing companies based on their corporate governance ranking as reported in the CGI. Firms are classified into those at the top 50 percent and the bottom 50 percent of the corporate governance ratings list to examine whether there are any differences in the characteristics of firms in both classified s les. The characteristics of firms that are being examined are firms' profitability, leverage, growth, market valuation, size, age, ownership structure and countries of operation based on the Logit analysis. The result shows that firm size has a strong influence with corporate governance ratings, but not so for other variables tested. This study analyses only eight corporate characteristics. There are other measures that can represent firms' size such as market capitalization. It is hoped that the traits found from the analysis will be able to provide additional information concerning corporate governance to interested parties. The characteristics revealed may probably be found to be essential elements in the development of effective and efficient corporate governance structure. The study could also help corporations in their short‐ and long‐term strategies. This study bridges the gap of previous studies by using a complete set of governance standards on the analysis and directly identifies firms with certain scores of corporate governance and addresses issues related to these exceptional companies.
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3731-1.CH007
Abstract: This chapter examines the context in which ‘accounting-sustainability hybrids' were constructed in anticipation of the Environmental Reporting Act (ERA) passed in 2015 in New Zealand. Using governmentality perspectives, the researchers consider how the key in iduals in local government discursively articulate the ‘sustainability programmatic' – sustainability policies that deploy the Act as a regulative intervention, the mediating instruments (reporting medium), and the hybridisation of accounting and sustainability (accounting-sustainability hybrids). The chapter draws on archival materials and qualitative survey of 90 key in iduals from all 78 local authorities. The analysis showed that local mediating instruments were aligned with ERA and sustainability programmatics, resulting in modification of the existing hybrids and the creation of new ones. The chapter demonstrates how legislation facilitates action from a distance.
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-0441-3.CH005
Abstract: This chapter examines the context in which ‘accounting-sustainability hybrids' were constructed in anticipation of the Environmental Reporting Act (ERA) passed in 2015 in New Zealand. Using governmentality perspectives, the researchers consider how the key in iduals in local government discursively articulate the ‘sustainability programmatic' – sustainability policies that deploy the Act as a regulative intervention, the mediating instruments (reporting medium), and the hybridisation of accounting and sustainability (accounting-sustainability hybrids). The chapter draws on archival materials and qualitative survey of 90 key in iduals from all 78 local authorities. The analysis showed that local mediating instruments were aligned with ERA and sustainability programmatics, resulting in modification of the existing hybrids and the creation of new ones. The chapter demonstrates how legislation facilitates action from a distance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-04-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00187-022-00335-W
Abstract: This paper examines how and why employees used online computer access to commit fraud in New Zealand small businesses. Drawing on data from 18 court documents between 2006 and 2020, we use document analysis to examine the pressure, opportunity, rationalization, and capability elements using the fraud diamond framework. We provide three major findings. First, the employee frauds were motivated by vice and family circumstances. The combination of opportunity and capability had a devastating effect on the length of the fraud and the amount of financial loss. Second, the frauds were mostly perpetrated by middle-aged women in both managerial and nonmanagerial positions who displayed unusual behaviour but had no prior convictions. Third, small businesses are vulnerable to fraud in their billing, accounts payable, and payroll systems thus, relevant prevention strategies are recommended. Overall, we conclude that the tendency for fraud is heightened in small businesses where trusted employees: have multiple responsibilities have an occupational position that provides them with opportunity are capable of manipulating online access and have external pressures of addictions or adverse family circumstances. Our multiple cases approach facilitates a better understanding of the employee fraud contexts, including the motivation and the methods employed to commit such fraud in New Zealand.
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 24-06-2022
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-4446-7.CH011
Abstract: This chapter examines higher education students studying in Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Samoa on their attitudes toward online learning and its effects on academic performance after the first COVID-19 lockdown. A total of 165 usable responses from 260 online surveys distributed (63.5%) were analyzed. The results revealed that students across the four countries had a positive attitude toward online learning, which significantly improved their academic performance. Interestingly, information literacy had a negative association with academic performance and attitudes toward online learning. This indicates that students with higher information literacy do not necessarily favor online learning. Facilitating conditions and learning support from higher education institutions (HEIs) strengthened students' attitudes toward online learning performance. The findings highlight the importance of providing continuous support for students studying online.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2014
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 23-11-2012
DOI: 10.1108/17538391211282854
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the shortcomings in the compliance of the full‐fledged Islamic banks with the Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) disclosure guidelines related to the profit sharing investment accounts (PSIAs). This study uses interviews and a survey. It was found that only two out five full‐fledged Islamic banks followed BNM guidelines which are based on the idea of self‐regulation. The authors developed a checklist of disclosure items, and probed whether the s le banks would adopt these new disclosure items. As it transpired, some banks have been disclosing these items selectively, and/or recording them for internal control and management purposes. The findings show these banks do not disclose: policies, procedures, product design and structure profit allocation basis, methodology of calculating profit attributable to investment account holders (IAHs). Nevertheless, disclosure related to Shari'ah compliance was given to a reasonable extent. It is intriguing that full‐fledged Islamic banks do not provide comprehensive disclosure related to PSIAs because such disclosure is not mandatory while foreign full‐fledged Islamic banks provided such disclosure voluntarily. The banking sector regulator is not sure of whether in idual Islamic banks have actually complied with all of its guidelines. The shortcomings in the disclosure are due to lack of expertise, outdated information system structure, and shortage of support and highly trained staff. The authors propose that the Islamic jurists should use Istiqra – which is a comprehensive examination of contracting environment before a new definite ruling is made on the issue of accountability to the IAHs. This would involve exploratory study of how the securities regulator (not banking regulator) perceives the information risks faced by the IAHs and enforce new disclosure guidelines. This paper proposes new disclosure guidelines which incorporate transparency, appropriateness, and timeliness to reduce information asymmetry and enhance governance disclosure.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-10-2009
DOI: 10.1057/JDG.2009.7
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-01-2023
DOI: 10.1111/ACFI.13063
Abstract: This study examines stock market reaction to violations of product safety regulations and firm product responsibilities in the post‐enforcement period. Our event study results show that market reaction was negative to failures by firms to report product defects in a timely way. Our results also show that the stock market reaction varies depending on the type of violations, and whether there are single or multiple violations. Firms spend more on research and development and advertising in the post‐enforcement period, in addition to investing in their compliance programmes which have a significant positive impact on product responsibility stewardship. Our empirical results show that the stock market reacts negatively to recall volume and refund remediation strategy. The stock market reaction is negative to social media communication about product recalls initiated by manufacturers. However, this negative effect appears to be counteracted by the positive corporate social responsibility (CSR) reputation effect of the manufacturers. Our findings imply that US manufacturing firms dealing with product recalls must be sensitive to how consumers and investors interpret the communication.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1002/CSR.218
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-3149-5.CH014
Abstract: Small businesses employ 29% of New Zealand's private sector workforce and account for more than a quarter of its gross domestic product. Thus, a large-scale attack on small businesses could prove to be catastrophic to the economy. This chapter, which is framed by the protection motivation theory, explores 80 small business owners' IT security decision-making via an online survey. The findings revealed that 21% of small businesses were affected by ransomware. Fifty-one percent of the respondents did not have any anti-malware and none of the respondents used data classification, which means all information was regarded as the same. Since they managed to recover their backup information, they did not perceive the threat of ransomware as imminent. In terms of coping appraisal, it is assumed that if the business owner-managers believe that the capability of IT security investment averts threats in their organizations, they will be more inclined to develop an intention to invest in it.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Radiah Othman.