ORCID Profile
0000-0001-9190-2920
Current Organisation
University of Oxford
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Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 22-05-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514001111
Abstract: Despite the increasing use of dietary patterns (DP) to study diet and health outcomes, relatively few studies have examined the reliability of DP using different dietary assessment methods. Reduced-rank regression (RRR) is an emerging statistical method that incorporates a priori information to characterise DP related to specific outcomes of interest. The aim of the present study was to compare DP identified using the RRR method in a FFQ with those in a 3 d food record (FR). Participants were 783 adolescents from the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort Study who completed both a FFQ and FR at 14 years of age. A similar ‘energy-dense, high-fat and low-fibre’ DP was identified in the FFQ and FR that was characterised by high intakes of processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages, and low intakes of vegetables and fresh fruit. Nutrient profiles for this DP were consistent in the FFQ and FR. Pearson's correlation coefficient between participants' z -scores for the DP identified in the FFQ and FR was 0·35 for girls and 0·49 for boys ( P 0·05). The mean difference between DP z -scores derived from the FFQ and FR was − 0·08 (95 % CI − 0·21, 0·04) for girls and − 0·05 (95 % CI − 0·17, 0·07) for boys. The 95 % limits of agreement were − 2·55 to 2·39 for girls and − 2·52 to 2·41 for boys. These findings suggest that very similar DP may be identified and their z -scores show modest agreement when applying the RRR method to dietary intake data collected from adolescents using a FFQ or FR.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-02-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12966-020-0920-4
Abstract: Smaller portions may help to reduce energy intake. However, there may be a limit to the magnitude of the portion size reduction that can be made before consumers respond by increasing intake of other food immediately or at later meals. We tested the theoretical prediction that reductions to portion size would result in a significant reduction to daily energy intake when the resulting portion was visually perceived as ‘normal’ in size, but that a reduction resulting in a ‘smaller than normal’ portion size would cause immediate or later additional eating. Over three 5-day periods, daily energy intake was measured in a controlled laboratory study using a randomized crossover design ( N = 30). The served portion size of the main meal component of lunch and dinner was manipulated in three conditions: ‘large-normal’ (747 kcal), ‘small-normal’ (543 kcal), and ‘smaller than normal’ (339 kcal). Perceived ‘normality’ of portion sizes was determined by two pilot studies. Ad libitum daily energy intake from all meals and snacks was measured. Daily energy intake in the ‘large-normal’ condition was 2543 kcals. Daily energy intake was significantly lower in the ‘small-normal’ portion size condition ( mean difference − 95 kcal/d, 95% CI [− 184, − 6], p = .04) and was also significantly lower in the ‘smaller than normal’ than the ‘small-normal’ condition ( mean difference − 210 kcal/d, 95% CI [− 309, − 111], p .001). Contrary to predictions, there was no evidence that the degree of additional food consumption observed was greater when portions were reduced past the point of appearing normal in size. Reductions to the portion size of main-meal foods resulted in significant decreases in daily energy intake. Additional food consumption did not offset this effect, even when portions were reduced to the point that they were no longer perceived as being normal in size. Prospectively registered protocol and analysis plan: osf.io/natws/ retrospectively registered: t2/show/NCT03811210 .
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-04-2014
DOI: 10.1111/COB.12057
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 02-2008
DOI: 10.1152/AJPENDO.00573.2007
Abstract: Obesity implies a failure of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to caloric excess. We studied the mechanisms, effectiveness, and limits of such responses in six lean (21.9 ± 1.3 kg/m 2 ), healthy men based in a metabolic suite for 17 wk of progressive intermittent overfeeding (OF) (3 wk, baseline 3 wk, 20% OF 1 wk, ad libitum 3 wk, 40% OF 1 wk, ad libitum 3 wk, 60% OF 3 wk, ad libitum). Body composition was assessed by a four-compartment model using dual X-ray absorptiometry, deuterium dilution, and plethysmography. Magnetic resonance imaging assessed subcutaneous/visceral fat at abdominal level at baseline and at the end of 60% OF. Energy intake was assessed throughout, energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation rates were measured repeatedly by whole body calorimetry (calEE), and free-living EE (TEE) was measured by doubly labeled water at baseline and after 60% OF. At the end of 60% OF, calEE and TEE had increased by just 11.4% ( P = 0.001) and 16.2% ( P = 0.001), respectively. Weight and body fat (fat mass) had increased by 5.98 kg (8.8%, P = 0.001) and 3.31 kg (22.6%, P = 0.01), respectively. The relative increase in visceral fat (32.6%, P = 0.02) exceeded that of subcutaneous fat (13.3%, P = 0.002) in the abdominal region. The computed energy cost of tissue accretion differed from the excess ingested by only 13.1% (using calEE) and 11.6% (using TEE), indicating an absence of effective dissipative mechanisms. We conclude that elevations in EE provide very limited autoregulatory capacity in body weight regulation, and that regulation must be dominated by hypothalamic modulation of energy intake. This result supports present conclusions from genetic studies in which all known causes of human obesity are related to defects in the regulation of appetite.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-09-2019
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114519002307
Abstract: Reducing food portion size could reduce energy intake. However, it is unclear at what point consumers respond to reductions by increasing intake of other foods. We predicted that a change in served portion size would only result in significant additional eating within the same meal if the resulting portion size was no longer visually perceived as ‘normal’. Participants in two crossover experiments (Study 1: n 45 Study 2: n 37 adults, 51 % female) were served different-sized lunchtime portions on three occasions that were perceived by a previous s le of participants as ‘large-normal’, ‘small-normal’ and ‘smaller than normal’, respectively. Participants were able to serve themselves additional helpings of the same food (Study 1) or dessert items (Study 2). In Study 1 there was a small but significant increase in additional intake when participants were served the ‘smaller than normal’ compared with the ‘small-normal’ portion ( m difference = 161 kJ, P = 0·002, d = 0·35), but there was no significant difference between the ‘small-normal’ and ‘large-normal’ conditions ( m difference = 88 kJ, P = 0·08, d = 0·24). A similar pattern was observed in Study 2 ( m difference = 149 kJ, P = 0·06, d = 0·18 m difference = 83 kJ, P = 0·26, d = 0·10). However, smaller portion sizes were each associated with a significant reduction in total meal intake. The findings provide preliminary evidence that reductions that result in portions appearing ‘normal’ in size may limit additional eating, but confirmatory research is needed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-05-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
Abstract: Reductions in eating rate are recommended to prevent and treat obesity yet, the relation between eating rate and energy intake has not been systematically reviewed, with studies producing mixed results. Our main objective was to examine how experimentally manipulated differences in eating rate influence concurrent energy intake and subjective hunger ratings. We systematically reviewed studies that experimentally manipulated eating rate and measured concurrent food intake, self-reported hunger, or both. We combined effect estimates from studies by using inverse variance meta-analysis, calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) in food intake between fast and slow eating rate conditions. Twenty-two studies were eligible for inclusion. Evidence indicated that a slower eating rate was associated with lower energy intake in comparison to a faster eating rate (random-effects SMD: 0.45 95% CI: 0.25, 0.65 P < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis indicated that the effect was consistent regardless of the type of manipulation used to alter eating rate, although there was a large amount of heterogeneity between studies. There was no significant relation between eating rate and hunger at the end of the meal or up to 3.5 h later. Evidence to date supports the notion that eating rate affects energy intake. Research is needed to identify effective interventions to reduce eating rate that can be adopted in everyday life to help limit excess consumption.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2006.07.014
Abstract: Underreporting is endemic in most dietary studies and ways to reliably identify in iduals who may underreport energy intake are needed. Whether questions on self-reported dieting and dietary restraint, in addition to weight status, would identify in iduals who may underreport energy intakes was examined in a United Kingdom representative survey. Mean daily energy intake was calculated from the 7-day dietary record of 668 men and 826 women. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level and to calculate estimated energy requirements from published equations. Underreporting was calculated as estimated energy requirements minus energy intake with adjustment for daily variation. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire assessed dietary restraint. Underreporting was higher in men and women reporting current dieting than nondieters (P<0.001) and higher in high-restrained (P<0.001) than low-restrained. When stratified by body mass index category, in men these associations were only significant in the overweight (P<0.001). Dieting was associated with greater underreporting in both lean (P<0.01) and overweight women (P<0.001). Underreporting was higher in lean high-restrained women than low-restrained (P=0.02), but similar in overweight women regardless of restraint score. Questions to assess dietary restraint and current dieting may be useful tools to identify and evaluate underreporting at an in idual level in dietary surveys.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
DOI: 10.1093/AJCN/NQY045
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2018
DOI: 10.1111/APHW.12132
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-03-2003
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-06-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2007
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 23-03-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114510000644
Abstract: Recommendations for whole-grain (WG) intake are based on observational studies showing that higher WG consumption is associated with reduced CVD risk. No large-scale, randomised, controlled dietary intervention studies have investigated the effects on CVD risk markers of substituting WG in place of refined grains in the diets of non-WG consumers. A total of 316 participants (aged 18–65 years BMI kg/m 2 ) consuming 30 g WG/d were randomly assigned to three groups: control (no dietary change), intervention 1 (60 g WG/d for 16 weeks) and intervention 2 (60 g WG/d for 8 weeks followed by 120 g WG/d for 8 weeks). Markers of CVD risk, measured at 0 (baseline), 8 and 16 weeks, were: BMI, percentage body fat, waist circumference fasting plasma lipid profile, glucose and insulin and indicators of inflammatory, coagulation, and endothelial function. Differences between study groups were compared using a random intercepts model with time and WG intake as factors. Although reported WG intake was significantly increased among intervention groups, and demonstrated good participant compliance, there were no significant differences in any markers of CVD risk between groups. A period of 4 months may be insufficient to change the lifelong disease trajectory associated with CVD. The lack of impact of increasing WG consumption on CVD risk markers implies that public health messages may need to be clarified to consider the source of WG and/or other diet and lifestyle factors linked to the benefits of whole-grain consumption seen in observational studies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
Abstract: The contribution of energy density (ED) of the total diet to increased risk of obesity from childhood into adolescence is unclear. We assessed the relation between the ED of the diet in childhood, calculated in a number of ways, and change in adiposity from childhood to adolescence. In a prospective study, 48 children (30 boys, 18 girls) were initially studied at age 6-8 y (baseline) and followed up at age 13-17 y. Daily ED, energy intake, and food intake were assessed at baseline by 7-d weighed food records concurrent with estimates of total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water. ED was calculated with the use of 5 published methods. Obesity risk was defined with the use of body fat from total body water by isotope dilution. Body fat was normalized for height and expressed as fat mass index (FMI). Change in adiposity was calculated as follow-up FMI minus baseline FMI. Misreporting of energy intake at the group level at baseline was low relative to the TEE. ED of the total diet at baseline by the 3 methods for calculating ED that excluded all or most beverages was prospectively associated with change in FMI. However, ED of the total diet by any of the methods was not associated with change in the percentage body fat, body mass index, or waist circumference z scores. The methods used to calculate ED and to assess obesity risk lead to different conclusions about the relation between the ED of the diet in childhood and gain in fat into adolescence.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-02-2007
Abstract: Ethnic differences in the association between body mass index (BMI) and body fat suggest that body composition varies across ethnic groups. To investigate the association between impedance index - a measure of tissue resistivity - and BMI in adults of different ethnic groups (Asian Indians, West Africans and White Caucasians) living in their native countries. Male (n=329) and female (n=277) adult subjects (18-50 years) living in urban areas in the UK, The Gambia and Pakistan were studied. Body weight and height were measured and BMI calculated. The same leg-to-leg bioimpedance instrument was used in each study and impedance index (height(2) (cm)/impedance (Omega)) used as measure of tissue resistivity. In women, Asian Indians and West Africans had a significantly greater increase in impedance index per unit increase in BMI compared with white Caucasians (P<0.001). In men, Asian Indians had a significantly lower impedance index compared with West Africans and white Caucasians (P<0.001). Different ethnic groups may have different tissue resistivity for the same BMI indicative of systematic differences in body composition.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1186/BCR1937
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-04-2014
DOI: 10.1111/J.2047-6310.2014.220.X
Abstract: Consensus is lacking in determining appropriate outcome measures for assessment of childhood obesity treatments. Inconsistency in the use and reporting of such measures impedes comparisons between treatments and limits consideration of effectiveness. This study aimed to produce a framework of recommended outcome measures: the Childhood obesity treatment evaluation Outcomes Review (CoOR) framework. A systematic review including two searches was conducted to identify (1) existing trial outcome measures and (2) manuscripts describing development/evaluation of outcome measures. Outcomes included anthropometry, diet, eating behaviours, physical activity, sedentary time/behaviour, fitness, physiology, environment, psychological well-being and health-related quality of life. Eligible measures were appraised by the internal team using a system developed from international guidelines, followed by appraisal from national external expert collaborators. A total of 25,486 papers were identified through both searches. Eligible search 1 trial papers cited 417 additional papers linked to outcome measures, of which 56 were eligible. A further 297 outcome development/evaluation papers met eligibility criteria from search 2. Combined, these described 191 outcome measures. After internal and external appraisal, 52 measures across 10 outcomes were recommended for inclusion in the CoOR framework. Application of the CoOR framework will ensure greater consistency in choosing robust outcome measures that are appropriate to population characteristics.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2009
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2018
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 08-09-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-03-2014
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-09-2019
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.L4786
Abstract: To estimate the potential impact on body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity of a 20% price increase in high sugar snacks. Modelling study. General adult population of the United Kingdom. 36 324 households with data on product level household expenditure from UK Kantar FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) panel for January 2012 to December 2013. Data were used to estimate changes in energy (kcal, 1 kcal=4.18 kJ=0.00418 MJ) purchase associated with a 20% price increase in high sugar snacks. Data for 2544 adults from waves 5 to 8 of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2012-16) were used to estimate resulting changes in BMI and prevalence of obesity. The effect on per person take home energy purchases of a 20% price increase for three categories of high sugar snacks: confectionery (including chocolate), biscuits, and cakes. Health outcomes resulting from the price increase were measured as changes in weight, BMI (not overweight (BMI ), overweight (BMI ≥25 and ), and obese (BMI ≥30)), and prevalence of obesity. Results were stratified by household income and BMI. For income groups combined, the average reduction in energy consumption for a 20% price increase in high sugar snacks was estimated to be 8.9×10 3 kcal (95% confidence interval −13.1×10 3 to −4.2×10 3 kcal). Using a static weight loss model, BMI was estimated to decrease by 0.53 (95% confidence interval −1.01 to −0.06) on average across all categories and income groups. This change could reduce the UK prevalence of obesity by 2.7 percentage points (95% confidence interval −3.7 to −1.7 percentage points) after one year. The impact of a 20% price increase in high sugar snacks on energy purchase was largest in low income households classified as obese and smallest in high income households classified as not overweight. Increasing the price of high sugar snacks by 20% could reduce energy intake, BMI, and prevalence of obesity. This finding was in a UK context and was double that modelled for a similar price increase in sugar sweetened beverages.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-10-2007
Abstract: To investigate changes in body composition and the validity of the leg-to-leg bioimpedance (LTL) method to measure body fat during active weight loss (WL) and weight regain (WR). Longitudinal, 12-week weight loss intervention (3.3-3.8 MJ/day) and subsequent follow-up at 1 year. Fifty-eight adult women aged between 24 and 65 years (mean age: 46.8+/-8.9 years) and with a body mass index (BMI) > or =25 kg/m(2) (mean BMI: 31.6+/-2.5 kg/m(2), range=26.0-48.2 kg/m(2)) participated in the study. Fat mass (FM) was measured at baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks and 52 weeks using three- and four-compartment (4-C) models, air displacement plethysmography (ADP), deuterium dilution - total body water (TBW), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfold thickness (SFT), tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis (T-BIA) and LTL. At the end of the weight loss programme, subjects lost 9.9+/-3.5 kg weight (P<0.001) and 7.6+/-0.5 kg fat (P<0.001) but after 1 year they had regained 4.9+/-3.7 kg of weight and 3.7+/-2.9 kg of fat. The 4-C model showed that FM and TBW accounted for 76.2 and 23.6% of the loss in body mass and 81.8 and 17.7% of the tissue accrued during weight regain, respectively. The estimate of body fat change by LTL relative to multi-compartment models (WL(bias+/-2s.d.)=0.51+/-3.26 kg WR(bias+/-2s.d.)=-0.25+/-2.30 kg) was similar to ADP, DXA and TBW in both phases but it was better than T-BIA (WL(bias+/-2s.d.)=0.17+/-7.90 kg WR(bias+/-2s.d.)=-0.29+/-7.59 kg) and skinfold thickness (WL(bias+/-2s.d.)=2.68+/-6.68 kg WR(bias+/-2s.d.)=-0.84+/-3.80 kg). Weight loss and regain were associated with minimal changes in lean tissue as measured using multi-compartment models. The LTL system is a useful method to measure body composition changes during clinical weight management programmes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2010.71
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-12-2013
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2013.227
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-02-2006
Abstract: The current epidemic of obesity demonstrates that mechanisms for maintaining human energy balance are readily subverted by adverse environmental conditions. The critical elements of this dysregulation are poorly understood. Most previous research into what regulates the intake side of the energy balance equation has been handicapped by the use of short-term within-day experimental tests. We enrolled six non-obese men to a 17-week protocol involving three 21 days periods of progressive overfeeding (+20, +40 and +60%) separated by free diet periods to test for compensatory satiety. Responses to overfeeding differed markedly with evidence of 'compensators' and 'non-compensators', but on average, subsequent food intake was stimulated rather than suppressed after overfeeding in spite of markedly elevated body fat (+13%) and fasting leptin (+116%). The inefficient response of in-built appetite control mechanisms emphasizes the need to adopt intentional cognitive restraint in the modern environment when food is plentiful.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2012.04.014
Abstract: This qualitative study explored the concept of acceptance of wholegrain foods in an adult population in the UK. Data was generated via focus groups with volunteers from a randomised controlled wholegrain based dietary intervention study (the WHOLEheart study). WHOLEheart volunteers, who did not habitually eat wholegrain foods, were randomised to one of three experimental regimes: (1) incorporating 60 g/day whole grains into the diet for 16 weeks (2) incorporating 60 g/day whole grains into the diet for 8 weeks, doubling to 120 g/day for the following 8 weeks (3) a control group. Focus groups to examine factors relating to whole grain acceptability were held one month post-intervention. For participants incorporating whole grains into their diet, acceptance was dependent upon: (a) 'trial acceptance', relating to the taste, preparation and perceived impact of the wholegrain foods on wellbeing, and (b) 'dietary acceptance' which involved the compatibility and substitutability of whole grains with existing ingredients and meal patterns. Barriers to sustained intake included family taste preferences, cooking skills, price and availability of wholegrain foods. Although LDL lowering benefits of eating whole grains provided the impetus for the WHOLEheart study, participants' self-reported benefits of eating wholegrain foods included perceived naturalness, high fibre content, superior taste, improved satiety and increased energy levels provided a stronger rationale for eating whole grains.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 23-02-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015000336
Abstract: Fast foods are often energy dense and offered in large serving sizes. Observational data have linked the consumption of fast foods to an increased risk of obesity and related diseases. We surveyed the reported energy, total fat and saturated fat contents, and serving sizes, of fast-food items from five major chains across ten countries, comparing product categories as well as specific food items available in most countries. MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK. Data for 2961 food and drink products were collected, with most from Canada ( n 550) and fewest from the United Arab Emirates ( n 106). There was considerable variability in energy and fat contents of fast foods across countries, reflecting both the portfolio of products and serving size variability. Differences in total energy between countries were particularly noted for chicken dishes (649–1197 kJ/100 g) and sandwiches (552–1050 kJ/100g). When comparing the same product between countries variations were consistently observed in total energy and fat contents (g/100 g) for ex le, extreme variation in McDonald’s Chicken McNuggets with 12 g total fat/100 g in Germany compared with 21·1 g/100 g in New Zealand. These cross-country variations highlight the possibility for further product reformulation in many countries to reduce nutrients of concern and improve the nutritional profiles of fast-food products around the world. Standardisation of serving sizes towards the lower end of the range would also help to reduce the risk of overconsumption.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2012.10.065
Abstract: Excess energy, saturated fat, sugar and salt from processed and fast foods are a major cause of chronic disease worldwide. In 2010 The Food Monitoring Group established a global branded food composition database to track the nutritional content of foods and make comparisons between countries, food companies and over time. A protocol for the project was agreed and published in 2011 with 24 collaborating countries. Standardised tools and a website have been developed to facilitate data collection and entry. In 2010 data were obtained from nine countries, in 2011 from 12 and in 2012 data are anticipated from 10 additional countries. This collaborative approach to the collation of food composition data offers potential for cross-border collaboration and support in developed and developing countries. The project should contribute significantly to tracking progress of the food industry and governments towards commitments made at the recent UN high level meeting on chronic disease.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 08-2014
Abstract: The 4-component (4-C) model is the reference method to measure fat mass (FM). Simpler 2-component (2-C) models are widely used to assess FM. We hypothesised that an aggregate 2-C model may improve accuracy of FM assessment during weight loss (WL). One hundred and six overweight and obese men and women were enrolled in different WL programs (fasting, very low energy diet, low energy diet). Body density, bone mineral content, and total body water were measured. FM was calculated using 2-C, 3-C, and 4-C models. Aggregate equations for 2-C, 3-C, and 4-C models were calculated, with the aggregate 4-C model assumed as the reference method. The aggregate approach postulates that the average of the in idual estimates obtained from each model is more accurate than the best single measurement. The average WL was −7.5 kg. The agreement between 3-C and 4-C models for FM change was excellent (R 2 = 0.99). The aggregate 2-C equation was more accurate than in idual 2-C estimates in measuring changes in FM. The aggregate model was characterised by a lower measurement error at baseline and post-WL. The relationship between the aggregate 3-C and 4-C component models was highly linear (R 2 = 0.99), whereas a lower linearity was found for the aggregate 2-C and 4-C model (R 2 = 0.72). The aggregate 2-C model is characterised by a greater accuracy than commonly applied 2-C equations for the measurement of FM during WL in overweight and obese men and women.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-03-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NU13030819
Abstract: Knowledge of the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and weight loss is limited. The aim was to analyse whether selected obesity-associated SNPs within the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), transmembrane protein 18 (TMEM18), melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), SEC16 homolog B (SEC16B), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene are associated with anthropometric changes during behavioural intervention for weight loss. genetic and anthropometric data from 576 in iduals with overweight and obesity from four lifestyle interventions were obtained. A genetic predisposition score (GPS) was calculated. Our results show that study participants had a mean age of 48.2 ± 12.6 years and a mean baseline body mass index of 33.9 ± 6.4 kg/m2. Mean weight reduction after 12 months was −7.7 ± 10.9 kg. After 12 months of intervention, the MC4R SNPs rs571312 and rs17782313 were significantly associated with a greater decrease in body weight and BMI (p = 0.012, p = 0.011, respectively). The investigated SNPs within the other four genetic loci showed no statistically significant association with changes in anthropometric parameters. The GPS showed no statistically significant association with weight reduction. In conclusion there was no consistent evidence for statistically significant associations of SNPs with anthropometric changes during a behavioural intervention. It seems that other factors play a more significant in weight management than the investigated SNPs.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-08-2012
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2012.139
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2013.07.024
Abstract: In 2006 the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) introduced voluntary sodium reduction targets for more than 80 categories of processed food. Our aim was to determine the impact of these targets on the sodium content of processed foods in the UK between 2006 and 2011. Household consumer panel data (n>18,000 households) were used to calculate crude and sales-weighted mean sodium content for 47,337 products in 2006 and 49,714 products in 2011. Two s le t-tests were used to compare means. A secondary analysis was undertaken to explore reformulation efforts and included only products available for sale in both 2006 and 2011. Between 2006 and 2011 there was an overall mean reduction in crude sodium content of UK foods of -26 mg/100g (p ≤ 0.001), equivalent to a 7% fall (356 mg/100g to 330 mg/100g). The corresponding sales-weighted reduction was -21 mg/100g (-6%). For products available for sale in both years the corresponding reduction was -23 mg/100g (p<0.001) or -7%. The UK FSA voluntary targets delivered a moderate reduction in the mean sodium content of UK processed foods between 2006 and 2011. Whilst encouraging, regular monitoring and review of the UK sodium reduction strategy will be essential to ensure continued progress.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2010.06.009
Abstract: Our aim was to design a selection of foods with differing proportions of protein but equal palatability in two settings, Sydney Australia and Kingston Jamaica. The foods were manipulated to contain 10, 15 or 25% E as protein with reciprocal changes in carbohydrate to 60, 55 or 45% E and dietary fat was kept constant at 30%. Naïve participants did not identify a difference in protein between the versions. On average, the versions were rated equal in pleasantness (Sydney-10%: 44±2, 15%: 49±2 and 25%: 49±2 Kingston-10%: 41±3, 15%: 41±3 and 25%: 37±3).
Publisher: National Institute for Health and Care Research
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.3310/HTA18510
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-02-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512006034
Abstract: Previous (mainly population-based) studies have suggested the health benefits of the elective, lifelong inclusion of whole-grain foods in the diet, forming the basis for public health recommendations to increase whole grain consumption. Currently, there is limited evidence to assess how public health recommendations can best result in longer-term improvements in dietary intake. The present study aimed to assess the impact of a previous 16-week whole-grain intervention on subsequent, elective whole grain consumption in free-living in iduals. Participants completed a postal FFQ 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the whole-grain intervention study period. This FFQ included inputs for whole-grain foods commonly consumed in the UK. Whole grain consumption was significantly higher (approximately doubled) in participants who had received whole-grain foods during the intervention ( P 0·001) compared with the control group who did not receive whole-grain foods during the intervention. This increased whole grain consumption was lower than whole grain intake levels required by participants during the intervention period between 60 and 120 g whole grains/d. Aside from a significant increase ( P 0·001) in NSP consumption compared with control participants (mean increase 2–3 g/d), there were no obvious improvements to the pattern of foods of the intervention group. The results of the present study suggest that a period of direct exposure to whole-grain foods in non-habitual whole-grain food consumers may benefit subsequent, elective dietary patterns of whole grain consumption. These findings may therefore aid the development of future strategies to increase whole grain consumption for public health and/or food industry professionals.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00402-0
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a new bioelectrical impedance instrument, the Soft Tissue Analyzer (STA), which predicts a subject's body composition. A cross-sectional population study in which the impedance of 205 healthy adult subjects was measured using the STA. Extracellular water (ECW) volume (as a percentage of total body water, TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) were predicted by both the STA and a compartmental model, and compared according to correlation and limits of agreement analysis, with the equivalent data obtained by independent reference methods of measurement (TBW measured by D(2)O dilution, and FFM measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). There was a small (2.0 kg) but significant (P < 0.02) difference in mean FFM predicted by the STA, compared with the reference technique in the males, but not in the females (-0.4 kg) or in the combined group (0.8 kg). Both methods were highly correlated. Similarly, small but significant differences for predicted mean ECW volume were observed. The limits of agreement for FFM and ECW were -7.5-9.9 and -4.1-3.0 kg, respectively. Both FFM and ECW (as a percentage of TBW) are well predicted by the STA on a population basis, but the magnitude of the limits of agreement with reference methods may preclude its usefulness for predicting body composition in an in idual. In addition, the theoretical basis of an impedance method that does not include a measure of conductor length requires further validation.
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 2010
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 12-10-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-05-2017
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12560
Abstract: Excess weight is associated with increased total healthcare costs, but it is less well known how the associations between excess weight and costs vary across different types of healthcare service. We reviewed studies using in idual participant data to estimate associations between body mass index and healthcare costs, and summarized how annual healthcare costs for overweight (body mass index 25 to <30 kg/m
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-12-2018
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 22-12-2017
DOI: 10.2196/MHEALTH.8791
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-10-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JHN.12519
Abstract: Although growing evidence suggests that dietary patterns associated with noncommunicable diseases in adulthood may develop early in life, when these are established, as well as their determinants, remains unclear. We examined determinants and tracking of a dietary pattern (DP) associated with metabolic risk and its key food groups among 860 adolescents in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort study. Food intake was reported using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at 14 and 17 years. Z-scores for an 'energy-dense, high-fat, low-fibre' DP were estimated by applying reduced rank regression at both ages. Tracking was based on the predictive value (PV) of remaining in the DPZ-score or food intake quartile at 14 and 17 years. Early-life exposures included: maternal age maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index parent smoking status during pregnancy and parent socio-economic position (SEP) at 14 and 17 years. Associations between the DPZ-scores, early-life factors and SEP were analysed using regression analysis. Dietary tracking was strongest among boys with high DPZ-scores, high intakes of processed meat, low-fibre bread, crisps and savoury snacks (PV > 1) and the lowest intakes of vegetables, fruit and legumes. Lower maternal education (β = 0.09, P = 0.002 at 14 years β = 0.14, P < 0.001 at 17 years) and lower maternal age at birth (β = 0.09, P = 0.003 at 14 years β = 0.11, P = 0.004 at 17 years) were positively associated with higher DPZ-scores. An energy-dense, high-fat, low-fibre dietary pattern tracks more strongly among adolescent boys who have high scores for this pattern at 14 years of age. These findings highlight target foods and population subgroups for early interventions aiming to improve dietary behaviours.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Susan Jebb.