ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5515-0944
Current Organisations
Curtin University
,
University of Nottingham
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-05-2021
DOI: 10.1111/COB.12459
Abstract: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterised by a concomitant high fat mass (FM) and low fat free mass (FFM) leading to an increased cardio‐metabolic risk. This analysis aims to estimate the SO prevalence in Iranian adults and evaluate the association of SO with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. This cross‐sectional analysis included 4296 subjects (age 35‐70 years, 55.2% females). Body composition parameters, measured by bioelectrical impedance included: FM, FFM, appendicular lean mass (ALM) and skeletal mass index. SO was classified according to five criteria: (1) FM%‐SMI (2) FM%‐ALM/% weight (wt%) (3) FM%‐ALM/body mass index (BMI) (4) Residuals of ALM and FM and (5) FM/FFM Ratio. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to explore the association between SO models with MetS risk stratified by gender. Receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the best FM/FFM ratio cut‐off value for detecting MetS cases in males and females. The prevalence of SO varied between 4% and 26% depending upon the classification method. The prevalence of MetS was 12.8% and 31.6% in males and females, respectively. SO models based on ALM/wt% and FM/FFM ratio showed the strongest association with MetS risk in males (OR: 11.5, 95%CI: 7.5‐17.7, p 0.001 and OR: 10.1, 95%CI: 6.9‐14.7, p 0.001, respectively) and females (OR: 4.1, 95%CI: 3.0‐5.6, p 0.001 and OR: 4.6, 95%CI: 3.5‐5.9, p 0.001, respectively). SO is a prevalent condition in an adult Iranian population and the ALM/wt% and the FM/FFM ratio models of SO appeared to be associated with higher MetS risk.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 15-10-2014
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 15-09-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014001918
Abstract: Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) are frequently measured to define body composition phenotypes. The load–capacity model integrates the effects of both FM and FFM to improve disease-risk prediction. We aimed to derive age-, gender- and BMI-specific reference curves of load–capacity model indices in an adult population (≥18 years). Cross-sectional study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure FM, FFM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and truncal fat mass (TrFM). Two metabolic load–capacity indices were calculated: ratio of FM (kg) to FFM (kg) and ratio of TrFM (kg) to ASM (kg). Age-standardised reference curves, stratified by gender and BMI ( ·0 kg/m 2 , 25·0–29·9 kg/m 2 , ≥30·0 kg/m 2 ), were constructed using an LMS approach. Percentiles of the reference curves were 5th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th and 95th. Secondary analysis of data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The population included 6580 females and 6656 males. The unweighted proportions of obesity in males and females were 25·5 % and 34·7 %, respectively. The average values of both FM:FFM and TrFM:ASM were greater in female and obese subjects. Gender and BMI influenced the shape of the association of age with FM:FFM and TrFM:ASM, as a curvilinear relationship was observed in female and obese subjects. Menopause appeared to modify the steepness of the reference curves of both indices. This is a novel risk-stratification approach integrating the effects of high adiposity and low muscle mass which may be particularly useful to identify cases of sarcopenic obesity and improve disease-risk prediction.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 20-01-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-08-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-015-0993-Z
Abstract: Ageing is directly associated with visceral fat (VAT) deposition and decline of metabolically active cellular mass, which may determine age-related shifts in substrate oxidation and increased cardiometabolic risk. We tested whether VAT and fasting respiratory quotient (RQ, an index of macronutrient oxidation) changed with age and if they were associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). A total of 2819 adult participants (age range: 18-81 years men/women: 894/1925) were included we collected history, anthropometric measures, biochemistry, smoking habits, and physical activity. The body mass index range was 18.5-60.2 kg/m(2). Gas exchanges (VO2 and VCO2) were measured by indirect calorimetry in fasting conditions, and RQ was calculated. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance. Abdominal subcutaneous fat and VAT were measured by ultrasonography. MetSyn was diagnosed using harmonised international criteria. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were utilised. VAT increased with age in both men (r = 0.31, p < 0.001) and women (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). Basal RQ was not significantly associated with age (p = 0.49) and VAT (p = 0.20) in addition, basal RQ was not a significant predictor of MetSyn (OR 3.31, 0.57-19.08, p = 0.27). VAT was the primary predictor of MetSyn risk in a fully adjusted logistic model (OR 4.25, 3.01-5.99, p < 0.001). Visceral adiposity remains one of the most important risk factors for cardiometabolic risk and is a significant predictor of MetSyn. Post-absorptive substrate oxidation does not appear to play a significant role in age-related changes in body composition and cardiometabolic risk, except for a correlation with triglyceride concentration.
Publisher: Impact Journals, LLC
Date: 02-10-2016
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-11-2008
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.3841
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1093/JN/NXAB354
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.METABOL.2011.10.003
Abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is associated with impaired endothelial function. Here the association between nitric oxide (NO) production and insulin sensitivity (Si) in obese subjects with and without MetSyn was evaluated. The relationship between NO production and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) was also explored. Seven healthy normal-weight subjects (male/female [M/F], 3/4 age, 27.4 ± 10.9 years body mass index [BMI], 21.9 ± 2.2 kg/m(2)), 7 obese subjects without MetSyn (M/F, 1/6 age, 48.0 ± 8.0 years BMI, 34.5 ± 2.3 kg/m(2)), and 7 with MetSyn (M/F, 3/4 age, 48.0 ± 10.7 years BMI, 33.4 ± 2.9 kg/m(2)) were recruited. Body composition and cardiometabolic functions (blood pressure, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, ADMA) were measured. A frequent s ling intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed to measure Si. A novel stable isotopic method was used to measure in vivo rates of NO production. The NO production was lower in obese subjects with MetSyn compared with normal-weight subjects and obese subjects without MetSyn. Similarly, Si was significantly lower in obesity, both without and with MetSyn, compared with the control group. A significant direct association was found between NO synthesis and Si (ρ = 0.47, P = .03). Circulating levels of ADMA were significantly higher in the obese group with MetSyn. A nonsignificant negative trend between ADMA and NO synthesis was observed. The association between Si and NO production suggests a close mechanistic link between endothelial function and insulin signaling. The results may be highly informative for the development of controlled longitudinal interventions to improve endothelial and metabolic regulation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2012.06.010
Abstract: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is assuming a prominent role as a risk factor because of the double metabolic burden derived from low muscle mass (sarcopenia) and excess adiposity (obesity). The increase in obesity prevalence rates in older subjects is of concern given the associated disease risks and more limited therapeutic options available in this age group. This review has two main objectives. The primary objective is to collate results from studies investigating the effects of SO on physical and cardio-metabolic functions. The secondary objective is to evaluate published studies for consistency in methodology, diagnostic criteria, exposure and outcome selection. Large between-study heterogeneity was observed in the application of diagnostic criteria and choice of body composition components for the assessment of SO, which contributes to the inconsistent associations of SO with cardio-metabolic outcomes. We propose a metabolic load:capacity model of SO given by the ratio between fat mass and fat free mass, and discuss how this could be operationalised. The concept of regional fat distribution could be incorporated into the model and tested in future studies to advance our understanding of SO as a predictor of risk for cardio-metabolic diseases and physical disability.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-12-2015
DOI: 10.1038/JHH.2014.114
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-07-2011
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2008
DOI: 10.1177/14746514080080020401
Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, common in Nobesity, is characterised by fatty infiltration to the liver and can progress to steatohepatitis. Inflammation is a predictor of metabolic disease, but the relationship between inflammation and liver disease is unclear. This study determines whether liver function enzymes are associated with markers of systemic inflammation. In a group of 249 overweight women, fasting blood s les were collected and analysed for insulin, glucose, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), sialic acid (SA), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyltransferase. SA and CRP were significant predictors of ALP concentrations, independent of metabolic syndrome features (β=0.35, p .0001 and β=0.20, p=0.004). SA and CRP showed significant incremental increases across groups based on the number of features of metabolic disease, which persisted after adjustement for body mass index (β=0.32, p .0001 and =0.16, p=0.02). These data suggest that systemic inflammation is significantly associated with liver function markers, Independent of other metabolic risk factors.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2006.07.014
Abstract: Underreporting is endemic in most dietary studies and ways to reliably identify in iduals who may underreport energy intake are needed. Whether questions on self-reported dieting and dietary restraint, in addition to weight status, would identify in iduals who may underreport energy intakes was examined in a United Kingdom representative survey. Mean daily energy intake was calculated from the 7-day dietary record of 668 men and 826 women. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level and to calculate estimated energy requirements from published equations. Underreporting was calculated as estimated energy requirements minus energy intake with adjustment for daily variation. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire assessed dietary restraint. Underreporting was higher in men and women reporting current dieting than nondieters (P<0.001) and higher in high-restrained (P<0.001) than low-restrained. When stratified by body mass index category, in men these associations were only significant in the overweight (P<0.001). Dieting was associated with greater underreporting in both lean (P<0.01) and overweight women (P<0.001). Underreporting was higher in lean high-restrained women than low-restrained (P=0.02), but similar in overweight women regardless of restraint score. Questions to assess dietary restraint and current dieting may be useful tools to identify and evaluate underreporting at an in idual level in dietary surveys.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2012.07.006
Abstract: The accurate measurement of changes in body composition is important to assess the contribution of fat and fat free mass to total body mass change as a measure of the effectiveness of weight loss programmes. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a rapid and non-invasive technique which could be applied to assess body composition changes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of the BIS for the measurement of fat mass (FM), total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) changes induced by different degrees of caloric deficit in obese men. Three groups of six, obese men participated in either (i) a total fast (for 6 days) (ii) a VLCD (2.5 MJ/day for 3 weeks) or (iii) LCD (5.2 MJ/day for 6 weeks). FM was measured using a 4-compartment (4-C) model. TBW and ECW were determined by dilution methods, respectively. TBW, ECW and FM were also assessed with BIS. Body weight loss in the fasting group was 6.0 ± 1.3 kg over 6 days the VLCD group lost 9.2 ± 1.2 kg over 21 days and the LCD group lost 12.6 ± 2.4 kg over 42 days. BIS underestimated FM changes (bias = -3.3 ± 3.8 kg) and overestimated changes in TBW and ECW by +1.8 ± 4.8 kg and +2.3 ± 6.4 kg, respectively. The measurement error was consistently larger in the fasting group and the magnitude of the bias interacted significantly with the rate of weight loss. Rapid weight loss affects the accuracy of the BIS in detecting changes in body composition. A careful interpretation of the results is needed when sizable changes in body water compartments occurs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.NIOX.2015.04.007
Abstract: Abnormal circadian oscillations of blood pressure (BP) and nocturnal-diurnal BP differences (i.e., dipping) increase cardiovascular risk. Whether inorganic nitrate supplementation influences 24-hr BP variability is currently unknown. We studied the effects of high-nitrate beetroot juice supplementation on BP variability measured by 24-hr ambulatory BP monitoring (24-hr ABPM) in older subjects. Data from four independent randomised clinical trials were collated. Eighty-five older participants (age range: 55-76 years) were included in the final database. Two trials had an open-label, parallel design and two trials had a cross-over, double-blind design. Participants were randomised to either beetroot juice or placebo. Changes in 24-hr ABPM (daily, diurnal, nocturnal), variability (weighted-SDs), night-dipping, morning surge for systolic and diastolic BP were measured. Meta-analysis was conducted to obtain pooled estimates of the effect size for each BP outcome. Sub-group analyses were conducted to evaluate the influence of age, BMI, gender, BP status and changes in nitrite concentrations on the effect size. The pooled effect of beetroot juice on all BP outcomes was not significant. Beetroot juice ingestion determined a significant decrease in nocturnal systolic BP variability in subjects aged less than 65 y (2.8 mmHg, -4.5 -1.0, p = 0.002) compared to the older group (≥ 65 y 1.0 mmHg, -2.2 4.2, p = 0.54). A greater change in NO2(-) concentrations after beetroot supplementation was associated with significant differences for nocturnal mean (-3.4 mmHg, -0.6 -2.4, p = 0.02) and variability (-0.8 mmHg, -1.5 -0.06, p = 0.03) of systolic BP. The vascular responsiveness to inorganic nitrate may be modified by mechanisms of vascular ageing influencing the reducing capacity to convert inorganic nitrate into nitrite and tissue-specific responses to dietary nitrate supplementation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.13358
Abstract: To determine, using data from the Newcastle 85+ Study, whether there is an association between modern diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive function in very old adults (≥85) and whether inflammation, physical activity, or diabetes mellitus status affects this association. Longitudinal, population-based cohort study. Newcastle and North Tyneside, United Kingdom. Community-dwelling and institutionalized men and women recruited through general practices (N = 845). MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Cross-sectional and prospective (up to 5 years of follow-up) associations between MetS and global cognitive function (assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) and between MetS and attention and episodic memory (assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research battery) were performed. MetS was not associated with cognitive function at baseline or cognitive change over time. Lack of association was not because MetS was predictive of subsequent mortality. Of the in idual components of the MetS criteria, high blood pressure was associated with better cognitive function at baseline (MMSE: β (standard error (SE)) = -0.716 (0.152), P < .001), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with poorer global cognitive function at baseline (MMSE: 0.436 (0.131), P = .001). The association between MetS and cognitive decline, which has been described in younger populations (<75), was not apparent in this population of in iduals aged 85 and older at baseline.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 28-11-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514003341
Abstract: The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is recommended to lower blood pressure (BP), but its effects on cardiometabolic biomarkers are unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) was conducted to determine the effects of the DASH diet on cardiovascular risk factors. Medline, Embase and Scopus databases were searched from inception to December 2013. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) DASH diet (2) RCT (3) risk factors including systolic and diastolic BP and glucose, HDL, LDL, TAG and total cholesterol concentrations (4) control group. Random-effects models were used to determine the pooled effect sizes. Meta-regression analyses were carried out to examine the association between effect sizes, baseline values of the risk factors, BMI, age, quality of trials, salt intake and study duration. A total of twenty articles reporting data for 1917 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The duration of interventions ranged from 2 to 24 weeks. The DASH diet was found to result in significant decreases in systolic BP ( − 5·2 mmHg, 95 % CI − 7·0, − 3·4 P 0·001) and diastolic BP ( − 2·6 mmHg, 95 % CI − 3·5, − 1·7 P 0·001) and in the concentrations of total cholesterol ( − 0·20 mmol/l, 95 % CI − 0·31, − 0·10 P 0·001) and LDL ( − 0·10 mmol/l, 95 % CI − 0·20, − 0·01 P = 0·03). Changes in both systolic and diastolic BP were greater in participants with higher baseline BP or BMI. These changes predicted a reduction of approximately 13 % in the 10-year Framingham risk score for CVD. The DASH diet improved cardiovascular risk factors and appeared to have greater beneficial effects in subjects with an increased cardiometabolic risk. The DASH diet is an effective nutritional strategy to prevent CVD.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-08-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUTRES.2014.09.007
Abstract: Although inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation are associated with decreased systolic blood pressure (BP), these results have primarily been obtained from short-term trials that focused on healthy young adults. Therefore, we hypothesized that oral supplementation of beetroot juice concentrate would decrease systolic BP in overweight older participants but that the decline in BP would not be sustained after a 1-week interruption of the beetroot juice supplementation. For 3 weeks, 24 participants were randomized to either the beetroot juice concentrate or blackcurrant juice group, with a 1-week postsupplementation phase (week 4). Changes in systolic and diastolic BP were assessed during the supplementation and postsupplementation phases. Blood pressure was measured using 3 different methods: (1) resting clinic BP, (2) 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring, and (3) home monitoring of daily resting BP. The first 2 methods were applied at baseline and after weeks 3 and 4. Daily measurements were conducted throughout the study, with 21 subjects completing the study (beetroot/blackcurrant = 10/11 male/female = 12/9 age = 62.0 ± 1.4 years body mass index = 30.1 ± 1.2 kg/m(2)). After 3 weeks, beetroot juice supplementation was not associated with significant changes in resting clinic BP or 24-hour ABPM. Conversely, beetroot juice concentrate reduced daily systolic BP after 3 weeks (-7.3 ± 5.9 mm Hg, P = .02) however, the effect was not maintained after the interruption of the supplementation (week 4, 2.8 ± 6.1 mm Hg, P = .09). In overweight older subjects, beetroot juice concentrate supplementation was associated with beneficial effects on daily systolic BP, although the effects were not significant when measured by 24-hour ABPM or resting clinic BP.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-03-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-015-0872-7
Abstract: Diets rich in inorganic nitrate are associated with lower blood pressure, an effect that may be mediated by an improvement of endothelial function (EF). Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted to examine the effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation on measures of EF. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched from inception until November 2014. Specific inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) RCTs (2) trials comparing inorganic nitrate or beetroot supplementation with placebo control groups and (3) trials reporting effects of these interventions on outcomes of vascular function. Random-effect models were used to assess the pooled effect sizes showed as standardised mean differences (SMD). Nine crossover trials and three parallel trials met our inclusion criteria. The trials were conducted between 2008 and 2014 and included a total of 246 participants with 10-64 participants per study. The duration of each intervention ranged from 1.5 h to 28 days. Inorganic nitrate and beetroot consumption was associated with an improvement in vascular function (SMD 0.36 95 % CI 0.16, 0.56 P < 0.001). The effect on EF was significantly associated with the dose of inorganic nitrate (β = 0.04, SE = 0.01, P < 0.001), age (β = -0.01, SE = 0.004, P = 0.02), baseline BMI (β = -0.04, SE = 0.02, P = 0.05) and systolic BP (β = -0.01, SE = 0.005, P = 0.02). Inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation was associated with beneficial effects on EF. These effects appear to be reduced in older subjects and in subjects with greater cardiometabolic risk.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-04-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9040379
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-03-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-10-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-014-0272-9
Abstract: Regular exercise is associated with enhanced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is used widely to assess endothelial function (EF) and NO release. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to (i) investigate the effect of exercise modalities (aerobic, resistance or combined) on FMD and (ii) determine which exercise and participant characteristics are most effective in improving FMD. We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases for studies that met the following criteria: (i) randomized controlled trials of exercise with comparative non-exercise, usual care or sedentary groups (ii) duration of exercise intervention ≥4 weeks (iii) age ≥18 years and (iv) EF measured by FMD before and after the intervention. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence interval were entered into a random effect model to estimate the pooled effect of the exercise interventions. All exercise modalities enhanced EF significantly: aerobic (WMD 2.79, 95% CI 2.12-3.45, p = 0.0001), resistance (WMD 2.52, 95% CI 1.11-3.93, p = 0.0001) and combined (WMD 2.07, 95% CI 0.70-3.44, p = 0.003). A dose-response relationship was observed between aerobic exercise intensity and improvement in EF. A 2 metabolic equivalents (MET) increase in absolute exercise intensity or a 10% increase in relative exercise intensity resulted in a 1% unit improvement in FMD. There was a positive relationship between frequency of resistance exercise sessions and improvement in EF (β 1.14, CI 0.16-2.12, p = 0.027). All exercise modalities improve EF significantly and there was a significant, positive relationship between aerobic exercise intensity and EF. Greater frequency, rather than intensity, of resistance exercise training enhanced EF.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.MATURITAS.2014.12.023
Abstract: Aging is associated with changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition. We investigated the association between age and changes in REE in men and women stratified by body mass index (BMI) categories (normal weight, overweight and obesity). We also examined whether the age-related decline in REE was explained by concomitant changes in body composition and lifestyle factors. Cross-sectional. 3442 adult participants (age range: 18-81 y men/women: 977/2465) were included. The BMI range was 18.5-60.2 kg/m(2). REE was measured by indirect calorimetry in fasting conditions and body composition by bioelectrical impedance. Regression models were used to evaluate age-related changes in REE in subjects stratified by sex and BMI. Models were adjusted for body composition (fat mass, fat free mass), smoking, disease count and physical activity. In unadjusted models, the rate of decline in REE was highest in obese men (slope=-8.7±0.8 kcal/day/year) whereas the lowest rate of decline was observed in normal weight women (-2.9±0.3 kcal/day/year). Gender differences were observed for the age of onset of REE adaptive changes (i.e., not accounted by age related changes in body composition and lifestyle factors). In women, adaptive changes appeared to occur in middle-age (∼47 y) across all BMI groups whereas changes seemed to be delayed in obese men (∼54 y) compared to overweight (∼43 y) and normal weight (∼39 y) men. Sex and BMI influenced the rate and degree of the age-related decline in REE. Critical age windows have been identified for the onset of putative mechanisms of energy adaptation. These findings require confirmation in prospective studies.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1155/2017/7307618
Abstract: Background/Objective . Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a hidden condition of reduced lean soft tissue (LST) in context of excess adiposity. SO is most commonly reported in older adults and both its risk and prevalence increase with age. A variety of body composition indices and cut points have been used to define this condition, leading to conflicting prevalence and risk prediction. Here, we investigate variability in the prevalence of SO in an adult s le of in iduals with class II/III obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m 2 ) using different diagnostic criteria. Methods . SO definitions were identified from a literature review of studies using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess LST. Demographics, anthropometrics, and body composition (by DXA) were measured in n = 120 , 86% female (46.9 ± 11.1 years). Results . LST was extremely variable in in iduals, even with similar body sizes, and observed across the age spectrum. The prevalence of SO ranged from 0 to 84.5% in females and 0 to 100% in males, depending upon the definition applied, with higher prevalence among definitions accounting for measures of body size or fat mass. Conclusion . SO is present, yet variable, in adults with class II/III obesity. Accounting for body mass or fat mass may identify a higher number of in iduals with SO, although risk prediction remains to be studied.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-017-3580-6
Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of dietary nitrate (NO Eight trained male runners or triathletes completed four exercise performance tests comprising a 10 min warm up followed by either a 1500 or 10,000 m treadmill TT. Exercise performance tests were preceded 3 h before the exercise by supplementation with either 140 ml concentrated nitrate-rich (~12.5 mmol nitrate) (BRJ) or nitrate-deplete (~0.01 mmol nitrate) (PLA) beetroot juice. BRJ supplementation significantly elevated plasma [NO Acute BRJ supplementation significantly enhanced 1500 m, but not 10,000 m TT performance. These findings suggest that BRJ might be ergogenic during shorter distance TTs which allow for a high work rate, but not during longer distance TTs, completed at a lower work rate.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2012.10720012
Abstract: Obesity is a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. Whether weight loss improves cognition in older obese adults is not known. The objective was to investigate the effects of intentional weight loss on physical and cognitive function in middle-aged and older obese adults attending a weight loss clinic. Eleven male and 39 female nonsmoking, adult obese (body mass index 30-50 kg/m(2)) participants were recruited. Participants were stratified by age: middle aged (30-59 years) and older aged (≥ 60 years). The weight loss target for each subject was 8% to 12% of initial body weight. Information on anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, hand-grip strength, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), and Trail-Making Test (TMT) A and B were collected at baseline and after weight loss. At baseline, older participants showed a nonsignificant trend for lower global cognitive function (MMSE, SPMSQ) and significantly slower processing speed (TMT-A). Twenty-one participants completed the weight loss study. The average weight loss relative to baseline was 9.7% ± 2.1%. Weight loss was associated with significant improvements in hand-grip strength and cognitive function (MMSE, TMT-A, and TMT-B). MMSE scores improved significantly only in older obese participants (p < 0.05). Weight loss in middle-aged and in older obese participants has a beneficial effect on cognitive and physical function. If confirmed in future trials, weight loss can significantly affect public health strategies for the prevention of dementia as well as on the clinical management of obesity.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-06-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2010.10.003
Abstract: The endothelium is a thin layer of cells at the internal surface of blood vessels in continuous contact with the circulating fluids. The endothelial cells represent the primary barrier for the transport of glucose from the vascular conduits into the interstitial space. Insulin and nitric oxide have an important role in the regulation of glucose transport and metabolism. Hyperglycaemia is the main criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes and is responsible for the micro- and macro-vascular pathology seen in diabetic patients. Recent evidence suggests that post-challenge hyperglycaemia is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than fasting glucose. Acute glucose elevations have been associated with a reduced endothelial-dependent flow mediated dilation indicating a decrease in nitric oxide production. Post-prandial hyperglycaemic peaks have been directly associated with increased intima media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients indicative of an increased atherosclerotic risk. The increase in intra-cellular glucose concentrations in the endothelial cells induces a hyper-generation of reactive oxygen species via the activation of different pathways (polyol-sorbitol, hexosamine, advanced glycated end products, activation of PKC, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)). These mechanisms influence the expression of genes and release of signalling and structural molecules involved in several functions (inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation, vascular tone and permeability, cellular migration, nutrient metabolism). ADMA is considered as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction and it has been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The increased generation of ADMA and reactive oxygen species in subjects with persistent hyperglycaemia could lead to an impairment of nitric oxide synthesis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2011.05.001
Abstract: Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in the quantity (mass) and quality (function) of the muscular tissue. To assess the prevalence of low muscle mass (LMM) alone and in combination with high adiposity (LMM-HA) in a clinical representative s le of adult women and to determine how the prevalence of (LMM-HA) changes using different adiposity indexes. 763 overweight and obese women (age range: 18-87 years) attending a weight loss clinic. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured and BMI calculated. Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) was used to measure fat mass (FM). Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was used for the diagnosis of LMM. Adiposity indexes (BMI, WC, FM%, FM index) were combined with SMI to assess the prevalence of LMM-HA. The prevalence of LMM was 27.4% in women older than 60 years. Established cut-off scores for excess adiposity determined differences in the prevalence of LMM-HA. The lowest was observed using the BMI derived cut-off score (≥30 kg/m(2)), with FM% (≥35%) the most inclusive, classifying more than 90% of sarcopenia cases as LMM-HA. The prevalence of LMM-HA is different between anthropometric (BMI, WC) and bioimpedance measures (FM% and FMI) of adiposity. The sensitivity of the adiposity indexes for the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity and its impact on the prediction of cardio-metabolic diseases remain to be tested.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-2020
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2019-035453
Abstract: Global population ageing is one of the key factors linked to the projected rise of dementia incidence. Hence, there is a clear need to identify strategies to overcome this expected health burden and have a meaningful impact on populations’ health worldwide. Current evidence supports the role of modifiable dietary and lifestyle risk factors in reducing the risk of dementia. In South-East Asia, changes in eating and lifestyle patterns under the influence of westernised habits have resulted in significant increases in the prevalence of metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Low vegetable consumption and high sodium intake have been identified as key contributors to the increased prevalence of NCDs in these countries. Therefore, nutritional and lifestyle strategies targeting these dietary risk factors are warranted. The overall objective of this randomised feasibility trial is to demonstrate the acceptability of a dietary intervention to increase the consumption of high-nitrate green leafy vegetables and reduce salt intake over 6 months among Malaysian adults with raised blood pressure. Primary outcomes focus on feasibility measures of recruitment, retention, implementation and acceptability of the intervention. Secondary outcomes will include blood pressure, cognitive function, body composition and physical function (including muscle strength and gait speed). Adherence to the dietary intervention will be assessed through collection of biological s les, 24-hour recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire. A subgroup of participants will also complete postintervention focus groups to further explore the feasibility considerations of executing a larger trial, the ability of these in iduals to make dietary changes and the barriers and facilitators associated with implementing these changes. Ethical approval has been obtained from Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee and Medical Research and Ethics Committee of Malaysia. Results of the study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at national and international conferences. ISRCTN47562685 Pre-results.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-10-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S00198-015-3366-9
Abstract: Data on vitamin D status in very old adults are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and its predictors in 775 adults aged 85 years old living in North-East England. Low 25(OH)D was alarmingly high during winter/spring months, but its biological significance is unknown. Despite recent concerns about the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in much of the British adult and paediatric population, there is a dearth of data on vitamin D status and its predictors in very old adults. The objective of the present study was to describe vitamin D status and its associated factors in a broadly representative s le of very old men and women aged 85 years living in the North East of England (55° N). Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were analysed in 775 participants in the baseline phase of the Newcastle 85+ cohort study. Season of blood s ling, dietary, health, lifestyle and anthropometric data were collected and included as potential predictors of vitamin D status in ordinal regression models. Median serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 27, 45, 43 and 33 nmol/L during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency according to North American Institute of Medicine guidelines [serum 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L] varied significantly with season with the highest prevalence observed in spring (51%) and the lowest prevalence observed in autumn (23% P < 0.001). Reported median (inter-quartile range) dietary intakes of vitamin D were very low at 2.9 (1.2-3.3) μg/day. In multivariate ordinal regression models, non-users of either prescribed or non-prescribed vitamin D preparations and winter and spring blood s ling were associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations. Dietary vitamin D intake, disability score and disease count were not independently associated with vitamin D status in the cohort. There is an alarming high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) in 85-year-olds living in North East England at all times of the year but particularly during winter and spring. Use of vitamin D containing preparations (both supplements and medications) appeared to be the strongest predictor of 25(OH)D concentrations in these very old adults.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-04-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-02-2010
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2010.9
Abstract: The cellular model of body composition ides the body in body cell mass (BCM), extracellular solids and extracellular fluids. This model has been infrequently applied for the evaluation of weight loss (WL) programmes. (1) To assess changes in body compartments in obese men undergoing fasting, very low calorie diet (VLCD) and low calorie diet (LCD) (2) to evaluate two cellular models for the determination of changes in BCM, fat mass (FM) and body fluids. Three groups of six, obese men participated in a total fast (F) for 6 days, a VLCD (2.5 MJ per day) for 3 weeks or an LCD (5.2 MJ per day) for 6 weeks. Body composition was measured at baseline and after small ( approximately 5%) and moderate ( approximately 10%) WL. FM was measured using a four-compartment model. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were, respectively, measured by deuterium and sodium bromide dilution and intracellular water (ICW) calculated by difference. Two cellular models were used to measure BCM, FM and body fluids distribution. After about 5%WL changes in TBW were F=-3.2+/-1.2 kg (P<0.01), VLCD=-1.2+/-0.6 kg (P<0.01), LCD=-0.3+/-0.9 kg(n.s.). The contribution of TBW to total body mass loss was indirectly associated with FM loss. ECW increased during fasting (+1.5+/-3.1 kg, n.s.), decreased during the VLCD (-2.0+/-1.5 kg, P<0.05) and remained unchanged at the end of the LCD (-0.3+/-1.6 kg, n.s.). ICW significantly decreased during fasting (-4.7+/-3.9 kg, P<0.05) but did not change in the LCD and VLCD groups. The loss of BCM was more significant in the fasting group and it was directly associated with changes in ICW. After a 6-day period of fasting we observed more ICW losses and less fat mobilization compared with VLCD and LCD. The cellular model of body composition is suitable for the characterization of changes in body fluids distribution during WL.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-07-2011
Abstract: The scientific study of obesity has been dominated throughout the twentieth century by the concept of energy balance. This conceptual approach, based on fundamental thermodynamic principles, states that energy cannot be destroyed, and can only be gained, lost or stored by an organism. Its application in obesity research has emphasised excessive appetite (gluttony), or insufficient physical activity (sloth), as the primary determinants of excess weight gain, reflected in current guidelines for obesity prevention and treatment. This model cannot explain why weight accumulates persistently rather than reaching a plateau, and underplays the effect of variability in dietary constituents on energy and intermediary metabolism. An alternative model emphasises the capacity of fructose and fructose-derived sweeteners (sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup) to perturb cellular metabolism via modification of the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio, activation of AMP kinase and compensatory mechanisms, which favour adipose tissue accretion and increased appetite while depressing physical activity. This conceptual model implicates chronic hyperinsulinaemia in the presence of a paradoxical state of 'cellular starvation' as a key driver of the metabolic modifications inducing chronic weight gain. We combine evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments to formulate a perspective on obesity aetiology that emphasises metabolic flexibility and dietary composition rather than energy balance. Using this model, we question the direction of causation of reported associations between obesity and sleep duration or childhood growth. Our perspective generates new hypotheses, which can be tested to improve our understanding of the current obesity epidemic, and to identify novel strategies for prevention or treatment.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516002567
Abstract: A number of socio-economic, biological and lifestyle characteristics change with advancing age and place very old adults at increased risk of micronutrient deficiencies. The aim of this study was to assess vitamin and mineral intakes and respective food sources in 793 75-year-olds (302 men and 491 women) in the North-East of England, participating in the Newcastle 85+ Study. Micronutrient intakes were estimated using a multiple-pass recall tool (2×24 h recalls). Determinants of micronutrient intake were assessed with multinomial logistic regression. Median vitamin D, Ca and Mg intakes were 2·0 (interquartile range (IQR) 1·2–6·5) µg/d, 731 (IQR 554–916) mg/d and 215 (IQR 166–266) mg/d, respectively. Fe intake was 8·7 (IQR 6·7–11·6) mg/d, and Se intake was 39·0 (IQR 27·3–55·5) µg/d. Cereals and cereal products were the top contributors to intakes of folate (31·5 %), Fe (49·2 %) and Se (46·7 %) and the second highest contributors to intakes of vitamin D (23·8 %), Ca (27·5 %) and K (15·8 %). More than 95 % ( n 756) of the participants had vitamin D intakes below the UK’s Reference Nutrient Intake (10 µg/d). In all, % of the participants were below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake for Mg ( n 175), K ( n 238) and Se ( n 418) (comparisons with dietary reference values (DRV) do not include supplements). As most DRV are not age specific and have been extrapolated from younger populations, results should be interpreted with caution. Participants with higher education, from higher social class and who were more physically active had more nutrient-dense diets. More studies are needed to inform the development of age-specific DRV for micronutrients for the very old.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-10-2007
Abstract: To investigate changes in body composition and the validity of the leg-to-leg bioimpedance (LTL) method to measure body fat during active weight loss (WL) and weight regain (WR). Longitudinal, 12-week weight loss intervention (3.3-3.8 MJ/day) and subsequent follow-up at 1 year. Fifty-eight adult women aged between 24 and 65 years (mean age: 46.8+/-8.9 years) and with a body mass index (BMI) > or =25 kg/m(2) (mean BMI: 31.6+/-2.5 kg/m(2), range=26.0-48.2 kg/m(2)) participated in the study. Fat mass (FM) was measured at baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks and 52 weeks using three- and four-compartment (4-C) models, air displacement plethysmography (ADP), deuterium dilution - total body water (TBW), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfold thickness (SFT), tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis (T-BIA) and LTL. At the end of the weight loss programme, subjects lost 9.9+/-3.5 kg weight (P<0.001) and 7.6+/-0.5 kg fat (P<0.001) but after 1 year they had regained 4.9+/-3.7 kg of weight and 3.7+/-2.9 kg of fat. The 4-C model showed that FM and TBW accounted for 76.2 and 23.6% of the loss in body mass and 81.8 and 17.7% of the tissue accrued during weight regain, respectively. The estimate of body fat change by LTL relative to multi-compartment models (WL(bias+/-2s.d.)=0.51+/-3.26 kg WR(bias+/-2s.d.)=-0.25+/-2.30 kg) was similar to ADP, DXA and TBW in both phases but it was better than T-BIA (WL(bias+/-2s.d.)=0.17+/-7.90 kg WR(bias+/-2s.d.)=-0.29+/-7.59 kg) and skinfold thickness (WL(bias+/-2s.d.)=2.68+/-6.68 kg WR(bias+/-2s.d.)=-0.84+/-3.80 kg). Weight loss and regain were associated with minimal changes in lean tissue as measured using multi-compartment models. The LTL system is a useful method to measure body composition changes during clinical weight management programmes.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-01-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-02-2006
Abstract: The current epidemic of obesity demonstrates that mechanisms for maintaining human energy balance are readily subverted by adverse environmental conditions. The critical elements of this dysregulation are poorly understood. Most previous research into what regulates the intake side of the energy balance equation has been handicapped by the use of short-term within-day experimental tests. We enrolled six non-obese men to a 17-week protocol involving three 21 days periods of progressive overfeeding (+20, +40 and +60%) separated by free diet periods to test for compensatory satiety. Responses to overfeeding differed markedly with evidence of 'compensators' and 'non-compensators', but on average, subsequent food intake was stimulated rather than suppressed after overfeeding in spite of markedly elevated body fat (+13%) and fasting leptin (+116%). The inefficient response of in-built appetite control mechanisms emphasizes the need to adopt intentional cognitive restraint in the modern environment when food is plentiful.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-09-2017
DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1363039
Abstract: This review aimed to systematically evaluate associations between the Metabolic Syndrome and domain specific cognitive performance from cross-sectional studies. PsycINFO and Medline were searched on 12 January 2017 with the terms "Metabolic Syndrome" and "cogni*." A total of 973 articles were identified, with 26 meeting inclusion criteria. In iduals with Metabolic Syndrome were consistently reported to have poorer performance on executive function tasks that were not adaptations of the verbal fluency task, including the Stockings of Cambridge test, Color-Word Inference Test and Frontal Assessment Battery findings from adaptations of the verbal fluency test showed less consistent results. Associations with performance in attention/working memory/information processing, memory, language, and construction/motor performance domains were mixed. All studies reporting on perception showed nonsignificant results. Non-language based executive function tasks appear to be the most sensitive tests of Metabolic Syndrome, and hold promise as a cognitive screen and for the tracking of interventions in this group.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 16-08-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114522002434
Abstract: Dementia is a significant public health priority with approximately 55 million cases worldwide, and this number is predicted to quadruple by 2050. Adherence to a healthy diet and achieving optimal nutritional status are vital strategies to improve brain health. The importance of this area of research has been consolidated into the new term ‘nutritional psychiatry’. Dietary nitrate, closely associated with the intake of fruits and vegetables, is a compound that is increased in dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean and MIND diets and has protective effects on cognition and brain health. Nitrate is characterised by a complex metabolism and is the precursor of the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide (NO) pathway contributing to systemic NO generation. A higher intake of dietary nitrate has been linked to protective effects on vascular outcomes including blood pressure and endothelial function. However, the current evidence supporting the protective effects of dietary nitrate on brain health is less convincing. This article aims to provide a critical appraisal of the current evidence for dietary nitrate supplementation for improving brain health and provide suggestions for future research.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2057416
Abstract: Consumption of the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MedDiet) is associated with reduced risk of numerous non-communicable diseases. Modulation of the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota represents a potential mechanism through which the MedDiet elicits these effects. We conducted a systematic literature search (Prospero registration: CRD42020168977) using PubMed, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscuss, Scopus and CINAHL databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies exploring the impact of a MedDiet on gut microbiota composition (i.e., relative abundance of bacteria or ersity metrics) and metabolites (e.g., short chain fatty acids). Seventeen RCTs and 17 observational studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Risk of bias across the studies was mixed but mainly identified as low and unclear. Overall, RCTs and observational studies provided no clear evidence of a consistent effect of a MedDiet on composition or metabolism of the gut microbiota. These findings may be related to the erse methods across studies (e.g., MedDiet classification and analytical techniques), cohort characteristics, and variable quality of studies. Further, well-designed studies are warranted to advance understanding of the potential effects of the MedDiet using more detailed examination of microbiota and microbial metabolites with reference to emerging characteristics of a healthy gut microbiome.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 08-2014
Abstract: The 4-component (4-C) model is the reference method to measure fat mass (FM). Simpler 2-component (2-C) models are widely used to assess FM. We hypothesised that an aggregate 2-C model may improve accuracy of FM assessment during weight loss (WL). One hundred and six overweight and obese men and women were enrolled in different WL programs (fasting, very low energy diet, low energy diet). Body density, bone mineral content, and total body water were measured. FM was calculated using 2-C, 3-C, and 4-C models. Aggregate equations for 2-C, 3-C, and 4-C models were calculated, with the aggregate 4-C model assumed as the reference method. The aggregate approach postulates that the average of the in idual estimates obtained from each model is more accurate than the best single measurement. The average WL was −7.5 kg. The agreement between 3-C and 4-C models for FM change was excellent (R 2 = 0.99). The aggregate 2-C equation was more accurate than in idual 2-C estimates in measuring changes in FM. The aggregate model was characterised by a lower measurement error at baseline and post-WL. The relationship between the aggregate 3-C and 4-C component models was highly linear (R 2 = 0.99), whereas a lower linearity was found for the aggregate 2-C and 4-C model (R 2 = 0.72). The aggregate 2-C model is characterised by a greater accuracy than commonly applied 2-C equations for the measurement of FM during WL in overweight and obese men and women.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-11-2021
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-2004
DOI: 10.1017/S0022029903006599
Abstract: The protein and peptide fraction of human milk s les collected from mothers of pre- and full-term infants in the first week after parturition was analysed by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. By characterising the peptide sequence, we defined the pathway of casein hydrolysis which leads to the formation of small peptides through intermediate oligopeptides. It was found that the action of a plasmin-like enzyme acting on specific lysine residues is the primary step in casein degradation. This is followed by endopeptidases and/or exopeptidases mediated cleavage of the oligopeptides which, in turn, produces a multiplicity of short peptides differing by one or more amino acid residues. In this process, a series of potentially bioactive peptides (opioid, phosphopeptides) and their precursors are produced.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2002
DOI: 10.1007/BF03324972
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-05-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-09-2017
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1362630
Abstract: Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains as the main cause of mortality. Observational studies supports an association between intake of tomato products or lycopene with a reduced CVDs risk. Our aim was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on the topic. Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception until July 2017. We included longitudinal and cross-sectional studies reporting associations between lycopene and tomato consumption and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among adult subjects. Random-effects models were used to determine the pooled effect sizes. Twenty-eight publications met our inclusion criteria and 25 studies provided quantitative data for meta-analysis. Results showed that in iduals in the highest consumption category of, or with the highest serum concentration of, lycopene had significantly lower risk of stroke (hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, 0.62-0.89, p = 0.02 I This comprehensive meta-analysis suggests that high-intakes or high-serum concentration of lycopene are associated with significant reductions in the risk of stroke (26%), mortality (37%) and CVDs (14%).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
Abstract: Abnormal body compositions such as high adiposity (HA), low muscle mass (LM), or a combination of the 2 [high adiposity with low muscle mass (HA-LM)] are relevant phenotypes, but data on their prevalence and impact on health are still limited. This is largely because of a lack of a consensus definition for these conditions. Of particular interest is the HA-LM phenotype, also termed "sarcopenic obesity," which may confer greater health risk. We propose a new approach for operationalizing abnormal body-composition phenotypes in a representative adult population. Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data obtained from the 1999-2004 NHANES were analyzed for 13,236 subjects aged ≥18 y (maximum weight and height of 136 kg and 1.96 m, respectively). Sex- and body mass index (BMI)-specific decile groups of appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI kg/m²) and fat mass index (FMI kg/m²) were developed. Cutoffs for HA and LM were incorporated into a diagnostic framework to characterize 4 specific body-composition phenotypes-low adiposity with high muscle mass, high adiposity with high muscle mass, low adiposity with low muscle mass, and HA-LM-and a subclassification of the phenotypes into classes I, II, and III. Abnormal phenotypes were prevalent across the age spectrum and BMI categories. The association between ASMI or FMI and age was modified by sex and BMI. The prevalence of HA-LM in the whole s le was 10.3% in women and 15.2% in men. The prevalence of all subclasses of HA-LM in obese women and men was 14.7% and 22.9%, respectively. HA-LM class III was more prevalent in obese men (2.3%) than in obese women (0.3%). We developed sex- and BMI-specific reference curves to harmonize the classification of body-composition phenotypes. The application of this classification will be particularly useful in the identification of cases of sarcopenic obesity. The association of these phenotypes with metabolic deregulation and increased disease risk awaits verification.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-05-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665116000203
Abstract: Very old people (referred to as those aged 85 years and over) are the fastest growing age segment of many Western societies owing to the steady rise of life expectancy and decrease in later life mortality. In the UK, there are now more than 1·5 million very old people (2·5 % of total population) and the number is projected to rise to 3·3 million or 5 % over the next 20 years. Reduced mobility and independence, financial constraints, higher rates of hospitalisation, chronic diseases and disabilities, changes in body composition, taste perception, digestion and absorption of food all potentially influence either nutrient intake or needs at this stage of life. The nutritional needs of the very old have been identified as a research priority by the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force report, Healthy Ageing: The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle. However, very little is known about the dietary habits and nutritional status of the very old. The Newcastle 85+ study, a cohort of more than 1000 85-year olds from the North East of England and the Life and Living in Advanced Age study (New Zealand), a bicultural cohort study of advanced ageing of more than 900 participants from the Bay of Plenty and Rotorua regions of New Zealand are two unique cohort studies of ageing, which aim to assess the spectrum of health in the very old as well as examine the associations of health trajectories and outcomes with biological, clinical and social factors as each cohort ages. The nutrition domain included in both studies will help to fill the evidence gap by identifying eating patterns, and measures of nutritional status associated with better, or worse, health and wellbeing. This review will explore some of this ongoing work.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2013.09.009
Abstract: The measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) is important to assess in idual total energy requirements in older subjects. The validity of REE prediction equations in this population has not been thoroughly evaluated and therefore the main aim of this analysis was to assess the accuracy of REE prediction equations in older subjects. Weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were measured. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) in 68 older subjects (age: 60-94 years, M/F: 13/55, BMI: 26.3 ± 5.0 kg/m(2)). Measured REE was compared to 14 equations for the calculation of REE estimates. In addition, two novel approaches (Aggregate model and meta-regression equations) for the prediction of REE were evaluated. Paired t test and Bland-Altman method were used to assess the agreement of the equations. The average measured REE was 1298 ± 264 kcal/day. The equation with the smallest bias was proposed by Muller (Bias ± 2SD = +3 ± 294 kcal/day) whereas the Mifflin equation was associated with the largest error (Bias ± 2SD = -172 ± 282 kcal/day). The Aggregate, Muller, Harris-Benedict and Fredrix equations were characterised by a prediction within ±10% of measured REE in more than 60% of subjects. Of the four algorithms, only the Aggregate equation did not show a significant association of the measurement bias with age, BMI and gender. The Aggregate algorithm was characterised by a higher, overall accuracy for the prediction of REE in older subjects and its use should be advocated in older subjects. However, due to the large variability of the estimates, the measurement of REE by IC is still recommended for an accurate assessment of in idual REE.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2021-052175
Abstract: Accurate sodium intake estimates in adults with elevated blood pressure are essential for monitoring salt reduction progress and preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, sodium assessments are challenging in this high-risk population because many commonly used antihypertensive drugs alter urinary sodium excretion. Despite the high cost and substantial participant burden of gold-standard 24-hour urine collection, the relative performance of existing spot-urine based equations and dietary self-report instruments have not been well studied in this population, who will benefit from salt restriction. This systematic review aims to describe the current methods of assessing dietary sodium intake in adults with elevated blood pressure and determine what method can provide a valid and accurate estimate of sodium intake compared with the gold standard 24-hour urine collection. Studies assessing sodium intake in adults aged 18 years and above with reported elevated blood pressure will be included. Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, WoS and Cochrane CENTRAL) will be systematically searched from inception to March 2021. Also, a manual search of bibliographies and grey literature will be conducted. Two reviewers will screen the records independently for eligibility. One reviewer will extract all data, and two others will review the extracted data for accuracy. The methodological quality of included studies will be evaluated based on three scoring systems: (1) National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute for interventional studies (2) Biomarker-based Cross-sectional Studies for biomarker-based observational studies and (3) European Micronutrient Recommendation Aligned Network of Excellence for validation studies of dietary self-report instruments. As the proposed systematic review will collect and analyse secondary data associated with in iduals, there will be no ethical approval requirement. Findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal or presented at a conference. CRD42020176137.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
DOI: 10.1093/AJCN/NQAA283
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2011.06.007
Abstract: Childhood obesity is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, which can be mediated by an increase in angiogenesis and inflammation. The objective was to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and circulating biomarkers of angiogenesis, inflammation, and cardiac dysfunction in children and adolescents. The Genetic Park Study is a highly inclusive survey conducted in three isolated villages of southern Italy. One hundred fifty-one children and adolescents (age range 5-17 y, 45% male) were included and categorized as obese (BMI z-score ≥ 1.64, n = 38) or non-obese (n = 113). Metabolic and cardiovascular biomarkers included glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor, soluble feline sarcoma virus (fms)-like tyrosine kinase-1, highly sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP), highly sensitive troponin T (hs-TnT), and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Obese subjects had higher levels of triacylglycerol (P = 0.03) and hs-CRP (P = 0.02) after adjustment for age and gender. Circulating levels of VEGF were directly associated with BMI z-score (r = 0.22, P = 0.007) and hs-CRP (r = 0.33, P < 0.001). BMI z-score was not associated with biomarkers of cardiac dysfunction (hs-TnT and NT-proBNP). Increasing BMI was associated with plasma levels hs-CRP and VEGF, which are involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The lack of association between BMI and markers of cardiac damage (hs-TnT) or ventricular volume overload (NT-proBNP) suggest that atherosclerotic risk may still at a preclinical stage in this population of obese but otherwise healthy young in iduals. Collectively, this suite of biomarkers could provide mechanistic insights into the physiopathologic progression of cardiovascular risk associated with childhood obesity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S96017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 18-04-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516001379
Abstract: Food and nutrient intake data are scarce in very old adults (85 years and older) – one of the fastest growing age segments of Western societies, including the UK. Our primary objective was to assess energy and macronutrient intakes and respective food sources in 793 85-year-olds (302 men and 491 women) living in North-East England and participating in the Newcastle 85+ cohort Study. Dietary information was collected using a repeated multiple-pass recall (2×24 h recalls). Energy, macronutrient and NSP intakes were estimated, and the contribution (%) of food groups to nutrient intake was calculated. The median energy intake was 6·65 (interquartile ranges (IQR) 5·49–8·16) MJ/d – 46·8 % was from carbohydrates, 36·8 % from fats and 15·7 % from proteins. NSP intake was 10·2 g/d (IQR 7·3–13·7). NSP intake was higher in non-institutionalised, more educated, from higher social class and more physically active 85-year-olds. Cereals and cereal products were the top contributors to intakes of energy and most macronutrients (carbohydrates, non-milk extrinsic sugars, NSP and fat), followed by meat and meat products. The median intakes of energy and NSP were much lower than the estimated average requirement for energy (9·6 MJ/d for men and 7·7 MJ/d for women) and the dietary reference value (DRV) for NSP (≥18 g/d). The median SFA intake was higher than the DRV (≤11 % of dietary energy). This study highlights the paucity of data on dietary intake and the uncertainties about DRV for this age group.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-11-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.14532
Abstract: To examine the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP) the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) risk score, and oxi-inflammatory load (cumulative risk score of three blood biomarkers-homocysteine, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein) for associations with cognitive decline using three cohort studies of very old adults and to examine whether incorporating these biomarkers with the risk scores can affect the association with cognitive decline. Three longitudinal, population-based cohort studies. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom Leiden, the Netherlands and Lakes and Bay of Plenty District Health Board areas, New Zealand. Newcastle 85+ Study participants (n = 616), Leiden 85-plus Study participants (n = 444), and Life and Living in Advanced Age, a Cohort Study in New Zealand (LiLACS NZ Study) participants (n = 396). FSRP, CAIDE risk score, oxi-inflammatory load, FSRP incorporating oxi-inflammatory load, and CAIDE risk score incorporating oxi-inflammatory load. Oxi-inflammatory load could be calculated only in the Newcastle 85+ and the Leiden 85-plus studies. Measures of global cognitive function were available for all three data sets. Domain-specific measures were available for the Newcastle 85+ and the Leiden 85-plus studies. Meta-analysis of pooled results showed greater risk of incident global cognitive impairment with higher FSRP (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-1.98), CAIDE (HR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.09-2.14), and oxi-inflammatory load (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.04-2.88) scores. Adding oxi-inflammatory load to the risk scores increased the risk of cognitive impairment for the FSRP (HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.17-2.33) and the CAIDE model (HR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.39-2.67). Adding oxi-inflammatory load to cardiovascular risk scores may be useful for determining risk of cognitive impairment in very old adults.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-12-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 02-2008
DOI: 10.1152/AJPENDO.00573.2007
Abstract: Obesity implies a failure of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to caloric excess. We studied the mechanisms, effectiveness, and limits of such responses in six lean (21.9 ± 1.3 kg/m 2 ), healthy men based in a metabolic suite for 17 wk of progressive intermittent overfeeding (OF) (3 wk, baseline 3 wk, 20% OF 1 wk, ad libitum 3 wk, 40% OF 1 wk, ad libitum 3 wk, 60% OF 3 wk, ad libitum). Body composition was assessed by a four-compartment model using dual X-ray absorptiometry, deuterium dilution, and plethysmography. Magnetic resonance imaging assessed subcutaneous/visceral fat at abdominal level at baseline and at the end of 60% OF. Energy intake was assessed throughout, energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation rates were measured repeatedly by whole body calorimetry (calEE), and free-living EE (TEE) was measured by doubly labeled water at baseline and after 60% OF. At the end of 60% OF, calEE and TEE had increased by just 11.4% ( P = 0.001) and 16.2% ( P = 0.001), respectively. Weight and body fat (fat mass) had increased by 5.98 kg (8.8%, P = 0.001) and 3.31 kg (22.6%, P = 0.01), respectively. The relative increase in visceral fat (32.6%, P = 0.02) exceeded that of subcutaneous fat (13.3%, P = 0.002) in the abdominal region. The computed energy cost of tissue accretion differed from the excess ingested by only 13.1% (using calEE) and 11.6% (using TEE), indicating an absence of effective dissipative mechanisms. We conclude that elevations in EE provide very limited autoregulatory capacity in body weight regulation, and that regulation must be dominated by hypothalamic modulation of energy intake. This result supports present conclusions from genetic studies in which all known causes of human obesity are related to defects in the regulation of appetite.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-04-2015
DOI: 10.1111/COB.12093
Abstract: Weight loss outcomes in overweight and obese in iduals may be influenced by in idual weight loss expectations (WLEs). Research on these phenomena in older women is lacking. This cross-sectional study compared groups of younger and older women on their WLEs and related attitudes (body dissatisfaction and disordered eating). Twenty-six younger (18-38 years) and 33 older (60-78 years) overweight and obese women were recruited from a weight loss clinic, prior to treatment. Disordered eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction were assessed using validated questionnaires and a pictorial figure-choice scale. Participants reported 10 WLEs categorized according to personal, lifestyle and social factors. Overall, women with a higher body mass index had greater WLEs. Older women reported lower WLEs than younger women (-14.5 kg vs. -22.4 kg) in all categories except past weight. Older women perceived that career success would necessitate the greatest level of weight loss (-18.5 kg), whereas younger women derived their greatest WLEs from mass media (-28.5 kg). Both older and younger groups perceived that their families would be supportive of the smallest amount of weight loss (-8.4 and -17.6 kg, respectively). The groups did not differ on body dissatisfaction, but younger women's disordered eating attitudes were significantly higher (p < .001). Older overweight and obese women have lower WLEs than younger women but experience similar levels of body dissatisfaction and healthier eating attitudes. The attitudinal constructs underlying these differences may be useful in clinical practice to tailor age-specific weight loss interventions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Abstract: Aging and obesity are associated with raised oxidative stress and a reduction of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, with subsequent decline in insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. Inorganic nitrate is converted into NO via a 2-step reduction process and may be an effective nutritional intervention to modify vascular and metabolic functions. This study tested whether inorganic nitrate supplementation improved glucose disposal and attenuated the acute effects of hyperglycemia on oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular function in young and old obese participants. Ten young (aged 18-44 y) and 10 old (aged 55-70 y) obese participants consumed 75 g glucose followed by either potassium nitrate (7 mg/kg body weight) or potassium chloride (placebo) in a randomized, double-blind crossover design. Resting blood pressure (BP), endothelial function, and blood biomarkers were measured for 3 h postintervention. Biomarkers included plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx), glucose, insulin, cyclic GMP, interleukin 6, 3-nitrotyrosine, E- and P-selectins, intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3), and thrombomodulin, as well as superoxide in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Inorganic nitrate supplementation did not affect plasma glucose (P = 0.18) or insulin (P = 0.26) responses. The increase in plasma NOx concentrations 3 h after the administration of inorganic nitrate was significantly higher in young than in old participants (234% increase compared with 149% increase, respectively, P < 0.001). Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine concentrations declined significantly after inorganic nitrate supplementation compared with placebo (3 h postdose, 46% decrease compared with 27% increase, respectively, P = 0.04), and a similar nonsignificant trend was observed for superoxide concentrations (3 h postdose, 16% decrease compared with 23% increase, respectively, P = 0.06). Plasma cyclic GMP, ICAM-3, and thrombomodulin concentrations differed between young and old participants (P < 0.01). Inorganic nitrate supplementation did not improve BP or endothelial function. Oral supplementation with inorganic nitrate did not improve glucose and insulin responses but reduced oxidative stress in old in iduals during acute hyperglycemia. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN42776917.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2017.08.018
Abstract: Sedentary or near-sedentary activities are associated with overweight/obesity in epidemiological studies. This has traditionally been attributed to physical activity displacement. A little-explored area is whether behavioural stresses alter sensations of appetite and eating behaviour. We examined whether behaviours conducted seated (television viewing, video gaming) induce different eating patterns, associated with differential levels of stress response. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 72 overweight/obese adult males, assigned to three groups (24 per group): (i) non-violent television (control group) (ii) non-violent game (FIFA) (iii) violent game (Call of Duty). Following a standardized breakfast, the 1-h intervention was followed by 25-min rest, with sweet and savoury snacks and drinks available ad libitum. Stress markers (heart rate, blood pressure, visual analogue scale (VAS)) were measured throughout. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and stress by VAS were significantly higher (p < 0.05) playing video games than watching non-violent television, though the two game groups did not differ. Considered separately, only the violent video game group consumed more energy (Δ = 208.3 kcal, 95%CI 16, 400), sweet foods (Δ = 25.9 g, 95%CI 9.9, 41.9) and saturated fat (Δ = 4.36 g, 95%CI 0.76, 7.96) than controls. Playing video games in overweight/obese adult males is associated with an acute stress response relative to watching non-violent television, associated with greater subsequent food intake. These findings highlight the need to focus on the metabolic effects, as well as the energy costs, of activities involving sitting in relation to obesity risk.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-07-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-022-02961-5
Abstract: To compare acute effects on blood pressure (BP) of ingestion of visually similar lettuce with controlled high and low content of either nitrate or phenolic compounds. In a randomised cross-over design, 19 healthy participants (22–31 years) received 50 g of lettuce containing either 530 mg (8.4 mmol) nitrate + 11 mg (0.03 mmol) phenolic compounds (HNLP) or 3 mg nitrate (0.05 mmol) + 77 mg (0.2 mmol) phenolic compounds (LNHP), obtained by differential fertilisation. Ambulatory BP was recorded along with plasma, salivary and urinary nitrate and nitrite and plasma concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), phenolic metabolites, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Compared with LNHP, 3 h post ingestion of HNLP, plasma nitrate increased 0.31 ± (95%CI) 0.12 mM (+ 240%), and salivary nitrate 5.5 ± 1.4 mM (+ 910%) accumulated urinary nitrate excretion increased 188 ± 72 mg (+ 296%) (all P 0.001). Systolic BP was reduced 4.9 ± 4.2 mmHg ( P = 0.031) between 3 and 6 h after ingestion of HNLP compared with LNHP systolic BP differences were negatively correlated ( P = 0.004) with differences in saliva nitrate concentrations. LNHP increased plasma phenolics at 6 h, predominantly 3ʹ-methoxycinnamic acid-4ʹ-glucuronide (ferulic acid-4ʹ-glucuronide), 116%, 204 ± 138 nM more than HNLP ( P = 0.001) increased cGMP 14% ( P = 0.019) and reduced FRAP 3.1% ( P = 0.009). The acute BP difference within 6 h of consumption matched the plasma/saliva nitrate peak, not the slower changes of plasma phenolics. This is the first double-blind controlled dietary intervention demonstrating differential effects on human physiology by consumption of an intact plant food, where compositional differences were obtained by controlling growing conditions, indicating potential opportunities for health claims relating to precision/vertical farming. The trial was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, with identifier NCT02701959, on March 8, 2016.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 26-05-2010
Abstract: The transition in the world age demographic toward older age is associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Risk profiles for dementia may also be changing. Obesity and type 2 diabetes have increased in prevalence in the last half-century and have been associated with increased dementia risk. Specific changes in nutrition may also represent a direct risk. A diet transition in the United States has occurred in the intake of refined sugar, particularly high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) from a yearly estimate of 8.1 kg erson at the beginning of the XIX century to a current estimate of 65 kg erson. This article considers the association between refined sugar intake, markers of cardiovascular disease risk, and the possible promotion of the development of dementia.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 2017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 18-02-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980013000141
Abstract: The nutrition transition model provides an integrated approach to analyse global changes in food consumption and lifestyle patterns. Whether variability in food availability for consumption, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors is associated with the worldwide prevalence distribution of overweight, obesity and hypertension is unclear. Ecological analysis. Country-specific prevalence estimates of overweight, obesity and hypertension were obtained. Prevalence estimates were then matched to year- and country-specific food and energy availability for consumption of cereals, sugar, sweeteners and honey, vegetable oils, fruits, starchy roots, pulses, total vegetables, alcoholic beverages, total meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and fish and seafood. The per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), urbanization rates and prevalence of physical inactivity for each country were also obtained. The overweight, obesity and hypertension databases included information from 128, 123 and seventy-nine countries, respectively. Consumption of sugar and animal products were directly associated with GDP and urbanization rates. In a multivariate regression model, physical inactivity ( B = 0·01, se = 0·005, P = 0·003), cereal consumption ( B = −0·02, se = 0·006, P 0·001) and sugar consumption ( B = 0·03, se = 0·01, P = 0·03) were significant predictors of obesity prevalence. Midpoint age ( B = 0·21, se = 0·10, P = 0·02), prevalence of overweight ( B = 0·18, se = 0·08, P = 0·02) and consumption of cereals ( B = −0·22, se = 0·10, P = 0·02) were significant predictors of hypertension. Women appeared to have a significant obesity excess compared with men. High sugar consumption and sedentary lifestyle are associated with increased obesity prevalence. The non-linear association of sugar consumption with prevalence of obesity suggests that effective strategies to reduce its consumption may have differential effects in countries at different stages of the nutrition transition.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2014.05.005
Abstract: The worldwide epidemiology of diabetes is rapidly changing as a result of the spreading of westernised nutritional and lifestyle habits. We conducted an ecological analysis to identify dietary, lifestyle and socio-economic factors associated with global diabetes prevalence. Country-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence were obtained. Data were then matched to year- and country-specific food and energy availability for consumption, and to year-specific information on obesity, physical inactivity, urbanisation, gross domestic product (GDP), and smoking. Data were obtained from publicly available databases compiled by the Food Agricultural Organisation (FAO), World Health Organisation (WHO) and World Bank. Cluster analysis was used to derive dietary patterns of global food consumption. The association with diabetes prevalence was evaluated. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors associated with worldwide diabetes prevalence. 96 countries were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The average diabetes prevalence was 7.0% and the highest rate was observed in the Middle-Eastern region (13.1%). The worldwide prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity was 15.1% and 36.1%, respectively. Diabetes prevalence was associated with age and physical inactivity prevalence in a fully adjusted multiple regression model. Three dietary patterns (agricultural, transitional and westernised) were identified by the cluster analysis. Diabetes prevalence showed a direct dose-response association with the degree of exposure to a westernised dietary pattern. The adoption of sedentary lifestyle and westernised dietary patterns appears to be closely linked to the global rise in diabetes prevalence.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 31-03-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515000227
Abstract: Randomised controlled trials (RCT) testing the effects of antioxidant supplements on endothelial function (EF) have reported conflicting results. We aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with antioxidant vitamins C and E on EF and to explore factors that may provide explanations for the inconsistent results. We searched four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Scopus) from inception until May 2014 for RCT involving adult participants aged ≥ 18 years who were supplemented with vitamins C and E alone or in combination for more than 2 weeks and reporting changes in EF measured using flow mediated dilation or forearm blood flow. Data were pooled as standardised mean difference (SMD) and analysed using a random-effects model. Significant improvements in EF were observed in trials supplementing with vitamin C alone (500–2000 mg/d) (SMD: 0·25, 95 % CI 0·02, 0·49, P = 0·043) and vitamin E alone (300–1800 IU/d 1 IU vitamin E = 0·67 mg natural vitamin E) (SMD: 0·48, 95 % CI 0·23, 0·72, P = 0·0001), whereas co-administration of both vitamins was ineffective (vitamin C: 500–2000 mg/d vitamin E: 400–1200 IU/d) (SMD: 0·12, 95 % CI − 0·18, 0·42, P = 0·428). The effect of vitamin C supplementation on EF increased significantly with age (β 0·023, 95 % CI 0·001, 0·05, P = 0·042). There was a significant negative correlation between baseline plasma vitamin E concentration and the effect of vitamin E supplementation on EF (β − 0·03, 95 % CI − 0·06, − 0·001, P = 0·029). Supplementation with either vitamin C or vitamin E alone improves EF. However, subgroup analysis emphasises the importance of careful characterisation and selection of a population group which may benefit from such supplementation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.NIOX.2016.08.001
Abstract: Nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BRJ) increases plasma nitrite concentrations, lowers the oxygen cost (V⋅O2) of steady-state exercise and improves exercise performance in sedentary and moderately-trained, but rarely in well-trained in iduals exercising at sea-level. BRJ supplementation may be more effective in a hypoxic environment, where the reduction of nitrite into nitric oxide (NO) is potentiated, such that well-trained and less well-trained in iduals may derive a similar ergogenic effect. We conducted a randomised, counterbalanced, double-blind placebo controlled trial to determine the effects of BRJ on treadmill running performance in moderate normobaric hypoxia (equivalent to 2500 m altitude) in participants with a range of aerobic fitness levels. Twelve healthy males (V⋅O2max ranging from 47.1 to 76.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) ingested 138 ml concentrated BRJ (∼15.2 mmol nitrate) or a nitrate-deplete placebo (PLA) (∼0.2 mmol nitrate). Three hours later, participants completed steady-state moderate intensity running, and a 1500 m time-trial (TT) in a normobaric hypoxic chamber (FIO2 ∼ 15%). Plasma nitrite concentration was significantly greater following BRJ versus PLA 1 h post supplementation, and remained higher in BRJ throughout the testing session (p < 0.01). Average V⋅O2 was significantly lower (BRJ: 18.4 ± 2.0, PLA: 20.4 ± 12.6 ml kg(-1) min(-1) p = 0.002), whilst arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was significantly greater (BRJ: 88.4 ± 2.7, PLA: 86.5 ± 3.3% p < 0.001) following BRJ. BRJ improved TT performance in all 12 participants by an average of 3.2% (BRJ: 331.1 ± 45.3 vs. PL: 341.9 ± 46.1 s p 0.05). These findings suggests that a high nitrate dose in the form of a BRJ supplement may improve running performance in in iduals with a range of aerobic fitness levels conducting moderate and high-intensity exercise in a normobaric hypoxic environment.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 06-03-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2014.05.006
Abstract: Whereas adult weight or body mass index (BMI) are directly associated with blood pressure (BP), birth weight is inversely associated with BP. The scenario for height is more complex, as both tall and short stature have been associated with higher BP. We used a theoretical model treating sitting height (SH) and tissue masses (fat mass, lean mass) as components of metabolic load, and leg length (LL) as a marker of homeostatic metabolic capacity. We predicted that decreased capacity and increased load would be independently associated with increased BP.. Anthropometry, body composition (bio-electrical impedance analysis) and BP were measured in 601 adults (228 male) aged 20-91 years from three hill villages in southern Italy. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate associations of body composition and anthropometry with BP. Adjusting for age, systolic BP (SBP) was associated with lean mass in males, and with adiposity in females, whereas diastolic BP (DBP) was associated with fat mass in both sexes. Associations of LL and SH with BP were in opposite directions. LL was inversely associated with SBP and DBP in males, with a similar trend evident in females. SH was directly associated with SBP and DBP in females, and with DBP in males. Consistent with our theoretical model, metabolic load is associated with increased BP, though differently between the sexes, whereas metabolic capacity is independently associated with lower BP. Our findings suggest that early growth improves hemodynamic tolerance of high metabolic load in adulthood..
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2017.01.009
Abstract: Epidemiological evidence suggests an association between consumption of tomato products or lycopene and lower risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Our aim was to evaluate the state of the evidence from intervention trials on the effect of consuming tomato products and lycopene on markers of cardiovascular (CV) function. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of supplementing tomato and lycopene on CV risk factors. Three databases including Medline, Web of science, and Scopus were searched from inception to August 2016. Inclusion criteria were: intervention trials reporting effects of tomato products and lycopene supplementation on CV risk factors among adult subjects >18 years of age. The outcomes of interest included blood lipids (total-, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, oxidised-LDL), endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV)) and blood pressure (BP) inflammatory factors (CRP, IL-6) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1). Random-effects models were used to determine the pooled effect sizes. Out of 1189 publications identified, 21 fulfilled inclusion criteria and were meta-analysed. Overall, interventions supplementing tomato were associated with significant reductions in LDL-cholesterol (-0.22 mmol/L p = 0.006), IL-6 (standardised mean difference -0.25 p = 0.03), and improvements in FMD (2.53% p = 0.01) while lycopene supplementation reduced systolic-BP (-5.66 mmHg p = 0.002). No other outcome was significantly affected by these interventions. The available evidence on the effects of tomato products and lycopene supplementation on CV risk factors supports the view that increasing the intake of these has positive effects on blood lipids, blood pressure and endothelial function. These results support the development of promising in idualised nutritional strategies involving tomatoes to tackle CVD.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-12-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-02-2007
Abstract: Ethnic differences in the association between body mass index (BMI) and body fat suggest that body composition varies across ethnic groups. To investigate the association between impedance index - a measure of tissue resistivity - and BMI in adults of different ethnic groups (Asian Indians, West Africans and White Caucasians) living in their native countries. Male (n=329) and female (n=277) adult subjects (18-50 years) living in urban areas in the UK, The Gambia and Pakistan were studied. Body weight and height were measured and BMI calculated. The same leg-to-leg bioimpedance instrument was used in each study and impedance index (height(2) (cm)/impedance (Omega)) used as measure of tissue resistivity. In women, Asian Indians and West Africans had a significantly greater increase in impedance index per unit increase in BMI compared with white Caucasians (P<0.001). In men, Asian Indians had a significantly lower impedance index compared with West Africans and white Caucasians (P<0.001). Different ethnic groups may have different tissue resistivity for the same BMI indicative of systematic differences in body composition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-03-2017
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2017.24
Abstract: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have observed contrasting results on the effects of vitamin C on circulating biomarkers of glycaemic and insulin regulation. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs testing the effect of vitamin C administration on glucose, HbA1c and insulin concentrations. Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library) were used to retrieve RCTs published from inception until April 2016 and testing the effects of vitamin C in adult participants. The screening of 2008 articles yielded 22 eligible studies (937 participants). Overall, vitamin C did not modify glucose, HbA1c and insulin concentrations. However, subgroup analyses showed that vitamin C significantly reduced glucose concentrations (-0.44 mmol/l, 95% CI: -0.81, -0.07, P=0.01) in patients with type 2 diabetes and in interventions with a duration greater than 30 days (-0.53%, 95% CI: -0.79, -0.10, P=0.02). Vitamin C administration had greater effects on fasting (-13.63 pmol/l, 95% CI: -22.73, -4.54, P<0.01) compared to postprandial insulin concentration. Meta-regression analyses showed that age was a modifier of the effect of vitamin C on insulin concentration. Furthermore, the effect size was associated with baseline BMI and plasma glucose levels, and with the duration of the intervention. In conclusion, greater reduction in glucose concentrations observed in patients with diabetes, older in iduals and with more prolonged supplementation. Personalised interventions with vitamin C may represent a feasible future strategy to enhance benefits and efficacy of interventions. Nevertheless, results need to be interpreted cautiously due to limitations in the primary studies analysed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2014.04.004
Abstract: Observational studies indicate that higher vitamin C intake is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular diseases. However, randomised controlled trials (RCT) examining the effect of vitamin C on endothelial function (EF) have reported inconsistent results. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to determine the effect of vitamin C supplementation on EF and to investigate whether the effect was influenced by health status, study duration, dose and route of vitamin C administration. We searched the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from inception to May 2013 for studies that met the following criteria: 1) RCT with adult participants, 2) vitamin C administered alone, 3) studies that quantified EF using commonly applied methods including ultrasound, plethysmography and pulse wave analysis. Pooling the data from 44 clinical trials showed a significant positive effect of vitamin C on EF (SMD: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.66, P < 0.001). Stratification of the analysis by health outcome revealed improved EF in atherosclerotic (SMD: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.41, 1.26, P < 0.001), diabetic (SMD: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.82, P < 0.001) and heart failure patients (SMD: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.88, P < 0.02) after vitamin C supplementation. The effect size appeared to be unaffected by study design, duration, baseline plasma vitamin C concentration or route of administration of vitamin C. The meta-regression showed a significant positive association between vitamin C dose and improvement in EF (β: 0.00011, 95% CI: 0.00001, 0.00021, P = 0.03). Vitamin C supplementation improved EF. The effect of vitamin C supplementation appeared to be dependent on health status, with stronger effects in those at higher cardiovascular disease risk. PROSPERO Database registration: CRD42013004567, www.crd.york.ac.uk rospero/
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2016.11.012
Abstract: Ageing and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are risk factors for skeletal muscle loss. We investigated whether anabolic resistance to feeding might underlie accelerated muscle loss in older people with T2DM and whether dysregulated mTOR signalling was implicated. 8 obese men with T2DM, and 12 age-matched controls were studied (age 68 ± 3 vs. 68±6 y BMI: 30 ± 2 vs. 27 ± 5 kg m Body composition was measured by dual-X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin and glucose were cl ed at post-absorptive concentrations (13 ± 2 vs. 9 ± 3 mU l Despite a significantly lower appendicular lean mass index and a greater fat mass index in T2DM vs. controls, basal myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic and post-prandial myofibrillar FSR were similar. After 20 g EAA, stimulation of sarcoplasmic FSR was slightly blunted in T2DM patients. Furthermore, feeding 20 g EAA increased phosphorylation of mTOR, p70 There was clear dissociation between changes in mTOR signalling versus changes in protein synthesis rates. However, the intact anabolic response of myofibrillar FSR to feeding in both groups suggests anabolic resistance may not explain accelerated muscle loss in T2DM.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 05-05-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114522001337
Abstract: Beetroot (BR) is a rich source of nitrate (NO 3 -) that has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP). Yet, no studies have examined the vascular benefits of BR in whole-food form and whether the effects are modified by age. This study was a four-arm, randomised, open-label, cross-over design in twenty-four healthy adults (young n 12, age 27 ± 4 years, old n 12, age 64 ± 5 years). Participants consumed whole-cooked BR at portions of (NO 3 - content in brackets) 100 g (272 mg), 200 g (544 mg) and 300 g (816 mg) and a 200-ml solution containing 1000 mg of potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) on four separate occasions over a 4-week period (≥7-d washout period). BP, plasma NO 3 - and nitrite (NO 2 -) concentrations, and post-occlusion reactive hyperaemia via laser Doppler, were measured pre- and up to 5-h post-intervention. Data were analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Plasma NO 2 - concentrations were higher in the young v . old at baseline and post-intervention ( P 0·05). All NO 3 - interventions decreased systolic and diastolic BP in young participants ( P 0·05), whereas only KNO 3 (at 240–300 min post-intake) significantly decreased systolic (–4·8 mmHg, −3·5 %, P = 0·024) and diastolic (–5·4 mmHg, −6·5 %, P = 0·007) BP in older participants. In conclusion, incremental doses of dietary NO 3 - reduced systolic and diastolic BP in healthy young adults whereas in the older group a significant decrease was only observed with the highest dose. The lower plasma NO 2 - concentrations in older participants suggest that there may be mechanistic differences in the production of NO from dietary NO 3 - in young and older populations.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-06-2017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 06-03-2014
Abstract: The association between poor nutrition and disease is well established. Integrating nutritional sciences into clinical practice offers a valuable tool to improve patient care and prognosis, particularly within the critical care environment where nutrition is often overlooked. However, optimizing nutritional support offers a safe and simple adjunct to more expensive and technologically challenging treatments for these complex patients. This volume provides comprehensive guidelines for the nutritional support of critically ill patients and is valuable reading for doctors, nurses, dieticians and practitioners working within the critical care environment. It begins by discussing nutritional physiology and patient assessment, providing an essential foundation for planning and managing the dietary requirements of critically ill patients. Internationally-recognized authors present evidence-based guidelines for managing various groups, including surgical patients, patients with burns, and patients with renal failure. The implications of enteral vs. parenteral nutrition, timing of nutritional support, therapeutic strategies, and management of complications are discussed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-01-2013
Abstract: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is widely used to predict body composition in paediatric research and clinical practice. Many equations have been published, but provide inconsistent predictions. To test whether a single equation for lean mass (LM) estimation from BIA is appropriate across wide ranges of age, pubertal status and nutritional status, by testing whether specific groups differ in the slope or intercept of the equation. In 547 healthy in iduals aged 4-24 years (240 males), we collected data on body mass (BM) and height (HT), and lean mass (LM) using the 4-component model. Impedance (Z) was measured using TANITA BC418MA instrumentation. LM was regressed on HT(2)/Z. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate whether groups based on gender, age, pubertal status or nutritional status differed in the association of LM with HT(2)/Z. BM ranged from 5 to 128 kg. HT(2)/Z was a strong predictor of LM (r (2)=0.953, s.e.e.=2.9 kg). There was little evidence of a sex difference in this relationship, however, children aged 4-7 years and 16-19 years differed significantly from other age groups in regression slopes and intercepts. Similar variability was encountered for pubertal stage, but not for nutritional status. No single BIA equation applies across the age range 4-24 years. At certain ages or pubertal stages, the slope and intercept of the equation relating LM to HT(2)/Z alters. Failure to address such age effects is likely to result in poor accuracy of BIA (errors of several kg) for longitudinal studies of change in body composition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-11-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S40520-013-0169-8
Abstract: This study evaluated the agreement of novel anthropometric equations and established indirect methods (skinfold thickness and bioimpedance analysis) with reference methods [dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP)] for fat mass assessment (FM) in older subjects. Forty subjects (M/F = 15/25, age = 61-84 years, BMI = 18-37 kg/m(2)) were recruited. The agreement of the following predictive equations was evaluated: body adiposity index (BAI), BAI-Fels and Clínica Universidad de Navarra-body adiposity estimator (CUN-BAE). BAI estimates were comparable to DXA (Δ ± 2SD = 0.4 ± 6.0 kg, p > 0.05) but not to ADP (Δ ± 2SD = -2.8 ± 7.2 kg, p 0.05) but not to ADP (Δ ± 2SD = -4.0 ± 6.9 kg, p 0.05), whereas it significantly overestimated DXA (Δ ± 2SD = 2.8 ± 5.4 kg, p < 0.001). ADP significantly overestimated FM compared to DXA (Δ ± 2SD = 3.2 ± 5.4 kg, p < 0.001) and the measurement bias was significantly correlated with BMI in men (p = 0.004). The accuracy of the three anthropometric indexes is dependent on the choice of the reference method. The variability of the FM estimates was large and these indexes cannot be recommended for the assessment of FM in older subjects.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
Abstract: Several studies tested the effects of supplementation with antioxidant vitamins on arterial stiffness, but the results were contradictory. The aim of our study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effect of antioxidant vitamins on arterial stiffness and to determine whether the effects on arterial stiffness vary according to dose, duration of intervention, and health or nutritional status of the included participants. We searched 3 databases (Medline, Embase, and Scopus) for articles that potentially met the following eligibility criteria: 1) randomized controlled trials comparing antioxidant vitamins (vitamins C, E, and A and β-carotene) to either placebo or no active control in 2) adult participants aged ≥18 y 3) antioxidant vitamins administered alone or in combination, irrespective of dose, duration, and route of administration and 4) changes in arterial stiffness or arterial compliance. Data were pooled as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and analyzed using fixed- and random-effects models. Data synthesis showed that antioxidant vitamins reduced arterial stiffness significantly (SMD: -0.17 95% CI: -0.26, -0.08 P < 0.001). This effect was significant in experimental (SMD: -1.02 95% CI: -1.54, -0.49 P < 0.001) and primary prevention (SMD: -0.14 95% CI: -0.24, -0.04 P < 0.01) studies, whereas a trend for reduced arterial stiffness was observed in studies including participants with diseases (SMD: -0.19 95% CI: -0.40, 0.02 P = 0.08). Vitamin supplementation improved arterial stiffness irrespective of age group and duration of intervention. Antioxidant vitamins were more effective in participants with low baseline plasma concentrations of vitamins C (SMD: -0.35 95% CI: -0.62, -0.07 P < 0.016) and E (SMD: -0.79 95% CI: -1.23, -0.33 P < 0.01). Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins has a small, protective effect on arterial stiffness. The effect may be augmented in those with lower baseline plasma vitamin E and C concentrations. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42014007260.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 21-10-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-07-2018
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1453779
Abstract: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials examining the effect of inorganic nitrate or nitrite supplementation on cognitive function (CF) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Two databases (PubMed, Embase) were searched for articles from inception until May 2017. Inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials participants >18 years old trials comparing a nitrate/nitrite intervention with a control. Thirteen and nine trials were included in the meta-analysis to assess CF and CBF, respectively. Random-effects models were used and the effect size described as standardized mean differences (SMDs). A total of 297 participants (median of 23 per trial) were included for CF 163 participants (median of 16 per trial) were included for CBF. Nitrate/nitrite supplementation did not influence CF (SMD +0.06, 95% CI: -0.06, 0.18, P = 0.32) or CBF under resting (SMD +0.14, 95% CI: -0.13, 0.41, P = 0.31), or stimulated conditions (SMD + 0.23, 95% CI: -0.11, 0.56, P = 0.19). The meta-regression showed an inverse association between duration of the intervention and CBF (P = 0.02) but no influence of age, BMI or dose (
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-10-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S40519-013-0077-0
Abstract: Body adiposity index (BAI) is a novel index for the assessment of percentage fat mass (FM%). We tested the association between BAI and metabolic outcomes in overweight and obese women of different ages. 260 young women (24.7 ± 5.3 years, 31.0 ± 5.0 kg/m(2)) and 328 older women (66.9 ± 4.6 years, 34.8 ± 4.7 kg/m(2)) were recruited. BAI was calculated using hip circumference and height. Bioimpedance analysis was used to measure FM%. Metabolic risk was assessed using a composite z score integrating standardised measurements of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, liver enzymes and triglycerides. The association between BAI and FM% was modest in both young (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) and older (r = 0.49, p < 0.001) groups. BAI was directly associated with metabolic risk in young women (r = 0.29, p < 0.001), whereas it showed a weak, inverse association in the older group (r = -0.14, p = 0.01). BAI validity needs to be re-assessed in older in iduals for better definition of its predictive accuracy.
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 27-12-2017
DOI: 10.2337/DB16-0843
Abstract: Exercise is an effective intervention for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle combines multiple signals that contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on cardiometabolic health. Inorganic nitrate increases exercise efficiency, tolerance, and performance. The transcriptional regulator peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) coordinates the exercise-stimulated skeletal muscle fiber-type switch from glycolytic fast-twitch (type IIb) to oxidative slow-twitch (type I) and intermediate (type IIa) fibers, an effect reversed in insulin resistance and diabetes. We found that nitrate induces PGC1α expression and a switch toward type I and IIa fibers in rat muscle and myotubes in vitro. Nitrate induces the release of exercise/PGC1α-dependent myokine FNDC5/irisin and β-aminoisobutyric acid from myotubes and muscle in rats and humans. Both exercise and nitrate stimulated PGC1α-mediated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) secretion from muscle. Circulating GABA concentrations were increased in exercising mice and nitrate-treated rats and humans thus, GABA may function as an exercise/PGC1α-mediated myokine-like small molecule. Moreover, nitrate increased circulating growth hormone levels in humans and rodents. Nitrate induces physiological responses that mimic exercise training and may underlie the beneficial effects of this metabolite on exercise and cardiometabolic health.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-04-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-06-2020
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2003
Abstract: In our modern society, there is a growing and increasing prevalence of overweight, obesity and eating disorders and young female subjects frequently ask for nutritional counselling. Resting energy expenditure (REE) is essential to provide a sound diet to subjects seeking nutritional support. We perform a critical selection of accurate and reliable prediction equations employed on normal-weight, overweight and obese young women. REE of 157 young women of Caucasian race (18-35 years)was measured with indirect calorimetry and was compared with the principal prediction equations (Harris and Benedict, Owen, Mifflin, WHO, Bernstein and Robertson and Reid). The statistical analysis used to compare measured and the predicted REE was paired t -test, +/-95% confidence interval and Bland and Altman method. The influence of weight loss on the prediction error was estimated in 31 subjects. An additional REE measurement was performed on patients who had lost >or=5% of the initial body weight due to a sound low-calorie diet. The equations more reliable in our study are Owen's equation in normal-weight subjects, Bernstein's equation in overweight subjects and Robertson and Reid's equation in obese subjects. Weight was a significant variable according to the stepwise regression analysis resulting in the following equation: 542.2 + 11.5 kg R(2) : 0.59. Weight loss decisively increased the overestimation of the equations and only Owen's equation maintained the error of prediction within acceptable limits. The equation of Owen in normal weight, Bernstein in overweight and of Robertson and Reid in obese subjects should be chosen when we have to predict REE in young women. Due to metabolic adaptation occurring during therapeutic or spontaneous energy restriction, we suggest to use Owen' s equation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.FREERADBIOMED.2011.05.032
Abstract: Stable isotopic methods are considered the "gold standard" for the measurement of rates of in vivo NO production. However, values reported for healthy human in iduals differ by more than 1 order of magnitude. The reason for the apparent variability in NO production is unclear. The primary aim of this review was to evaluate and compare the rates of in vivo NO production in health and disease using stable isotope methods. Articles were retrieved using the PubMed electronic database. Information on concentrations, isotopic enrichments of fluxes, and conversion rates of molecules involved in the NO metabolic pathway was extracted from selected articles 35 articles were included in the final analysis. Three protocols were identified, including the arginine-citrulline, the arginine-nitrate, and the oxygen-nitrate protocols. The arginine-citrulline protocol showed a wider variability compared to the arginine-nitrate and oxygen-nitrate protocols. The direction of the association between disease state and rate of NO production was essentially determined by the etiopathogenesis of the disorder (inflammatory, metabolic, vascular). Considerable variation in methodologies used to assess whole-body NO synthesis in humans exists. The precision of several aspects of the techniques and the validity of some assumptions made remain unknown, and there is a paucity of information about physiological rates of NO production from childhood over adolescence to old age.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1159/000072401
Abstract: i Aims: /i Dieting is a behavioral phenomenon which is becoming more frequent among adolescents and the search for weight loss, through dieting, may result in an unbalanced nutrition both quantitatively and qualitatively. Our study intended to look at the eating habits and behavior on a cohort of adolescent girls to verify the presence of unbalanced diets and the prevalence of eating disorders with particular attention to the partial syndromes (EDNOS). i Methods: /i A cross-sectional double-stage study was carried out on a group of schoolgirls in the suburbs of Naples. We assessed anthropometrical measures, body composition (skinfolds and bioimpedance analysis), dietary intake by means of 3-day food records and we administered the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 and Psychosocial Factor Risk Questionnaire. A multidisciplinary and double-stage approach had been used to get a better diagnosis of eating disorders in our s le. i Results: /i 156 adolescent girls, 14–18 years old, took part in our study. Height, weight, and BMI were 160.38 cm, 58 kg and 22.6, respectively. Analysis of food intake showed that all the values reported, with the exception of lipids and sodium, were below the recommendations by LARN. We observed a prevalence of 1.28% of bulimia nervosa, 1.28% of binge eating, and 10.25% of eating disorders not otherwise specified. EDI 2 and PRFQ confirmed how important drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction dimensions are when we deal with adolescent girls and with the phenomenon of dieting. The study confirmed the validity of the PRFQ questionnaire to evaluate mass media influence on body perception and eating behavior of adolescents. i Conclusion: /i Multidisciplinary and well-designed studies are needed to systematically and accurately study eating habits and behavior of adolescents to tackle more efficiently the increasing spread of eating disorders and obesity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2018.01.022
Abstract: There is no consensus on the definition of sarcopenic obesity (SO), resulting in inconsistent associations of SO with mortality risk. We aim to evaluate association of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) SO models with mortality risk in a US adult population (≥50 years). The study population consisted of 3577 participants aged 50 years and older from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey with mortality follow-up data through December 31, 2011. Difference in survival time in people with and without SO defined by three body composition DXA models (Model 1: body composition phenotype model Model 2: Truncal Fat Mass (TrFM)/Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASM) ratio model Model 3: Fat Mass (FM)/Fat Free Mass (FFM) ratio). The differences between the models were assessed by the acceleration failure time model, and expressed as time ratios (TR). Participants age 50-70 years with SO had a significantly decreased survival time, according to the body composition phenotype model (TR: 0.92 95% CI: 0.87-0.97), and TrFM/ASM ratio model (TR: 0.88 95% CI: 0.81-0.95). The FM/FFM ratio model did not detect significant differences in survival time. Participants with SO aged 70 years and older did not have a significantly decreased survival time, according to all three models. A SO phenotype increases mortality risk in people of age 50-70 years, but not in people aged 70 years and older. The application of the body composition phenotype and the TrFM/ASM ratio models may represent useful diagnostic approaches to improve the prediction of disease and mortality risk.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-05-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2362.2012.02684.X
Abstract: Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been observed in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nitric oxide (NO) formation is reduced in MetS, but its relationship to VEGF production remains poorly defined. We evaluated the association between VEGF/NO synthesis and insulin sensitivity in obese subjects and investigated the secretory response of VEGF to an acute elevation of glucose. Seven healthy normal-weight subjects, seven obese subjects without MetS and seven obese subjects with MetS were recruited. Anthropometry, body composition and cardiometabolic functions (blood pressure, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C and VEGF) were measured, and a novel stable isotope method was used to assess in vivo rates of NO production. A frequent s ling intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed to study the dynamics of VEGF release. Fasting VEGF levels were significantly higher in the two obese groups compared to the control group (P for trend = 0·02), but the difference was not significant after adjustment for age. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were associated with systolic blood pressure (ρ = 0·54 P = 0·01) and NO production (ρ = -0·44 P = 0·04). Vascular endothelial growth factor levels increased in response to acute hyperglycaemia in normal-weight and obese subjects (P < 0·001). Vascular endothelial growth factor levels rapidly increase during hyperglycaemia and are inversely related to NO production at steady state. The potential link between the acute secretion of VEGF and atherosclerotic risk in subjects with poorly controlled glycaemia as well as the potential of lowering elevated VEGF levels by increasing NO production and/or availability warrants further investigation.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-11-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUTRES.2016.11.004
Abstract: Although dietary nitrate (NO
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-12-2011
DOI: 10.1038/MP.2011.147
Abstract: Whether mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has a distinct neuropathological profile that reflects an intermediate state between no cognitive impairment and dementia is not clear. Identifying which biological events occur at the earliest stage of progressive disease and which are secondary to the neuropathological process is important for understating pathological pathways and for targeted disease prevention. Many studies have now reported on the neurobiology of this intermediate stage. In this systematic review, we synthesize current evidence on the neuropathological profile of MCI. A total of 162 studies were identified with varied definition of MCI, settings ranging from population to specialist clinics and a wide range of objectives. From these studies, it is clear that MCI is neuropathologically complex and cannot be understood within a single framework. Pathological changes identified include plaque and tangle formation, vascular pathologies, neurochemical deficits, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial changes, changes in genomic activity, synaptic dysfunction, disturbed protein metabolism and disrupted metabolic homeostasis. Determining which factors primarily drive neurodegeneration and dementia and which are secondary features of disease progression still requires further research. Standardization of the definition of MCI and reporting of pathology would greatly assist in building an integrated picture of the clinical and neuropathological profile of MCI.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2023
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-06-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2796.2010.02255.X
Abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and fatal cardiovascular events. Angiogenesis is thought to contribute to this risk as it might be involved in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. We investigated the levels of circulating biomarkers of angiogenesis and cardiovascular risk in adults with MetSyn and assessed their association with established metabolic risk factors. The Genetic Park project is a highly inclusive cross-sectional survey (about 80% of residents) conducted in three isolated populations in Southern Italy. A total of 1000 men and women (age range: 18-98 years) were included in the analysis. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were recorded. Metabolic and cardiovascular biomarkers included glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Subjects with MetSyn had higher levels of PlGF and NT-proBNP after adjustment for age, smoking and body mass index. Circulating levels of PlGF, hs-TnT and NT-proBNP were directly related to the number of criteria of MetSyn, and this association interacted with gender. There was a strong correlation between ageing and cardiovascular risk. The increase in circulating levels of biomarkers of angiogenesis and cardiac function in subjects with MetSyn mirrors the pathophysiological changes occurring in the cardiovascular system. Over time, these changes might accelerate the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques and contribute significantly to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risk.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-11-2016
DOI: 10.1111/COB.12165
Abstract: The ratio between fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) has been used to discriminate in idual differences in body composition and improve prediction of metabolic risk. Here, we evaluated whether the use of a visceral adipose tissue-to-fat-free mass index (VAT:FFMI) ratio was a better predictor of metabolic risk than a fat mass index to fat-free mass index (FMI:FFMI) ratio. This is a cross-sectional study including 3441 adult participants (age range 18-81 men/women: 977/2464). FM and FFM were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and VAT by ultrasonography. A continuous metabolic risk Z score and harmonised international criteria were used to define cumulative metabolic risk and metabolic syndrome (MetS), respectively. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to test associations between body composition indexes and metabolic risk. In unadjusted models, VAT:FFMI was a better predictor of MetS (OR 8.03, 95%CI 6.69-9.65) compared to FMI:FFMI (OR 2.91, 95%CI 2.45-3.46). However, the strength of association of VAT:FFMI and FMI:FFMI became comparable when models were adjusted for age, gender, clinical and sociodemographic factors (OR 4.06, 95%CI 3.31-4.97 OR 4.25, 95%CI 3.42-5.27, respectively). A similar pattern was observed for the association of the two indexes with the metabolic risk Z score (VAT:FFMI: unadjusted b = 0.69 ± 0.03, adjusted b = 0.36 ± 0.03 FMI:FFMI: unadjusted b = 0.28 ± 0.028, adjusted b = 0.38 ± 0.02). Our results suggest that there is no real advantage in using either VAT:FFMI or FMI:FFMI ratios as a predictor of metabolic risk in adults. However, these results warrant confirmation in longitudinal studies.
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-11-2006
Abstract: To investigate the distribution of overweight and obesity and its relationship with socio-economic and behavioural factors in a developing-country population undergoing rapid nutritional transition. Cross-sectional house-to-house survey in urban Gambia. Four groups of 50 subjects were s led as follows: young men (YM, 14-25 years), young women (YW, 14-25 years), older men (OM, 35-50 years) and older women (OW, 35-50 years). Several socio-economic and behavioural factors were investigated. Composite indices for socio-economic status, education, healthy lifestyle and western influences were created. Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body composition was assessed by leg-to-leg bioimpedance. Overweight was defined as BMI=25.0-29.9 kg/m(2) and obesity as BMI>or=30.0 kg/m(2). There were highly significant gender and age differences in overweight (YM=0%, YW=10%, OM=6% and OW=34%) and obesity (YM=0%, YW=4%, OM=6% and OW=50%). Only 16% of OW were neither overweight nor obese compared to 88% of OM. OW had a higher fat mass percent (38.4%) than other groups, while fat-free mass (kg) was significantly higher in males than females with YW having the lowest value. Young generations were more educated and more influenced by western ideals than OM and OW. Weight gain was not always associated with weight concern and many overweight/obese subjects did not perceive themselves as overweight. Social and behavioural changes are already creating a perceptible 'generational gap' among this population undergoing rapid transition. The improved education and current lean status of the younger adults offers opportunities for preventative interventions. These need to be specially targeted at women.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2015.05.021
Abstract: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in humans revealed contradictory results regarding the effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood lipids. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs investigating the effect of vitamin C supplementation on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides and to determine whether the effects are modified by the participants' or intervention characteristics. Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library) were searched from inception until August 2014 for RCTs supplementing adult participants with vitamin C for ≥ 2 weeks and reporting changes in blood lipids. Overall, vitamin C supplementation did not change blood lipids concentration significantly. However, supplementation reduced total cholesterol in younger participants (≤52 years age) (-0.26 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.45, -0.07) and LDL-C in healthy participants (-0.32 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.57, -0.07). In diabetics, vitamin C supplementation reduced triglycerides significantly (-0.15 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.30, -0.002) and increased HDL-C significantly (0.06 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.11). Meta-regression analyses showed the changes in total cholesterol (β: -0.24, CI: -0.36, -0.11) and in triglycerides (β: -0.17, CI: -0.30, -0.05) following vitamin C supplementation were greater in those with higher concentrations of these lipids at baseline. Greater increase in HDL-C was observed in participants with lower baseline plasma concentrations of vitamin C (β: -0.002, CI: -0.003, -0.0001). Overall, vitamin C supplementation had no significant effect on lipid profile. However, subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed significant reductions in blood lipids following supplementation in sub-populations with dyslipidaemia or low vitamin C status at baseline. PROSPERO Database registration: CRD42014013487, www.crd.york.ac.uk rospero/.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-04-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JHN.12078
Abstract: Unrealistic weight loss expectations (WLEs) and greater body dissatisfaction may be associated with the poor long-term outcomes of dietary and lifestyle weight loss treatments. We evaluated the association between body size, WLEs and body dissatisfaction in young women attempting to lose weight. Forty-four young healthy women [age range 18-35 years, body mass index (BMI) range 23-40 kg/m2] were recruited. Women were classified as obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI <30.0 kg/m2). The Body Dissatisfaction scale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 and the Body Image Assessment for Obesity silhouette charts were used to assess body dissatisfaction. WLEs were categorised according to personal (ideal, happiness, satisfaction, weight history), lifestyle (fitness) and social (career, family acceptance, peer acceptance, mass media, social pressure) factors. In idual WLEs were compared with recommended clinical targets (5%, 10% and 20%) for weight loss. Body dissatisfaction was lower in non-obese subjects and was directly associated with BMI (P < 0.05). WLEs were directly associated with BMI and the obese group reported greater expectations. Five non-obese subjects (23%) desired to lose more than 20% of their body weight, whereas the proportion was significantly higher in the obese group (17 subjects 74%). Subjects derived the greatest WLEs from mass media, whereas they perceived that family and friends were supportive of a lesser degree of weight loss. We observed a mismatch between clinical and personal expectations, and social pressure and interpersonal relationships appear to have a prominent role with respect to influencing the association.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2009
Abstract: Many components of clinical management are tailored to metabolic variables, such as fat-free mass, fat mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and body surface area. However, these traits are difficult to measure in routine care and are typically predicted from simple anthropometric or bedside body-composition measurements. Many prediction equations have been published, but validation studies have shown that these equations tend to have limited accuracy in in iduals and many have significant average bias. We tested a mathematical approach that assumes that the aggregate of many independent predictions is more accurate than the best single prediction. Body composition was measured in 196 children aged 4-16 y by using the 4-component model. RMR was measured in 142 adult women. Data on weight, height, age, skinfold thickness, and body impedance were used in published equations to predict body composition (12 equations) or RMR (13 equations). The accuracy of in idual compared with aggregate predictions, relative to the reference measurements, was compared by using the Bland and Altman method. For children's body composition and adult RMR, the aggregate predictions had lower mean biases and lower limits of agreement than did the in idual predictions, and the aggregate predictions performed better than did any in idual prediction. Aggregate predictions perform better than single predictions at predicting fat-free mass, fat mass, total body water, and RMR. Our findings indicate that the accuracy of calculating variables such as energy requirements and drug and dialysis dosages can be improved significantly with the use of our mathematical approach.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.METABOL.2015.03.011
Abstract: Weight loss (WL) is associated with a decrease in total and resting energy expenditure (EE). We aimed to investigate whether (1) diets with different rate and extent of WL determined different changes in total and resting EE and if (2) they influenced the level of adaptive thermogenesis, defined as the decline in total or resting EE not accounted by changes in body composition. Three groups of six, obese men participated in a total fast for 6 days to achieve a 5% WL and a very low calorie (VLCD, 2.5 MJ/day) for 3 weeks or a low calorie (LCD, 5.2 MJ/day) diet for 6 weeks to achieve a 10% WL. A four-component model was used to measure body composition. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure resting EE. Total EE was measured by doubly labelled water (VLCD, LCD) and 24-hour whole-body calorimetry (fasting). VLCD and LCD showed a similar degree of metabolic adaptation for total EE (VLCD = -6.2% LCD = -6.8%). Metabolic adaptation for resting EE was greater in the LCD (-0.4 MJ/day, -5.3%) compared to the VLCD (-0.1 MJ/day, -1.4%) group. Resting EE did not decrease after short-term fasting and no evidence of adaptive thermogenesis (+0.4 MJ/day) was found after 5% WL. The rate of WL was inversely associated with changes in resting EE (n = 30, r = 0.-42, p=0.01). The rate of WL did not appear to influence the decline in total EE in obese men after 10% WL. Approximately 6% of this decline in total EE was explained by mechanisms of adaptive thermogenesis.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-02-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-016-1159-3
Abstract: In addition to regulating calcium homoeostasis and bone health, vitamin D influences vascular and metabolic processes including endothelial function (EF) and insulin signalling. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) were conducted to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on EF and to examine whether the effect size was modified by health status, study duration, dose, route of vitamin D administration, vitamin D status (baseline and post-intervention), body mass index (BMI), age and type of vitamin D. We searched the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases from inception until March 2015 for studies meeting the following criteria: (1) RCT with adult participants, (2) vitamin D administration alone, (3) studies that quantified EF using commonly applied methods including ultrasound, plethysmography, applanation tonometry and laser Doppler. Sixteen articles reporting data for 1177 participants were included. Study duration ranged from 4 to 52 weeks. The effect of vitamin D on EF was not significant (SMD: 0.08, 95 % CI -0.06, 0.22, p = 0.28). Subgroup analysis showed a significant improvement of EF in diabetic subjects (SMD: 0.31, 95 % CI 0.05, 0.57, p = 0.02). A non-significant trend was found for diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.02 p = 0.07) and BMI (β = 0.05 p = 0.06). Vitamin D supplementation did not improve EF. The significant effect of vitamin D in diabetics and a tendency for an association with BMI may indicate a role of excess adiposity and insulin resistance in modulating the effects of vitamin D on vascular function. This remains to be tested in future studies.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-06-2016
Abstract: Surveillance of physical activity (PA) is essential for the development of health promotion initiatives. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of PA and sedentary behaviour with respect to socio-demographic factors in Chile. A representative s le of 5434 adults aged ≥15 years (59% women) who participated in the Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010) were included. Socio-demographic data (age, sex, environment, education level, income level and smoking status) were collected for all participants. PA levels were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. 19.8% [95% CI: 18.1-21.6] of the Chilean population did not meet PA recommendations (≥600 MET min week(-1)). The prevalence of physical inactivity was higher in participants aged ≥65 years, compared with the youngest age groups and was higher in women than in men. However, it was lower for participants with high, compared with low, education or income levels. The overall prevalence of sedentary risk behaviour (spending >4 h sitting per day) was 35.9% [95% CI: 33.7-38.2]. Physical inactivity correlates strongly with socio-demographic factors such as age, gender and educational level. Results identify social and economic groups to which future public health interventions should be aimed to increase PA in the Chilean population.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2016
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-02-2011
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-03-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.ARCHGER.2014.09.004
Abstract: Bioelectrical impedance is a non-invasive technique for the assessment of body composition however, information on its accuracy in the very old (80+years) is limited. We investigated whether the association between the impedance index and total body water (TBW) was modified by hydration status as assessed by haematocrit and serum osmolarity. This was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Newcastle 85+Cohort Study. Anthropometric measurements [weight, height (Ht)] were taken and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Leg-to-leg bioimpedance was used to measure the impedance value (Z) and to estimate fat mass, fat free mass and TBW. The impedance index (Ht2/Z) was calculated. Blood haematocrit, haemoglobin, glucose, sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine concentrations were measured. Serum osmolarity was calculated using a validated prediction equation. 677 men and women aged 85 years were included. The average BMI of the population was 24.3±4.2kg/m2 and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 32.6% and 9.5%, respectively. The impedance index was significantly associated with TBW in both men (n=274, r=0.76, p<0.001) and women (n=403, r=0.96, p<0.001) in regression models, the impedance index remained associated with TBW after adjustment for height, weight and gender, and further adjustment for serum osmolarity and haematocrit. The impedance index values increased with BMI and the relationship was not modified by hydration status in women (p=0.69) and only marginally in men (p=0.02). The association between the impedance index and TBW was not modified by hydration status, which may support the utilisation of leg-to-leg bioimpedance for the assessment of body composition in the very old.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-07-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-10-2013
Abstract: Watching television and playing video game being seated represent sedentary behaviours and increase the risk of weight gain and hypertension. We investigated the acute effects of violent and non-violent video-game playing on blood pressure (BP), appetite perception and food preferences. Forty-eight young, normal-weight men (age: 23.1±1.9 years body mass index: 22.5±1.9 kg/m(2)) participated in a three-arm, randomized trial. Subjects played a violent video game, a competitive, non-violent video game or watched TV for 1 h. Measurements of BP, stress and appetite perception were recorded before a standardized meal (∼300 kcal) and then repeated every 15 min throughout the intervention. Violent video-game playing was associated with a significant increase in diastolic BP (Δ±s.d.=+7.5±5.8 mm Hg P=0.04) compared with the other two groups. Subjects playing violent video games felt less full (P=0.02) and reported a tendency towards sweet food consumption. Video games involving violence appear to be associated with significant effects on BP and appetite perceptions compared with non-violent gaming or watching TV.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 07-2011
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Mario Siervo.