ORCID Profile
0000-0003-1386-2243
Current Organisation
University of Melbourne
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Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-09-2023
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 14-01-2019
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.6202
Abstract: Bolt’s Farm is a Plio-Pleistocene fossil site located within the southwestern corner of the UNESCO Hominid Fossil Sites of South Africa World Heritage Site. The site is a complex of active caves and more than 20 palaeokarst deposits or pits, many of which were exposed through the action of lime mining in the early 20th century. The pits represent heavily eroded cave systems, and as such associating the palaeocave sediments within and between the pits is difficult, especially as little geochronological data exists. These pits and the associated lime miner’s rubble were first explored by palaeoanthropologists in the late 1930s, but as yet no hominin material has been recovered. The first systematic mapping was undertaken by Frank Peabody as part of the University of California Africa Expedition (UCAE) in 1947–1948. A redrawn version of the map was not published until 1991 by Basil Cooke and this has subsequently been used and modified by recent researchers. Renewed work in the 2000s used Cooke’s map to try and relocate the original fossil deposits. However, Peabody’s map does not include all the pits and caves, and thus in some cases this was successful, while in others previously s led pits were inadvertently given new names. This was compounded by the fact that new fossil bearing deposits were discovered in this new phase, causing confusion in associating the 1940s fossils with the deposits from which they originated as well as associating them with the recently excavated material. To address this, we have used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to compare Peabody’s original map with subsequently published maps. This highlighted transcription errors between maps, most notably the location of Pit 23, an important palaeontological deposit given the recovery of well-preserved primate crania ( Parapapio , Cercopithecoides ) and partial skeletons of the extinct felid Dinofelis . We conducted the first drone and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey of Bolt’s Farm. Using legacy data, high-resolution aerial imagery, accurate DGPS survey and GIS, we relocate the original fossil deposits and propose a definitive and transparent naming strategy for Bolt’s Farm, based on the original UCAE Pit numbers. We provide datum points and a new comprehensive, georectified map to facilitate spatially accurate fossil collection for all future work. Additionally, we have collated recently published faunal data with historic fossil data to evaluate the biochronological potential of the various deposits. This suggests that the palaeocave deposits in different pits formed at different times with the occurrence of Equus in some pits implying ages of .3 Ma, whereas more primitive suids ( Metridiochoerus ) hint at a terminal Pliocene age for other deposits. This study highlights that Bolt’s Farm contains rare South African terminal Pliocene fossil deposits and creates a framework for future studies of the deposits and previously excavated material.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-02-2021
DOI: 10.1002/ARP.1812
Abstract: The cave systems of the Malmani Dolomite, Gauteng, South Africa, have over the decades yielded numerous specimens of Pliocene to early Pleistocene hominin fossils which are critical for our understanding of human evolution. The geomorphological and geological context of these fossils is complex. An understanding of cave formational processes coupled with effective surface and subsurface mapping of different strata and soil depths has the potential to provide new insights. A technique that has not previously been employed to the fossil sites of South Africa is the use of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR). Applied in combination with ground‐truthing data from excavations and 3D scanning and photogrammetry the combined technique highlights the capacity for GPR to help characterise various deposits. Results indicate the potential of the method to identify new void spaces, depth of colluvium as well as mapping structurally important chert bedding. This paper focuses on the Paranthropus and early Homo ‐bearing cave complex of Drimolen but highlights the potential for applying these methods throughout the region.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2020
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 03-04-2020
Abstract: Fossil hominins from South Africa are enriching the story of early human evolution and dispersal. Herries et al. describe the geological context and dating of the hominin-bearing infilled cave, or palaeocave, at a site called Drimolen in South Africa (see the Perspective by Antón). They focus on the age and context of a recently discovered Homo erectus sensu lato fossil and a Paranthropus robustus fossil, which they dated to ∼2.04 million to 1.95 million years ago. This makes Drimolen one of the best-dated sites in South Africa and establishes these fossils as the oldest definitive specimens of their respective species ever discovered. The age confirms that species of Australopithecus, Paranthropus , and early Homo overlapped in the karst of South Africa ∼2 million years ago. Science , this issue p. eaaw7293 see also p. 34
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 20-10-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0273714
Abstract: Amanzi Springs is a series of inactive thermal springs located near Kariega in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Excavations in the 1960s exposed rare, stratified Acheulian-bearing deposits that were not further investigated over the next 50 years. Reanalysis of the site and its legacy collection has led to a redefined stratigraphic context for the archaeology, a confirmed direct association between Acheulian artefacts and wood, as well as the first reliable age estimates for the site. Thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence and post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence dating indicates that the Acheulian deposits from the Amanzi Springs Area 1 spring eye formed during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 at ~ 404–390 ka. At this time, higher sea levels of ~13-14m would have placed Amanzi Springs around 7 km from a ria that would have formed along what is today the Swartkops River, and which likely led to spring reactivation. This makes the Amanzi Springs Area 1 assemblage an unusual occurrence of a verified late occurring, seaward, open-air Acheulian occupation. The Acheulian levels do not contain any Middle Stone Age (MSA) elements such as blades and points that have been documented in the interior of South Africa at this time. However, a small number of stone tools from the upper layers of the artefact zone, and originally thought of as intrusive, have been dated to ~190 ka, at the transition between MIS 7 to 6, and represent the first potential MSA identified at the site.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-08-2017
DOI: 10.1002/ARP.1580
No related grants have been discovered for Brian Armstrong.