ORCID Profile
0000-0001-8079-9606
Current Organisation
University of Western Australia
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Geology | Geochemistry | Ore Deposit Petrology | Geochronology | Isotope Geochemistry | Inorganic Geochemistry | Tectonics | Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology | Structural Geology | Petroleum and Coal Geology | Geochronology And Isotope Geochemistry | Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology | Exploration Geochemistry | Astronomical and Space Sciences | Organic Chemical Synthesis | Vulcanology | Exploration Geochemistry | Mineralogy And Crystallography | Chemical Oceanography | Earth Sciences not elsewhere classified | Extraterrestrial Geology | Animal Neurobiology | Functional Materials | Mineral Processing/Beneficiation | Medical Parasitology | Planetary Science (excl. Extraterrestrial Geology) | Seismology and Seismic Exploration | Geology | Geodynamics | Resource geoscience | Mineralogy and crystallography | Exploration geochemistry | Crop and Pasture Biochemistry and Physiology | Land Capability and Soil Degradation |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Expanding Knowledge in the Earth Sciences | Mineral Exploration not elsewhere classified | Precious (Noble) Metal Ore Exploration | Earth sciences | Copper Ore Exploration | Higher education | Primary Mining and Extraction of Mineral Resources not elsewhere classified | Oil and Gas Exploration | Iron Ore Exploration | Other | Wheat | Nervous System and Disorders | Mining and Extraction of Iron Ores | Infectious Diseases | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Coastal and Estuarine Environments | Information Services not elsewhere classified | Zinc Ore Exploration | Expanding Knowledge in the Environmental Sciences | Titanium Minerals, Zircon, and Rare Earth Metal Ore (e.g. Monazite) Exploration | Diamond Exploration
Related Links
Publications
Platinum group element and nickel sulphide ore tenors of the Mount Keith nickel deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-05-2012
Ruthenium in chromite as indicator for magmatic sulfide liquid equilibration in mafic-ultramafic systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Hydrothermal flake graphite mineralisation in Paleoproterozoic rocks of south-east Greenland
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-11-2016
LIMA U-Pb ages link lithospheric mantle metasomatism to Karoo magmatism beneath the Kimberley region, South Africa
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Tracing sulfur sources in the crust via SIMS measurements of sulfur isotopes in apatite
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Maggie hays Ni deposit: Part 2. nickel mineralization and the spatial distribution of PGE ore-forming signatures in the Maggie hays Ni system, lake Johnston greenstone belt, western Australia
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 08-2012
Corrigendum to “Diffusion and solubilities of Rh, Ru and Ir in olivine and spinel” [Chem. Geol. 494 (2018) 19–29/0009-2541] (Chemical Geology (2018) 494 (19–29), (S0009254118303413), (10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.07.009))
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Komatiites of the Wildara-Leonora Belt, Yilgarn Craton, WA: The missing link in the Kalgoorlie Terrane?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Geology and geochronology of the Paleoproterozoic Hart Dolerite, Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Stable isotope (C, O, S) compositions of volatile-rich minerals in kimberlites: A review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
The geochronological evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi domain of the Southern West African Craton
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Sulfur isotope composition of metasomatised mantle xenoliths from the Bultfontein kimberlite (Kimberley, South Africa): Contribution from subducted sediments and the effect of sulfide alteration on S isotope systematics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Isotopic investigations of the Nova-Bollinger Ni-Cu-Co deposit in the Fraser Zone, Albany-Fraser Orogen, Western Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-07-2022
Numerical modelling of erosion and assimilation of sulfur-rich substrate by martian lava flows: Implications for the genesis of massive sulfide mineralization on Mars
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Nano- and Micrometer-Sized PGM in Ni-Cu-Fe Sulfides from an Olivine Megacryst in the Udachnaya Pipe, Yakutia, Russia
Publisher: Mineralogical Association of Canada
Date: 11-2021
Abstract: This paper focuses on a nanoscale study of nano- and micrometer-size Os-rich mineral particles hosted in a Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide globule found in an olivine megacryst from the Udachnaya pipe (Yakutia, Russia). These platinum-group element mineral particles and their host sulfide matrices were investigated using a combination of techniques, including field emission gun electron probe microanalyzer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and focused ion beam and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The sulfide globule is of mantle origin, as it is hosted in primitive olivine (Fo90–93), very likely derived from the crystallization of Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide melt droplets segregated by liquid immiscibility from a basaltic melt in a volume of depleted subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Microscopic observations by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy and single-spot analysis and mapping by field emission gun electron probe microanalyzer reveal that the sulfide globule comprises a core of pyrrhotite with flame-like exsolutions (usually & μm thickness) of pentlandite, which is irregularly surrounded by a rim of granular pentlandite and chalcopyrite. Elemental mapping by energy dispersive spectroscopy (acquired using the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) of the pyrrhotite (+ pentlandite) core reveals that pentlandite exsolution in pyrrhotite is still observable at the nanoscale as fringes of 100 to 500 nm thicknesses. The sulfide matrices of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite contain abundant nano- and micrometer-size platinum group element mineral particles. A careful inspection of eight of these platinum group element particles under focused ion beam and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed that they are crystalline erlichmanite (OsS2) with well-developed crystal faces that are distinctively oriented relative to their sulfide host matrices. We propose that the core of the Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide globule studied here was derived from a precursor monosulfide solid solution originally crystallized from a sulfide melt at & °C, which later decomposed into pyrrhotite and the pentlandite flame-like exsolutions upon cooling at & °C. Once solidified, the solid monosulfide solid solution reacted with non-equilibrium Cu-and Ni-rich sulfide melt(s), giving rise to the granular pentlandite in equilibrium with chalcopyrite now forming the rim of the sulfide globule. Meanwhile, nano- to micron-sized crystals of erlichmanite crystallized directly from or slightly before monosulfide solid solution from the sulfide melt. Thus, Os, and to a lesser extent Ir and Ru, were physically partitioned by preferential uptake via early formation of nanoparticles at high temperature instead of low-temperature exsolution from solid Ni-Fe-Cu sulfides. The new data provided in this paper highlight the necessity of studying platinum group element mineral particles in Ni-Fe-Cu sulfides using analytical techniques that can image nanoscale textural features in order to better understand the mechanisms of platinum group element fractionation in magmatic systems. These processes may play a crucial role in controlling the background geochemical budgets for siderophile and chalcophile elements in a wide range of mantle-derived magmas.
Investigating sulfur pathways through the lithosphere by tracing mass independent fractionation of sulfur to the Lady Bountiful orogenic gold deposit, Yilgarn Craton
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Characterization of altered mafic and ultramafic rocks using portable xrf geochemistry and portable vis-nir spectrometry
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Date: 05-2021
Sulfidization of 3.48 billion-year-old stromatolites of the Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton: Constraints from in-situ sulfur isotope analysis of pyrite
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Platinum Group Element Geochemistry of Mineralized and Nonmineralized Komatiites and Basalts
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 06-2010
Accumulation of transition metals and metalloids in sulfidized stromatolites of the 3.48 billion–year–old Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Chromite in komatiites: 3D morphologies with implications for crystallization mechanisms
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-10-2012
Multidisciplinary study of a complex magmatic system: The Savannah Ni-Cu-Co Camp, Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Use and calibration of portable X-Ray fluorescence analysers: Application to lithogeochemical exploration for komatiite-hosted nickel sulphide deposits
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Date: 05-02-2014
Age constraints of the Wassa and Benso mesothermal gold deposits, Ashanti Belt, Ghana, West Africa
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
An apatite to unravel petrogenic processes of the Nova-Bollinger Ni-Cu magmatic sulfide deposit, Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2022
The petrogenesis of back-arc magmas, constrained by zircon O and Hf isotopes, in the Frontal Cordillera and Precordillera, Argentina
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-08-2020
Mapping the 4D lithospheric architecture of Zealandia using zircon O and Hf isotopes in plutonic rocks
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
In situ multiple sulfur isotope analysis by SIMS of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pentlandite to refine magmatic ore genetic models
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Three-dimensional morphology of magmatic sulfides sheds light on ore formation and sulfide melt migration
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1130/G24779A.1
Divergent T–ƒO2 paths during crystallisation of H2O-rich and H2O-poor magmas as recorded by Ce and U in zircon, with implications for TitaniQ and TitaniZ geothermometry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-11-2018
District to Camp Controls on the Genesis of Komatiite-Hosted Nickel Sulfide Deposits, Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone Belt, Western Australia: Insights from the Multiple Sulfur Isotopes
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 08-2012
Zircon and monazite petrochronologic record of prolonged amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism in the Ivrea-Verbano and Strona-Ceneri Zones, NW Italy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
A Hydrothermal Ni-As-PGE Geochemical Halo Around the Miitel komatiite-Hosted Nickel Sulfide Deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 23-01-2015
Global Variability in the Platinum-group Element Contents of Komatiites
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 21-12-2011
Microstructural constraints on magma emplacement and sulfide transport mechanisms
Publisher: GeoScienceWorld
Date: 12-12-2018
DOI: 10.1130/L743.1
Ruthenium variation in chromite from komatiites and komatiitic basalts-a potential mineralogical indicator for nickel sulfide mineralization
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 21-02-2013
Mobilisation of deep crustal sulfide melts as a first order control on upper lithospheric metallogeny
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-022-28275-Y
Abstract: Magmatic arcs are terrestrial environments where lithospheric cycling and recycling of metals and volatiles is enhanced. However, the first-order mechanism permitting the episodic fluxing of these elements from the mantle through to the outer Earth’s spheres has been elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we focus on the textural and minero-chemical characteristics of metal-rich magmatic sulfides hosted in hibole-olivine-pyroxene cumulates in the lowermost crust. We show that in cumulates that were subject to increasing temperature due to prolonged mafic magmatism, which only occurs episodically during the complex evolution of any magmatic arc, Cu-Au-rich sulfide can exist as liquid while Ni-Fe rich sulfide occurs as a solid phase. This scenario occurs within a ‘Goldilocks’ temperature zone at ~1100–1200 °C, typical of the base of the crust in arcs, which permits episodic fractionation and mobilisation of Cu-Au-rich sulfide liquid into permeable melt networks that may ascend through the lithosphere providing metals for porphyry and epithermal ore deposits.
FAULT-INDUCED GOLD SATURATION OF A SINGLE AURIFEROUS FLUID IS A KEY PROCESS FOR OROGENIC GOLD DEPOSIT FORMATION
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
Date: 09-2022
DOI: 10.5382/ECONGEO.4923
Abstract: In orogenic gold deposits, the mechanism by which a hydrothermal fluid precipitates gold in laminated quartz veins remains elusive. The Kanowna Belle deposit hosts gold mineralization in structurally controlled quartz-pyrite laminated veins that cut volcano-sedimentary and granitic rocks of the Kalgoorlie terrane, Australia. Veins show microtextural evidence for multiphased emplacement, corresponding to three distinct pyrite growth zones in which Au enrichment in the pyrite is attributed to high fluid influx. To monitor the chemical and isotopic evolution of the auriferous fluid leading to gold precipitation, we combine in situ multiple sulfur isotope analyses with trace element composition of gold-bearing pyrite growth zones: cores (Au ≤149 ppm δ34S –3.3 to +4.2‰ As ≤2.5 wt % Ni ≤4,022 ppm Te ≤416 ppm), Au-rich oscillatory zoned mantles (Au ≤2,251 ppm δ34S –8.4 to +0.1‰ As ≤4.5 wt % Ni ≤1,111 ppm Te ≤829 ppm), and rims (Au ≤264 ppm δ34S –6.0 to +2.8‰ As ≤1.4 wt % Ni ≤2,113 ppm Te ≤229 ppm). The positive and consistent Δ33S of each zone (Δ33S = +0.3 ± 0.2‰ n = 160) indicates that one single reservoir was tapped during the evolution of the mineralizing system. The gold-rich pyrite mantle zones precipitated from a fluid undergoing SO42−/H2S fluctuations associated with phase separation due to rapid and repeated releases in fluid pressure. This study demonstrates that the “fault-valve” process applies a first-order control on the precipitation of gold from a single auriferous fluid reservoir.
Progressive mixing of meteoritic veneer into the early Earth's deep mantle
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE08205
Formation of micro-spherulitic barite in association with organic matter within sulfidized stromatolites of the 3.48 billion-year-old Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-05-2020
DOI: 10.1111/GBI.12392
Abstract: The shallow marine and subaerial sedimentary and hydrothermal rocks of the ~3.48 billion‐year‐old Dresser Formation are host to some of Earth's oldest stromatolites and microbial remains. This study reports on texturally distinctive, spherulitic barite micro‐mineralization that occur in association with primary, autochthonous organic matter within exceptionally preserved, strongly sulfidized stromatolite s les obtained from drill cores. Spherulitic barite micro‐mineralization within the sulfidized stromatolites generally forms submicron‐scale aggregates that show gradations from hollow to densely crystallized, irregular to partially radiating crystalline interiors. Several barite micro‐spherulites show thin outer shells. Within stromatolites, barite micro‐spherulites are intimately associated with petrographically earliest dolomite and nano‐porous pyrite enriched in organic matter, the latter of which is a possible biosignature assemblage that hosts microbial remains. Barite spherulites are also observed within layered barite in proximity to stromatolite layers, where they are overgrown by compositionally distinct (Sr‐rich), coarsely crystalline barite that may have been sourced from hydrothermal veins at depth. Micro‐spherulitic barite, such as reported here, is not known from hydrothermal systems that exceed the upper temperature limit for life. Rather, barite with near‐identical morphology and micro‐texture is known from zones of high bio‐productivity under low‐temperature conditions in the modern oceans, where microbial activity and/or organic matter of degrading biomass controls the formation of spherulitic aggregates. Hence, the presence of micro‐spherulitic barite in the organic matter‐bearing Dresser Formation sulfidized stromatolites lend further support for a biogenic origin of these unusual, exceptionally well‐preserved, and very ancient microbialites.
ANOMALOUSLY HIGH D VALUES IN AN ARCHEAN FERROPICRITIC MELT: IMPLICATIONS FOR MAGMA DEGASSING
Publisher: Mineralogical Association of Canada
Date: 10-2005
Mantle oddities: A sulphate fluid preserved in a MARID xenolith from the Bultfontein kimberlite (Kimberley, South Africa)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
Incipient carbonate melting drives precious metal and sulfur mobilisation in the mantle
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 28-02-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2610331/V1
Abstract: We present results from high-pressure, high-temperature experiments that generate incipient carbonate melts at mantle conditions (~90km depth and temperatures between 900 - 1050℃). We show that these melts can effectively sequester sulfur, in its oxidised form of sulfate, platinum group elements, and first-row transition metals from mantle lithologies of peridotite and pyroxenite. These primitive oxidised melts may be effective agents to dissolve, redistribute and concentrate sulfur as well as chalcophile metals within the mantle, and from the mantle to shallower regions within the Earth, where localised dynamic physio-chemical processes can lead to ore genesis at various crustal depths. It is proposed that these carbonate-sulfur rich melts may be more widespread than previously thought, and may play a first order role in the metallogenic enhancement of localised and predictable lithospheric domains.
Incipient carbonate melting drives metal and sulfur mobilization in the mantle
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 28-08-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2610331/V2
Abstract: We present results from high-pressure, high-temperature experiments that generate incipient carbonate melts at mantle conditions (~ 90 km depth and temperatures between 900–1050°C). We show that these primitive carbonate melts can sequester sulfur in its oxidized form of sulfate, as well as base and precious metals from mantle lithologies of peridotite and pyroxenite. It is proposed that these carbonate-sulfur-rich melts may be more widespread than previously thought, and that they may play a first order role in the metallogenic enhancement of localized lithospheric domains. They act as effective agents to dissolve, redistribute and concentrate metals within discrete domains of the mantle and into shallower regions within the Earth, where dynamic physico-chemical processes can lead to ore genesis at various crustal depths. Green metals could be transported and concentrated into ores by their interaction with low temperature carbonate rich melts.
Partial melting of the Archaean Thrym Complex of southeastern Greenland
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2013
Time-space evolution of an Archean craton: A Hf-isotope window into continent formation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Atmospheric sulfur is recycled to the crystalline continental crust during supercontinent formation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-10-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-018-06691-3
Abstract: The sulfur cycle across the lithosphere and the role of this volatile element in the metasomatism of the mantle at ancient cratonic boundaries are poorly constrained. We address these knowledge gaps by tracking the journey of sulfur in the assembly of a Proterozoic supercontinent using mass independent isotope fractionation (MIF-S) as an indelible tracer. MIF-S is a signature that was imparted to supracrustal sulfur reservoirs before the ~2.4 Ga Great Oxidation Event. The spatial representation of multiple sulfur isotope data indicates that successive Proterozoic granitoid suites preserve Δ 33 S up to +0.8‰ in areas adjacent to Archean cratons. These results indicate that suturing of cratons began with devolatilisation of slab-derived sediments deep in the lithosphere. This process transferred atmospheric sulfur to a mantle source reservoir, which was tapped intermittently for over 300 million years of magmatism. Our work tracks pathways and storage of sulfur in the lithosphere at craton margins.
Diffusion and solubilities of Rh, Ru and Ir in olivine and spinel
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
Zircon Hf and O-isotope constraints on the evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi domain of the southern West African Craton
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
Structural evolution of the Agnew-Wiluna greenstone belt, Eastern Yilgarn Craton and implications for komatiite-hosted Ni sulfide exploration
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2012
The mobilization of boron and lithium in the hydrothermal system of the ∼3.48 Ga Dresser caldera: A stable isotope perspective
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
The role of magmatic fluids in the ~3.48 Ga Dresser Caldera, Pilbara Craton: New insights from the geochemical investigation of hydrothermal alteration
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
The variability of ruthenium in chromite from chassignite and olivine-phyric shergottite meteorites: New insights into the behavior of PGE and sulfur in Martian magmatic systems
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-11-2017
DOI: 10.1111/MAPS.12795
Transition metals in komatiitic olivine
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.2138/AM-2019-6914
Abstract: We present the results of a comprehensive study on the concentrations of first-row transition elements (FRTE: Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn), as well as Ga and Ge, in liquidus olivine from 2.7–3.5 Ga old Al-undepleted and Al-depleted komatiites from the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons in southern Africa, the Yilgarn Craton in Australia, and the Superior Craton in Canada. The s le set includes komatiites that remained sulfur-undersaturated upon emplacement, as well as komatiites that reached sulfide saturation owing to assimilation of crustal sulfur. All olivine grains display concentrations of Mn, Zn, Ge, Co, Fe, Mg, and Ni similar to the Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE) values, with significant negative anomalies in Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Ga, and Cu. Olivine from the studied Al-depleted komatiites displays on average higher 100×Ga/Sc ratios ( ) than olivine from Al-undepleted komatiites (≤5). Because garnet preferentially incorporates Sc over Ga, the data suggest that elevated Ga/Sc ratios in komatiitic olivine are indicative of garnet retention in the source region of komatiites, highlighting the potential of olivine trace element chemistry as a proxy for the depth of komatiite melting and separation of the magma from the melting residue. Copper concentrations in the studied olivine grains are controlled by sulfur saturation of the host komatiite during olivine crystallization. Olivine from sulfur-undersaturated komatiite systems displays Cu concentrations mostly between 1 and 10 ppm, whereas olivine from sulfide-bearing komatiites has Cu contents of .5 ppm. Because komatiites contain some of the world's highest metal tenor magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits, the Cu variability in olivine as a function of the sulfide-saturation state highlights a potential application of olivine chemistry in the exploration for sulfide ore deposits. Olivine from the Paleo-Archean (3.5–3.3 Ga) komatiites displays overall higher V/Sc ratios (V/Sc = 2.1 ± 0.96 2 S.D.) than olivine from their Neo-Archean (2.7 Ga) counterparts (V/Sc = 1.0 ± 0.81, 2 S.D.). Vanadium and Sc behave similarly during partial melting of the mantle and are similarly compatible in majorite garnet. However, V is redox-sensitive and its compatibility in olivine increases as the system becomes less oxidized, whereas Sc is redox-insensitive. We argue that olivine from the studied Paleo-Archean komatiites crystallized from more reduced magmas than their Neo-Archean counterparts. Elevated Fe/Mn ratios in olivine from Paleo-Archean komatiites mimic the V/Sc signatures and are interpreted to reflect that Fe2+ is more compatible in olivine than Fe3+. These results imply that V/Sc and Fe/Mn in komatiitic olivine may potentially provide insight into the evolution of the oxidation state of the Archean mantle. Additional studies that integrate the chemistry of komatiitic olivine with those of relict interstitial glass and melt/fluid inclusions are encouraged to fully understand and quantify the potential of FRTE in olivine as a proxy for the oxidation state of the mantle sources of komatiite magmas.
Geochemical characterisation of rock hydration processes using t-SNE
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Platinum-group element and Au geochemistry of Late Archean to Proterozoic talc-alkaline and alkaline magmas in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
The Ni-Cu-PGE-(Au-Te) potential of the Permo-Triassic boundary between Laurasia and Gondwana
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 04-03-2021
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-6758
Abstract: & & The long-lived geodynamic evolution of the Permo-Triassic boundary between & span& Laurasia& /span& and Gondwana may have created the ideal conditions for the genesis of a trans-continental Ni-Cu-PGE-(Au-Te) mineralised belt in Europe. This working hypothesis stems from the recent understanding that orogenic processes play a fundamental role in the onset of chemical and physical triggers for the transport of metals from the metasomatised mantle through to various crustal levels. An insight into our renewed framework for the polyphased genetic evolution of magmatic sulfide mineral systems is provided by a series of mineralised occurrences in the Ivrea Zone of NW Italy, which formed at multiple stages over a & 80 Ma time interval. Between 290-250 Ma, a series of hydrated and carbonated ultramafic alkaline pipes containing Ni-Cu-PGE-(Te-Au) mineralisation was emplaced in the lower continental crust. At ~200 Ma, a subsequent mineralising event occurred in association with the emplacement of the La Balma-Monte Capio (LBMC) intrusion. Modelling of the LBMC parental magma shows derivation from ~30% partial melting of an anhydrous juvenile mantle at moderate pressure (& 7 GPa). The inferred composition of the parental melt is consistent with magmatism associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). However, its tellurium-enriched composition together with the S-C-O isotope signature of the associated magmatic sulfide mineralisation cannot be reconciled with the CAMP source. It is argued that the geochemical and isotopic signature of the LBMC intrusion reflects interaction and mixing of a primitive magma sourced from a juvenile source with localised domains enriched in carbonate and metal-rich sulfides located in the lower crust, consistent with the composition of the Permo-Triassic pipes. Evidence of this magmatic interaction informs on the first-order processes that control enhanced metallogenic fertility along the margins of lithospheric blocks. The scenario depicted here is consistent with reactivation and enrichment of a Gondwana margin Ni-Cu-PGE-(Te-Au) mineral system during the breakup of Pangea. The lessons learnt in the Ivrea Zone natural laboratory may inform on the genesis of other Permo-Triassic magmatic mineral systems in continental Europe, such as the deposits in north-west Czech Republic and southern Spain, which display significant analogies with their counterparts in the Ivrea Zone. We suggest that these systems may have a common DNA related to a metallogenic belt forming at different stages during the complex evolution and multi-phase activation of the margin between & span& Laurasia& /span& and Gondwana. The nature and localisation of the magmatic sulfide mineral systems along this belt indicate that enhanced potential for ore formation at lithospheric margins may be due not only to favourable architecture, but also to localised enhanced metal and volatile fertility. Importantly, this hypothesis may explain why ore deposits along the margins of lithospheric blocks are not distributed homogeneously along their entire extension but generally form clusters. As mineral exploration is essentially a search space reduction exercise, this new understanding may prove to be important in predictive exploration targeting for new mineralised c s in Europe and elsewhere globally, as it provides a way to prioritise segments with enhanced fertility along extensive lithospheric block margins.& &
Maggie hays Ni deposit: Part 1. stratigraphic controls on the style of komatiite emplacement in the 2.9 Ga lake Johnston greenstone belt, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 08-2012
Kimberlite-related metasomatism recorded in MARID and PIC mantle xenoliths
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-05-2018
A significant seawater sulfate reservoir at 2.0 Ga determined from multiple sulfur isotope analyses of the Paleoproterozoic Degrussa Cu-Au volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Subduction-related petrogenesis of Late Archean calc-alkaline lamprophyres in the Yilgarn Craton (Western Australia)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Evidence for dyke-parallel shear during syn-intrusion fracturing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
Evidence of magmatic degassing in Archean komatiites
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
Atmospheric sulfur in the orogenic gold deposits of the Archean Yilgarn Craton, Australia
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 19-05-2017
DOI: 10.1130/G39018.1
The Pb-Zn-Ag vein system at Montevecchio-Ingurtosu, southwestern Sardinia, Italy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
The multiple sulfur isotope architecture of the Golden Mile and Mount Charlotte deposits, Western Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-09-2018
Sulfur isotope systematics of granitoids from the Yilgarn Craton sheds new light on the fluid reservoirs of Neoarchean orogenic gold deposits
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
The Dovyren Intrusive Complex (Southern Siberia, Russia): Insights into dynamics of an open magma chamber with implications for parental magma origin, composition, and Cu-Ni-PGE fertility
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
Tectono-metallogenic systems - The place of mineral systems within tectonic evolution, with an emphasis on Australian examples
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
Porphyry Cu fertility of the Loch Lilly-Kars Belt, Western New South Wales, Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-07-2020
Bushveld superplume drove Proterozoic magmatism and metallogenesis in Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-11-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-76800-0
Abstract: Large-scale mantle convective processes are commonly reflected in the emplacement of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). These are high-volume, short-duration magmatic events consisting mainly of extensive flood basalts and their associated plumbing systems. One of the most voluminous LIPs in the geological record is the ~ 2.06 billion-year-old Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa (BIC), one of the most mineralised magmatic complexes on Earth. Surprisingly, the known geographic envelope of magmatism related to the BIC is limited to a series of satellite intrusions in southern Africa and has not been traced further afield. This appears inconsistent with the inferred large size of the BIC event. Here, we present new radiometric ages for alkaline magmatism in the Archean Yilgarn Craton (Western Australia), which overlap the emplacement age of the BIC and indicate a much more extensive geographic footprint of the BIC magmatic event. To assess plume involvement at this distance, we present numerical simulations of mantle plume impingement at the base of the lithosphere, and constrain a relationship between the radial extent of volcanism versus time, excess temperature and plume size. These simulations suggest that the thermal influence of large plume events could extend for thousands of km within a few million years, and produce widespread alkaline magmatism, crustal extension potentially leading to continental break-up, and large ore deposits in distal sectors. Our results imply that superplumes may produce very extensive and erse magmatic and metallogenic provinces, which may now be preserved in widely-dispersed continental blocks.
The Eburnean magmatic evolution across the Baoulé-Mossi domain: Geodynamic implications for the West African Craton
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Internal stratigraphic architecture of the komatiitic dunite-hosted MKD5 disseminated nickel sulfide deposit, Mount Keith Domain, Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone Belt, Western Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-06-2007
Mineralogical hosts of platinum group elements (PGE) and rhenium in the magmatic Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide deposits of the Ivrea Verbano Zone (Italy): An electron microprobe study
Publisher: Schweizerbart
Date: 02-2014
Multiple Sulfur and Iron Isotope Composition of Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) Sulfide Mineralization from Eastern Botswana
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 2012
Contrasting komatiite belts, associated Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposit styles and assimilation histories
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2010
Corrigendum to “Rapid mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the Fisher East nickel sulphide prospects, Western Australia, using hyperspectral and pXRF data” (Ore Geology Reviews (2017) 90 (371–387), (S0169136816307843), (10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.04.032))
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
The capacity of hydrous fluids to transport and fractionate incompatible elements and metals within the Earth's mantle
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1002/2013GC005199
Late Permian and Early Triassic magmatic pulses in the Angara-Taseeva syncline, Southern Siberian traps and their possible influence on the environment
Publisher: GeoScienceWorld
Date: 09-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.RGG.2010.08.009
Abstract: Recently it has been suggested that the major influence on the environment from Siberian Traps magmatism was due to the interaction of magma and organic-rich shale and petroleum-bearing evaporites, with the subsequent creation and outburst of toxic gases (Siberian gas venting: SGV model). In part this idea was supported by a U-Pb age of 252.0 ± 0.4 Ma for one of the dolerite sills in the southeastern Siberian Traps: the age corresponds to the Permo-Triassic boundary and its known mass extinctions of biota. In this study two other dolerite sills were dated using zircons by the U-Pb SHRIMP method at 254.2 ± 2.3 Ma and 249.6 ± 1.5 Ma. The former age is in agreement within error with the age previously published for the dolerite sills, whereas the latter age is in agreement with U-Pb ages published for lava and intrusions from the northern Siberian Traps. The new ages corresponds to the Cahngshingian/Wuchiapingian or Permian/Triassic and Spathian/Smithian boundaries, respectively. Review of 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb SHRIMP ages previously published for the southeastern Siberian Traps shows that three other pulses of magmatism probably took place at respectively Anisian/Spathian, Late/Middle Anisian and Landian/Anisian boundaries. Thus it is possible that the SVG model can be applied also to lesser biotic extinctions and recoveries in proximity and aftermath to the main Permo-Triassic extinction.
Divergent T-integral O-2 paths during crystallisation of H2O-rich and H2O-poor magmas as recorded by Ce and U in zircon, with implications for TitaniQ and TitaniZ geothermometry (vol 173, 104, 2018)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2019
Introduction to using research to benefit mineral exploration
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2014
Three‐Dimensional Spatially Constrained Sulfur Isotopes Highlight Processes Controlling Sulfur Cycling in the Near Surface of the Iheya North Hydrothermal System, Okinawa Trough
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1029/2018GC007499
Rapid mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of the Fisher East nickel sulphide prospects, Western Australia, using hyperspectral and pXRF data
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Hydrothermal remobilisation around a deformed and remobilised komatiite-hosted Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposit, Sarah’s Find, Agnew Wiluna greenstone belt, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-09-2016
Did diamond-bearing orangeites originate from MARID-veined peridotites in the lithospheric mantle?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-04-2015
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS7837
Abstract: Kimberlites and orangeites (previously named Group-II kimberlites) are small-volume igneous rocks occurring in diatremes, sills and dykes. They are the main hosts for diamonds and are of scientific importance because they contain fragments of entrained mantle and crustal rocks, thus providing key information about the subcontinental lithosphere. Orangeites are ultrapotassic, H2O and CO2-rich rocks hosting minerals such as phlogopite, olivine, calcite and apatite. The major, trace element and isotopic compositions of orangeites resemble those of intensely metasomatized mantle of the type represented by MARID (mica- hibole-rutile-ilmenite-diopside) xenoliths. Here we report new data for two MARID xenoliths from the Bultfontein kimberlite (Kimberley, South Africa) and we show that MARID-veined mantle has mineralogical (carbonate-apatite) and geochemical (Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopes) characteristics compatible with orangeite melt generation from a MARID-rich source. This interpretation is supported by U-Pb zircon ages in MARID xenoliths from the Kimberley kimberlites, which confirm MARID rock formation before orangeite magmatism in the area.
Anomalous sulfur isotopes trace volatile pathways in magmatic arcs
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 15-03-2017
DOI: 10.1130/G38853.1
Erratum to: Cu–Ni–PGE fertility of the Yoko-Dovyren layered massif (northern Transbaikalia, Russia): thermodynamic modeling of sulfide compositions in low mineralized dunite based on quantitative sulfide mineralogy (Mineralium Deposita, (2016), 51, 8, (993-1011), 10.1007/s00126-016-0666-8)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-05-2018
Relationship between microstructures and grain-scale trace element distribution in komatiite-hosted magmatic sulphide ores
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Spatio-temporal constraints on lithospheric development in the southwest-central Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2012
REVIEW OF PREDICTIVE AND DETECTIVE EXPLORATION TOOLS FOR MAGMATIC NI-CU-(PGE) DEPOSITS, WITH A FOCUS ON KOMATIITE-RELATED SYSTEMS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2018
Mantle-to-crust metal transfer by nanomelts
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-07-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S43247-023-00918-Y
Abstract: The transfer of chalcophile metals across the continental lithosphere has been traditionally modeled based on their chemical equilibrium partitioning in sulfide liquids and silicate magmas. Here, we report a suite of Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide droplets across a trans-lithospheric magmatic network linking the subcontinental lithospheric mantle to the overlying continental crust. Petrographic characteristics and numerical calculations both support that the sulfide droplets were mechanically scavenged from the mantle source during partial melting and transported upwards by alkaline magmas rising through the continental lithosphere. Nanoscale investigation by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) documents the presence of galena (PbS) nanoinclusions within the sulfide droplets that are involved in the mantle-to-crust magma route. The galena nanoinclusions show a range of microstructural features that are inconsistent with a derivation of PbS by exsolution from the solid products of the Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide liquid. It is argued that galena nanoinclusions crystallized from a precursor Pb(-Cu)-rich nanomelt, which was originally immiscible within the sulfide liquid even at Pb concentrations largely below those required for attaining galena saturation. We suggest that evidence of immiscibility between metal-rich nanomelts and sulfide liquids during magma transport would disrupt the classical way by which metal flux and ore genesis are interpreted, hinting for mechanical transfer of nanophases as a key mechanism for sourcing the amounts of mantle-derived metals that can be concentrated in the crust.
Evidence of a mantle contribution in the genesis of magmatic rocks from the Neogene Batu Hijau district in the Sunda Arc, South Western Sumbawa, Indonesia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-11-2010
Numerical modeling of post-collisional carbonated alkaline magmatism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Anomalous sulfur-poor platinum group element mineralization in komatiitic cumulates, Mount Clifford, Western Australia
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 09-2009
Review of lithogeochemical exploration tools for komatiite-hosted Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
The role of sulfides in the fractionation of highly siderophile and chalcophile elements during the formation of martian shergottite meteorites
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2017
Cu–Ni–PGE fertility of the Yoko-Dovyren layered massif (northern Transbaikalia, Russia): thermodynamic modeling of sulfide compositions in low mineralized dunite based on quantitative sulfide mineralogy
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-06-2016
Multi-stage sulfur and carbon mobility in fossil continental subduction zones: New insights from carbonate-bearing orogenic peridotites
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Role of volatiles and metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the genesis of magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization: insights from in situ H, Li, B analyses of hydromagmatic phases from the Valmaggia ultramafic pipe, Ivrea-Verbano Zone (NW Italy)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-09-2008
Protracted and polyphased gold mineralisation in the Agnew District (Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Microchemical and sulfur isotope constraints on the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of the Black Swan Succession, Western Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-05-2019
Primordial light oxygen pockets
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-10-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NGEO3056
The role of mantle-derived volatiles in the petrogenesis of Palaeoproterozoic ferropicrites in the Pechenga Greenstone Belt, northwestern Russia: Insights from in-situ microbeam and nanobeam analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2008
Iridium, ruthenium and rhodium in komatiites: Evidence for iridium alloy saturation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2008
The role of water in Precambrian ultramafic magmatism: Insights from an in situ microbeam and nanobeam assessment of hydromagmatic amphibole
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
Palladium complexation in chloride- and bisulfide-rich fluids: Insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
The long-lived fertility signature of Cu–Au porphyry systems
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-01-2022
Multiple S isotope study indicates footwall hydrothermal exhalative massive sulfides were the major sulfur source for Archean komatiite-hosted magmatic nickel-sulfides from Western Australia and Canada
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
Platinum-group element alloy inclusions in chromites from Archaean mafic-ultramafic units: Evidence from the Abitibi and the Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone Belts
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-07-2004
Ruthenium in komatiitic chromite
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
Archean komatiite volcanism controlled by the evolution of early continents
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 23-06-2014
Abstract: Komatiites are rare, ultra-high-temperature (∼1,600 °C) lavas that were erupted in large volumes 3.5–1.5 bya but only very rarely since. They are the signature rock type of a hotter early Earth. However, the hottest, most extensive komatiites have a very restricted distribution in particular linear belts within preserved Archean crust. This study used a combination of different radiogenic isotopes to map the boundaries of Archean microcontinents in space and time, identifying the microplates that form the building blocks of Precambrian cratons. Isotopic mapping demonstrates that the major komatiite belts are located along these crustal boundaries. Subsequently, the evolution of the early continents controlled the location and extent of major volcanic events, crustal heat flow, and major ore deposit provinces.
Crustal evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Birimian terranes of the Baoulé-Mossi domain, southern West African Craton: U-Pb and Hf-isotope studies of detrital zircons
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Detrital zircon geochronology of the Speewah Group, Kimberley region, Western Australia: evidence for intracratonic development of the Paleoproterozoic Speewah Basin
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2017
Petrology, Geochemistry, and the Origin of Sulfide-Bearing and PGE-mineralized Troctolites from the Konnikov Zone in the Yoko-Dovyren Layered Intrusion
Publisher: GeoScienceWorld
Date: 05-2020
DOI: 10.15372/RGG2019185
Abstract: —The exposures, structure, mineralogy, and composition of unusual sulfide-bearing troctolites from the Yoko-Dovyren layered intrusion in the northern Baikal area (Russia) are described in detail for the first time. The troctolite succession (referred to as the Konnikov Zone) is characterized by the presence of pegmatoid poikilite sulfides and sulfide dissemination with erse PGE mineralization. The former are dominated by pyrrhotite–troilite products of exsolution of monosulfide solid solution (mss), and the latter is composed mostly of cubanite–chalcopyrite assemblages produced from an intermediate Ni–Cu–Fe solid solution (iss). The positive covariations between the contents of sulfur and chalcogens (Se, Te) along with the sublinear dependence of the Pd, Pt, Au, and Cu contents on the Te contents indicate a sulfide control of the distribution of these elements in troctolite cumulates. According to the sulfide-normalized contents of these elements in rocks, the average “100% sulfides” in the s les are sub ided into two groups: (1) strongly depleted in PGE, Au, Cu, and Te and (2) with 10–50-fold enrichment in them. This ision is consistent with the morphological and mineralogical differences between the groups. Of genetic significance is the fact that the mss assemblages are somewhat poorer in PGE and Te than the primitive sulfides from the Dovyren basal zone, whereas the assemblages with predominant copper sulfides are significantly richer in these elements. This fact is confirmed by LA-ICP-MS data on the trace-element composition of the sulfide phases. The established specific features indicate a limited scale of fractionation of immiscible sulfides during the solidification of the troctolite cumulates. The formation of PGE- and Te-rich assemblages can be related to the course of crystallization of a sulfide precursor similar to the most primitive sulfide liquid. This is consistent with the known laws of crystallization of sulfide systems and explains the abnormally high S/Te ratios in pegmatoid troctolites enriched in mss products. Thus, sulfide melts act as an agent that transports precious metals and chalcogens in the troctolite cumulate area. This conclusion requires specification of the physical mechanisms and parameters (rheology, permeability, wettability by sulfides of different phases, etc.) of the cumulus medium favoring the spatial separation of a monosulfide solution and Cu-containing PGE-rich fractions with their subsequent infiltration and deposition at the boundaries of critical low permeability.
Integration of multiple sulfur isotopes with structural analysis unveils the evolution of ore fluids and source of sulfur at the Kanowna Belle Archean orogenic gold deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Au
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-01-2021
Application of lithogeochemistry in the assessment of nickel-sulphide potential in komatiite belts from northern Finland and Norway
Publisher: The Geological Society of Finland
Date: 12-2013
Actively forming Kuroko-type volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) mineralization at Iheya North, Okinawa Trough, Japan
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
Magmatic cannibalisation of a Permo-Triassic Ni-Cu-PGE-(Au-Te) system during the breakup of Pangea – Implications for craton margin metal and volatile transfer in the lower crust
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Insights into subduction zone sulfur recycling from isotopic analysis of eclogite-hosted sulfides
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
Siderophile and chalcophile elements in spinels, sulphides and native Ni in strongly metasomatised xenoliths from the Bultfontein kimberlite (South Africa)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Decoupling of Sulfur Isotope Signatures from Platinum Group Elements in Komatiite-Hosted Ore Systems: Evidence from the Mount Keith MKD5 Ni-(Co-Cu) Deposit, Western Australia
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
Date: 09-10-2023
DOI: 10.5382/ECONGEO.5030
Effects of hydrous alteration on the distribution of base metals and platinum group elements within the Kevitsa magmatic nickel sulphide deposit
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Special Issue on the 13th International Ni-Cu-PGE Symposium, Fremantle, Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Geochemical evidence for the fractionation of iridium group elements at the early stages of crystallization of the Dovyren magmas (northern Baikal area, Russia)
Publisher: GeoScienceWorld
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.RGG.2018.04.001
Abstract: We have first generalized geochemical and mineralogical data indicating the important role of crystallization of Os–Ir–Ru phases and fractionation of refractory iridium subgroup of PGE (IPGE) at the early stages of the evolution of parental magmas and primitive cumulates from the Yoko–Dovyren layered massif (northern Baikal area, Russia). The object of study was two types of plagioclase peridotites from the lower part of the intrusion, differing in the porosity of primary olivine cumulates: less melanocratic (but more primitive) type I and more melanocratic type II. Inclusions of refractory IPGE (Os, Ir, and Ru) discovered during LA–ICP-MS studies of aluminochromite from type I rocks are the first evidence for the presence of Os–Ir–Ru phases. Subsequent electron microscopy examinations revealed more than 25 grains of laurite and Ir-containing osmium in aluminochromite from plagioperidotites of both types. Attention is focused on the importance of the Ru/Cr2O3 and Ir/Cr2O3 ratios in rocks for the separation of IPGE at early and late fractionation stages. The conclusion is drawn that the higher Ru/Cr2O3 and Ir/Cr2O3 ratios in type I plagioperidotites indicate higher enrichment of aluminochromite in inclusions of refractory IPGE minerals. This is consistent with the fact that these rocks are assigned to the most primitive high-temperature ultramafites genetically related to the parental magma, which was in equilibrium with olivine Fo88 at ~1290 ºC. We have established that the parental Dovyren magma was already depleted in IPGE and rhodium before its entrance into a chamber. No signs of early sulfide–silicate immiscibility have been detected. © 2018, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A bigger tent for CAMP
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 08-08-2018
DOI: 10.1130/G45050.1
Geology and controls on mineralisation in the Eastern Goldfields region, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Publisher: International Union of Geological Sciences
Date: 03-2012
Evidence of water degassing during emplacement and crystallization of 2.7 Ga komatiites from the Agnew-Wiluna greenstone belt, Western Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-02-2012
Ruthenium-Chromium variation: a new lithogeochemical tool in the exploration for Komatiite-hosted Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 03-2008
Ni-Fe-Cu-PGE ore deposition driven by metasomatic fluids and melt-rock reactions in the deep crust
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Atmospheric Sulfur in Archean Komatiite-Hosted Nickel Deposits
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 20-11-2009
Abstract: Ore deposits contain most of the world's metal resources, from commonly used metals such as iron, to precious and expensive metals such as platinum. Understanding how these ancient deposits form may lead to more efficient metal extraction and give clues about early Earth. Bekker et al. (p. 1086 ) studied sulfur and iron isotopes in 2.7-billion-year old Fe-Ni sulfide deposits from Canada and Australia and found that most of the metal-scavenging sulfur was originally atmospheric in origin. Photochemical reactions in the ancient oxygen-free atmosphere produced sulfide that eventually circulated to the sea floor and mixed with newly erupted komatite magmas. Thus, global surface processes in the oceans, atmosphere, and on continents are geochemically linked to ore-forming processes within Earth.
Platinum-group element and gold contents of arsenide and sulfarsenide minerals associated with Ni and Au deposits in Archean greenstone belts
Publisher: Mineralogical Society
Date: 13-04-2018
DOI: 10.1180/MINMAG.2017.081.100
Abstract: Post-magmatic alteration of certain magmatic Ni sulfide ores in Western Australia, the Miitel deposit and the Sarah's Find prospect, produced Ni–As–PGE haloes around massive sulfides. A study of the composition of arsenide grains from these hydrothermal haloes, along with arsenides from various magmatic and hydrothermal mineralized environments in other localities, was conducted in order to compare their composition, and assess their potential use as indicator minerals for exploration vectoring, as well as to gain knowledge on their crystallization history. Concentrations in trace elements such as platinum-group elements (PGEs), Au and other metals was obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy analyses. Results show that variations in PGEs and Au compositions can be related to the magmatic vs. hydrothermal origin of the grains and to their provenance from deposits enriched in either Ni, Au or both. Magmatic NiCoFe sulfarsenides have strongly correlated, high IPGE (Os, Ir, Ru, Rh) contents up to 100 ppm Ir, compared with maximum values in hydrothermal sulfarsenides of ~1 ppm. Gold in hydrothermal sulfarsenides from Au-mineralized ultramafic rocks extends up to 500 ppm, with typical values of 3–30 ppm similar values are also found in nickeline (also called niccolite). These results suggest that nickel arsenides could potentially be used as indicator minerals for nickel and gold exploration. Trace-element contents of arsenide grains in shear zones could be used to deduce the presence of Ni or Au mineralization upstream in the fluid pathway.
Sulfur and metal fertilization of the lower continental crust
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
Controls on the emplacement and genesis of the MKD5 and Sarah's Find Ni-Cu-PGE deposits, Mount Keith, Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone Belt, Western Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-06-2007
Fluid flux melting generated postcollisional high Sr/Y copper ore-forming water-rich magmas in Tibet
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 07-2015
DOI: 10.1130/G36734.1
Controls on the genesis and emplacement of komatiite-hosted Ni-Cu-PGE-sulphides at Albion Downs (Agnew-Wiluna Belt, Western Australia): a case study on the development of PGE lithogeochemical vectors to Ni-Cu-PGE-sulphide deposits
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2007
Oxidation of magmas during gain and loss of H2O recorded by trace elements in zircon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2023
Is antenatal or early‐life vitamin D associated with eczema or food allergy in childhood? A systematic review
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-01-2023
DOI: 10.1111/CEA.14281
Abstract: To summarise the associations between antenatal or early‐life blood vitamin D and the development of eczema/food allergy in childhood. A systematic review and meta‐analyses were conducted to synthesize the published literature. Two reviewers independently performed the study selection and data extraction on Covidence. We assessed the risk of bias for observational studies by using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for clinical trials. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE). We systematically searched PubMed and Embase from inception and April 2022. Human studies that investigated prospective associations between antenatal or early‐life blood vitamin D levels, dietary intake or supplementation and childhood eczema/food allergy. Forty‐three articles including six randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Four RCTs of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy showed no evidence of an effect on the incidence of eczema (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 0.85 0.67–1.08, I 2 = 6.7%, n = 2074). Three RCTs reported null associations between supplementation in pregnancy/infancy and food allergy. From six cohort studies, increasing cord blood vitamin D levels were associated with reduced prevalence of eczema at/close to age one (OR per 10 nmol/L increase = 0.89 0.84–0.94, I 2 = 0%, 2025 participants). We found no evidence of an association between maternal antenatal or infant vitamin D level or dietary intake and the development of food allergy or eczema in offspring. We found an association between higher vitamin D levels in cord blood and reduced risk of eczema in cohort studies. Further trials with maternal and infant supplementation are needed to confirm if vitamin D supplementation can effectively prevent eczema or food allergy in childhood. PROSPERO, No. CRD42013005559.
New Magmatic Oxybarometer Using Trace Elements in Zircon
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-02-2020
DOI: 10.1093/PETROLOGY/EGAA034
Abstract: We derive a novel method for determining the oxidation state of a magma as zircon crystallized, with a standard error of ±0·6 log unit ƒO2, using ratios of Ce, U, and Ti in zircon, without explicit determination of the ionic charge of any of them, and without independent determination of crystallization temperature or pressure or parental melt composition. It yields results in good agreement with oxybarometry on Fe–Ti oxide phenocrysts and hornblende phenocrysts quenched in eruptive I- and A-type dacites and rhyolites, but our zircon oxybarometer is also applicable to slowly cooled plutonic rocks and applicable to detrital and xenocrystic zircons. Zircon/melt partition coefficients of Ce and U vary oppositely with ƒO2 variation in the silicate melt. The Ce/U ratio in zircon also varies with the Ce/U element ratio in the silicate melt. During mafic-to-felsic magmatic differentiation, Ce and U are incorporated mainly in calcium-dominated lattice sites of clinopyroxene, hornblende, apatite, and occasionally titanite and/or allanite, all of which have a similar degree of preference for Ce over U. We employ the U/Ti ratio in zircon and in silicate melt as a magmatic differentiation index. Convergent- and ergent-plate-margin differentiation series consistently follow the relation log (Ce/U) ≈ –0·5 log (U/Ti) + C' in silicate melts of basaltic to rhyolitic composition. That correlation permits thermodynamic derivation of the oxybarometry relation among those elements in zircon: log fO2(s le)−log fO2(FMQ)≈42n+1log[Ce/(Ui×Ti)z]+C, wherein Ui denotes age-corrected initial U content, FMQ represents the reference buffer fayalite + magnetite + quartz, superscript z denotes zircon, and n varies with the average valence of uranium in the zircon’s parental silicate melt. We empirically calibrate this relation, using 1042 analysed zircons in 85 natural populations having independently constrained log ƒO2 in the range FMQ – 4·9 to FMQ + 2·9, to obtain the equation log fO2(s le)−log fO2(FMQ)=3·998(±0·124) log[Ce/(Ui×Ti)z]+2·284(±0·101) with a correlation coefficient R = 0·963 and standard error of 0·6 log unit ƒO2 in calc-alkalic, tholeiitic, adakitic, and shoshonitic, metaluminous to mildly peraluminous and mildly peralkaline melts in the composition range from kimberlite to rhyolite. Thermodynamic assessment and empirical tests indicate that our formulation is insensitive to varying crystallization temperature and pressure at lithospheric conditions. We present a revised equation for Ti-in-zircon thermometry that accounts appropriately for pressure as well as reduced activity of TiO2 and SiO2 in rutile- and quartz-undersaturated melts. It can be used to retrieve absolute values of ƒO2 from values of ΔFMQ obtained from a zircon analysis.
Genesis of the Paleoproterozoic Ammassalik Intrusive Complex, south-east Greenland
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
Komatiite Magmas and Sulfide Nickel Deposits: A Comparison of Variably Endowed Archean Terranes
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 08-2012
Sulfur Isotope Constraints on the Petrogenesis of the Kimberley Kimberlites
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1029/2021GC009845
Abstract: Cretaceous kimberlites in southern Africa have been suggested to host deeply subducted material in their mantle sources based on radiogenic isotope systematics. However, potential subducted material contributions to the volatile budget, including sulfur, of these kimberlites is unclear. Here we report new petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic data on sulfides and sulfates in sub‐volcanic kimberlites from Kimberley, South Africa. The examined kimberlites were ided into four groups based on their sulfide mineralogy, sulfur contents, and isotopic compositions. None of these groups exhibit clear signs of mass‐independent fractionation. Three s les contain sphalerite, have moderate bulk‐sulfide S concentrations (203–329 μg/g) and highly negative bulk‐sulfide δ 34 S values (−10 to −13‰). Four s les have moderate‐to‐high bulk‐sulfide S contents (220–745 μg/g), positive δ 34 S sulfide values (+0.2 to +14‰), and contain galena, pyrite or secondary Cu‐sulfides as the dominant sulfides. These groups of S‐rich kimberlites were probably contaminated by fluids sourced from local country rocks. The remaining eight s les contain negligible amounts of crustal sulfides (e.g., sphalerite, galena), have lower bulk‐sulfide S concentrations (≤111 μg/g), and display a different δ 34 S sulfide range (−5.7 to +1.1‰) compared to the S‐rich groups. By considering only the five s les with fresh primary Cu‐Fe‐Ni sulfides, the δ 34 S range contracts to between −5.7 and −3.4‰, which is considered representative of the mantle source composition. This range indicates the presence of a deeply recycled sedimentary component in the melt source. The combination of detailed sulfide petrography and S isotope geochemistry in fresh kimberlite rocks provides a further tool to investigate mantle chemical geodynamics through time.
Fluxing of mantle carbon as a physical agent for metallogenic fertilization of the crust
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-08-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-020-18157-6
Abstract: Magmatic systems play a crucial role in enriching the crust with volatiles and elements that reside primarily within the Earth’s mantle, including economically important metals like nickel, copper and platinum-group elements. However, transport of these metals within silicate magmas primarily occurs within dense sulfide liquids, which tend to coalesce, settle and not be efficiently transported in ascending magmas. Here we show textural observations, backed up with carbon and oxygen isotope data, which indicate an intimate association between mantle-derived carbonates and sulfides in some mafic-ultramafic magmatic systems emplaced at the base of the continental crust. We propose that carbon, as a buoyant supercritical CO 2 fluid, might be a covert agent aiding and promoting the physical transport of sulfides across the mantle-crust transition. This may be a common but cryptic mechanism that facilitates cycling of volatiles and metals from the mantle to the lower-to-mid continental crust, which leaves little footprint behind by the time magmas reach the Earth’s surface.
Metallogeny of the North Atlantic Craton in Greenland
Publisher: Mineralogical Society
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1180/MINMAG.2015.079.4.01
Abstract: The North Atlantic Craton (NAC) extends along the coasts of southern Greenland. At its northern and southern margins, Archaean rocks are overprinted by Palaeoproterozoic orogeny or overlain by younger rocks. Typical granite-greenstone and granite-gneiss complexes represent the entire Archaean, with a hiatus from ∼3.55–3.20 Ga. In the granulite- and hibolite-facies terranes, the metallogeny comprises hypozonal orogenic gold and Ni-PGE-Cr-Ti-V in mafic-ultramafic magmatic systems. Gold occurrences are widespread around and south of the capital, Nuuk. Nickel mineralization in the Maniitsoq Ni project is hosted in the Norite belt Cr and PGE in Qeqertarssuatsiaq, and Ti-V in Sinarsuk in the Fiskenæsset complex. The lower-grade metamorphic Isua greenstone belt hosts the Mt Isua iron deposit in an Eoarchaean banded iron formation. Major Neoarchaean shear zones host mesozonal orogenic gold mineralization over considerable strike length in South-West Greenland. The current metallogenic model of the NAC is based on low-resolution data and variable geological understanding, and prospecting has been the main exploration method. In order to generate a robust understanding of the metal endowment, it is necessary to apply an integrated and collective approach. The NAC is similar to other well-endowed Archaean terranes but is underexplored, and is therefore likely to host numerous targets for greenfields exploration.
Spatial variation in platinum group element concentrations in ore-bearing komatiite at the long-victor deposit, Kambalda dome, Western Australia: Enlarging the footprint of nickel sulfide orebodies
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.2113/ECONGEO.108.5.913
Abstract: The detectable footprints of komatiite-hosted nickel sulfide deposits are typically very small, but can potentially be enlarged by identifying subtle geochemical variations related to ore-forming processes in the host rocks. This study examines the spatial variability of whole-rock concentrations of platinum group elements (PGEs) within the host flow to massive nickel sulfide mineralization at the Long-Victor deposit, Kambalda dome (Western Australia), where a series of ore shoots occupy two subparallel channels, over a strike length of approximately 3,000 m. The basal komatiite flow unit at Long-Victor contains a wide range of platinum group element concentrations and PGE/Ti ratios in S-poor rocks outside the ore shoots. About a third of the s les analyzed show evidence for either enrichment or depletion in PGEs, as estimated from mantle-normalized ratios of Pt/Ti, Pd/Ti, and Rh/Ti, relative to background values typical of those found in Neoarchean Munro-type komatiites worldwide. The very strong correlations observed between Pt/Ti, Pd/Ti, and Rh/Ti testify to a primary magmatic origin of this signal. Depletion signatures are largely restricted to s les in the flanking environment within the basal flow, and are found both in spinifex-textured A-zone and cumulate B-zone s les. The strongest depletion signatures are preserved in the uppermost portions of the A-zone and decrease in magnitude with increasing depth from the stratigraphic top of the spinifex horizon downward. This is interpreted as the result of progressive flushing of the flow channel by PGE-undepleted lava subsequent to ore formation. Enriched signatures are largely restricted to cumulate rock types, and are found within both channels and flanks. The halo of anomalous PGE/Ti ratios, both depleted and enriched, extends more than 400 m from the cutoff of 0.4% Ni that defines the limit of disseminated ores, and is much more extensive and marked than anomalies defined by Ni concentrations, Ni/Cr ratios, or Ni/Ti ratios, which extend no more than 20 m beyond the disseminated ores themselves. The PGE enrichment halo is recognizable in rocks having no visible sulfide and having Ni values falling within the silicate background, and is attributed to the accumulation of small proportions of PGE-rich disseminated sulfide liquid formed at high R factors, with subsequent loss of S during hydrothermal alteration. Mapping of PGE/Ti ratios provides an effective and sensitive method for vectoring toward ore during mine-scale and prospect-scale exploration, and is potentially applicable to mafic systems as well as to komatiites.
Atypical stratiform sulfide-poor platinum-group element mineralisation in the Agnew – Wiluna Belt komatiites, Wiluna, Western Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2007
The interplay between magma source and geodynamic evolution in porphyry Cu-Au fertility of the Farallon Negro Volcanic Complex, Argentina
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2023
Nano−porous pyrite and organic matter in 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolites record primordial life
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 25-09-2019
DOI: 10.1130/G46365.1
Abstract: Stromatolites of the ∼3.5 billion-year-old Dresser Formation (Pilbara Craton, Western Australia) are considered to be some of Earth’s earliest convincing evidence of life. However, uniquely biogenic interpretations based on surface outcrops are precluded by weathering, which has altered primary mineralogy and inhibited the preservation of microbial remains. Here, we report on exceptionally preserved, strongly sulfidized stromatolites obtained by diamond drilling from below the weathering profile. These stromatolites lie within undeformed hydrothermal-sedimentary strata and show textural features that are indicative of biogenic origins, including upward-broadening and/or upward-branching digitate forms, wavy to wrinkly laminae, and finely laminated columns that show a thickening of laminae over flexure crests. High-resolution textural, mineralogical, and chemical analysis reveals that the stromatolites are dominated by petrographically earliest, nano-porous pyrite that contains thermally mature, N-bearing organic matter (OM). This nano-porous pyrite is consistent with a formation via sulfidization of an originally OM-dominated matrix. Evidence for its relationship with microbial communities are entombed OM strands and filaments, whose microtexture and chemistry are consistent with an origin as mineralized biofilm remains, and carbon isotope data of extracted OM (δ13COM = −29.6‰ ± 0.3‰ VPDB [Vienna Peedee belemnite]), which lie within the range of biological matter. Collectively, our findings provide exceptional evidence for the biogenicity of some of Earth’s oldest stromatolites through preservation of OM, including microbial remains, by sulfidization.
Multiple sulfur isotopes monitor fluid evolution of an Archean orogenic gold deposit
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
Extremely Ni-rich Fe-Ni sulfide assemblages in komatiitic dunite at Betheno, Western Australia: results from synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2011
Supercontinent-paced magmatic destabilisation and recratonisation of the Yilgarn Craton
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2023
The use of pXRF for light element geochemical analysis: a review of hardware design limitations and an empirical investigation of air, vacuum, helium flush and detector window technologies
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Date: 09-03-2020
Primary stratigraphic controls on ore mineral assemblages in the Wannaway komatiite-hosted nickel-sulfide deposit, Kambalda camp, Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Morphology and microstructure of chromite crystals in chromitites from the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-12-2013
Post-collisional alkaline magmatism as gateway for metal and sulfur enrichment of the continental lower crust
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
Evidence of local sourcing of sulfur and gold in an Archaean sediment-hosted gold deposit
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Early zircon saturation in adakitic magmatic differentiation series and low Zr content of porphyry copper magmas
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-09-2023
Genetic Interpretation of the Distribution of PGE and Chalcogens in Sulfide-Mineralized Ultramafic Rocks from the Yoko-Dovyren Layered Intrusion
Publisher: Pleiades Publishing Ltd
Date: 12-2018
Geochemical and isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Jueluotage native copper mineralized basalt, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
The multiple sulfur isotope architecture of the Kambalda nickel camp, Western Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-10-2023
On the processes that formed Archaean Ni-Cu sulfide mineralisation in the deep continental crust, Thrym Complex, southeastern Greenland
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
Petrogenesis of Proterozoic alkaline ultramafic rocks in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Crustal evolution, intra-cratonic architecture and the metallogeny of an Archaean craton
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Date: 03-12-2013
DOI: 10.1144/SP393.8
A hidden Rodinian lithospheric keel beneath Zealandia, Earth’s newly recognized continent
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 12-05-2021
DOI: 10.1130/G48711.1
Abstract: We present a data set of & in situ O-Hf-U-Pb zircon isotope analyses that document the existence of a concealed Rodinian lithospheric keel beneath continental Zealandia. The new data reveal the presence of a distinct isotopic domain of Paleozoic–Mesozoic plutonic rocks that contain zircon characterized by anomalously low δ18O values (median = +4.1‰) and radiogenic εHf(t) (median = +6.1). The scale (& ,000 km2) and time span (& & m.y.) over which plutonic rocks with this anomalously low-δ18O signature were emplaced appear unique in a global context, especially for magmas generated and emplaced along a continental margin. Calculated crustal-residence ages (depleted mantle model, TDM) for this low-δ18O isotope domain range from 1300 to 500 Ma and are interpreted to represent melting of a Precambrian lithospheric keel that was formed and subsequently hydrothermally altered during Rodinian assembly and rifting. Recognition of a concealed Precambrian lithosphere beneath Zealandia and the uniqueness of the pervasive low-δ18O isotope domain link Zealandia to South China, providing a novel test of specific hypotheses of continental block arrangements within Rodinia.
The fluid evolution of the Nimbus Ag-Zn-(Au) deposit: An interplay between mantle plume and microbial activity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Magmatic controls on the genesis of Ni-Cu±(PGE) sulphide mineralisation on Mars
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
A metasomatized lithospheric mantle control on the metallogenic signature of post-subduction magmatism
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-08-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-019-11065-4
Abstract: Ore deposits are loci on Earth where energy and mass flux are greatly enhanced and focussed, acting as magnifying lenses into metal transport, fractionation and concentration mechanisms through the lithosphere. Here we show that the metallogenic architecture of the lithosphere is illuminated by the geochemical signatures of metasomatised mantle rocks and post-subduction magmatic-hydrothermal mineral systems. Our data reveal that anomalously gold and tellurium rich magmatic sulfides in mantle-derived magmas emplaced in the lower crust share a common metallogenic signature with upper crustal porphyry-epithermal ore systems. We propose that a trans-lithospheric continuum exists whereby post-subduction magmas transporting metal-rich sulfide cargoes play a fundamental role in fluxing metals into the crust from metasomatised lithospheric mantle. Therefore, ore deposits are not merely associated with isolated zones where serendipitous happenstance has produced mineralisation. Rather, they are depositional points along the mantle-to-upper crust pathway of magmas and hydrothermal fluids, synthesising the concentrated metallogenic budget available.
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