ORCID Profile
0000-0002-3548-9681
Current Organisation
Philipps-Universität Marburg
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-07-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S12671-023-02187-4
Abstract: This study examined the role of self-other harmony in the relations between self-compassion, other-compassion, and well-being. Past research has shown self- and other-compassion to be positively related. But we hypothesised that self-compassion can be perceived as incompatible with other-compassion, and that self-compassion and other-compassion might be uncorrelated or negatively correlated in daily life for some in iduals. We termed this pattern lack of self-other harmony in compassion and hypothesised that it would undermine the benefits of compassion. Using an experience s ling method in patients ( n =154) with a variety of diagnoses, we measured self-compassion, other-compassion, life-satisfaction, mood, and contextual variables six times per day for 42 time points. For most participants, self-compassion was positively associated with other-compassion. However, there was substantial heterogeneity in this effect. The degree of self-other harmony moderated the link between compassion directed towards self or other and well-being. Higher levels of compassion were associated with higher levels of well-being, but only for those who experienced the harmony. When the two forms of compassion were not in harmony, levels of self/other-compassion were largely unrelated to well-being. The findings emphasise the importance of personalised compassion interventions rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Increasing self-compassion or other-compassion is likely to improve well-being for most people. However, for a minority lacking the self-other harmony, it may be necessary to assess their interpretation of self- and other-compassion, then work with them to promote the compassion balance optimal for their well-being. This study is not preregistered.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2022
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1001/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2016.3955
Abstract: Whether and under which conditions D-cycloserine (DCS) augments the effects of exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders is unclear. To clarify whether DCS is superior to placebo in augmenting the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders and to evaluate whether antidepressants interact with DCS and the effect of potential moderating variables. PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 10, 2016. Reference lists of previous reviews and meta-analyses and reports of randomized clinical trials were also checked. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were (1) double-blind randomized clinical trials of DCS as an augmentation strategy for exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy and (2) conducted in humans diagnosed as having specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. Raw data were obtained from the authors and quality controlled. Data were ranked to ensure a consistent metric across studies (score range, 0-100). We used a 3-level multilevel model nesting repeated measures of outcomes within participants, who were nested within studies. In idual participant data were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants. When controlling for antidepressant use, participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, -3.62 95% CI, -0.81 to -6.43 P = .01 d = -0.25) but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, -1.66 95% CI, -4.92 to 1.60 P = .32 d = -0.14) or from pretreatment to follow-up (mean difference, -2.98, 95% CI, -5.99 to 0.03 P = .05 d = -0.19). Additional analyses showed that participants assigned to DCS were associated with lower symptom severity than those assigned to placebo at posttreatment and at follow-up. Antidepressants did not moderate the effects of DCS. None of the prespecified patient-level or study-level moderators was associated with outcomes. D-cycloserine is associated with a small augmentation effect on exposure-based therapy. This effect is not moderated by the concurrent use of antidepressants. Further research is needed to identify patient and/or therapy characteristics associated with DCS response.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BETH.2016.05.002
Abstract: Homework assignments have been shown to produce both causal and correlational effects in prior meta-analytic reviews of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), but this research area has been characterized by a focus on the amount of compliance (i.e., quantity), and little is known about the role of skill acquisition (i.e., quality). A landmark study by Neimeyer and Feixas (1990) showed stronger homework-outcome relations when quality was assessed, but previous reviews have not considered whether the same pattern is evident across studies. Seventeen studies of CBT (N = 2,312 clients) published following calls for research on homework quality were included in the current meta-analysis. In the present review, homework compliance relations were demonstrated when outcome was assessed at posttreatment (quality Hedges' g = 0.78, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.03 to 1.53, k = 3, n = 417 quantity g = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.57 to 1.02, k = 15, n = 1537) and at follow-up (quality g = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.06 to 2.08, k = 3, n = 417 quantity g = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28 to 0.74, k = 7, n = 1291). All effect sizes were different from 0, ps < .05. Differences that were obtained in homework-outcome relations among sources of compliance data (client, therapist, objective) were tentative due to overlapping CIs, but suggest a potential moderating effect. If confirmed by further research, the present findings would suggest that trial methods capable of assessing both quantity and quality have been an important omission in research on homework-outcome relations in CBT.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 28-03-2023
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 10-02-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 25-03-2020
Abstract: High reappraisal and low suppression are generally seen as desirable outcomes of therapy, but this combination may not benefit those who typically use reappraisal and suppression together. A daily diary study (N=187 Mage = 23.9 71% females 3,852 days M=20.59 days erson) showed that the group-level correlation between reappraisal and suppression was positive (r =.32), but the within-person correlations varied substantially (-0.78 to 0.94). When multiple strategies users employed reappraisal without suppression on a given day, their affect was worse than if they were using no strategy. When single strategy users employed reappraisal with suppression on a given day, their affect was worse than when they used no strategy. Clinicians need to consider how clients co-use strategies in daily life.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2005.09.006
Abstract: Cultural considerations in social anxiety are a rarely investigated topic although it seems likely that differences between countries in social norms may relate to the extent of social anxiety. The present study investigated in iduals' personal and perceived cultural norms and their relation to social anxiety and fear of blushing. A total of 909 participants from eight countries completed vignettes describing social situations and evaluated the social acceptability of the behavior of the main actor both from their own, personal perspective as well as from a cultural viewpoint. Personal and cultural norms showed somewhat different patterns in comparison between types of countries (in idualistic/collectivistic). According to reported cultural norms, collectivistic countries were more accepting toward socially reticent and withdrawn behaviors than was the case in in idualistic countries. In contrast, there was no difference between in idualistic and collectivistic countries on in iduals' personal perspectives regarding socially withdrawn behavior. Collectivistic countries also reported greater levels of social anxiety and more fear of blushing than in idualistic countries. Significant positive relations occurred between the extent to which attention-avoiding behaviors are accepted in a culture and the level of social anxiety or fear of blushing symptoms. These results provide initial evidence that social anxiety may be related to different cultural norms across countries.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-03-2015
DOI: 10.1002/JCLP.22178
Abstract: We offer a critical and constructive appraisal of the conclusions provided by the Inter isional (American Psychological Association [APA] Divisions 12 & 29) Task Force on Evidence-Based Therapy Relationships. We highlight problems in overlapping terminology and definitions, as well as problems in the conduct of its meta-analyses (i.e., duplication of studies between reviews, inappropriate study inclusion, and use of measures of specific constructs for the calculation of effects for multiple relationship elements). On this basis, we express reservation about the conclusions offered by the APA Task Force. This special issue explores whether there are other therapeutic relationship elements that warrant consideration and further study. We were particularly interested in those elements that showed promise based on empirical or theoretical grounds, and in each article, we asked for an account of how the case formulation would guide the methods of adaptation for each in idual client, and how the element would contribute to clinically relevant changes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 03-11-2010
DOI: 10.1002/DA.20746
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 26-12-2022
Abstract: Objectives: This study examined the role of ‘self-other harmony’ in the relations between self-compassion, other-compassion, and well-being. Past research has shown self- and other-compassion to be positively related. But we hypothesized that self-compassion can be perceived as incompatible with other-compassion, and that self-compassion and other-compassion might be uncorrelated or negatively correlated in daily life for some in iduals. We termed this pattern lack of ‘self-other harmony’ in compassion and hypothesized that it would undermine the benefits of compassion. Method: Using an experience s ling method in patients (n=154) with a variety of diagnoses, we measured self-compassion, other-compassion, life-satisfaction, mood, and contextual variables six times per day for 42 time points. Results: For most participants, self-compassion was positively associated with other-compassion. However, there was substantial heterogeneity in this effect. The degree of self-other harmony moderated the link between compassion directed towards self or other and well-being. Higher levels of compassion were associated with higher levels of well-being, but only for those who experienced the harmony. When the two forms of compassion were not in harmony, levels of self/other-compassion were largely unrelated to well-being. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of personalized compassion interventions rather than a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. Increasing self-compassion or other-compassion is likely to improve well-being for most people. However, for a minority lacking the self-other harmony, it may be necessary to assess their interpretation of self- and other-compassion, then work with them to promote the compassion balance optimal for their well-being.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-05-2018
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 10-10-2021
Abstract: The “protocols for syndromes” approach to evidence-based psychological intervention has failed the test of scientific progressivity. Process-based therapy provides an alternative model that is focused on treatment elements that target biopsychosocial processes of relevance to in idual treatment goals. That shift in focus requires new, more integrative and idionomic models that identify key processes of change, using high temporal density measurement applied at the level of the person. Standard measurement validation approaches are inadequate to this challenge. The present study develops and provides a preliminary validation of a process-based assessment tool (PBAT) -- an item pool meant for intensive longitudinal clinical assessment. Developed using the Extended-Evolutionary Meta-Model of PBT and evaluated using an evolutionary algorithm appropriate for the evaluation of in idual items, we administered the PBAT online to a representative s le of 598 participants (290 male 302 female 6 unidentified. Mage = 32.6). Analyses revealed that the PBAT distinguishes between positive and negative processes, links in theoretically coherent ways to need satisfaction and thwarting, and links to clinically relevant outcomes of sadness, anger, anxiety, stress, lack of social support, vitality, and health. The PBAT provides a beginning step towards developing a process-based tool that allows clinicians and researchers to select in idual items or sets of items for in idual-focused idionomic research and practice.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-2017
Abstract: While cognitive reappraisal represents a promising emotion regulation strategy to assist refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in managing responses to trauma reminders, there has been no experimental research investigating its efficacy in reducing intrusions and negative affect in this group. In this study, 76 refugees and asylum-seekers with varying levels of PTSD received instructions in cognitive reappraisal or emotional suppression before viewing emotional images depicting trauma-related scenes. Findings indicated that cognitive reappraisal led to fewer subsequent image-related intrusions in refugees high in PTSD symptoms. Trait suppression moderated the efficacy of cognitive reappraisal such that participants high in PTSD who had low levels of trait suppression reported significantly lower levels of negative affect when using cognitive reappraisal compared to emotional suppression. These findings highlight the potential utility of cognitive reappraisal when assisting in iduals with PTSD to manage responses trauma reminders and for informing the treatment of the psychological effects of the refugee experience.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 25-01-2023
Abstract: Background. Identifying the most important psychological drivers of well-being for a particular in idual is critical to developing personalised interventions. Methods. We utilised three, intensive daily diary studies (within person measurement occasions N & ) across three data sets (n1=44 n2=37 n3=141) to examine within-person associations between clinically-relevant processes and a variety of outcomes. We utilised a novel idiographic algorithm, ”i-ARIMAX,” to calculate the strength of relationship (beta) between every process and every outcome within in iduals. We then submitted all betas to meta-analytic methods. Results. All process-outcome links were highly heterogeneous between in iduals. Processes that were associated with positive outcomes for some people were often unrelated to outcomes for others or associated with negative outcomes. Conclusion. i-ARIMAX might be used to guide personalised interventions and to reduce the number of candidate variables for complicated within-person analysis.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1037/A0032412
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 28-12-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S1352465820000922
Abstract: Despite increased research interest in smartphone mental health applications (MHapps), few studies have examined user engagement and its determinants. MoodMission is a MHapp that targets low mood and anxiety via evidence-based techniques including behavioural activation (BA). The present study aimed to investigate (i) whether BA interventions delivered with visual psychoeducation had greater engagement than BA interventions delivered with solely written psychoeducation, (ii) whether BA interventions targeting mastery would have greater engagement than those targeting pleasure, and (iii) the relationship between level of engagement and MHapp benefit. Participants downloaded MoodMission and completed activities and within-app evaluations over a 30-day period. Data from 238 MoodMission users were analysed via multi-level modelling and linear regression. The average number of app-based activities completed was 5.46 and the average self-reported engagement level was in the low to moderate range. As hypothesized, higher levels of engagement significantly predicted more positive activity appraisal. The results suggest that BA technique beliefs are involved in MHapp engagement and future research examining user appraisals of techniques is warranted.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1002/DA.20654
Abstract: This review covers the literature since the publication of DSM-IV on the diagnostic criteria for panic attacks (PAs) and panic disorder (PD). Specific recommendations are made based on the evidence available. In particular, slight changes are proposed for the wording of the diagnostic criteria for PAs to ease the differentiation between panic and surrounding anxiety simplification and clarification of the operationalization of types of PAs (expected vs. unexpected) is proposed and consideration is given to the value of PAs as a specifier for all DSM diagnoses and to the cultural validity of certain symptom profiles. In addition, slight changes are proposed for the wording of the diagnostic criteria to increase clarity and parsimony of the criteria. Finally, based on the available evidence, no changes are proposed with regard to the developmental expression of PAs or PD. This review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2016.05.048
Abstract: While clinical reports suggest that torture survivors may try to suppress their emotions during torture, little is known about the use of emotional suppression following torture. In this study, 82 refugees and asylum-seekers (including 33 torture survivors) completed self-report measures of trait suppression, PTSD symptoms and baseline negative affect before being exposed to images depicting scenes of interpersonal trauma. The use of suppression while viewing the images was indexed and negative affect was measured both immediately after viewing the images and following a five minute rest period. Findings indicated that torture survivors did not show higher rates of trait suppression or state emotional suppression during the experimental session compared to non-torture survivors. However, torture survivors who endorsed state suppression higher levels of distress, and this relationship was especially strong for those with more severe PTSD symptoms. In contrast, there was a negative relationship between state suppression and distress for non-torture survivors with high levels of PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that, while torture exposure does not lead to greater use of suppression, it does influence the impact of suppression on emotional responses to stimuli.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2023
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 11-06-2022
Abstract: We present here a unifying framework for affective phenomena: the Human Affectome. By synthesizing a large body of literature, we have converged on definitions that disambiguate the commonly used terms—affect, feeling, emotion, and mood. Based on this definitional foundation, and under the premise that affective states reflect allostatic concerns, we take a goal-directed, enactive perspective. The human affectome is comprised of allostatic features (valence, motivation, and arousal) and allostatic concerns, which differ in the amount of action required to alleviate allostatic load. Allostatic concerns often fall into three ranges: physiological (the most immediate), operational (intermediate to distal), and global. Global concerns involve summations of overall trajectory, general wellbeing, and self-identity. Within this organizational scheme, the human affectome allows vastly different scientific interests to reside within the same theoretical framework and relate to each other. We hope this framework serves as a common focal point for affective research.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2019.03.015
Abstract: Fear is an emotion that serves as a driving factor in how organisms move through the world. In this review, we discuss the current understandings of the subjective experience of fear and the related biological processes involved in fear learning and memory. We first provide an overview of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models, encompassing the neurocircuitry and molecular mechanisms, the influence of genetic and environmental factors, and how fear learning paradigms have contributed to treatments for fear-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Current treatments as well as novel strategies, such as targeting the perisynaptic environment and use of virtual reality, are addressed. We review research on the subjective experience of fear and the role of autobiographical memory in fear-related disorders. We also discuss the gaps in our understanding of fear learning and memory, and the degree of consensus in the field. Lastly, the development of linguistic tools for assessments and treatment of fear learning and memory disorders is discussed.
Location: United States of America
Location: United States of America
No related grants have been discovered for Stefan Hofmann.