ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6167-2423
Current Organisation
University of Sydney
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Crop and Pasture Production | Plant Physiology | Plant Nutrition | Plant Biology | Plant Cell and Molecular Biology | Crop and Pasture Biochemistry and Physiology | Plant Improvement (Selection, Breeding And Genetic Engineering) | Membrane Biology | Plant Physiology | Gene Expression | Crop and Pasture Nutrition | Plant Biochemistry And Physiology | Plant Improvement (Selection, Breeding And Genetic Engineering) | Genetic Engineering And Enzyme Technology | Natural Products Chemistry | Biochemistry and Cell Biology | Analytical Spectrometry | Genetics | Receptors and Membrane Biology | Microbiology not elsewhere classified | Agricultural Biotechnology | Cell Metabolism | Oenology and Viticulture | Analytical Chemistry | Horticultural Production | Quantitative Genetics (incl. Disease and Trait Mapping Genetics) | Isotope Geochemistry | Crop and Pasture Improvement (Selection and Breeding) | Soil Biology | Transgenesis | Computer Hardware Not Elsewhere Classified | Genetic Technologies: Transformation, Site-Directed Mutagenesis, Etc. |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Field crops | Wheat | Grain legumes | Rice | Grain Legumes | Wheat | Soybeans | Land and water management | Environmentally Sustainable Plant Production not elsewhere classified | Tree nuts | Maize | Grapes | Environmental Management Systems | Oilseeds | Horticultural crops | Barley | Other cereals | Wine Grapes | Biological sciences | Summer Grains and Oilseeds not elsewhere classified | Industrial Crops not elsewhere classified | Winter Grains and Oilseeds not elsewhere classified | Agricultural chemicals | Rehabilitation of Degraded Farmland, Arable Cropland and Permanent Cropland Environments | Expanding Knowledge in the Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences
Related Links
Publications
Variation for N Uptake System in Maize: Genotypic Response to N Supply
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-11-2015
Three-dimensional localization of excitons in the InAs/GaAs wetting layer - magnetospectroscopic study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2009
GmZIP1 encodes a symbiosis-specific zinc transporter in soybean
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
Natural quantum dots in the InAs/GaAs wetting layer
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 26-04-2008
DOI: 10.1063/1.2918836
Abstract: We report on microphotoluminescence study of excitons localized by potential fluctuations in a wetting layer (WL), which accompanies InAs∕GaAs quantum dots (QDs). Linear polarization of spectral lines due to localized excitons enable us to identify a neutral excitonic and biexcitonic emission. A charged exciton has also been identified. High resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements of the investigated structure reveal lateral fluctuations of In content in the WL, as well as its broadening. Both effects give rise to potential fluctuations, which can confine excitons observed in our measurements. The potential fluctuations can be regarded as “natural” QDs in the WL.
Unraveling the Functional Role of NPF6 Transporters
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 10-07-2018
Root ideotype influences nitrogen transport and assimilation in maize
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 24-04-2018
Identification and functional characterisation of aquaporins in the grapevine, Vitis vinifera
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1071/FP09117
Abstract: Plant aquaporins belong to a large superfamily of conserved proteins called the major intrinsic proteins (MIPs). There is limited information about the ersity of MIPs in grapevine, and their water transport capacity. The aim of the present study was to identify MIPs from grapevine and functionally characterise water transport of a subset of MIPs. Candidate genes were identified, by screening a Vitis vinifera L. (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) cDNA library with gene specific probes, for aquaporin cDNAs encoding members of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) and tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) subfamilies. The screen resulted in the identification of 11 full-length and two partial length aquaporin cDNAs. VvTIP2 isoforms had different 3′ UTRs, immediately upstream of the poly(A) tail, suggesting the presence of multiple cleavage sites for polyadenylation. Using published genome sequences of grapevine, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the MIPs with previously characterised MIPs from Arabidopsis. We identified 23 full-length MIP genes from the V. vinifera genome sequence of a near homozygous line (PN40024) that cluster into the four main subfamilies (and subgroups within) identified in other species. However, based on the identification of PIP2 genes in Cabernet Sauvignon that were not present in the PN40024 genome, there are likely to be more than 23 MIP genes in other heterozygous grapevine cultivars. Water transport capacity was determined for several PIPs and TIPs, by expression in Xenopus oocytes. Only VvPIP2 and VvTIP proteins function as water channels with the exception of VvPIP2 . VvPIP2 differs from the water conducting VvPIP2 by the substitution of two highly conserved amino acids in Loop B (G97S, G100W), which was shown by homology modelling to likely form a hydrophobic block of the water pore.
Role of oxygen limitation and nitrate metabolism in the nitrate inhibition of nitrogen fixation by pea
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1997
Dichotomy in the NRT Gene Families of Dicots and Grass Species
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-12-2010
Neglecting legumes has compromised human health and sustainable food production
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-08-2016
Abstract: The United Nations declared 2016 as the International Year of Pulses (grain legumes) under the banner 'nutritious seeds for a sustainable future'. A second green revolution is required to ensure food and nutritional security in the face of global climate change. Grain legumes provide an unparalleled solution to this problem because of their inherent capacity for symbiotic atmospheric nitrogen fixation, which provides economically sustainable advantages for farming. In addition, a legume-rich diet has health benefits for humans and livestock alike. However, grain legumes form only a minor part of most current human diets, and legume crops are greatly under-used. Food security and soil fertility could be significantly improved by greater grain legume usage and increased improvement of a range of grain legumes. The current lack of coordinated focus on grain legumes has compromised human health, nutritional security and sustainable food production.
Balancing nitrate acquisition strategies in symbiotic legumes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-06-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00425-023-04175-3
Abstract: Legumes manage both symbiotic (indirect) and non-symbiotic (direct) nitrogen acquisition pathways. Understanding and optimising the direct pathway for nitrate uptake will support greater legume growth and seed yields. Legumes have multiple pathways to acquire reduced nitrogen to grow and set seed. Apart from the symbiotic N 2 -fixation pathway involving soil-borne rhizobia bacteria, the acquisition of nitrate and ammonia from the soil can also be an important secondary nitrogen source to meet plant N demand. The balance in N delivery between symbiotic N (indirect) and inorganic N uptake (direct) remains less clear over the growing cycle and with the type of legume under cultivation. In fertile, pH balanced agricultural soils, NO 3 − is often the predominant form of reduced N available to crop plants and will be a major contributor to whole plant N supply if provided at sufficient levels. The transport processes for NO 3 − uptake into legume root cells and its transport between root and shoot tissues involves both high and low-affinity transport systems called HATS and LATS, respectively. These proteins are regulated by external NO 3 − availability and by the N status of the cell. Other proteins also play a role in NO 3 − transport, including the voltage dependent chloride/nitrate channel family (CLC) and the S-type anion channels of the SLAC/SLAH family. CLC’s are linked to NO 3 − transport across the tonoplast of vacuoles and the SLAC/SLAH’s with NO 3 − efflux across the plasma membrane and out of the cell. An important step in managing the N requirements of a plant are the mechanisms involved in root N uptake and the subsequent cellular distribution within the plant. In this review, we will present the current knowledge of these proteins and what is understood on how they function in key model legumes ( Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and Glycine sp.). The review will examine their regulation and role in N signalling, discuss how post-translational modification affects NO 3 − transport in roots and aerial tissues and its translocation to vegetative tissues and storage/remobilization in reproductive tissues. Lastly, we will present how NO 3 − influences the autoregulation of nodulation and nitrogen fixation and its role in mitigating salt and other abiotic stresses.
Effect of N supply on the carbon economy of barley when accounting for plant size
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1071/FP19025
Abstract: Nitrogen availability and ontogeny both affect the relative growth rate (RGR) of plants. In this study of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) we determined which growth parameters are affected by nitrate (N) availability, and whether these were confounded by differences in plant size, reflecting differences in growth. Plants were hydroponically grown on six different nitrate (N) concentrations for 28 days, and nine harvests were performed to assess the effect of N on growth parameters. Most growth parameters showed similar patterns of responses to N supply whether compared at common time points or common plant sizes. N had a significant effect on the biomass allocation: increasing N increased leaf mass ratio (LMR) and decreased root mass ratio (RMR). Specific leaf area (SLA) was not significantly affected by N. RGR increased with increasing N supply up to 1 mM, associated with increases in both LMR and net assimilation rate (NAR). Increases in N supply above 1 mM did not increase RGR as increases in LMR were offset by decreases in NAR. The high RGR at suboptimal N supply suggest a higher nitrogen use efficiency (biomass/N supply). The reasons for the homeostasis of growth under suboptimal N levels are discussed.
Characterization of GmCaMK1, a member of a soybean calmodulin-binding receptor-like kinase family
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-11-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.FEBSLET.2010.10.059
Abstract: Calmodulin(CaM)-regulated protein phosphorylation forms an important component of Ca(2+) signaling in animals but is less understood in plants. We have identified a CaM-binding receptor-like kinase from soybean nodules, GmCaMK1, a homolog of Arabidopsis CRLK1. We delineated the CaM-binding domain (CaMBD) of GmCaMK1 to a 24-residue region near the C-terminus, which overlaps with the kinase domain. We have demonstrated that GmCaMK1 binds CaM with high affinity in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. We showed that GmCaMK1 is expressed broadly across tissues and is enriched in roots and developing nodules. Finally, we examined the CaMBDs of the five-member GmCaMK family in soybean, and orthologs present across taxa.
Sexual compatibility of the olive cultivar ‘Kalamata’ assessed by paternity analysis
Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)
Date: 08-2012
The role of molybdenum in agricultural plant production
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-07-2005
DOI: 10.1093/AOB/MCI226
Functional characterisation of OsAMT1.1 overexpression lines of rice, Oryza sativa
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1071/FP05268
Abstract: In rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsAMT1.1 is the most active and / or most N-responsive gene responsible for high-affinity NH4+ transport (HATS) activity. We measured 13NH4+ influx and plant biomass in transgenic overexpression lines and two wild type cultivars of rice, Jarrah and Taipei, with one or more copies of OsAMT1.1. 13NH4+ influx was higher for the overexpression lines of Jarrah line when grown at 10 µm external NH4+ concentration, but not for the overexpression lines of Taipei. For seedlings grown at 2 mm external NH4+ concentration Jarrah lines 77-1 and 75-4 showed an increased influx however, two overexpression lines of Taipei showed reduced influx rates. The biomasses of the transgenic lines grown at low and high external NH4+ concentrations were either reduced or showed no statistically significant differences compared with wild type lines. While 13NH4+ influx into roots of Jarrah line 75-4 grown at 10 µm external NH4+ concentration was significantly higher than in wild type, measurements of 13NH efflux revealed no differences, and thus net uptake of NH4+ was higher in this overexpression line.
Urea Utilization in the Phototrophic Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus Is Regulated by the Transcriptional Activator NtrC
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 15-01-2001
DOI: 10.1128/JB.183.2.637-643.2001
Abstract: The phototrophic nonsulfur purple bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus can use urea as a sole source of nitrogen. Three transposon Tn 5 -induced mutations (Xan-9, Xan-10, and Xan-19), which led to a Ure − phenotype, were mapped to the ureF and ureC genes, whereas two other Tn 5 insertions (Xan-20 and Xan-22) were located within the ntrC and ntrB genes, respectively. As in Klebsiella aerogenes and other bacteria, the genes encoding urease ( ureABC ) and the genes required for assembly of the nickel metallocenter ( ureD and ureEFG ) are clustered in R. capsulatus ( ureDABC - orf136 - ureEFG ). No homologues of Orf136 were found in the databases, and mutational analysis demonstrated that orf136 is not essential for urease activity or growth on urea. Analysis of a ureDA - lacZ fusion showed that maximum expression of the ure genes occurred under nitrogen-limiting conditions (e.g., serine or urea as the sole nitrogen source), but ure gene expression was not substrate (urea) inducible. Expression of the ure genes was strictly dependent on NtrC, whereas ς 54 was not essential for urease activity. Expression of the ure genes was lower (by a factor of 3.5) in the presence of ammonium than under nitrogen-limiting conditions, but significant transcription was also observed in the presence of ammonium, approximately 10-fold higher than in an ntrC mutant background. Thus, ure gene expression in the presence of ammonium also requires NtrC. Footprint analyses demonstrated binding of NtrC to tandem binding sites upstream of the ureD promoter. Phosphorylation of NtrC increased DNA binding by at least eightfold. Although urea is effectively used as a nitrogen source in an NtrC-dependent manner, nitrogenase activity was not repressed by urea.
Nitrate transport capacity of the Arabidopsis thaliana NRT2 family members and their interactions with AtNAR2.1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-03-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2012.04094.X
Abstract: • Interactions between the Arabidopsis NitRate Transporter (AtNRT2.1) and Nitrate Assimilation Related protein (AtNAR2.1, also known as AtNRT3.1) have been well documented, and confirmed by the demonstration that AtNRT2.1 and AtNAR2.1 form a 150-kDa plasma membrane complex, thought to constitute the high-affinity nitrate transporter of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Here, we have investigated interactions between the remaining AtNRT2 family members (AtNRT2.2 to AtNRT2.7) and AtNAR2.1, and their capacity for nitrate transport. • Three different systems were used to examine possible interactions with AtNAR2.1: membrane yeast split-ubiquitin, bimolecular fluorescence complementation in A. thaliana protoplasts and nitrate uptake in Xenopus oocytes. • All NRT2s, except for AtNRT2.7, restored growth and β-galactosidase activity in the yeast split-ubiquitin system, and split-YFP fluorescence in A. thaliana protoplasts only when co-expressed with AtNAR2.1. Thus, except for AtNRT2.7, all other NRT2 transporters interact strongly with AtNAR2.1. • Co-injection into Xenopus oocytes of cRNA of all NRT2 genes together with cRNA of AtNAR2.1 resulted in statistically significant increases of uptake over and above that resulting from single cRNA injections.
A comparison of petiole hydraulics and aquaporin expression in an anisohydric and isohydric cultivar of grapevine in response to water-stress induced cavitation
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 07-11-2017
Nitrogen transport in plants, with an emphasis on the regulation of fluxes to match plant demand
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2001
DOI: 10.1002/1522-2624(200104)164:2<199::AID-JPLN199>3.0.CO;2-K
Water transport & aquaporins in grapevine
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 2009
Molybdate transport through the plant sulfate transporter SHST1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-04-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.FEBSLET.2008.03.045
Abstract: Molybdenum is an essential micronutrient required by plants. The mechanism of molybdenum uptake in plants is poorly understood, however, evidence has suggested that sulfate transporters may be involved. The sulfate transporter from Stylosanthes hamata, SHST1, restored growth of the sulfate transport yeast mutant, YSD1, on media containing low amounts of molybdate. Kinetic analysis using 99MoO4(2-) demonstrated that SHST1 enhanced the uptake of molybdate into yeast cells at nM concentrations. Uptake was not inhibited by sulfate, but sulfate transport via SHST1 was reduced with molybdate. These results are the first measurement of molybdate transport by a characterised plant sulfate transport protein.
Tissue and nitrogen-linked expression profiles of ammonium and nitrate transporters in maize
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-05-2019
Energy costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-11-2019
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.15555
The role of plasma membrane intrinsic protein aquaporins in water transport through roots: Diurnal and drought stress responses reveal different strategies between isohydric and anisohydric cultivars of grapevine
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-11-2009
Abstract: We report physiological and anatomical characteristics of water transport across roots grown in soil of two cultivars of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) differing in response to water stress (Grenache, isohydric Chardonnay, anisohydric). Both cultivars have similar root hydraulic conductances (L o normalized to root dry weight) that change diurnally. There is a positive correlation between L o and transpiration. Under water stress, both cultivars have reduced minimum daily L o (predawn) attributed to the development of apoplastic barriers. Water-stressed and well-watered Chardonnay had the same diurnal change in litude of L o, while water-stressed Grenache showed a reduction in daily litude compared with well-watered plants. Hydraulic conductivity of root cortex cells (L pcell) doubles in Chardonnay but remains unchanged in Grenache. Of the two most highly expressed plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) aquaporins in roots (VvPIP1 and VvPIP2 ), only VvPIP2 functions as a water channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes. VvPIP1 interacts with VvPIP2 to induce 3-fold higher water permeability. These two aquaporins are colocated in the root from in situ hybridization and immunolocalization of VvPIP1 and VvPIP2 subfamily members. They occur in root tip, exodermis, root cortex (detected up to 30 mm), and stele. VvPIP2 mRNA does not change diurnally or with water stress, in contrast to VvPIP1 , in which expression reflects the differences in L o and L pcell between cultivars in their responses to water stress and rewatering. VvPIP1 may regulate water transport across roots such that transpirational demand is matched by root water transport capacity. This occurs on a diurnal basis and in response to water stress that corresponds to the difference in drought tolerance between the cultivars.
Chloride transport and compartmentation within main and lateral roots of two grapevine rootstocks differing in salt tolerance
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-04-2013
A novel method based on combination of semi-in vitro and in vivo conditions in Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation of Glycine species
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-11-2013
Soybean SAT1 ( Symbiotic Ammonium Transporter 1 ) encodes a bHLH transcription factor involved in nodule growth and NH 4 + transport
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 19-03-2014
Abstract: The legume/rhizobia symbiosis involves a root-based exchange of bacterial fixed nitrogen for plant-derived photosynthetic carbon. The exchange takes place within the legume root nodule, which is a specialized root tissue that develops in response to plant and bacterial signal exchange. The bacteria reside within plant cells inside the nodule. In this study, we explore the activity of a membrane-bound soybean transcription factor, Glycine max basic–helix-loop–helix membrane 1, which is important for soybean nodule growth and is linked to the activity of a unique class of ammonium channels and to signaling cascades influencing a nodule circadian clock.
A seed coat cyanohydrin glucosyltransferase is associated with bitterness in almond ( Prunus dulcis ) kernels
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1071/FP07275
Abstract: The secondary metabolite amygdalin is a cyanogenic diglucoside that at high concentrations is associated with intense bitterness in seeds of the Rosaceae, including kernels of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.), syn. Prunus amygdalus D. A. Webb Batsch). Amygdalin is a glucoside of prunasin, itself a glucoside of R-mandelonitrile (a cyanohydrin). Here we report the isolation of an almond enzyme (UGT85A19) that stereo-selectively glucosylates R-mandelonitrile to produce prunasin. In a survey of developing kernels from seven bitter and 11 non-bitter genotypes with polyclonal antibody raised to UGT85A19, the enzyme was found to accumulate to higher levels in the bitter types in later development. This differential accumulation of UGT85A19 is associated with more than three-fold greater mandelonitrile glucosyltransferase activity in bitter kernels compared with non-bitter types, and transcriptional regulation was demonstrated using quantitative-PCR analysis. UGT85A19 and its encoding transcript were most concentrated in the testa (seed coat) of the kernel compared with the embryo, and prunasin and amygdalin were differentially compartmentalised in these tissues. Prunasin was confined to the testa and amygdalin was confined to the embryo. These results are consistent with the seed coat being an important site of synthesis of prunasin as a precursor of amygdalin accumulation in the kernel. The presence of UGT85A19 in the kernel and other tissues of both bitter and non-bitter types indicates that its expression is unlikely to be a control point for amygdalin accumulation and suggests additional roles for the enzyme in almond metabolism.
Sexual compatibility and floral biology of some olive cultivars
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2011
Maize NPF6 Proteins Are Homologs of Arabidopsis CHL1 That Are Selective for Both Nitrate and Chloride
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-09-2017
DOI: 10.1105/TPC.16.00724
Root based approaches to improving nitrogen use efficiency in plants
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-08-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3040.2009.02011.X
Abstract: In the majority of agricultural growing regions, crop production is highly dependent on the supply of exogenous nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Traditionally, this dependency and the use of N-fertilizers to restore N depleted soils has been rewarded with increased plant health and yields. In recent years, increased competition for non-renewable fossil fuel reserves has directly elevated prices of N-fertilizers and the cost of agricultural production worldwide. Furthermore, N-fertilizer based pollution is becoming a serious issue for many regions where agriculture is highly concentrated. To help minimize the N footprint associated with agricultural production there is significant interest at the plant level to develop technologies which can allow economically viable production while using less applied N. To complement recent reviews examining N utilization efficiency in agricultural plants, this review will explore those strategies operating specifically at the root level, which may directly contribute to improved N use efficiencies in agricultural crops such as cereals, where the majority of N-fertilizers are used and lost to the environment. Root specific phenotypes that will be addressed in the context of improvements to N acquisition and assimilation efficiencies include: root morphology root to shoot ratios root vigour, root length density and root N transport and metabolism.
Role of oxygen limitation and nitrate metabolism in the nitrate inhibition of nitrogen fixation by pea
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1997
Rapid shoot‐to‐root signalling regulates root hydraulic conductance via aquaporins
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-09-2013
DOI: 10.1111/PCE.12175
Abstract: We investigated how root hydraulic conductance (normalized to root dry weight, Lo ) is regulated by the shoot. Shoot topping (about 30% reduction in leaf area) reduced Lo of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) by 50 to 60%. More detailed investigations with soybean and grapevine showed that the reduction in Lo was not correlated with the reduction in leaf area, and shading or cutting single leaves had a similar effect. Percentage reduction in Lo was largest when initial Lo was high in soybean. Inhibition of Lo by weak acid (low pH) was smaller after shoot damage or leaf shading. The half time of reduction in Lo was approximately 5 min after total shoot decapitation. These characteristics indicate involvement of aquaporins. We excluded phloem-borne signals and auxin-mediated signals. Xylem-mediated hydraulic signals are possible since turgor rapidly decreased within root cortex cells after shoot topping. There was a significant reduction in the expression of several aquaporins in the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) family of both grapevine and soybean. In soybean, there was a five- to 10-fold reduction in GmPIP1 expression over 0.5-1 h which was sustained over the period of reduced Lo .
Maize maintains growth in response to decreased nitrate supply through a highly dynamic and developmental stage-specific transcriptional response
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-06-2016
DOI: 10.1111/PBI.12388
Abstract: Elucidation of the gene networks underlying the response to N supply and demand will facilitate the improvement of the N uptake efficiency of plants. We undertook a transcriptomic analysis of maize to identify genes responding to both a non-growth-limiting decrease in NO3- provision and to development-based N demand changes at seven representative points across the life cycle. Gene co-expression networks were derived by cluster analysis of the transcript profiles. The majority of NO3--responsive transcription occurred at 11 (D11), 18 (D18) and 29 (D29) days after emergence, with differential expression predominating in the root at D11 and D29 and in the leaf at D18. A cluster of 98 probe sets was identified, the expression pattern of which is similar to that of the high-affinity NO3- transporter (NRT2) genes across the life cycle. The cluster is enriched with genes encoding enzymes and proteins of lipid metabolism and transport, respectively. These are candidate genes for the response of maize to N supply and demand. Only a few patterns of differential gene expression were observed over the entire life cycle however, the composition of the classes of the genes differentially regulated at in idual time points was unique, suggesting tightly controlled regulation of NO3--responsive gene expression.
Liberating nitrate transport activity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-03-2021
Cell-specific vacuolar calcium storage mediated by CAX1 regulates apoplastic calcium concentration, gas exchange, and plant productivity in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2011
Abstract: The physiological role and mechanism of nutrient storage within vacuoles of specific cell types is poorly understood. Transcript profiles from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells differing in calcium concentration ([Ca], epidermis & mM versus mesophyll & mM) were compared using a microarray screen and single-cell quantitative PCR. Three tonoplast-localized Ca2+ transporters, CAX1 (Ca2+/H+-antiporter), ACA4, and ACA11 (Ca2+-ATPases), were identified as preferentially expressed in Ca-rich mesophyll. Analysis of respective loss-of-function mutants demonstrated that only a mutant that lacked expression of both CAX1 and CAX3, a gene ectopically expressed in leaves upon knockout of CAX1, had reduced mesophyll [Ca]. Reduced capacity for mesophyll Ca accumulation resulted in reduced cell wall extensibility, stomatal aperture, transpiration, CO2 assimilation, and leaf growth rate increased transcript abundance of other Ca2+ transporter genes altered expression of cell wall–modifying proteins, including members of the pectinmethylesterase, expansin, cellulose synthase, and polygalacturonase families and higher pectin concentrations and thicker cell walls. We demonstrate that these phenotypes result from altered apoplastic free [Ca2+], which is threefold greater in cax1/cax3 than in wild-type plants. We establish CAX1 as a key regulator of apoplastic [Ca2+] through compartmentation into mesophyll vacuoles, a mechanism essential for optimal plant function and productivity.
The preceding root system drives the composition and function of the rhizosphere microbiome
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-04-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S13059-020-01999-0
Abstract: The soil environment is responsible for sustaining most terrestrial plant life, yet we know surprisingly little about the important functions carried out by erse microbial communities in soil. Soil microbes that inhabit the channels of decaying root systems, the detritusphere, are likely to be essential for plant growth and health, as these channels are the preferred locations of new root growth. Understanding the microbial metagenome of the detritusphere, and how it responds to agricultural management such as crop rotations and soil tillage, is vital for improving global food production. This study establishes an in-depth soil microbial gene catalogue based on the living-decaying rhizosphere niches in a cropping soil. The detritusphere microbiome regulates the composition and function of the rhizosphere microbiome to a greater extent than plant type: rhizosphere microbiomes of wheat and chickpea were homogenous (65–87% similarity) in the presence of decaying root (DR) systems but were heterogeneous (3–24% similarity) where DR was disrupted by tillage. When the microbiomes of the rhizosphere and the detritusphere interact in the presence of DR, there is significant degradation of plant root exudates by the rhizosphere microbiome, and genes associated with membrane transporters, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism are enriched. The study describes the ersity and functional capacity of a high-quality soil microbial metagenome. The results demonstrate the contribution of the detritusphere microbiome in determining the metagenome of developing root systems. Modifications in root microbial function through soil management can ultimately govern plant health, productivity and food security.
The response of mesophyll conductance to nitrogen and water availability differs between wheat genotypes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLANTSCI.2016.03.012
Abstract: Increased mesophyll conductance (gm) has been suggested as a target for selection for high productivity and high water-use efficiency in crop plants, and genotypic variability in gm has been reported in several important crop species. However, effective selection requires an understanding of how gm varies with growth conditions, to ensure that the ranking of genotypes is consistent across environments. We assessed the genotypic variability in gm and other leaf gas exchange traits, as well as growth and biomass allocation for six wheat genotypes under different water and nitrogen availabilities. The wheat genotypes differed in their response of gm to growth conditions, resulting in genotypic differences in the mesophyll limitation to photosynthesis and a significant increase in the mesophyll limitation to photosynthesis under drought. In this experiment, leaf intrinsic water-use efficiency was more closely related to stomatal conductance than to mesophyll conductance, and stomatal limitation to photosynthesis increased more in some genotypes than in others in response to drought. Screening for gm should be carried out under a range of growth conditions.
Functional Analysis of an Arabidopsis T-DNA Knockout of the High-Affinity NH4+ Transporter AtAMT1;1
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2002
Erratum to : A seed coat cyanohydrin glucosyltransferase is associated with bitterness in almond ( Prunus dulcis ) kernels
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1071/FP07275_ER
Abstract: The secondary metabolite amygdalin is a cyanogenic diglucoside that at high concentrations is associated with intense bitterness in seeds of the Rosaceae, including kernels of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.), syn. Prunus amygdalus D. A. Webb Batsch). Amygdalin is a glucoside of prunasin, itself a glucoside of R-mandelonitrile (a cyanohydrin). Here we report the isolation of an almond enzyme (UGT85A19) that stereo-selectively glucosylates R-mandelonitrile to produce prunasin. In a survey of developing kernels from seven bitter and 11 non-bitter genotypes with polyclonal antibody raised to UGT85A19, the enzyme was found to accumulate to higher levels in the bitter types in later development. This differential accumulation of UGT85A19 is associated with more than three-fold greater mandelonitrile glucosyltransferase activity in bitter kernels compared with non-bitter types, and transcriptional regulation was demonstrated using quantitative-PCR analysis. UGT85A19 and its encoding transcript were most concentrated in the testa (seed coat) of the kernel compared with the embryo, and prunasin and amygdalin were differentially compartmentalised in these tissues. Prunasin was confined to the testa and amygdalin was confined to the embryo. These results are consistent with the seed coat being an important site of synthesis of prunasin as a precursor of amygdalin accumulation in the kernel. The presence of UGT85A19 in the kernel and other tissues of both bitter and non-bitter types indicates that its expression is unlikely to be a control point for amygdalin accumulation and suggests additional roles for the enzyme in almond metabolism.
Root apoplastic transport and water relations cannot account for differences in Cl− transport and Cl−/NO3 − interactions of two grapevine rootstocks differing in salt tolerance
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-12-2013
VAMP721a and VAMP721d are important for pectin dynamics and release of bacteria in soybean nodules
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-01-2016
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.13837
Abstract: In root nodules rhizobia enter host cells via infection threads. The release of bacteria to a host cell is possible from cell wall‐free regions of the infection thread. We hypothesized that the VAMP 721d and VAMP 721e exocytotic pathway, identified before in Medicago truncatula , has a role in the local modification of cell wall during the release of rhizobia. To clarify the role of VAMP 721d and VAMP 721e we used Glycine max , a plant with a determinate type of nodule. The localization of the main polysaccharide compounds of primary cell walls was analysed in control vs nodules with partially silenced Gm VAMP 721d . The silencing of Gm VAMP 721d blocked the release of rhizobia. Instead of rhizobia‐containing membrane compartments – symbiosomes – the infected cells contained big clusters of bacteria embedded in a matrix of methyl‐esterified and de‐methyl‐esterified pectin. These clusters were surrounded by a membrane. We found that Gm VAMP 721d ‐ positive vesicles were not transporting methyl‐esterified pectin. We hypothesized that they may deliver the enzymes involved in pectin turnover. Subsequently, we found that Gm VAMP 721d is partly co‐localized with pectate lyase. Therefore, the biological role of VAMP 721d may be explained by its action in delivering pectin‐modifying enzymes to the site of release.
Nitrogen assimilation system in maize is regulated by developmental and tissue-specific mechanisms
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S11103-016-0512-5
Abstract: We found metabolites, enzyme activities and enzyme transcript abundances vary significantly across the maize lifecycle, but weak correlation exists between the three groups. We identified putative genes regulating nitrate assimilation. Progress in improving nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants has been h ered by the complexity of the N uptake and utilisation systems. To understand this complexity we measured the activities of seven enzymes and ten metabolites related to N metabolism in the leaf and root tissues of Gaspe Flint maize plants grown in 0.5 or 2.5 mM NO3 (-) throughout the lifecycle. The amino acids had remarkably similar profiles across the lifecycle except for transient responses, which only appeared in the leaves for aspartate or in the roots for asparagine, serine and glycine. The activities of the enzymes for N assimilation were also coordinated to a certain degree, most noticeably with a peak in root activity late in the lifecycle, but with wide variation in the activity levels over the course of development. We analysed the transcriptional data for gene sets encoding the measured enzymes and found that, unlike the enzyme activities, transcript levels of the corresponding genes did not exhibit the same coordination across the lifecycle and were only weakly correlated with the levels of various amino acids or in idual enzyme activities. We identified gene sets which were correlated with the enzyme activity profiles, including seven genes located within previously known quantitative trait loci for enzyme activities and hypothesise that these genes are important for the regulation of enzyme activities. This work provides insights into the complexity of the N assimilation system throughout development and identifies candidate regulatory genes, which warrant further investigation in efforts to improve NUE in crop plants.
Inflorescence architecture of olive
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
The soybean NRAMP homologue, GmDMT1, is a symbiotic divalent metal transporter capable of ferrous iron transport
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-07-2003
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-313X.2003.01802.X
Abstract: Iron is an important nutrient in N2-fixing legume root nodules. Iron supplied to the nodule is used by the plant for the synthesis of leghemoglobin, while in the bacteroid fraction, it is used as an essential cofactor for the bacterial N2-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase, and iron-containing proteins of the electron transport chain. The supply of iron to the bacteroids requires initial transport across the plant-derived peribacteroid membrane, which physically separates bacteroids from the infected plant cell cytosol. In this study, we have identified Glycine max alent metal transporter 1 (GmDmt1), a soybean homologue of the NRAMP/Dmt1 family of alent metal ion transporters. GmDmt1 shows enhanced expression in soybean root nodules and is most highly expressed at the onset of nitrogen fixation in developing nodules. Antibodies raised against a partial fragment of GmDmt1 confirmed its presence on the peribacteroid membrane (PBM) of soybean root nodules. GmDmt1 was able to both rescue growth and enhance 55Fe(II) uptake in the ferrous iron transport deficient yeast strain (fet3fet4). The results indicate that GmDmt1 is a nodule-enhanced transporter capable of ferrous iron transport across the PBM of soybean root nodules. Its role in nodule iron homeostasis to support bacterial nitrogen fixation is discussed.
Calcium delivery and storage in plant leaves: Exploring the link with water flow
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERR111
Abstract: Calcium (Ca) is a unique macronutrient with erse but fundamental physiological roles in plant structure and signalling. In the majority of crops the largest proportion of long-distance calcium ion (Ca(2+)) transport through plant tissues has been demonstrated to follow apoplastic pathways, although this paradigm is being increasingly challenged. Similarly, under certain conditions, apoplastic pathways can dominate the proportion of water flow through plants. Therefore, tissue Ca supply is often found to be tightly linked to transpiration. Once Ca is deposited in vacuoles it is rarely redistributed, which results in highly transpiring organs amassing large concentrations of Ca ([Ca]). Meanwhile, the nutritional flow of Ca(2+) must be regulated so it does not interfere with signalling events. However, water flow through plants is itself regulated by Ca(2+), both in the apoplast via effects on cell wall structure and stomatal aperture, and within the symplast via Ca(2+)-mediated gating of aquaporins which regulates flow across membranes. In this review, an integrated model of water and Ca(2+) movement through plants is developed and how this affects [Ca] distribution and water flow within tissues is discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of aquaporins.
Magnesium transporters, MGT2/MRS2-1 and MGT3/MRS2-5, are important for magnesium partitioning within Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll vacuoles
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-01-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2010.03619.X
Abstract: See also the Commentary by Waters
A Glimpse at Regulation of Nitrogen Homeostasis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.STR.2010.10.003
Abstract: NrpR is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-sensing transcription factor found in the archaeal phylum euryarchaetoa. When 2OG concentrations are low, NrpR transcriptionally represses expression of the nitrogen acquisition genes. Structural studies by Wisedchaisri et al. (2010) have identified the cleft region, where 2OG binds to NrpR. Their study has highlighted conservation of 2OG-binding residues among other 2OG-responsive proteins.
Adjustment of host cells for accommodation of symbiotic bacteria: Vacuole defunctionalization, HOPS suppression, and TIP1g retargeting in medicago
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2014
Abstract: In legume–rhizobia symbioses, the bacteria in infected cells are enclosed in a plant membrane, forming organelle-like compartments called symbiosomes. Symbiosomes remain as in idual units and avoid fusion with lytic vacuoles of host cells. We observed changes in the vacuole volume of infected cells and thus hypothesized that microsymbionts may cause modifications in vacuole formation or function. To examine this, we quantified the volumes and surface areas of plant cells, vacuoles, and symbiosomes in root nodules of Medicago truncatula and analyzed the expression and localization of VPS11 and VPS39, members of the HOPS vacuole-tethering complex. During the maturation of symbiosomes to become N2-fixing organelles, a developmental switch occurs and changes in vacuole features are induced. For ex le, we found that expression of VPS11 and VPS39 in infected cells is suppressed and host cell vacuoles contract, permitting the expansion of symbiosomes. Trafficking of tonoplast-targeted proteins in infected symbiotic cells is also altered, as shown by retargeting of the aquaporin TIP1g from the tonoplast membrane to the symbiosome membrane. This retargeting appears to be essential for the maturation of symbiosomes. We propose that these alterations in the function of the vacuole are key events in the adaptation of the plant cell to host intracellular symbiotic bacteria.
Plant roots redesign the rhizosphere to alter the three-dimensional physical architecture and water dynamics
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-05-2018
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.15213
Abstract: The mechanisms controlling the genesis of rhizosheaths are not well understood, despite their importance in controlling the flux of nutrients and water from soil to root. Here, we examine the development of rhizosheaths from drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive chickpea varieties focusing on the three-dimensional characterization of the pore volume (> 16 μm voxel spatial resolution) obtained from X-ray microtomography, along with the characterization of mucilage and root hairs, and water sorption. We observe that drought-tolerant plants generate a larger diameter root, and a greater and more porous mass of rhizosheath, which also has a significantly increased water sorptivity, as compared with bulk soil. Using lattice Boltzmann simulations of soil permeability, we find that the root activity of both cultivars creates an anisotropic structure in the rhizosphere, in that its ability to conduct water in the radial direction is significantly higher than in the axial direction, especially in the drought-tolerant cultivar. We suggest that significant differences in rhizosheath architectures are sourced not only by changes in structure of the volumes, but also from root mucilage, and further suggest that breeding for rhizosheath architectures and function may be a potential future avenue for better designing crops in a changing environment.
Improved methods in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of almond using positive (mannose/pmi) or negative (kanamycin resistance) selection-based protocols
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-03-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S00299-006-0139-0
Abstract: A protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with either kanamycin or mannose selection was developed for leaf explants of the cultivar Prunus dulcis cv. Ne Plus Ultra. Regenerating shoots were selected on medium containing 15 muM kanamycin (negative selection), while in the positive selection strategy, shoots were selected on 2.5 g/l mannose supplemented with 15 g/l sucrose. Transformation efficiencies based on PCR analysis of in idual putative transformed shoots from independent lines relative to the initial numbers of leaf explants tested were 5.6% for kanamycin/nptII and 6.8% for mannose mi selection, respectively. Southern blot analysis on six randomly chosen PCR-positive shoots confirmed the presence of the nptII transgene in each, and five randomly chosen lines identified to contain the pmi transgene by PCR showed positive hybridisation to a pmi DNA probe. The positive (mannose mi) and the negative (kanamycin) selection protocols used in this study have greatly improved transformation efficiency in almond, which were confirmed with PCR and Southern blot. This study also demonstrates that in almond the mannose mi selection protocol is appropriate and can result in higher transformation efficiencies over that of kanamycin/nptII selection protocols.
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