ORCID Profile
0000-0001-9544-7945
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Publisher: Rockefeller University Press
Date: 21-01-2013
DOI: 10.1084/JEM.20121458
Abstract: Acquisition of self-tolerance in the thymus requires T cells to discriminate strong versus weak T cell receptor binding by self-peptide–MHC complexes. We find this discrimination is reported by expression of the transcription factor Helios, which is induced during negative selection but decreases during positive selection. Helios and the proapoptotic protein Bim were coinduced in 55% of nascent CCR7− CD4+ CD69+ thymocytes. These were short-lived cells that up-regulated PD-1 and down-regulated CD4 and CD8 during Bim-dependent apoptosis. Helios and Bim were also coinduced at the subsequent CCR7+ CD4+ CD69+ CD8− stage, and this second wave of Bim-dependent negative selection involved 20% of nascent cells. Unlike CCR7− counterparts, Helios+ CCR7+ CD4+ cells mount a concurrent Card11- and c-Rel–dependent activation response that opposes Bim-mediated apoptosis. This “hollow” activation response consists of many NF-κB target genes but lacks key growth mediators like IL-2 and Myc, and the thymocytes were not induced to proliferate. These findings identify Helios as the first marker known to erge during positive and negative selection of thymocytes and reveal the extent, stage, and molecular nature of two distinct waves of clonal deletion in the normal thymus.
Publisher: American Society of Hematology
Date: 05-11-2021
DOI: 10.1182/BLOOD-2021-148243
Abstract: Introduction: The novel kappa (κ) myeloma antigen (KMA) has been described and a specific monoclonal antibody KappaMab (formerly MDX-1097) developed which is currently in a Phase IIb clinical trial. In this study 2 human LambdaMabs (10B3 and 7F11) were shown to specifically bind to a conformational epitope in the lambda (λ) light chain constant region when it is held in non-covalent association with lipids in the cell membrane (LMA). The 10B3 Mab binds to all λ isotypes and 7F11 binds to isotypes 2 and 3 neither antibody binds κ light chain or immunoglobulin (Igλ or Igκ). Methods: To detect LMA on λ+ myeloma cell lines and on λ-restricted patient bone marrow (BM) s les, 7F11 and 10B3 Fab'2 fragments were conjugated to APC and R-PE and used to stain the λ myeloma cell lines LP-1, RPMI8226 and OPM-2 followed by flow cytometry analysis. KappaMab Fab'2 (KMA Fab'2) and the κ myeloma cell line JJN3 were used as a negative control and to identify KMA on κ-restricted patient BM s les. Patient BM s les (κ=43 and λ=22) included Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS), untreated and treated multiple myeloma (MM) patients, AL amyloidosis, plasmacytoma and Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia (WM). Multiparametric FCM immunophenotyping was performed with the 10B3 Fab'2 fragments and CD38, CD138, CD269 (BCMA), CD319 (SLAM F7), CD56 and CD45 Mabs. Plasma cells (PCs) were identified by the co-expression of CD38 and CD138, then CD138+/CD38+ gated cells were analyzed for 10B3 or KMA, CD269, CD319, and CD56. KMA and LMA Fab'2 fragments were used as negative controls for each other. The antigen density of KMA or LMA versus BCMA on PCs in 55 s les was assessed using Quantibrite beads. Immunohistochemistry (ICH) tissue cross-reactivity studies using validated automated methods on tissue with whole antibody 7F11-biotin and 10B3-FITC were performed on MM cell lines, λ myeloma lung tissue (plasmacytoma) and a panel of 38 normal human tissues. Serial sections from snap frozen blocks were used to retain the conformational epitope and then stained with the λ Mabs and visualised by light microscopy. Results: The conjugated 10B3 Fab'2 fragment bound to LMA-expressing cell lines LP-1, RPMI8226 and OPM-2 (isotypes 1-3) and 7F11 bound to RPMI8226 and OPM-2, (isotypes 2-3) neither bound JJN3. KMA Fab'2 did not bind to λ myeloma cell lines but bound JJN3. Expression profiles for patient BM s les (Table 1) showed KMA was expressed on PCs from untreated (N=9/17 53%) and treated (N=8/11 73%) MM s les, whereas BCMA expression was 88% (N=15/17) and 82% (N=9/11) respectively. BM PCs from all 3 plasmacytoma cases and 1 WM case were positive for both KMA and BCMA. BM PCs from MGUS cases were all positive for BCMA and positive for KMA in half the cases studied. The expression of KMA and CD56 was highest on PCs from treated MM patient s les. Antigen density for KMA and BCMA was similar in the untreated patients. In treated patients KMA density was higher than BCMA, other s les had lower antigen density of both KMA and BCMA. LMA (Table 2) and BCMA were expressed on 50% and 90% of untreated MM s les and all LMA+ s les co-expressed BCMA but only 1 co-expressed CD56. All treated λMM s les expressed BCMA and 60% expressed LMA. LMA was positive on PCs from the 3 amyloidosis s les, BCMA was expressed weakly in only 1 of these whereas CD56 was always co-expressed with LMA. MGUS and WM s les did not express LMA. Similar to KMA, the antigen density of LMA and BCMA was equivalent in untreated patients but in treated patients LMA density was higher than BCMA. All 3 amyloidosis s les were λ isotype. IHC results showed that 10B3 and 7F11 bound to myeloma cell lines and 10B3 bound to PCs in λ plasmacytoma sections. Both Mabs bound occasional PCs or dendritic cells in the GI tract mucosa, tonsil and various secondary lymphoid organs. No off-target binding of 10B3 and 7F11 was observed and both antibodies bound occasional PCs in secondary lymphoid tissue. Conclusion: These studies used mostly myeloma s les and a small number of other plasma cell dyscrasias. Nevertheless expression of KMA and LMA was identified on PCs across the spectrum of disease. Within the treated patient cohort the antigen density of KMA or LMA was higher than that of BCMA and implies there is an enrichment of these novel antigens in relapsed refractory myeloma. No off-target binding was observed in normal human tissues and binding was limited to occasional leukocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue. Figure 1 Figure 1. Hu: HaemaLogiX Pty Ltd: Current Employment. Dunn: HaemaLogiX Pty Ltd: Current Employment.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-05-2017
DOI: 10.1038/CDD.2017.38
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-04-2017
DOI: 10.1111/IMR.12532
Abstract: The differentiation of hematopoietic precursors into the many functionally distinct T-cell types produced by the thymus is a complex process. It proceeds through a series of stages orchestrated by a variety of thymic microenvironments that shape the T-cell developmental processes. Numerous cytokine and cell surface receptors direct thymocyte differentiation but the primary determinant of cell fate is the engagement of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). The strength of the TCR signal and the maturation stage of the thymocyte receiving it can direct the various differentiation programs or, alternatively, end the process by inducing cell death. The regulation of thymocyte death is critical for the efficiency of thymic T-cell differentiation and the preservation of immune tolerance. A detailed knowledge of mechanisms that eliminate thymocytes from the T-cell repertoire is essential to understand the "logic" of T-cell selection in the thymus. This review focuses on the central role of the BCL-2 family of proteins in the apoptotic checkpoints that punctuate thymocyte differentiation and the consequences of defects in these processes.
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 18-07-2011
DOI: 10.2337/DB10-1344
Abstract: To define cellular mechanisms by which B cells promote type 1 diabetes. The study measured islet-specific CD4 T cell regulation in T-cell receptor transgenic mice with elevated frequencies of CD4 T cells recognizing hen egg lysozyme (HEL) autoantigen expressed in islet β-cells and thymic epithelium under control of the insulin-gene promoter. The effects of a mutation in Roquin that dysregulates T follicular helper (Tfh) cells to promote B-cell activation and anti-islet autoantibodies were studied, as were the effects of HEL antigen–presenting B cells and passively transferred or maternally transmitted anti-islet HEL antibodies. Mouse anti-islet IgG antibodies—either formed as a consequence of excessive Tfh activity, maternally transmitted, or passively transferred—caused a breakdown of tolerance in islet-reactive CD4+ cells and fast progression to diabetes. Progression to diabetes was ameliorated in the absence of B cells or when the B cells could not secrete islet-specific IgG. Anti-islet antibodies increased the survival of proliferating islet-reactive CD4+ T cells. FcγR blockade delayed and reduced the incidence of autoimmune diabetes. B cells can promote type 1 diabetes by secreting anti-islet autoantibodies that act in an FcγR-mediated manner to enhance the expansion of islet-reactive CD4 T cells and cooperate with inherited defects in thymic and peripheral CD4 T–cell tolerance. Cooperation between inherited variants affecting CD4 T–cell tolerance and anti-islet autoantibodies should be examined in epidemiological studies and in studies examining the efficacy of B-cell depletion.
Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
Date: 12-12-2013
DOI: 10.7554/ELIFE.01020
Abstract: Missense variants are a major source of human genetic variation. Here we analyze a new mouse missense variant, Rasgrp1Anaef, with an ENU-mutated EF hand in the Rasgrp1 Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Rasgrp1Anaef mice exhibit anti-nuclear autoantibodies and gradually accumulate a CD44hi Helios+ PD-1+ CD4+ T cell population that is dependent on B cells. Despite reduced Rasgrp1-Ras-ERK activation in vitro, thymocyte selection in Rasgrp1Anaef is mostly normal in vivo, although CD44 is overexpressed on naïve thymocytes and T cells in a T-cell-autonomous manner. We identify CD44 expression as a sensitive reporter of tonic mTOR-S6 kinase signaling through a novel mouse strain, chino, with a reduction-of-function mutation in Mtor. Elevated tonic mTOR-S6 signaling occurs in Rasgrp1Anaef naïve CD4+ T cells. CD44 expression, CD4+ T cell subset ratios and serum autoantibodies all returned to normal in Rasgrp1AnaefMtorchino double-mutant mice, demonstrating that increased mTOR activity is essential for the Rasgrp1Anaef T cell dysregulation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-11-2016
DOI: 10.1038/ICB.2015.95
Abstract: Thymocytes that bind strongly to self-antigens are prevented from becoming naive T cells by several mechanisms. They undergo clonal deletion at two stages of development wave 1 in immature thymocytes lacking the medulla-homing chemokine receptor, CCR7, or wave 2 in more mature CCR7(+) thymocytes. Alternatively, self-reactive thymocytes upregulate Foxp3 to become T-regulatory cells. Here, we describe the differential timing of the two waves of deletion and Foxp3 upregulation relative to the immature proliferating stage. Proliferating thymocytes were pulse-labeled in normal C57BL/6 mice with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Thymocytes progressed into wave 1 (CCR7(-)) and wave 2 (CCR7(+)) of clonal deletion ~2 and 5 days after proliferation, respectively. Foxp3 upregulation occurred between 4 and 8 days after proliferation, predominantly in thymocytes with a Helios(+) CCR7(+) phenotype. These findings establish a timeline that suggests that wave 1 of clonal deletion occurs in the thymic cortex, whereas wave 2 and Foxp3 upregulation both occur in the thymic medulla.
No related grants have been discovered for Daniel Hu.