ORCID Profile
0000-0003-1548-3327
Current Organisation
Universiti Malaysia Sabah Institut Penyelidikan Marin Borneo
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Publisher: Univ. of Malaya
Date: 19-12-2019
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 02-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-11-2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-02-2023
DOI: 10.3390/JFB14020087
Abstract: This study was carried out to compare the extractability and characteristics of barracuda (Sphyraena sp.) skin collagen using various organic acids. Acetic-solubilized collagen (ASBS), lactic-solubilized collagen (LSBS) and citric-solubilized collagen (CSBS) yielded 6.77 g/100 g, 10.06 g/100 g and 8.35 g/100 g, respectively, and those yields were significantly different (p 0.05). All acid-solubilized collagens were considered as type I because of their two alpha chains (α1 and α2) detected in acrylamide gel after electrophoresis. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) analysis confirmed that ASBS, LSBS and CSBS had similar absorption peaks (230.5 nm) and the results were in accordance with other fish collagens. Under infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the triple helical structure of type I collagens extracted from barracuda skin was maintained. From a thermostability study, all type I collagens showed a higher maximum transition temperature (Tmax = 40.16 to 41.29 °C) compared to other fish skin collagens. In addition, the functional properties of the extracted collagens revealed the ASBS had higher water and oil absorption capacities than the CSBS and LSBS s les. The highest level of the emulsion ability index (EAI) ( m2/g) was detected under acidic conditions (pH 4), while lower EAIs were recorded under the alkaline (pH 10) and neutral treatments (pH 7). All type I collagens had a higher relative solubility ( %) at a low pH test but the solubility level sharply decreased at a neutral pH. In addition to this, a lower concentration of NaCl (0–20 g/L) showed the higher percentage of solubility ( %) while adding over 30 g/L of NaCl decreased solubility ( %). From a microstructural test, all type I s les had an irregular and dense flake structure with random coiled filaments. Overall, collagen extracted from the barracuda skin may be applied as an alternative collagen from an industry perspective.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2007
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 18-11-2020
DOI: 10.1111/ARE.14999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Research and Development Office, Prince of Songkla University
Date: 2017
Publisher: Penerbit UMT, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Date: 31-10-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-04-2022
DOI: 10.3390/MOLECULES27082452
Abstract: Marine fish collagen has attracted considerable attention due to its characteristics, including its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and weak antigenicity, and is considered a safer material compared to collagen from terrestrial animals. The aim of this study was to extract and characterize collagen from the skin of lizardfish (Saurida tumbil Bloch, 1795) with three different acids. The yields of acetic acid-extracted collagen (AESkC), lactic acid-extracted collagen (LESkC), and citric acid-extracted collagen (CESkC) were 11.73 ± 1.14%, 11.63 ± 1.10%, and 11.39 ± 1.05% (based on wet weight), respectively. All extracted collagens were categorized as type I collagen with mainly alpha chains (α1 and α2) detected and γ and β chains to some extent. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed an intact triple-helical structure in the AESkC, LESkC, and CESkC. UV-vis spectra and X-ray diffraction further demonstrated the similarity of the extracted collagens to previously reported fish skin collagens. AESkC (Tmax = 40.24 °C) had higher thermostability compared to LESkC (Tmax = 38.72 °C) and CESkC (Tmax = 36.74 °C). All s les were highly soluble in acidic pH and low concentrations of NaCl (0–20 g/L). Under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) observation, we noted the loose, fibrous, and porous structures of the collagens. The results suggest that the lizardfish skin collagens could be a potential alternative source of collagen, especially the AESkC due to its greater thermostability characteristic.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 25-08-2022
DOI: 10.1111/ARE.16055
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2003
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 10-03-2021
DOI: 10.1111/ANU.13254
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 23-09-2021
DOI: 10.1111/ARE.15591
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-12-2016
DOI: 10.1111/JWAS.12391
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2011
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-04-2022
DOI: 10.3390/FERMENTATION8040179
Abstract: Haematococcus lacustris (formerly called Haematococcus pluvialis) is regarded as the most promising microalgae for the production of natural astaxanthin, which is secondary metabolism used as a dietary supplement, also for cosmetic applications, due to its high anti-oxidant activity. Astaxanthin has a wide range of biological activities and high economic potential, and currently dominates the market in its synthetic form. Furthermore, because of the difficulty of bioprocess and the high cost of cultivation, astaxanthin extracted from this microalga is still expensive due to its low biomass and pigment productivities. Large-scale biomass production in biotechnological production necessitates the processing of a large number of cultures as well as the use of both indoor and outdoor systems, such as open pond raceway systems and photo-bioreactors (PBR). The photo-bioreactors systems are suitable for mass production because growth conditions can be controlled, and the risk of contamination can be reduced to a certain extent and under specific culture parameters. This review discusses current technologies being developed to improve cultivation and operation efficiency and profitability, as well as the effect of parameter factors associated with H. lacustris cultivation on biomass and astaxanthin bioproduction, and even strategies for increasing bioproduction and market potential for H. lacustris astaxanthin.
Publisher: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM Press)
Date: 28-02-2020
Publisher: Penerbit UMT, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Date: 31-05-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Enviro Research Publishers
Date: 27-04-2021
Abstract: Surimi processing industries generated over 60% of fish by-products, including head, skin, viscera, trimming, bone, scale, and fin. Hence, an effort converting these by-products into valuable compounds and constituents is necessary for optimizing the resources. In order to implement this, the information on the chemical composition of the by-products is helpful. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, particularly minerals of lizardfish surimi by-products. The protein, fat, ash, moisture, and carbohydrate values of by-products differed significantly (p 0.05). Protein content was highest in the skin and scale (29.63% and 29.62%, respectively), and ash content was predominantly found in the scale (28.43%), fin (26.01%), and bone (23.58). Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium content were significantly varied respectively from 0.25% to 6.88%, 0.06% to 0.37%, 0.01% to 0.09%, and 0.01% to 0.32%. Calcium is highest in scale, whereas zinc, manganese, and iron were most abundance in all parts of the by-products s le. Zinc is mostly detected in the fin (76.75 µg/g), bone (48.67 µg/g) and scale (46.01 µg/g) parts. On the other hand, copper, chromium, selenium, cadmium and lead were detected at lower concentration (less than 2 µg/g), and complied with the safety levels set by the Malaysian Food and Regulations. These findings suggest that, by-products generated from lizardfish surimi processing may be used as ingredients to enrich nutritional value of other food products.
Publisher: Central Fisheries Research Institute (SUMAE)
Date: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: Science Alert
Date: 15-10-2012
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-07-2022
DOI: 10.3390/GELS8080471
Abstract: Reducing food waste is critical for sustainability. In the case of fish processing, more than sixty percent of by-products are generated as waste. Lizardfish (Saurida tumbil Bloch, 1795) is an economically important species for surimi production. To address waste disposal and maximize income, an effective utilization of fish by-products is essential. This study aims to isolate and characterize pepsin-soluble collagens from the skin, bone and scales of lizardfish. Significant differences (p 0.05) in the yields of collagen were noted with the highest yield recorded in pepsin-soluble skin collagen (PSSC) (3.50 ± 0.11%), followed by pepsin-soluble bone collagen (PSBC) (3.26 ± 0.10%) and pepsin-soluble scales collagen (PSCC) (0.60 ± 0.65%). Through SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the presence of two alpha chains were noted and classified as type I. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, the triple-helix structure of the collagen was maintained. The X-ray diffraction and UV visible spectra characteristics of the lizardfish collagens in this study are similar to the previously reported fish collagens. In terms of thermostability, PSSC (Tmax = 43.89 °C) had higher thermostability in comparison to PSBC (Tmax = 31.75 °C) and PSCC (Tmax = 30.54 °C). All pepsin-soluble collagens were highly soluble ( %) in acidic conditions (particularly at pH 4.0) and at low sodium chloride concentrations (0–30 g/L). Microstructural analysis depicted that all extracted collagens were multi-layered, irregular, dense, sheet-like films linked by random coiled filaments. Overall, pepsin-soluble collagens from lizardfish skin, bone and scales could serve as potential alternative sources of collagens.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-01-2020
Publisher: Science Alert
Date: 15-12-2014
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 06-05-2022
DOI: 10.1155/2022/9437878
Abstract: Collagen is a structural protein naturally found in mammals. Vertebrates and other connective tissues comprise about 30% of an animal’s overall protein. Collagen is used in a variety of applications including cosmetics, biomedical, biomaterials, food, and pharmaceuticals. The use of marine-based collagen as a substitute source is rapidly increasing due to its unique properties, which include the absence of religious restrictions, a low molecular weight, no risk of disease transmission, biocompatibility, and ease of absorption by the body system. This review discusses recent research on collagen extraction from marine-based raw material, specifically fish by-products. Furthermore, pretreatment on various sources of fish materials, followed by extraction methods, was described. The extraction procedures for acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) for fish collagen isolation are specifically discussed and compared. As a result, the efficacy of collagen yield was also demonstrated. The recent trend of extracting fish collagen from marine biomaterials has been summarized, with the potential to be exploited as a wound healing agent in pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, background information on collagen and characterization techniques primarily related to the composition, properties, and structure of fish collagen are discussed.
Publisher: Research and Development Office, Prince of Songkla University
Date: 2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-08-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-12-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 26-04-2023
DOI: 10.1155/2023/7312447
Abstract: Waste from marine fish processing is an important source of valuable products. Fish collagen is considered a alternative biomaterial due to its excellent properties, and it is widely used for industrial purposes. Thus, this present study aimed to characterize acid and pepsin-soluble collagens from the waste of parrotfish (Scarus sordidus Forsskål, 1775) scales. The yields (p 0.05) of acid-soluble collagen (ASC-PFS) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC-PFS) were 1.17 g/100 g and 1.00 g/100 g, respectively. Both collagen s les were categorized as type I owing to the presence of two alpha chain subunits (α1 and α1) after being confirmed by a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Under the fourier transform infrared (FTIR) test, the triple helical structure of type I collagens from the ASC-PFS and PSC-PFS was maintained. Moreover, the study of UV visible spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the similarity of collagens derived from different fish species, and the thermostability (Tmax) evaluation of all extracted collagens was in the range of 36.22–37.78°C, and their values were comparable to previous research on the fish scale collagens. The effect of various pH and sodium chloride (NaCl) treatments on solubility exhibited that the ASC-PFS and PSC-PFS were highly soluble in an acidic condition (pH 5.0) and low concentration of sodium chloride ( g/L). Taken together, collagens extracted from parrotfish scale waste can be an alternative source for industries.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-05-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-10-2015
Publisher: Marine and Life Sciences
Date: 30-12-2022
Abstract: Global environmental change is a defining issue of our time. The ocean is a key component of the Earth system, and yet, in-depth understanding of its roles in sustaining life has not received the attention which it deserves. Humanity must develop a new relationship with the ocean characterized by protection, sustainable production, and prosperity. Society has too much to gain by implementing sustainability solutions and too much to lose by ignoring them. Our actions or inaction now will have far-reaching implications for future of all life on Earth. Ocean blueprint that calls for enforcing 30% Marine Protected Areas by 2030 requires real transformative action. This paper contains new ideas for combining the efforts of natural and social scientists, and traditional users of sea, and explores the potential of modern technologies to assist in this c aign. ‘Smart Sea’ concept introduced in this paper envisages synergies among the problem-solving approaches including digital tools, and eco-engineering and eco-mimicry solution options. Knowledge gaps have been highlighted and relevance of new knowledge systems emphasized together with enabling conditions to address the uncertainties associated with the ocean ecosystem. The ocean has a central position in actions towards preventing global warming of 1.5oC but measures to achieve it should consider that the ocean carbon sink is dynamic and is adversely affected when excessive carbon dioxide produces acidification. The selected measures are likely to have trade-offs, requiring analysis of multiple dimensions, for ensuring sustainable outcomes. The prevailing ocean health and urgency to mitigate it calls for combining global and local solutions, technologies and actions driven by safe and innovative solutions, and wherever possible, based on proof-of-concept. Deviating from the on-going incremental data collection systems to new forms of data-sharing using modern technological tools will contribute to addressing the glaring vacuum in knowledge of the ocean and facilitating a concerted global action for maintaining its ecosystem services. An attempt has been made in this paper to consolidate different opinions and experiences in moving from generalities to specifics for sustainable solutions that support economies, food security and the society.
Publisher: Science Alert
Date: 15-10-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-01-2016
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 25-02-2020
DOI: 10.1111/ARE.14570
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-02-2023
Abstract: Biopolymer-like collagen has great industrial potential in terms of its excellent properties, such as strong biocompatibility, high degradability, and low antigenicity. Collagen derived from fish by-products is preferable as it is safer (free from transmittable diseases) and acceptable to most religious beliefs. This study aimed to characterize the unicornfish (Naso reticulatus Randall, 2001) bone collagens prepared with different type of acids, i.e., acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid. A higher yield (Y) (p 0.05) was obtained in the citric-acid-soluble collagen (CASC) (Y = 1.36%), followed by the lactic-acid-soluble collagen (LASC) (Y = 1.08%) and acetic-acid-soluble collagen (AASC) (Y = 0.40%). All extracted collagens were classified as type I due to the presence of 2-alpha chains (α1 and α2). Their prominent absorption spectra were located at the wavelengths of 229.83 nm to 231.17 nm. This is similar to wavelengths reported for other fish collagens. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) data demonstrated that the triple-helical structure of type I collagens was still preserved after the acid-extraction process. In terms of thermal stability, all s les had similar maximum transition temperatures (Tmax = 33.34–33.51 °C). A higher relative solubility (RS) of the unicornfish bone collagens was observed at low salt concentration (0–10 g/L) (RS 80%) and at acidic condition (pH 1.0 to pH 3.0) (RS 75%). The extracted collagen s les had an irregular and dense flake structure with random coiled filaments. Overall, bones of unicornfish may be used as a substitute source of collagen.
Publisher: Science Alert
Date: 15-08-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2014
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1358/1/012008
Abstract: Fish provides a rich source of protein, fatty acids and minerals. Being the world’s first hybridised grouper (TGGG) as a result of cross-breeding the giant grouper and tiger grouper, TGGG has proven to be more disease-resistant as compared to both of its parent species. It is important to determine the nutrients compositions of all parts of the fish as a means of widening its scope of usage. The objective of this study is to determine the chemical compositions from the fillet, fins, bones and viscera of TGGG. The results showed that the fins and fillet contained high levels of protein (fins: 68.12% fillet: 78.63%) and low Na/K ratios (fins: 0.4 fillet: 0.1). Essential amino acids (EAA) in the fillet were comparable to FAO/WHO requirements. The lipid from viscera contained SFA as the major component, whereas other fish parts were rich in unsaturated FA. Both the fillet and fins had the same PUFA/SFA ratio (0.43) and was higher than bones (0.31) and viscera (0.25). Glycine and proline were the most abundant AA, while calcium was the major mineral in the bones. In summary, each part of the fish could be potential new sources of specific nutrient components.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1358/1/012009
Abstract: The effect of chitosan-based coating containing ascorbic acid (AA) for shelf-life extension of chilled (4 °C) tilapia fish fillet was evaluated over a 15-day duration of storage. A 3 X 3 Factorial Design comprising three concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 2.5 and 5% w/v) and three concentrations of chitosan (1, 1.5 and 2% w/v) were used. The fish fillets were analyzed for aerobic plate count, lipid peroxidation, aw and pH changes throughout the duration of storage. The shelf-life of coated fillets (1.5 and 2%) was lengthened up to 15 days as compared to uncoated one (less than 6 days). The lipid oxidation of fillet with chitosan and AA (2C-5AA) was reported to be four times lower than that of the uncoated s le. The pH and a w of fish fillet coated with chitosan were lower than that of uncoated s le. The addition of ascorbic acid in chitosan coating further improved the oxidation inhibition by giving a lowered pH and aw changes for the duration of the storage. In conclusion, 2% chitosan coating added with 5% AA was the most effective coating to enhance the shelf life of chilled tilapia fish fillet.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-12-2022
DOI: 10.3390/APP122412695
Abstract: The by-product of needlefish (Tylosurus acus melanotus) waste possesses important characteristics that could be used in food applications. Fish by-product collagen may be used in place of mammalian collagen due to ethical and religious considerations over environmental degradation. Different forms of acid-soluble collagen (ASC) were successfully extracted from needlefish skin. Based on dry weight, the collagen extracted using acetic acid (AAC), lactic acid (LAC), and citric acid (CAC) treatments was 3.13% with a significantly difference (p 0.05), followed by 0.56% and 1.03%, respectively. Based on proximate analysis, the needlefish skin composition was found to be significantly different (p 0.05) between compositions, with the highest moisture content at 61.65%, followed by protein (27.39%), fat (8.59%), and ash (2.16%). According to the SDS-PAGE results, all extracted collagen were identified as a type 1 collagen. Additionally, ATR-FTIR revealed that all collagens had amide A, B, amide I, II, and III peaks. AAC significantly outperforms LAC and CAC in terms of yield following physicochemical characterisation, including pH determination, colour (L* value), and hydroxyproline content. All collagens demonstrated strong heat resistance and structural stability with Tmax above 38 °C. Collagen was most soluble at pH 5 for AAC, pH 3 for LAC, and pH 7 for CAC. The effect of collagen solubility on NaCl concentration was discovered to be significantly reduced to 50 g/L for all collagen s les. All collagens can be used as alternatives to terrestrial collagen in a erse range of applications.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-02-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0263924
Abstract: Nutritional value of black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) larvae (BSFL) processed by three different methods of treatment was compared. The resulting products were the spray-dried BSFL (SPR), oven-dried BSFL 1 (OVN1) and oven-dried BSFL 2 (OVN2). Proximate chemical composition, and profiles of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, heavy metals, vitamins and nucleotides were analysed and compared. The tested BSFL meals were considered to have a good profile of essential amino acids (EAAs), with leucine, lysine, valine, and histidine being the dominant EAAs. Their content of saturated fatty acids exceeded that of the unsaturated fatty acids. Vitamins B1, B2, and C were also present in the s les. Minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper were found to be in adequate amounts in almost all the s les. Heavy metals in the BSFL meals were mostly below 1g kg -1 . Nucleotides such as inosine monophosphate and uridine monophosphate occurred in all the BSFL meals. Other nucleotides, including guanosine monophosphate, adenosine monophosphate, xanthosine monophosphate, and cytidine monophosphate were detected in either or both of SPR and OVN2. In general, the nutritional value of the BSFL meals tested in the present study was influenced by the method of processing.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Research and Development Office, Prince of Songkla University
Date: 2018
Publisher: Science Alert
Date: 15-10-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-10-2018
DOI: 10.1111/RAQ.12292
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-04-2016
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-04-2022
DOI: 10.3390/GELS8050266
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to extract collagen from the scales of lizardfish (Saurida tumbil) using various acids. Acetic acid-extracted collagen (AScC) produced a higher yield (1.8 mg/g) than lactic acid-extracted collagen (LScC) and citric acid-extracted collagen (CScC) although not significantly different (p 0.05). All extracted collagens were categorized as type I collagens with the presence of alpha chains (α1 and α2) based on the SDS-PAGE profiles. The triple-helical structure of the collagen was maintained in the AScC, LScC, and CScC as confirmed by the FTIR spectra. The UV-vis and X-ray diffraction spectra observed in all collagens were in agreement with previous work on fish scale and calfskin (commercial) collagens. The thermal stability of AScC (Tmax = 31.61 °C) was greater than LScC (Tmax = 30.86 °C) and CScC (Tmax = 30.88 °C). The microstructure of acid-extracted collagens was characterized as complex, fibrous, and multilayered, with irregular sheet-like structures. All s les were highly soluble in acidic pH (1.0–4.0) and in low concentrations of NaCl (0–20 g/L). In conclusion, the lizardfish scale collagen, particularly AScC, may be used as an alternative to terrestrial animal collagen.
Publisher: Malaysian Palm Oil Board
Date: 04-03-2019
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 11-09-2017
DOI: 10.1111/ARE.13474
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 23-10-2019
DOI: 10.1111/ARE.14367
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-12-2022
Abstract: The heads and bones of hybrid groupers are potential precursors for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant peptides. The aim of this study was to isolate the dual-action peptides from the Alcalase-treated head and bone hydrolysate of hybrid groupers followed by identification of the novel peptides. The stability of these peptides against stimulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) was also determined. Fraction HB-IV (less than 1 kDa) obtained from ultrafiltration showed the strongest ACE-inhibition ability (IC50: 0.28 mg/mL), which was comparable to the potency of the commercial supplement, PeptACE (IC50: 0.22 mg/mL). This fraction also demonstrated the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal-chelating activities. However, further fractionation of HB-IV by a series of chromatography resulted in peptide fractions of reduced ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The hydroxyl radical scavenging and reduction potential of HB-IV were enhanced, whereas ACE-inhibitory and metal-chelating activities were reduced following SGID. A total of 145 peptide sequences were identified from HB-IV, of which 137 peptides were novel to the BIOPEP database. The results suggested that the bioactive peptides isolated from the heads and bones of hybrid groupers could be used as functional foods/ingredients with potential ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant effects.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-10-2022
DOI: 10.3390/GELS8100665
Abstract: Fish processing waste is a prospective source of collagen and a cost-effective environmental pollutant. The skin of the purple-spotted bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) was extracted utilising various acid soluble collagens (ASC) including acetic acid (AAC), lactic acid (LAC), citric acid (CAC) and pepsin soluble collagens (PSC). In this study, PSC (6.65%) had the highest collagen yield, followed by AAC (5.79%), CAC (4.15%), and LAC (3.19%). The maximum temperatures (Tmax) denaturation of AAC, LAC, CAC, and PSC were 31.4, 31.7, 31.5, and 33.2 °C, respectively. UV-VIS absorption spectra showed all extracted collagens had a range of absorbance at 230 nm, due to the presence of glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and triple-helical collagen. Additionally, they exhibited amide A, B, amide I, II, and III peaks. SDS–PAGE identified all extracted collagens as type I. The PSC had a significantly higher (p 0.05) hydroxyproline content than acidic extraction 66.3 ± 1.03 (mg/g s le). Furthermore, all s les were extremely soluble in acetic conditions at pH 5, and all collagen was soluble in NaCl up to 3% (w/v). Therefore, PSC was the best treatment since it did not impact collagen triple helical and acetic acid yielded the most collagen in ASC extraction. Overall, the analysis revealed that fish skin waste might be used as an alternate source of collagen in erse applications, particularly in food applications.
Location: Malaysia
No related grants have been discovered for ROSSITA SHAPAWI.