ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4767-7276
Current Organisation
Simon Fraser University
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Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 26-06-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-05-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-04-2018
DOI: 10.1111/CAG.12463
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-02-2019
Abstract: A foot patrol program was implemented in Lower Lonsdale, British Columbia, in the summer of 2010 and continues today. As a part of assessing the foot patrol’s effect on crime in the neighbourhood, the spatial similarity was examined by comparing the crime pattern before the foot patrol initiative (2007-2009) with the crime pattern during the foot patrol program (2010-2012). Considering these baseline and treatment data sets and a spatial point pattern test, the spatial similarity between two data sets is analyzed. In general, the continued presence of foot patrol appears to have created a concentration of crime in specific areas, rather than a diffusion effect. The areas that continued to experience increased crime during foot patrol presence were often in the catchment area, suggesting displacement does occur, or along the border between the catchment and primary patrol area.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 04-05-2018
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 28-08-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-01-2019
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-04-2019
Abstract: Mental health–related calls for service are increasing across Canadian communities. However, the spatial dynamics of these calls for service and their potential relationship with concentrations of crime has not been fully investigated in the Canadian context. The current study examines mental health and other calls for service in a medium-sized (approximate population of 250,000), midwestern Canadian city in the year 2014. Using kernel density analysis and a spatial point pattern test, the study explores the concentration and spatial patterns of mental health calls for service across the city. Findings indicate that mental health calls for service differ from other crime-related calls for service, except for violent crime. Possible explanations for this pattern and considerations for policy and policing are discussed.
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 2012
Abstract: Co-offending research has generated two fundamental regularities. First, co-offending is most prevalent during youth and then decreases as offenders age. Second, the average number of offenders per criminal incident is also highest in youth and decreases as offenders age. These regularities, and co-offending in general, are often explained with reference to a developmental approach: youth spend more time in groups than adults for their activities and crime is simply one of those activities. We investigate these empirical regularities by single years of age, 12–29, with a detailed crime classification in a large s le from British Columbia. These empirical regularities prove to be far from monolithic, being less notable as offenders age for several violent crime classifications.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-03-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 10-2012
Abstract: The crime mobility triangle summarizes the spatial ergence of three locations: the offender's residence, the victim's residence, and the location of the delinquent act itself. The further these three locations are from one another, the greater the area covered by the mobility triangle. The original mobility triangle was not designed for cases with multiple offenders or multiple victims. Accordingly, the current paper defines the crime mobility polygon for such a crime and its corresponding area. We calculate the areas contained within mobility polygons for 26,476 index crime incidents. These calculations demonstrate the influence of extra-crime participants upon the area an incident covers. We find that not all crime classifications have substantial increases in their mobility area as the number of in iduals increase.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-08-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-01-2009
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-04-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-01-2018
DOI: 10.1111/NZG.12182
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1093/BJC/AZP043
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-12-2010
Abstract: Recent research in the ‘‘crime at places’’ literature is concerned with smaller units of analysis than conventional spatial criminology. An important issue is whether the spatial patterns observed in conventional spatial criminology focused on neighborhoods remain when the analysis shifts to street segments. In this article, the authors use a new spatial point pattern test that identifies the similarity in spatial point patterns. This test is local in nature such that the output can be mapped showing where differences are present. Using this test, the authors investigate the stability of crime patterns moving from census tracts to dissemination areas to street segments. The authors find that general crime patterns are somewhat similar at all spatial scales, but finer scales of analysis reveal significant variations within larger units. This result demonstrates the importance of analyzing crime patterns at small scales and has important implications for further theoretical development and policy implementation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2013.801812
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between suicide and unemployment. We use panel data from Canadian provinces and use recent panel econometric techniques to account for endogenous structural breaks in both the unit root and cointegration testing procedures in order to account for statistical specification issues. We find that the relationship between unemployment and suicide is context dependent. We do find positive and statistically significant relationships, but only for males in particular provinces. The relationship between unemployment and suicide is not monolithic. Rather, relationships are not always as expected for different demographic groups and all places.
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 07-2012
Abstract: There is little research on exceptional events and crime. Yet exceptional events, such as natural disasters, worldwide political meetings, and international sporting competitions, affect the lifestyles and routines of large numbers of people. In this article, we examine the impact of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games on assault, theft, mischief, and prostitution in Vancouver neighbourhoods. Overall, there is no evidence to support the claim that the Olympic Games affected all crime types and in all places. However, we do find increases in assault that relate to the Olympic Games in a few key neighbourhoods. As with previous research, it appears that the substantial increase in the number of security personnel (police, military, etc.) mitigated the potential increase in crime.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-01-2020
Abstract: The complex relationship between crime and economic change has had a long pedigree in criminological research. This article considers the temporal stability of the Cantor and Land model of unemployment and crime using a decomposition model of Canadian provinces, 1981 to 2009. We include multiple economic measures for a more comprehensive representation of economic performance, allowing for the estimates of long- and short-run unemployment effects to vary over time. We undertake this analysis considering 12 crime types, finding strong support for the Cantor and Land model in both property and violent crimes. However, in a number of cases, we find that there is significant variation of these relationships over time. This result implies that support for this model depends on the time period analyzed and that any policy derived from this model of unemployment and crime is time-period dependent.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 11-09-2017
DOI: 10.1108/IJSE-12-2015-0328
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of multiple measures of the economy while investigating the role of the economy with crime, as well as the sensitivity of those results. Provincial-level data, 1981-2009, and a series of statistical specifications. The authors find overall support for the Cantor and Land’s (1985) model of unemployment and crime. The authors are also able to show the importance of considering multiple measures of economic activity and multiple statistical methods of analysis for the sensitivity of results. Previous research has shown the importance of multiple measures of the economy but not multiple statistical methods as a sensitivity analysis. The authors provide such a sensitivity analysis and show that the Cantor and Land’s (1985) model has significant support.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-06-2016
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-07-2016
Abstract: The reporting of rape to police is an important component of this crime to have the criminal justice system involved and, potentially, punish offenders. However, for a number of reasons (fear of retribution, self-blame, etc.), most rapes are not reported to police. Most often, the research investigating this phenomenon considers incident and victim factors with little attention to the spatio-temporal factors of the rape. In this study, we consider incident, victim, and spatio-temporal factors relating to rape reporting in C inas, Brazil. Our primary research question is whether or not the spatio-temporal factors play a significant role in the reporting of rape, over and above incident and victim factors. The subjects under study are women who were admitted to the Women’s Integrated Healthcare Center at the State University of C inas, Brazil, and surveyed by a psychologist or a social worker. Rape reporting to police was measured using a dichotomous variable. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability of rape reporting based on incident, victim, and spatio-temporal factors. Although we find that incident and victim factors matter for rape reporting, spatio-temporal factors (rape/home location and whether the rape was in a private or public place) play an important role in rape reporting, similar to the literature that considers these factors. This result has significant implications for sexual violence education. Only when we know why women decide not to report a rape may we begin to work on strategies to overcome these hurdles.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 13-04-2018
DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2018-0012
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of a police foot patrol considering micro-geographic units of analysis. Six years of monthly crime counts for eight violent and property crime types are analyzed. Negative binomial and binary logistic regressions were used to evaluate the impact of the police foot patrol. The impact of police foot patrol is in a small number of micro-geographic areas. Specifically, only 5 percent of the spatial units of analysis exhibit a statistically significant impact from the foot patrol. These analyses show the importance of undertaking evaluations at the micro-scale in order to identify the impact of police patrol initiative because a small number of places are driving the overall result. Moreover, care must be taken with how small the units of analysis are because as the units of analysis become smaller and smaller, criminal events become rarer and, potentially, identifying statistically significant change becomes more difficult.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-05-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2015
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 04-2015
Abstract: This article explores the spatial distribution of crime in Ottawa in 2006. Social disorganization theory and routine activity theory provide the theoretical framework for examining the relationship between the rates of burglary, robbery, and motor vehicle theft, and the two universities, University of Ottawa and Carleton University. A spatial regression procedure that accounts for spatial autocorrelation is used in the analyses. We find support for the use of social disorganization theory and routine activity theory, with the expected relationships between the socio-demographic and socio-economic variables and crime. We also find that universities are the strongest predictors of the rates of burglary and motor vehicle theft.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-05-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-10-2012
DOI: 10.1057/CPCS.2012.7
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-03-2011
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 21-03-2012
Abstract: The relationship between immigration and crime is politically charged and often fueled by the presence (or lack) of xenophobia. Many theoretical and empirical assessments of this relationship indicate that immigration does indeed lead to increased crime, but more recent (and very early) research investigating homicide calls this finding into question. The current analysis investigates the relationship between immigration and homicide using multiple measures of migration and Canadian provinces as the unit of analysis. It is found that the link between immigration and homicide is complex and dependent on the measure of migration used. Generally speaking, the results presented here are consistent with the more recent and very early research. Immigration, in and of itself, does not increase homicide. Rather it is the increase in the most criminogenic subpopulation that matters, that is young males.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-05-2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-04-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-01-2008
Abstract: Crime prevention initiatives are often conceptualized working at primary-secondary-tertiary (PST) levels. Primary prevention efforts address the underlying social, economic, and physical environmental conditions that generate crime secondary prevention efforts focus on people, places, and social conditions that are at high risk of crime whereas tertiary prevention efforts are directed toward already existing and specific crime problems. This article discusses the uses of the ambient population (a 24-hr average estimate of the population present in a spatial area) to better inform crime prevention initiatives within the PST framework. Though the results indicate the ambient population has utility for all three levels of crime prevention, the most immediate use is in tertiary prevention to better understand the nature of areas with a current crime problem. This information is not available from the resident (or census) population because the resident population indicates where people sleep, not where they are.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-01-2009
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-07-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-04-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGPO.2009.03.004
Abstract: A supervised injection facility (SIF) has been established in North America: Insite, in Vancouver, British Columbia. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of this SIF using secondary data gathered and analysed in 2008. In using these data we seek to determine whether the facility's prevention of infections and deaths among injecting drug users (IDUs) is of greater or lesser economic cost than the cost involved in providing this service - Insite - to this community. Mathematical modelling is used to estimate the number of new HIV infections and deaths prevented each year. We use the number of these new HIV infections and deaths prevented, in conjunction with estimated lifetime public health care costs of a new HIV infection, and the value of a life, in order to calculate an identifiable portion of the societal benefits of Insite. The annual costs of operating the SIF are used to measure the social costs of Insite. In using this information, we calculate cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost ratios for the SIF. Through the use of conservative estimates, Vancouver's SIF, Insite, on average, prevents 35 new cases of HIV and almost 3 deaths each year. This provides a societal benefit in excess of $6 million per year after the programme costs are taken into account, translating into an average benefit-cost ratio of 5.12:1. Vancouver's SIF appears to be an effective and efficient use of public health care resources, based on a modelling study of only two specific and measurable benefits-HIV infection and overdose death.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-04-2012
DOI: 10.1057/SJ.2012.14
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 18-07-2010
DOI: 10.1093/ESR/JCQ039
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1068/A38187
Abstract: This paper uses the location quotient, a common measurement from economic geography and regional economics, to capture the specialization of criminal activity in Vancouver, Canada. Location quotients have barely been introduced into criminological research, yet they provide additional insight into crime analysis not available using crime counts and crime rates. The location quotients for automotive theft, break and enter, and violent crimes are mapped for Vancouver, Canada, and tested using social disorganization and routine activity theory as a theoretical framework. Strong support is found for these theories to predict specialization in criminal activity by interpreting their expectations in the context of crime-specific attractors.
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 2010
Abstract: Crime rates are often used to inform the public regarding their risk of criminal victimization. However, these crime rates are themselves at risk of misinforming the public. Recent research has used alternative crime rate calculations to show that these calculations are quite sensitive to the choice of population at risk, but this research has been undertaken only at the neighbourhood level, not at the municipal level. In this paper, municipal-level crime rates are calculated using conventional and alternative means to show the sensitivity of the crime rate. It is shown that because of our diurnal movements throughout metropolitan areas, municipalities gain and lose significant populations. And because of these changing populations, municipal-level crime rates must be calculated, and interpreted, with caution.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 04-2017
Abstract: Seasonal changes in crime have been documented since the mid-1800s, but no definitive consensus has been reached regarding universal annual patterns. Researchers also tend to focus on a single city over a particular time period, and, due to methodological differences, studies can often be difficult to compare. As such, this study investigates the seasonal fluctuations of crime across eight cities in British Columbia, Canada, between 2000 and 2006. Uniform Crime Report data, representing four crime types (assault, robbery, motor vehicle theft, and break and enter) were used in negative binomial or Poisson count models and regressed against trend, weather, and illumination variables. Results suggest that temperature changes impacted assault levels, few weather variables affected the occurrence of robberies, and fluctuations in property crime types were variable across the cities. Moreover, rain and snow had a deterrent effect on crime in cities that were not used to such weather conditions. These findings imply that (a) changes in weather patterns modify peoples’ routine activities and, in turn, influence when crime is committed (b) universal crime seasonality patterns should not be assumed across all cities and (c) crime seasonality should be studied at a disaggregate or crime-specific level.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-01-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 2015
Abstract: The relationship between unemployment and crime is complex and consists of two independent and counteracting mechanisms: the motivation effect and the guardianship/opportunity effect. Cantor and Land (1985) put forth a model that synthesizes these two effects and found that guardianship/opportunity dominates motivation. Recent work questions this result and the use of unemployment to measure economic performance. Instead, some of this new research uses a direct measure of the economy at the US state level – gross state product, for ex le. In the present article, the relationship between crime and economic performance is investigated using unemployment, gross domestic product, a hybrid modelling approach, and Canadian provinces as the unit of analysis. It is found that both unemployment and gross domestic product matter for crime, guardianship/opportunity explains more results than motivation, and the strength of either effect depends on the crime type being analysed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-03-2014
Abstract: Police patrol, motorized and foot, has a long history of being used as a crime prevention method. Scientific evaluations of this crime prevention technique have been undertaken for at least 40 years, with mixed results. One of the important questions to be answered regarding the implementation of a police patrol is the presence of crime displacement: criminal activity simply moving around the corner, away from the primary patrol area. Previous investigations of this phenomenon have found that, most often, crime displacement is nonexistent or less than crime reductions in the primary area of interest. In this article, we investigate local crime displacement. We use a spatial point pattern test that can identify changes in the spatial patterns/distribution of crime even if crime in all areas has decreased. We find moderate evidence for the presence of this spatial shift and discuss the implications.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-07-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2018
DOI: 10.1111/TGIS.12341
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-12-2017
Abstract: Recent research in the economics of policing has been concerned with what the police do and how much time they spend on those activities. Some of this research has highlighted that, based on the number of incidents, “crime” comprises only ∼ 20% of the police workload with much of the remaining 80% addressing public safety concerns. In this article, we deconstruct the nature of police incidents within a suburban city. We show that police expenditures, relative to the entire municipal budget, have been relatively constant over 30 years and that the volume of police activity has also remained relatively constant, although with a slight increasing trend. We show that the most of the decrease in crime can be attributed to population growth in this suburban city and that the places in which the police undertake different activities vary.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-12-2020
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-07-2016
Abstract: The relationship between unemployment and crime is complex, consisting of two independent and counteracting effects: motivation and guardianship. The Cantor and Land model integrated these two effects leading to a new literature investigating the relationship between unemployment and crime. However, this literature always considers the impact of unemployment (or some other measure of the economy) on the volume or rate of crime. In this paper, we investigate the role unemployment plays in crime specialization on the Canadian provinces, 1981–2009. Using panel data and a hybrid modeling technique we find that unemployment impacts crime specialization, but this impact varies in magnitude and by crime type.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-02-2015
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 04-2007
Abstract: Violent crime remains high in the United States and Canada. Some have hypothesized that there is a disparity between the trend of the rate of aggravated assault (as well as violent crime, in general), on the one hand, and the trend of the rate of homicide, on the other, and that this disparity can be explained by decreases in trauma mortality rates. This hypothesis is supported through the ‘‘lethality approach’’ that measures the proportion of actual deaths (homicides) relative to potential deaths (homicides and aggravated assaults) in criminal activity. The present article shows that the lethality approach is sensitive to data definitions and that there is no disparity between the trends of the rates of aggravated assault and of homicide.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-12-2015
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 2009
Abstract: For many years, the Canadian provinces have exhibited a pattern where crime rates increase from east to west. Despite this regional pattern of crime being of long standing, there has been little research that attempts to explain it. This present article approaches the problem by calling the pattern itself into question. Using an alternative measure of crime, the location quotient, it is shown that western Canada does not simply have higher levels of all crime in Canada. Rather, while a given in idual is more likely to be a victim of a crime in the western provinces, not all crimes are disproportionately higher in the west. It is found that different provinces have different tendencies in relation to particular kinds of crime, and this implies that focusing only on the level of criminal activity may be misleading.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 12-02-2018
DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2016-0153
Abstract: Investigating the day of week and hour of day temporal patterns of crime typically show that (late) nights and weekends are the prime time for criminal activity. Though instructive, mental-health-related calls for service are a significant component of police service to the community that have not been a part of this research. The purpose of this paper is to analyze calls for police service that relate to mental health, using intimate partner/domestic related calls for police service for context. Approximately 20,000 mental health related and 20,000 intimate partner/domestic related calls for police service are analyzed. Intra-week and intra-day temporal patterns are analyzed using circular statistics. Mental-health-related calls for police service have a distinct temporal pattern for both days of the week and hours of the day. Specifically, these calls for police service peak during the middle of the week and in the mid-afternoon. This is the first analysis regarding the temporal patterns of police calls for service for mental health-related calls. The results have implications for police resourcing and scheduling, especially in the context of special teams for addressing mental health-related calls for police service.
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 2017
Abstract: The following research seeks to provide insight into the phenomenon of crime and public transit systems. We utilize a case study, the O-Train in Ottawa, to determine whether the presence of an O-Train station predicts crime in the surrounding neighbourhood. Crime data were obtained from the Ottawa Police Service between January 2006 and December 2006 to help identify potential clustering of offences in close proximity to the O-Train stations. Geo-spatial measures (e.g., local Moran’s I) were used to help determine whether certain offences were more prominent in areas that hosted an O-Train station, and we then used this outcome variable in a logistic regression. Our results show that the presence of an O-Train station is related to an increase in theft of vehicle, but not to robbery or commercial burglary.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-09-2017
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-07-2013
Abstract: The journey-to-crime literature consistently shows that the distance to crime is short, particularly for violent crimes. Recent research has revealed methodological concerns regarding various (improper) groupings of data (nesting effects). In this article we investigate one such nesting effect: the relationship between age and the distance to crime. Contrary to much of the research that investigates this phenomenon, using a large incident-based data set of more than 100,000 crime trips, we find that the relationship between age and the distance to crime is best described as quadratic but this quadratic relationship is not universal across all crime classifications.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2021
DOI: 10.1111/CAG.12676
Abstract: Some urban spaces are associated with disproportionate numbers of criminal events, while other areas are relatively free from disorder and crime. The relationship between urban space and crime concentration has received increased attention in recent years, with the location quotient frequently presented as a tool to identify and quantify such concentration. This measure has several limitations, with one significant concern surrounding the choice of denominator with which to standardize local and global rate calculations. In response, we present a new methodological adaptation to the location quotient, improving the measurement of crime concentration along linear features. To test this adaptation, we measure how crime concentrates by road classification at both a macro and micro level within two Canadian suburban municipalities. Using transportation network data, we identify the road types that are associated with a disproportionate concentration of criminal events, and illustrate how these relationships change alongside the level of aggregation. Results support the use of the adapted location quotient, finding that criminal events concentrate along specific road types, and emphasize the importance of spatial scale in understanding local relationships between crime and the built urban landscape .
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-05-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-03-2016
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 15-03-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-10-2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-10-2014
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-05-2012
Abstract: North America’s only government-sanctioned supervised injection facility, Insite, has been subjected to substantial research. This research has found evidence for numerous public health benefits: decreased risky injection behaviour, decreased fatal overdoses, increased probability of initiating and maintaining addiction treatment, and cost-effectiveness. To date, a small number of costing studies have emerged with none of them investigating Insite expansions. Such an analysis is reported in this paper and it is found that, based on benefit–cost ratios, Insite should be expanded. However, this expansion is dependent on altering injection drug user behaviour outside Insite.
Publisher: Springer New York
Date: 30-08-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 14-06-2005
DOI: 10.1093/BJC/AZI054
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2016
Abstract: The analysis of spatial point patterns is a critical component of the geographic information analysis literature. Most of the tests for these data are concerned with random, uniform, and clustered patterns. However, knowing whether a spatial point pattern is similar to these theoretical data-generating processes is not always instructive: most human activity is clustered, so finding that some component of human activity is clustered is not really new information. In this article, a recently developed spatial point pattern test is discussed that compares the similarity of two different data sets. This comparison can be comparisons of different phenomena (different types of crime or public health issues) or the same phenomenon over time, for ex le. The discussion revolves around the test itself, its varied applications, and the future developments expected for this spatial point pattern test.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 19-04-2019
DOI: 10.1093/BJC/AZZ025
Abstract: Crime reduction strategies are often faced with the criticism of crime displacement. Conversely, criminologists find that reductions in crime in one area have a ‘diffusion of benefits’ to surrounding areas. However, these findings are limited due to a lack of extensive longitudinal data and qualitative data that provide context. We examine a natural experiment in displacement: the removal of a convergence setting in which calls for service immediately declined. However, other areas emerged as problematic and, in some places, crime increased dramatically. Using a qualitatively informed trajectory analysis, we examine whether the removal of a convergence setting results in displacement across the entire city. We discuss the implications for opportunity theories and prevention strategies.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2006
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 24-07-2016
Abstract: Studies in crime concentrations have focused primarily on North America with a rather restrictive set of crime types. In this article, we analyze the crime concentrations and spatial patterns of homicide in Recife, Brazil. Brazil’s homicide rates have remained stable but at high levels, approximately 30 homicides per 100,000. Some places have experienced notable decreases in homicide: In Recife, the capital of Pernambuco, there has been a drop in the homicide rate of 46.67%, 2000 to 2012. We analyzed the decline of homicides finding that it continues to be highly concentrated, but the decrease has not been uniform.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-07-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-09-2008
DOI: 10.1057/SJ.2008.1
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-05-2014
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 26-11-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2006
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 24-08-2021
DOI: 10.1093/BJC/AZAB086
Abstract: We evaluate the relationships between immigration and crime at the census tract level. Using multiple measures of immigration considering nuances of the immigrant population and a statistical technique allowing for the identification of long- and short-run effects, we provide further evidence of the negative relationship between immigration and crime. However, we note that these relationships are not monolithic. Similar to the original work on social disorganization theory, we find evidence for census tracts with increases in immigration have increased levels of crime because of restricted access to resources and initial settlement in high crime areas. However, over time, our results suggest that greater integration and the development of social capital (longer term immigration) is negatively associated with crime.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-10-2009
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-05-2020
DOI: 10.1093/BJC/AZAA029
Abstract: We empirically test for spatial heterogeneity or local effects of multiple immigration measures on various property crime classification across Vancouver census tracts, 2016. Using spatially referenced property crime data and census data, we use geographically weighted regression to investigate the neighbourhood-level effects of immigration on crime. We find that estimated parameters vary across space, but these local immigration effects do not always vary significantly at the local level. Overall, significant spatial variation in the effects of immigration on property crime is present. These are important for policy and theory. The identification of varied spatial patterns of immigration effects on crime may help explain some of the inconsistent/disparate results found in neighbourhood-level studies on immigration and crime.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 28-05-2009
Abstract: The European Union (EU) has expanded its membership significantly in recent years to include Central and Eastern European countries. These countries are at significantly different levels of economic development than the other member states of the EU and are expected to undergo an economic adjustment to their new social, political, and economic reality. This paper investigates the effects on property crime of this economic adjustment to accession to the EU, using Lithuania as a case study. Using Lithuanian municipalities and fixed-effects estimation for 2001—6, the statistical results indicate that accession to the EU has led to a significant increase in theft, burglary, and juvenile delinquency.
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 11-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-02-2020
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 24-04-2011
Abstract: There is theoretical and empirical support for co-offending being important not only for understanding current offending but also subsequent offending. The fundamental question is—why? In this article, an aggregate analysis is performed that begins to answer this question. Disaggregating solo- and co-offending by single year of age (12-29 years) and crime type in a largely metropolitan data set from British Columbia, Canada, 2002 to 2006, it is shown that the distribution of co-offences is significantly more varied than the distribution of solo offences. This more varied distribution of co-offences favors property crimes during youth but fades as offenders age.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 17-03-2016
Abstract: This study investigates whether crime patterns fluctuate periodically throughout the year using data containing different property crime types in two Canadian cities with differing climates. Using police report data, a series of ordinary least squares (OLS Vancouver, British Columbia) and negative binomial (Ottawa, Ontario) regressions were employed to examine the corresponding temporal patterns of property crime in Vancouver (2003-2013) and Ottawa (2006-2008). Moreover, both aggregate and disaggregate models were run to examine whether different weather and temporal variables had a distinctive impact on particular offences. Overall, results suggest that cities that experience greater variations in weather throughout the year have more distinct increases of property offences in the summer months and that different climate variables affect certain crime types, thus advocating for disaggregate analysis in the future.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.SSRESEARCH.2012.07.003
Abstract: Twenty-five years ago, David Cantor and Kenneth Land presented a model of the relationship between unemployment and crime. This model showed the complexity of this seemingly simple relationship. Namely, there are two independent and counteracting effects from unemployment that affect crime: motivation and guardianship. In their analysis, Cantor and Land found that the guardianship effect dominates the motivation effect, but subsequent research has questioned this result. In this paper, the unemployment and crime relationship is tested using a neighborhood level hybrid modeling approach. Such a method allows for the nuances of Cantor and Land's model to be tested at a fine ecological resolution for the first time. It is found that both motivation and guardianship matter for crime, but at different time frames: motivation matters in the long-run whereas guardianship matters in the short-run, similar to what Cantor and Land hypothesized.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-01-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-05-2019
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 14-03-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-05-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-08-2014
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 31-12-2015
Abstract: In this article, we investigate the determinants of homicide in Recife, Brazil, considering social disorganization theory. Using georeferenced homicide data, 2009-2013, and census data, we analyze homicide in Recife using a spatial regression technique that controls for spatial autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity at the census tract level. Overall, we find that homicide in Recife, Brazil, is characterized by social disorganization theory. Specifically, positive relationships are found for inequality, rented houses, and quantity of people, but negative relationships are found for income, literacy, percentage of married people, water supply, public illumination, the percentage of women responsible for the house, and population density. Overall, we find that social disorganization theory provides an instructive framework for understanding homicide in Recife, Brazil. However, there are specific contexts to Brazil that are different from North American contexts.
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 12-2008
Abstract: The visualization of areal census data is sensitive to the modifiable areal unit problem. Consequently, though not widely used, dasymetric mapping procedures have been developed to provide a more convincing representation of such areal data. This article extends past research on dasymetric mapping procedures to visualize fine-resolution raster data for the ambient population within census boundaries. We find that the dasymetric mapping procedure developed here generates maps that are almost identical to non-dasymetric maps in urban centres but generates vastly different maps in rural areas, while maintaining reference to other data represented in the census boundaries for later analysis.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-06-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-02-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-09-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-11-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 03-01-2014
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-03-2017
Abstract: Numerous empirical studies have examined fear of crime. Key theoretical constructs include age, gender, vulnerability, marital status, social cohesion, social incivilities, and perceptions of police. While these constructs have extensive empirical support from cross-sectional and longitudinal projects, they focused on Western liberal democratic nations. Little research exists on fear of crime and its correlates within smaller, island nation-states. The current study ( N = 480) examines (a) the prevalence of fear of crime within the Mal es and (b) the extent to which previous theoretical constructs can be generalized to other population areas. Findings demonstrate levels of fear of crime in the Mal es consistent with Western liberal democratic societies but that only certain previous theoretical constructs are associated with variations in fear of crime.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-09-2015
No related grants have been discovered for Martin Andresen.