ORCID Profile
0000-0002-5485-0110
Current Organisations
Bond University
,
University of York
,
George Institute for Global Health
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Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-12-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.N3043
Publisher: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Date: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2009
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 2001
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-03-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O576
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 26-09-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O2313
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 10-09-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 16-02-2023
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.P386
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 24-02-2020
Abstract: We assessed the technical content of sugar, salt and trans-fats policies in six countries in relation to the World Health Organization ‘Best Buys’ guidelines for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). National research teams identified policies and strategies related to promoting healthy diets and restricting unhealthy consumption, including national legislation, development plans and strategies and health sector-related policies and plans. We identified relevant text in relation to the issuing agency, overarching aims, goals, targets and timeframes, specific policy measures and actions, accountability systems, budgets, responsiveness to inequitable vulnerabilities across population groups (including gender) and human rights. We captured findings in a ‘policy cube’ incorporating three dimensions: policy comprehensiveness, political salience and effectiveness of means of implementation, and equity/rights. We compared diet-related NCD policies to human immunodeficiency virus policies in relation to rights, gender and health equity. All six countries have made high-level commitments to address NCDs, but dietary NCDs policies vary and tend to be underdeveloped in terms of the specificity of targets and means of achieving them. There is patchwork reference to internationally recognized, evidence-informed technical interventions and a tendency to focus on interventions that will encounter least resistance, e.g. behaviour change communication in contrast to addressing food reformulation, taxation, subsidies and promotion/marketing. Policies are frequently at the lower end of the authoritativeness spectrum and have few identified budgetary commitments or clear accountability mechanisms. Of concern is the limited recognition of equity and rights-based approaches. Healthy diet policies in these countries do not match the severity of the NCDs burden nor are they designed in such a way that government action will focus on the most critical dietary drivers and population groups at risk. We propose a series of recommendations to expand policy cubes in each of the countries by re-orienting diet-related policies so as to ensure healthy diets for all.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 2001
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-07-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-021-11257-Y
Abstract: Marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free sugars, or salt (“unhealthy foods”) to children is contributing to increasing child obesity. However, many countries have not implemented WHO recommendations to restrict marketing of unhealthy foods to children. We sought to understand the absence of marketing restrictions and identify potential strategic actions to develop and implement such restrictions in Nepal. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis was based on Baker et al.’s 18 factor-framework for understanding what drives political commitment to nutrition, organised by five categories: Actors Institutions Political and societal contexts Knowledge, evidence and framing Capacities and resources. All factors in Baker et al.’s framework were reported to be acting largely as barriers to Nepal developing and implementing marketing restrictions. Six factors were identified by the highest number of respondents: the threat of private sector interference in policy-making lack of international actor support absence of well-designed and enacted policies and legislation lack of political commitment to regulate insufficient mobilisation of existing evidence to spur action and lack of national evidence to guide regulatory design and weak implementation capacity. Opportunities for progress were identified as Nepal’s ability to combat private sector interference - as previously demonstrated in tobacco control. This is the first study conducted in Nepal examining the lack of restrictions on marketing unhealthy foods to children. Our findings reflect the manifestation of power in the policy process. The absence of civil society and a multi-stakeholder coalition demanding change on marketing of unhealthy food to children, the threat of private sector interference in introducing marketing restrictions, the promotion of norms and narratives around modernity, consumption and the primary role of the in idual in regulating diet - all have helped create a policy vacuum on marketing restrictions. We propose that stakeholders focus on five strategic actions, including: developing a multi-stakeholder coalition to put and keep marketing restrictions on the health agenda framing the need for marketing restrictions as critical to protect child rights and government regulation as the solution and increasing support, particularly through developing more robust global policy guidance.
Publisher: Bristol University Press
Date: 2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2000
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2013.09.039
Abstract: Vaccines aim to improve the well-being of everyone and are seen as a public health success story in the prevention and control of communicable infections. However, decisions to use vaccinations are not without controversy, and the introduction of vaccines targeting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is particularly contentious. In this paper we investigate the underlying policy challenges and opportunities for rolling out STI vaccines. Looking in detail at the experience of delivering HPV vaccine, we explore the lessons that can be learnt, including policy and human rights dimensions, for future STI vaccine introduction and scale up. Policies arise from the interaction of ideas, interests and institutions. In the case of HPV vaccine, ideas have been particularly contested, although interests and institutions have impacted on policy too. A review of human rights in relation to STI vaccine policies highlights the specific needs and rights of adolescents, and the paper details concepts of consent and evolving capacity which can be used to ensure that adolescents have full access to health interventions. Policy options for vaccines include mandatory approaches - and these have been utilized in some settings for HPV vaccines. The paper argues, and outlines the rationale, against adopting mandatory STI vaccine policy approaches. The paper concludes by identifying policy opportunities for introducing new vaccines targeting STIs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2008
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-07-2017
DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2017.1344350
Abstract: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), hypertension and diabetes together with HIV infection are among the major public health concerns worldwide. Health services for HIV and NCDs require health systems that provide for people's chronic care needs, which present an opportunity to coordinate efforts and create synergies between programs to benefit people living with HIV and/or AIDS and NCDs. This review included studies that reported service integration for HIV and/or AIDS with coronary heart diseases, chronic CVD, cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), hypertension or diabetes. We searched multiple databases from inception until October 2015. Articles were screened independently by two reviewers and assessed for risk of bias. 11,057 records were identified with 7,616 after duplicate removal. After screening titles and abstracts, 14 papers addressing 17 distinct interventions met the inclusion criteria. We categorized integration models by diseases (HIV with diabetes, HIV with hypertension and diabetes, HIV with CVD and finally HIV with hypertension and CVD and diabetes). Models also looked at integration from micro (patient focused integration) to macro (system level integrations). Most reported integration of hypertension and diabetes with HIV and AIDS services and described multidisciplinary collaboration, shared protocols, and incorporating screening activities into community c aigns. Integration took place exclusively at the meso-level, with no micro- or macro-level integrations described. Most were descriptive studies, with one cohort study reporting evaluative outcomes. Several innovative initiatives were identified and studies showed that CVD and HIV service integration is feasible. Integration should build on existing protocols and use the community as a locus for advocacy and health services, while promoting multidisciplinary teams, including greater involvement of pharmacists. There is a need for robust and well-designed studies at all levels - particularly macro-level studies, research looking at long-term outcomes of integration, and research in a more erse range of countries.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Publisher: Brill
Date: 28-07-2002
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1111/JLME.12120
Abstract: In recent debates surrounding World Health Organization (WHO) reform, international lawmaking has received unprecedented attention as a future priority function of the Organization. Although WHO's constitutional lawmaking authority was historically neglected and even resisted by WHO and its Member States until the adoption of its first treaty a decade ago, the widespread consensus in favor of a central role for lawmaking in visions of a reformed WHO reflects the crystallization of contemporary approaches to global health governance. Today it is widely recognized that the trends toward globalization that have restricted the capacity of sovereign states to protect health through unilateral action alone have made innovative mechanisms to promote global cooperation and coordination, including international lawmaking, an essential component of governance of public health.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11453-2
Abstract: Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors have characteristic histological and immunohistochemical profiles. Epithelioid angiomyolipomas in the liver have particularly rare characteristics. These tumors are relatively small and lack clinical and imaging specificity. Thus, they can be easily misdiagnosed as other primary or metastatic tumors prior to surgery. Due to the significant epithelioid morphology and atypia of hepatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma (HEAML), intraoperative frozen section pathologic diagnosis might be challenging. A 33-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels after a regular checkup following breast cancer surgery. Initially, liver cancer was suspected based on enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and color Doppler ultrasonography. Her serum AFP levels were 23.05 ng/ml. The patient underwent laparoscopic right hepatic tumor resection. Based on intraoperative cryopathology, hepatocellular carcinoma was considered a likely diagnosis. However, postoperative pathology confirmed a right HEAML. The patient underwent regular checkups for 23 months without exhibiting recurrence or distant metastasis. HEAML can be easily misdiagnosed on preoperative imaging and intraoperative cryopathology. Medical professionals must be aware of this possibility and proceed with caution. Postoperative pathological examination with assessment of IHC markers was helpful in diagnosing HEAML. HEAML has low malignant potential. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment, and most patients have a good prognosis.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-07-2008
Abstract: As a function of the inherently political nature of health policy, there have long been calls for, as well as guidance on, analysis of its political dimensions to inform practice. Yet there are few accounts in the literature of systematic attention to real-time documentation and analysis of political-economy factors and feedback to engender reform. The dearth of such prospective policy analysis is perhaps understandable given the many intrinsic difficulties in such an enterprise. This paper provides an outline approach of how researchers might work together with advocacy coalitions (or other political actors) to document and analyse the efforts of such coalitions to use policy analysis to influence the policy processes-agenda setting, policy formulation and policy implementation-in which they engage. In so doing, it identifies challenges based on reviews of the theoretical, methodological and empirical literature as well as the experience of the author. The aim of the paper is to generate debate to assist in resolving the myriad challenges inherent in prospective policy analysis. The paper responds to appeals for political research which addresses the problems confronting political actors so as to guide future action-research for evidence-informed, pro-poor health policy.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.PUHE.2013.08.022
Abstract: As countries contend with an increasingly complex global environment with direct implications for population health, the international community is seeking novel mechanisms to incentivize coordinated national and international action towards shared health goals. Binding legal instruments have garnered increasing attention since the World Health Organization adopted its first convention in 2003. This paper seeks to expand the discourse on future global health lawmaking by exploring the potential value of non-binding instruments in global health governance, drawing on the case of the 2001 United Nations General Assembly Special Session Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS. In other realms of international concern ranging from the environment to human rights to arms control, non-binding instruments are increasingly used as effective instruments of international cooperation. The experience of the Global AIDS Reporting Mechanism, established pursuant to the Declaration, evidences that, at times, non-binding legal instruments can offer benefits over slower, more rigid binding legal approaches to governance. The global AIDS response has demonstrated that the use of a non-binding instrument can be remarkably effective in galvanizing increasingly deep commitments, action, reporting compliance and ultimately accountability for results. Based on this case, the authors argued that non-binding instruments deserve serious consideration by the international community for the future of global health governance, including in the context of WHO reform.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-02-2022
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 15-12-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O3016
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-07-2008
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2006
Publisher: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO)
Date: 28-12-2021
DOI: 10.26719/EMHJ.20.101
Abstract: Background: The sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) of migrants and refugees present important public health challenges. Social and structural determinants affect both the general health and SRHR of migrants, but the drivers of SRHR among migrant and refugee populations remain understudied. Aims: To identify upstream social and structural determinants of SRHR health of migrants and refugees reported in systematic reviews. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of reviews. We studied 3 aspects of SRHR: sexually transmitted infections, sexual violence and unintended pregnancy in migrants and refugees. We used an inductive approach to synthesize emerging themes, summarized them in a narrative format and made an adapted version of Dahlgren and Whitehead’s social determinants of health (SDH) model. Results: We included 12 systematic reviews, of which 10 were related to sexually transmitted infections, 4 to sexual violence and 2 to unintended pregnancy. We identified 6 themes that operate at 4 different levels in an adapted version of the Dahlgren and Whitehead SDH model: economic crisis and hostile discourse on migration limited legal entitlements,rights and administrative barriers inadequate resources and financial constraints poor living and working conditions cultural and linguistic barriers and stigma and discrimination based on migration status, gender, sex and ethnicity. Conclusion: This review provides evidence of how upstream social and structural determinants undermine the SRHR of refugees and migrants. Unless these are addressed in policy-making and planning, the health of migrants and refugees is at risk.
Publisher: National Academy of Medicine
Date: 13-02-2023
DOI: 10.31478/202302B
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Date: 12-2021
Abstract: In recent years, the concept of commercial determinants of health (CDoH) has attracted scholarly, public policy, and activist interest. To date, however, this new attention has failed to yield a clear and consistent definition, well-defined metrics for quantifying its impact, or coherent directions for research and intervention. By tracing the origins of this concept over 2 centuries of interactions between market forces and public health action and research, we propose an expanded framework and definition of CDoH. This conceptualization enables public health professionals and researchers to more fully realize the potential of the CDoH concept to yield insights that can be used to improve global and national health and reduce the stark health inequities within and between nations. It also widens the utility of CDoH from its main current use to study noncommunicable diseases to other health conditions such as infectious diseases, mental health conditions, injuries, and exposure to environmental threats. We suggest specific actions that public health professionals can take to transform the burgeoning interest in CDoH into meaningful improvements in health. (Am J Public Health. 2021 (12):2202–2211. 0.2105/AJPH.2021.306491 )
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-02-2023
DOI: 10.1186/S12992-023-00912-1
Abstract: Multistakeholder collaboration has emerged as a dominant approach for engaging and mobilising non-state actors notably embedded in the paradigm of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, considerable ambiguity and contestation surrounds the appropriate terms of public private engagement (PPE) with industry actors. This paper seeks to conceptualise different forms of engagement with the food industry in tackling diet-related noncommunicable disease, within the context of power asymmetries across engaged stakeholders. It does so by introducing the Governance Typology for Public Private Engagement in the Nutrition Sector, a typology for government-led engagement with food industry actors across three domains: (i) the form of industry and civil society actor engagement (i.e., rules of exercising institutional power), based on the degree of participation in formal decision-making as well as participation at different stages in the policy cycle (ii) the type of industry actors being engaged (i.e., pre-existing power attributes), based on function, size, and product portfolios for profit and (iii) the substantive policy focus of engagement. The Governance Typology for Public Private Engagement in the Nutrition Sector seeks to inform national level nutrition policy makers on good engagement practice with food industry actors and complements existing risk assessment tools. This typology has the potential to inform decision-making on public sector engagement with other industries that profit from products detrimental to human and planetary health.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.4231756
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2009
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2021
DOI: 10.1093/EURPUB/CKAB165.153
Abstract: Despite the widely published international guidelines for a better implementation of health policies promoting healthy eating habits the epidemiological situation regarding most weighing heavily non-communicable diseases (NCDs) on global health, is still alarming. We aimed to analyze Tunisian health policies targeting trans fatty acids (TFA) consumption to prevent and control NCDs. Based on in-depth policy content analysis and stakeholder interviews, Tunisian policies related to promoting healthy diets and restricting unhealthy consumption of TFA, were identified. Four sub-components of WHO best-buys were assessed: goal to eliminate industrially-produced TFA, legislation to ban their use in food chain, TFA labeling and fiscal policies, and mass media c aign to promote healthy diet and reduce TFA intake. Findings were analyzed based on three main axes of the “policy cube approach”: comprehensiveness of policy content, policy effectiveness and respect of equity principles. For each axis, final assessment was performed based on a Likert scale: low, moderate and high. Although (3/4) WHO best-buys are covered by the national strategies for NCDs and obesity prevention for 2018-2025 and 2013-2017 respectively. This analysis has revealed moderate level for comprehensiveness of policy content, because ofthe absence of specific mention regarding legislation. A moderate level in policy salience and effectiveness was also highlighted (weak accountability mechanisms and no budget line for effective implementation for all WHO best-buys). A very low respect to equity principles was also underlined with no specific attention regarding vulnerable populations. Main weaknesses in TFA policies concerned legislation, budget allocation and accountability mechanisms. “Legislation measures” to ban trans-fats use in the food chain and resource mobilization for “nutrition labeling and mass-media c aigns” effective implementation, are recommended. Several weaknesses in TFA policies have been highlighted, mainly related to: legislation, budget allocation, accountability mechanisms and low respect to equity principles. Legislation reinforcement and efficient resource mobilization for “nutrition labeling and mass-media c aigns” effective implementation, are strongly recommended.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 04-09-2019
DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.4
Abstract: Politics, simply understood as who gets what, when, and how, is self-evidently central to health policy and health equity outcomes. The material, ideational, and institutional interests and power of stakeholders will determine whose health is given salience and who influences those decisions. Gender, understood as the roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that are expected, allowed, and valued in a woman or man in any given context in turn impacts the influence and interests of those stakeholders. This chapter explores the impact of gender on health outcomes as well as the global health complex’s responding to or leveraging gender to ensure more equitable outcomes. The chapter begins by setting out the significant differences in the gendered distribution of health outcomes. It then presents a conceptual framework that explains the ways through which gender impacts those outcomes, namely how gender serves as and interacts with other determinants of health, how gender influences the differences in health-harming and health-affirming behaviours between men and women, and how gender impacts health programmes and delivery. The chapter provides a historical account of the manner in which global health organisations have treated (largely ignored) gender. It concludes with a discussion of the politics of health that explains why global health remains gender blind despite centuries of empirical evidence to suggest that it could be amongst the most influential determinants of health and promotes ideas of what will be required to ensure that global health is more gender responsive.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-10-2021
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 19-04-2018
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190672676.003.0015
Abstract: Over the past 20-plus years, there has been a significant rise in the “partnership model” in global health. Mainly involving collaboration between public and private spheres, some partnerships include only inter-governmental organizations (IGOs). This chapter explores how three types of partnerships—global public-private partnerships (usually focused on strengthening delivery or access to specific products and technologies), public-public partnerships addressing climate change (a key and growing determinant of health outcomes), and a public-public partnership of four IGOs working to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis—protect, promote, and realize human rights principles in their work. Beyond a superficial framing of “protecting the vulnerable” or acknowledgment of the importance of human rights, there remains little substantive human rights–focused activity in the majority of partnerships. This chapter offers a forward-looking agenda for mainstreaming human rights more explicitly into the work of these key actors in global health.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 26-01-2022
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 12-06-2018
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 20-05-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O1285
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-01-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S40888-021-00254-4
Abstract: Sex and gender matter to health outcomes, but despite repeated commitments to sex-disaggregate data in health policies and programmes, a persistent and substantial absence of such data remains especially in lower-income countries. This represents a missed opportunity for monitoring and identifying gender-responsive, evidence-informed solutions to address a key driver of the pandemic. In this paper we review the availability of national sex-disaggregated surveillance data on COVID-19 and examine trends on the testing-to-outcome pathway. We further analyse the availability of data according to the economic status of the country and investigate the determinants of sex differences, including the national gender inequality status (according to a global index) in each country. Results are drawn from 18 months of global data collection from over 200 countries. We find differences in COVID-19 prevention behaviours and illness outcomes by sex, with lower uptake of vaccination and testing plus an elevated risk of severe disease and death among men. Supporting and maintaining the collection, collation, interpretation and presentation of sex-disaggregated data requires commitment and resources at subnational, national and global levels, but provides an opportunity for identifying and taking gender-responsive action on health inequities. As a first step the global health community should recognise, value and support the importance of sex-disaggregated data for identifying and tackling an inequitable pandemic.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63938-4
Abstract: ADGRL1 (latrophilin 1), a well-characterized adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, has been implicated in synaptic development, maturation, and activity. However, the role of ADGRL1 in human disease has been elusive. Here, we describe ten in iduals with variable neurodevelopmental features including developmental delay, intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy, all heterozygous for variants in ADGRL1. In vitro, human ADGRL1 variants expressed in neuroblastoma cells showed faulty ligand-induced regulation of intracellular Ca
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2006
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 19-02-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O431
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-03-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.N463
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 31-07-2019
DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199756797-0194
Abstract: The adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development marked a defining moment in the history of the United Nations and the creation of an unprecedented development paradigm bringing together the social, environmental, and economic development strands into one comprehensive, ambitious, and balanced framework. With seventeen interdependent Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets, the Agenda replaces the narrower and more limited Millennium Development Goals, and has two important features: universality (applicable to all countries and populations) and a commitment to “leaving no one behind”—irrespective of population characteristics or place on the development-humanitarian continuum. SDG 3 (the “health goal”) is supported by nine substantive targets across a broad spectrum of health issues, and four means of implementation targets covering issues such as financing, human resources, and research and development. Given that the social determinants of health (e.g., education, employment, gender-equality) are the focus of other SDGs and the Agenda’s architects conceptualize the goals and targets as interdependent with cross-cutting approaches as well as intersectoral collaboration, in practice at least eleven goals and many more targets are health-related (see World Health Organization 2017, cited under Health-Related Goals, Targets, and Indicators in Agenda 2030). Accountability is key, and many countries have reoriented their national development strategies around the SDGs and have been enthusiastic in presenting Voluntary National Reviews to the annual UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. Nonetheless, the SDGs have been critiqued for their omissions (from social mobilization to global health security) as well as their perceived failure to disrupt deep economic and structural injustices which are harmful to people and planet. In our review of the English language literature, we identified over fifty papers addressing some aspect of the SDGs and health. We are reluctant to conceptualize these as a single literature on the broad, erse, and complex nature of sustainable development as it relates to human health, particularly since a significant proportion are commentaries rather than primary studies or new theoretical/conceptual ideas. We have grouped the papers into six areas: the genesis and significance of Agenda 2030 and its relationship to health goals, targets, and indicators projections of progress and financing implications goal interdependence and intersectoral collaboration human rights, participation, and the principle of leaving no one behind critiques and criticisms. If any topic dominates, it is on universal health coverage, one of the thirteen targets in SDG3 conversely the literature tends to lack a detailed prescriptive guidance on how to move from analysis to action. Given the Agenda was only agreed upon in the past few years we are hopeful that policy- and practice-relevant literature on how to implement action and activities to reach the Goals will be forthcoming in the near future. The views contained herein do not necessarily reflect those of UNAIDS.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-01-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S10461-016-1621-5
Abstract: The National Commitments and Policy Instrument (NCPI) has been used to monitor AIDS-related laws and policies for over 10 years. What can be learnt from this process? Analyses draw on NCPI questionnaires, NCPI responses, the UNAIDS Law Database, survey data and responses to a 2014 survey on the NCPI. The NCPI provides the first and only systematic data on country self-reported national HIV laws and policies. High NCPI reporting rates and survey responses suggest the majority of countries consider the process relevant. Combined civil society and government engagement and reporting is integral to the NCPI. NCPI experience demonstrates its importance in describing the political and legal environment for the HIV response, for programmatic reviews and to stimulate dialogue among stakeholders, but there is a need for updating and in some instances to complement results with more objective quantitative data. We identify five areas that need to be updated in the next iteration of the NCPI and argue that the NCPI approach is relevant to participatory monitoring of targets in the health and other goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00365-6
Abstract: The past two decades have witnessed an upsurge in the number of external agencies involved in the health sectors of developing countries. Concomitantly, there has been an increase in the volume of resources transferred through multilateral, bilateral and non-governmental organizations to these health systems. Notwithstanding the beneficial impact of increased resources, recipients and donors are increasingly concerned about the effects of this trend. This is particularly pertinent where the effort lacks adequate coordination. Recipients despair of an unruly mélange of external ideas and initiatives, that too often results in project proliferation and duplication, unrealistic demands, and ultimately a loss of control over the health development process. Donors on the contrary, are concerned about aid efficiency and effectiveness, two areas it is assumed will gain from increased attention to coordination. Both recipients and donors are looking for ways of better managing the aid relationship. Although there has been considerable experience with coordination strategies, most writing has considered external assistance in general, rather than the health sector in particular. The literature is striking in its bias towards the needs and perspectives of the donor community. There has been little analysis of the manner in which recipient ministries of health manage donors and the influx of resources. This review begins to fill this gap. Its focus is country-level, where most direct gains from coordination are to be reaped. The paper begins with an enumeration of the many and erse trends which have raised the salience of aid coordination. A definition of coordination, a term used ambiguously in the existing literature, is then developed and the principles of aid coordination outlined. Finally, attention is directed to the initiatives of recipients and donors to improve the coordination of health sector aid.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-04-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15071745
Abstract: Introduction: Despite the importance of salt reduction to health outcomes, relevant policy adoption in Ethiopia has been slow, and dietary consumption of sodium remains relatively high. Aim: This analysis aims to understand the content and context of existing food-related policy, strategy, and guideline documents to identify gaps and potential opportunities for salt reduction in Ethiopia in the wider context of global evidence-informed best practice nutrition policy. Methods: Policy documents relevant to food and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), published between 2010 and December 2021, were identified through searches of government websites supplemented with experts’ advice. Documentary analysis was conducted drawing on the ‘policy cube’ which incorporates three dimensions: (i) comprehensiveness of policy measures, which for this study included the extent to which the policy addressed the food-related WHO “Best Buys” for the prevention of NCDs (ii) policy salience and implementation potential and (iii) equity (including gender) and human rights orientation. Results: Thirty-two policy documents were retrieved from government ministries, of which 18 were deemed eligible for inclusion. A quarter of these documents address diet-related “Best Buys” through the promotion of healthy nutrition and decreasing consumption of excess sodium, sugar, saturated fat, and trans-fats. The remainder focuses on maternal and child health and micronutrient deficiencies. All documents lack detail relating to budget, monitoring and evaluation, equity, and rights. Conclusions: This review demonstrates that the Government of Ethiopia has established policy frameworks highlighting its intention to address NCDs, but that there is an opportunity to strengthen these frameworks to improve the implementation of salt reduction programs. This includes a more holistic approach, enhanced clarification of implementation responsibilities, stipulation of budgetary allocations, and promoting a greater focus on inequities in exposure to nutrition interventions across population groups. While the analysis has identified gaps in the policy frameworks, further qualitative research is needed to understand why these gaps exist and to identify ways to fill these gaps.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 13-08-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S136898002100344X
Abstract: To understand the factors influencing the implementation of salt reduction interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Retrospective policy analysis based on desk reviews of existing reports and semi-structured stakeholder interviews in four countries, using Walt and Gilson’s ‘Health Policy Triangle’ to assess the role of context, content, process and actors on the implementation of salt policy. Argentina, Mongolia, South Africa and Vietnam. Representatives from government, non-government, health, research and food industry organisations with the potential to influence salt reduction programmes. Global targets and regional consultations were viewed as important drivers of salt reduction interventions in Mongolia and Vietnam in contrast to local research and advocacy, and support from international experts, in Argentina and South Africa. All countries had population-level targets and written strategies with multiple interventions to reduce salt consumption. Engaging industry to reduce salt in foods was a priority in all countries: Mongolia and Vietnam were establishing voluntary programs, while Argentina and South Africa opted for legislation on salt levels in foods. Ministries of Health, the WHO and researchers were identified as critical players in all countries. Lack of funding and technical capacity/support, absence of reliable local data and changes in leadership were identified as barriers to effective implementation. No country had a comprehensive approach to surveillance or regulation for labelling, and mixed views were expressed about the potential benefits of low sodium salts. Effective scale-up of salt reduction programs in LMIC requires: (1) reliable local data about the main sources of salt (2) collaborative multi-sectoral implementation (3) stronger government leadership and regulatory processes and (4) adequate resources for implementation and monitoring.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2012.663778
Abstract: Abstract Our aim was to demonstrate that an understanding of the process of how research may (or may not) influence policy and practice is crucial to leverage research findings and bring about evidence-informed policy and its implementation. We describe a process of research design and execution, based on theories of the relationship between evidence and public policy-making, which sought to improve the uptake of evidence into the HIV policy-making process in Pakistan. We designed and implemented specific strategies in research methods, management and dissemination to increase the policy influence by recommendations from a multi-disciplinary research project. Research to policy is complex, rarely linear and causal attribution is problematic. Nonetheless, we believe that, in part, some of the current changes in HIV policy and practice in Pakistan may be due to the managed process of research influence. We offer four key recommendations for those concerned with improving the chances of seeing their research incorporated into policy and practice - these are (1) involve stakeholders in research management (2) set realistic expectations of research impact (3) invest in long-term research-policy-maker relationships and (4) build capacity of end users to use research to demand policy change.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1994
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2011
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-10-2022
Abstract: Better alignment between health research organisations with the needs (and interests) of key stakeholders in the health policy and research system is critical to improving research impact. The George Institute for Global Health’s ‘Healthier Societies’ program focuses on harnessing the power of governments, markets, and communities to improve population level health equity outcomes and maximise research impact. This protocol outlines a systemic multi-sectoral approach to advance health research impact globally applied to a project to reduce population salt intake in Vietnam by introducing reduced-sodium salts and salty condiments. We defined a systemic multi-sectoral approach to be a strategy that involves engaging with government, market and communities in a deliberate and joined-up way to solve a problem in which they all have a role to play. The project objectives are to: (i) produce reduced-sodium fish sauce products and test consumer acceptability (ii) investigate the market feasibility of introducing reduced-sodium foods (salt, bot canh and fish sauce) into the Vietnamese market (iii) estimate the cost-effectiveness of three different government strategies to support the implementation of reduced-sodium products and (iv) develop an advocacy roadmap to maximise potential research impact. Methods will include standard quality and safety assessments, consumer sensory testing for the locally produced reduced-sodium fish sauces, market feasibility assessment (including collating market data and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders), cost-effectiveness modelling (Markov cohort model), multi-sector stakeholder engagement, and the development of a coordinated advocacy strategy using the Kotter Plus framework. Health research organisations are increasingly seeking ways to achieve greater impact with their research. Through the application of a systemic multi-sectoral approach with governments, markets and communities, this protocol provides an ex le of how health research projects can achieve such impact.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-02-2023
Abstract: Global health research reflects and can either perpetuate or challenge the complex power hierarchies and inequities that characterize our health systems and the societies in which they are situated. The imperative to embed equity in health research aligns with broader efforts globally to promote equitable partnerships among researchers, and between researchers and the communities potentially impacted by their research, or with whom knowledge is co-produced. We describe lessons learnt from piloting a heuristic and diagnostic tool for researchers to assess integration of equity considerations into their research practices. The ‘8Quity’ tool comprises eight domains of equity we developed which roughly correspond to the typical stages in the research process—from team formation to capacity strengthening, research ethics and governance to relationships with research partners, participants and stakeholders beyond the project period. Resources that detail how this can be done on a practical level are also shared, corresponding to each of the eight domains. We acknowledge that tools like 8Quity may be helpful, even necessary, but are insufficient for the broader societal changes required to ensure equity in the research enterprise. However, by firmly setting intentions and accountabilities within our research practices, we (as researchers) can play a role, however modest, in turning the tide of the injustices that leave some communities behind.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-07-2019
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12873
Abstract: Obesity and its comorbidities pose daunting challenges to global health and development in the 21st century. This paper reviews some commonalities between obesity and another global health challenge, the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). International human rights law was an important catalyst for civil society movements that helped to overcome inertia and generate political will for State action in response to HIV and AIDS. Drawing on the HIV experience, the authors propose a conceptual model for a human rights-based response to obesity founded on the twin pillars of State obligations and civil society engagement. Framing States' obligations to address the global obesity pandemic as a matter of international law, informed by the ex les of the United Nations "International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights" and the General Comments of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies on HIV and AIDS, provides a normative framework to guide State actions and opportunities to engage the extensive accountability mechanisms of the United Nations international human rights system. In addition, it provides civil society organizations with the language and tools to demand State action on obesity. The authors call for similar authoritative guidance for States on the application of international human rights law to obesity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2008
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2006
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 06-2023
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.P1254
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 18-07-2011
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 21-07-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-05-2023
Abstract: Labour migrants who travel overseas for employment can face deep health inequities driven in large part by upstream social and structural determinants of health. We sought to study the ‘labour migrant health ecosystem’ between one sending country (Pakistan) and one host country (Qatar), with a focus on how the ecosystem realizes the rights of labour migrants when addressing the social and structural determinants (e.g. housing, employment law, etc.) of health. Study objectives were to (1) undertake an in-depth review of policies addressing the structural and social determinants of the health of labour migrants in both Pakistan and Qatar, analysing the extent to which these policies align with global guidance, are equity-focused and have clear accountability mechanisms in place, and (2) explore national stakeholder perspectives on priority setting for labour migrant health. We used a mixed methods approach, combining policy content analysis and interviews with stakeholders in both countries. We found a wide range of guidance from the multilateral system on addressing structural determinants of the health of labour migrants. However, policy responses in Pakistan and Qatar contained a limited number of these recommended interventions and had low implementation potential and minimal reference to gender, equity and rights. Key national stakeholders had few political incentives to act and lacked inter-country coordination mechanisms required for an effective and cohesive response to labour migrant health issues. Effectively addressing such determinants to achieve health equity for labour migrants will depend on a shift in governments’ attitudes towards migrants—from a reserve army of transient, replaceable economic resources to rights-holding members of society deserving of equality, dignity and respect.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1995
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 23-08-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O2076
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 28-10-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O2599
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2000
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-06-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-10-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12939-022-01745-X
Abstract: Gender equality, zero hunger and healthy lives and well-being for all, are three of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that underpin Fiji’s National Development Plan. Work towards each of these goals contributes to the reduction of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). There are gender differences in NCD burden in Fiji. It is, however, unclear whether a gender lens could be more effectively included in nutrition and health-related policies. This study consisted of three components: (i) a policy content analysis of gender inclusion in nutrition and health-related policies ( n = 11) (ii) policy analysis using the WHO Gender Analysis tool to identify opportunities for strengthening future policy and (iii) informant interviews ( n = 18), to understand perceptions of the prospects for gender considerations in future policies. Gender equality was a goal in seven policies (64%) however, most focused on women of reproductive age. One of the policies was ranked as gender responsive. Main themes from key informant interviews were: 1) a needs-based approach for the focus on specific population groups in policies 2) gender-related roles and responsibilities around nutrition and health 3) what is considered “equitable” when it comes to gender, nutrition, and health 4) current considerations of gender in policies and ideas for further gender inclusion and 5) barriers and enablers to the inclusion of gender considerations in policies. Informants acknowledged gender differences in the burden of nutrition-related NCDs, yet most did not identify a need for stronger inclusion of gender considerations within policies. There is considerable scope for greater inclusion of gender in nutrition and health-related policies in Fiji. This could be done by: 1) framing gender considerations in ways that are actionable and inclusive of a range of gender identities 2) undertaking advocacy through actor networks to highlight the need for gender-responsive nutrition and health-related policies for key stakeholder groups 3) ensuring that data collected to monitor policy implementation is disaggregated by sex and genders and 4) promoting equitable participation in nutrition related issues in communities and governance processes. Action on these four areas are likely critical enablers to more gender equitable NCD reduction in Fiji.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJGH-2021-005672
Abstract: Diverse gender and geographical representation matters in research. We aimed to review medical and global health journals’ sex/gender reporting, and the gender and geography of authorship. 542 research and non-research articles from 14 selected journals were reviewed using a retrospective survey design. Paper screening and systematic data extraction was conducted with descriptive statistics and regression analyses calculated from the coded data. Outcome measures were journal characteristics, the extent to which published articles met sex/gender reporting guidelines, plus author gender and location of their affiliated institution. Five of the fourteen journals explicitly encourage sex/gender analysis in their author instructions, but this did not lead to increased sex/gender reporting beyond the gender of study participants (OR=3.69 p=0.000 (CI 1.79 to 7.60)). Just over half of research articles presented some level of sex/gender analysis, while 40% mentioned sex/gender in their discussion. Articles with women first and last authors were 2.4 times more likely to discuss sex/gender than articles with men in those positions (p=0.035 (CI 1.062 to 5.348)). First and last authors from high-income countries (HICs) were 19 times as prevalent as authors from low-income countries and women from low-income and middle-income countries were at a disadvantage in terms of the impact factor of the journals they published in. Global health and medical research fails to consistently apply a sex/gender lens and remains largely the preserve of authors in HIC. Collaborative partnerships and funding support are needed to promote gender-sensitive research and dismantle historical power dynamics in authorship.
Publisher: Center for Research on Environment Health and Population Activities and Global Health 50/50
Date: 10-08-2022
DOI: 10.56649/BMOA8230
Abstract: The inaugural Gender and Health 50/50 Nepal reviews the gender- and equity-related policies and practices of national and global organizations active in gender and health currently operating in Nepal. The report, the first of its kind, highlights the gap between Nepal’s commitment to gender equality and non-discrimination and the capacity to implement gender-transformative health programming. It aims to generate evidence, policy recommendations and action on gender equality and women’s empowerment in the health sector in Nepal. Gender and Health 50/50 Nepal is a joint initiative between Global Health 50/50 and the Center for Research on Environment Health and Population Activities (CREHPA).
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 14-12-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.N3076
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 04-01-2023
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2022.981039
Abstract: Tackling the Commercial Determinants of Health (CDoH) is necessary for progress on health equity and will determine whether or not the health-related targets of the SDGs are met. We present a simple visual heuristic of three core aspects of CDoH: commercial actors, commercial practices, and system-level dynamics (which commercial actors influence and perpetuate). We use this heuristic to highlight key research gaps, in particular the need for more voices and evidence on CDoH from the Global South, particularly on what works to curb harmful impacts. We also propose an agenda to address CDoH and actions for different stakeholders. While efforts to curb specific commercial practices are important, far more attention and effort are needed at the systems level, as they can fundamentally shift the way power is distributed in society to improve health equity.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 21-10-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O2529
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 19-04-2018
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190672676.003.0005
Abstract: This chapter argues that the current global health agenda has failed to put people and their rights at the center. With communities unable to have their voices heard, challenge injustice, and hold decision makers to account, states are ill-equipped to realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all. The chapter articulates a shift from a discretionary development paradigm to a rights-based paradigm for global health, building on rights-based approaches that have been proven to work—as in the AIDS response. Seven reforms are proposed, addressing: (1) priority-setting, (2) systems for health, (3) data and monitoring, (4) access to justice, (5) the need to safeguard the right to health across sectors, (6) partnerships, and (7) financing. These reforms call for a broad social movement for global governance for health, advancing and operationalizing rights-based approaches across the SDGs.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-1999
Abstract: Drawing on the case studies presented in this issue, from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Mozambique, Zambia and South Africa, and ex les from other countries, this paper asks what general conclusions can be drawn about the management of external resources, and specifically what lessons could inform the future implementation of sector-wide approaches (SWAps) in the health sector. Factors constraining the management of aid by ministries of health are grouped under three themes: context and timing, institutional capacities and the interplay of power and influence in negotiations over aid. Two factors, often underplayed, were found to be important in facilitating management of resources: the inter-relationship of formal and informal relationships, and the extent to which incremental changes are tolerated. The main conclusion is that coordination and management of external resources is inherently unstable, involving a changing group of actors, many of whom enjoy considerable autonomy, but who need each other to materialize their often somewhat different goals. Managing aid is not a linear process, but is subject to set-backs and crises, although it can also produce positive spin-offs unexpectedly. It is highly dependent on institutional and systemic issues within both donor and recipient environments. In promoting sector-wide approaches the key will be to recognize context-specific conditions in each country, to find ways of building capacity in ministries of health to develop and own the future vision of the health sector, and to negotiate a realistic package that is explicit in its agreed objectives. The paper ends with identifying crucial actions that will enable ministries of health to take the lead role in developing and implementing SWAps.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 07-02-2017
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.J654
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-03-2015
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-10-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O2246
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1177/00207314211044992
Abstract: The commercial determinants of health (CDoH) describe the adverse health effects associated with for-profit actors and their actions. Despite efforts to advance the definition, conceptualization, and empirical analyses of CDoH, the term's practical application to mitigate these effects requires the capacity to measure the influences of specific components of CDoH and the cumulative impacts of CDoH on the health and well-being of specific populations. Building on the Global Burden of Disease Study, we begin by conceptualizing CDoH as risk factor exposures that span agency and structural influences. We identify 6 components of these influences and propose an initial set of indicators and datasets to rank exposures as high, medium, or low. These are combined into a commercial determinants of health index (CDoHi) and illustrated by 3 countries. Although now a proof of concept, comparative analysis of CDoH exposures by population, over time and space, and their associated health outcomes will become possible with further development of indicators and datasets. Expansion of the CDoHi and application to varied populations groups will enable finer targeting of interventions to reduce health harms. The measurement of improvements to health and wellness from such interventions will, in turn, inform overall efforts to address the CDoH.
Publisher: Maad Rayan Publishing Company
Date: 09-08-2021
Abstract: As evidence mounts that corporate actor engagement in United Nations (UN) policy-making processes leads to weaker and shallower public health commitments, greater attention is being paid to how to minimise undue interference and manage conflicts of interest (CoI). While we welcome efforts to develop normative guidance on managing such conflicts, we argue that there is the need to go further. In particular, we propose that an index be developed that would assess the health impacts of in idual corporate actors, and those actors who fail to achieve a set benchmark would not have engagement privileges. We further propose the establishment of an independent panel of experts to advise on corporate actor engagement as well as on ambiguous and potentially health-harming commitments in text under negotiation in the UN. Recognising that the implementation of such measures will be contested, we recommend a number of practical steps to make their implementation more politically palatable.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-05-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2000
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 30-11-2022
Abstract: Water is a finite natural resource. Zero Water Day(s) scenarios are challenging people and communities in Europe and worldwide. The public health community must seize the opportunity to prepare for Zero Water Day(s) through strengthening capacity and capability to respond to rapidly emerging emergencies as well as protected crises. Collaboration across sectors on water conservation and public health is key to tackling the consumptive environment and extractive economic systems.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1173076
Abstract: Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is commonly referred to as ‘face blindness’, a term that implies a perceptual basis to the condition. However, DP presents as a deficit in face recognition and is diagnosed using memory-based tasks. Here, we test face identification ability in six people with DP, who are severely impaired on face memory tasks, using tasks that do not rely on memory. First, we compared DP to control participants on a standardized test of unfamiliar face matching using facial images taken on the same day and under standardized studio conditions ( Glasgow Face Matching Test GFMT). Scores for DP participants did not differ from normative accuracy scores on the GFMT. Second, we tested face matching performance on a test created using images that were sourced from the Internet and so varied substantially due to changes in viewing conditions and in a person's appearance ( Local Heroes Test LHT). DP participants showed significantly poorer matching accuracy on the LHT than control participants, for both unfamiliar and familiar face matching. Interestingly, this deficit is specific to ‘match’ trials, suggesting that people with DP may have particular difficulty in matching images of the same person that contain natural day-to-day variations in appearance. We discuss these results in the broader context of in idual differences in face matching ability.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2000
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-11-2012
Abstract: December 1st marks World AIDS Day with the theme ‘Getting to zero’. Three years ago, UNAIDS articulated what was then considered to be an ambitious vision, the aspiration for zero new HIV infections and zero-AIDS related deaths underpinned by zero discrimination. As we imagine the Post-2015 development agenda, we can and should reconceptualise this vision as a set of concrete goals. This Viewpoint argues that today’s rapidly changing world, including its shifting geo-political and economic landscape, requires policy responses that are context-sensitive. We highlight the Shared Responsibility-Global Solidarity agenda, as pioneered by the African Union in its recent Roadmap on AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, to illustrate ways in which global health can be re-thought to tackle twenty-first century challenges. In light of the emerging debate on what a Post-2015 development agenda and accountability framework should look like, we argue that the AIDS response offers lessons as a pathfinder which can pave the way for global health responses in which the most marginalised are at the centre of the debate, human rights are protected under the rule of law, strong accountability is in place for results for people, and community and participatory processes are the norm. These hard-learned and -won principles of the AIDS response are critical if we are to realize a world in which there is zero inequality and health justice for all.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-2020
DOI: 10.1093/PHE/PHAA013
Abstract: Both gender and the law are significant determinants of health and well-being. Here, we put forward evidence to unpack the relationship between gender and outcomes in health and well-being, and explore how legal determinants interact and intersect with gender norms to lify or reduce health inequities across populations. The paper explores the similarities between legal and health systems in their response to gender—both systems portray gender neutrality but would be better described as gender-blind. We conclude with a set of recommendations to address both law and gender in implementing the work of the Lancet Commission on the legal determinants of health to improve health outcomes for all, irrespective of gender.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-05-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O1128
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-07-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2006
DOI: 10.1177/014107680609901010
Abstract: This is the second in a series of articles on leadership in international health.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 27-11-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-04-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-06-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 21-04-2015
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-1999
Abstract: Aid coordination has assumed a prominent place on health policy agendas. This paper synthesizes the findings of research undertaken to explore the changing practices of aid coordination across a number of countries. It begins by reviewing the key issues giving rise to increased attention to aid coordination in the health sector. The second section describes, assesses and compares the strengths and weaknesses of the dominant mechanisms or instruments which were found to be employed to coordinate health sector aid in the case studies. From this analysis, four factors become clear. First, in many countries, coordination mechanisms have been introduced as a part of an incremental process of trying out different approaches--there is no one model that stands out at any one time. Secondly, some instruments function largely for consultation, predominantly coordinating inputs, while others are more directive and operational, and are used to manage inputs, processes and outputs. Third, many of the mechanisms have not excelled, although, fourth, it is difficult to judge the effectiveness or impact of aid coordination. It is therefore argued that concern with the effectiveness of aid coordination arrangements must give way to a broader analysis of the processes, outputs and outcomes governing the use of both external and domestic resources, focusing on institutional characteristics, the distribution and nature of influence among the actors, and the interests which they pursue through the aid regime. These factors varied considerably across the countries indicating that aid management is context dependent and subject to continuing changes. Finally, the paper looks at the findings in the light of the introduction of sector-wide approaches.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1136/BMJGH-2018-001316
Abstract: Health systems are critical for health outcomes as they underpin intervention coverage and quality, promote users’ rights and intervene on the social determinants of health. Governance is essential for health system endeavours as it mobilises and coordinates a multiplicity of actors and interests to realise common goals. The inherently social, political and contextualised nature of governance, and health systems more broadly, has implications for measurement, including how the health of women, children and adolescents health is viewed and assessed, and for whom. Three common lenses, each with their own views of power dynamics in policy and programme implementation, include a service delivery lens aimed at scaling effective interventions, a societal lens oriented to empowering people with rights to effect change and a systems lens concerned with creating enabling environments for adaptive learning. We illustrate the implications of each lens for the why , what and how of measuring health system drivers across micro, meso and macro health systems levels, through three ex les (digital health, maternal and perinatal death surveillance and review, and multisectoral action for adolescent health). Appreciating these underpinnings of measuring health systems and governance drivers of the health of women, children and adolescents is essential for a holistic learning and action agenda that engages a wider range of stakeholders, which includes, but also goes beyond, indicator-based measurement. Without a broadening of approaches to measurement and the types of research partnerships involved, continued investments in the health of women, children and adolescents will fall short.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 29-05-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-04-2021
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-07-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.O1656
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 16-08-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-10-2023
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.13642
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2010
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1996
Publisher: Lancet Publishing Group
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.17615/PMG6-EQ95
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2006.09.001
Abstract: Global public-private health partnerships (GHPs) have become an established mechanism of global health governance. Sufficient evaluations have now been conducted to justify an assessment of their strengths and weaknesses. This paper outlines seven contributions made by GHPs to tackling diseases of poverty. It then identifies seven habits many GHPs practice that result in sub-optimal performance and negative externalities. These are skewing national priorities by imposing external ones depriving specific stakeholders a voice in decision-making inadequate governance practices misguided assumptions of the efficiency of the public and private sectors insufficient resources to implement partnership activities and pay for alliance costs wasting resources through inadequate use of recipient country systems and poor harmonisation and inappropriate incentives for staff engaging in partnerships. The analysis highlights areas where reforms are desirable and concludes by presenting seven actions that would assist GHPs to adopt better habits which, it is hoped, would make them highly effective and bring about better health in the developing world.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2006
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-1999
Abstract: A long-standing consensus that aid coordination should be owned by recipient authorities has been eclipsed by accord on the desirability of recipient management of aid along-side domestic resources. Nonetheless, in many low and lower-middle income countries, donors remain remarkably uncoordinated where attempts at coordination are made, they are often donor-driven, and only a small proportion of aid is directly managed by recipients. This paper draws on evidence from an in-depth review of aid to the health sector in Bangladesh to analyze the systems by which external resources are managed. Based on interviews with key stakeholders, a questionnaire survey and analysis of documentary sources, the factors constraining the government from assuming a more active role in aid management are explored. The results suggest that donor perceptions of weak government capacity, inadequate accountability and compromised integrity only partially account for the propensity for donor leadership. Equally important is the consideration that aid coordination has a markedly political dimension. Stakeholders are well aware of the power, influence and leverage which aid coordination confers, an awareness which colours the desire of some stakeholders to lead aid coordination processes, and conditions the extent and manner by which others wish to be involved. It is argued that recipient management of external aid is dependent on major changes in the attitudes and behaviours of recipients and donors alike.
Publisher: Maad Rayan Publishing Company
Date: 24-02-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2009
Abstract: Drawing on policy theories, an assessment was made of the perceived political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-based interventions to curb Pakistan's HIV epidemic: needle and syringe exchange programmes targeted behaviour change communication sexual health care for male and transgender sex workers sexual and reproductive health care for female sex workers and promoting and protecting the rights of those at greatest risk. A questionnaire was emailed to 40 stakeholders and completed by 22. They expressed their level of agreement with 15 statements for each intervention (related to variables associated with policy success). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 respondents. The interventions represent considerable change from the status quo, but are perceived to respond to widely acknowledged problems. These perceptions, held by the HIV policy elite, need to be set in the context of the prevailing view that the AIDS response is not warranted given the small and concentrated nature of the epidemic and that the interventions do not resonate closely with values held by society. The interventions were perceived to be evidence-based, supported by at least one donor and subject to little resistance from frontline staff as they will be implemented by contracted non-government organisations. The results were mixed in terms of other factors determining political feasibility, including the extent to which interventions are easy to explain, exhibit simple technical features, require few additional funds, are supported and not opposed by powerful stakeholders. The interventions stand a good chance of being implemented although they depend on donor support. The prospects for scaling them would be improved by ongoing policy analysis and strengthening of domestic constituencies among the target groups.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Kent Buse.