ORCID Profile
0000-0002-5085-8801
Current Organisation
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Crop and Pasture Production | Plant Physiology | Plant Nutrition | Plant Improvement (Selection, Breeding And Genetic Engineering) | Membrane Biology | Plant Biochemistry And Physiology | Biochemistry and Cell Biology | Genetics | Plant Physiology | Gene Expression | Transgenesis | Genetic Technologies: Transformation, Site-Directed Mutagenesis, Etc. | Mineralogy and Crystallography | Powder and Particle Technology | Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing | Plant Biology | Complex Physical Systems | Horticultural Crop Growth and Development | Interdisciplinary Engineering | Environmental Biotechnology Diagnostics (incl. Biosensors) | Biotechnology Not Elsewhere Classified | Horticultural Production | Plant Growth And Development | Computer Vision | Plant Cell and Molecular Biology | Genome Structure | Soil Biology | Crop and Pasture Improvement (Selection and Breeding) | Interdisciplinary Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Crop and Pasture Nutrition | Crop and Pasture Biochemistry and Physiology | Genetic Engineering And Enzyme Technology |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Wheat | Field crops | Rice | Barley | Biological sciences | Grain legumes | Plant Production and Plant Primary Products not elsewhere classified | Oilseeds | Barley | Horticultural crops | Other cereals | Wheat | Land and water management | Manufactured products not elsewhere classified | Other environmental aspects | Grapes | Higher education | Medical instrumentation | Scientific instrumentation | Industrial Crops not elsewhere classified | Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences | Nutrition | Farmland, Arable Cropland and Permanent Cropland Land Management
Related Links
Publications
Salt resistant crop plants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.COPBIO.2013.12.004
Abstract: Soil salinity is a major constraint to agriculture. To improve salinity tolerance of crops, various traits can be incorporated, including ion exclusion, osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance. We review the roles of a range of genes involved in salt tolerance traits. Different tissues and cells are adapted for specific and often erse function, so it is important to express the genes in specific cell-types and to pyramid a range of traits. Modern biotechnology (marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering) needs to be increasingly used to introduce the correct combination of genes into elite crop cultivars. Importantly, the effects of introduced genes need to be evaluated in the field to determine their effect on salinity tolerance and yield improvement.
Variation for N Uptake System in Maize: Genotypic Response to N Supply
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-11-2015
Digital insights: bridging the phenotype-to-genotype divide
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 02-04-2021
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERAB108
Abstract: This article comments on: Han R, Wong AJY, Tang Z, Truco MJ, Lavelle DO, Kozik A, Jin Y, Michelmore R. 2021. Drone phenotyping and machine learning enable discovery of loci regulating daily floral opening in lettuce. Journal of Experimental Botany 72,2979–2994.
HvNax3 - A locus controlling shoot sodium exclusion derived from wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-01-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S10142-009-0153-8
Abstract: Previous work identified the wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) accession CPI-71284-48 as being capable of limiting sodium (Na(+)) accumulation in the shoots under saline hydroponic growth conditions. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using a cross between CPI-71284-48 and a selection of the cultivated barley (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare) cultivar Barque (Barque-73, a moderate Na(+) excluder) attributed the control of the Na(+) exclusion trait from CPI-71284-48 to a single locus on the short arm of chromosome 7H, which was named HvNax3. The locus reduced shoot Na(+) accumulation by 10-25% in plants grown in 150 mM NaCl. Markers generated using colinearity with rice and Brachypodium, together with the analysis of introgression lines and F(2) and F(3) families, enabled HvNax3 to be mapped to a 1.3-cM interval. Genes from the corresponding rice and Brachypodium intervals encode 16 different classes of proteins and include several plausible candidates for HvNax3. The potential of HvNax3 to provide a useful trait contributing to salinity tolerance in cultivated barley is discussed.
Shoot Na+ Exclusion and Increased Salinity Tolerance Engineered by Cell Type–Specific Alteration of Na+ Transport in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2009
Abstract: Soil salinity affects large areas of cultivated land, causing significant reductions in crop yield globally. The Na+ toxicity of many crop plants is correlated with overaccumulation of Na+ in the shoot. We have previously suggested that the engineering of Na+ exclusion from the shoot could be achieved through an alteration of plasma membrane Na+ transport processes in the root, if these alterations were cell type specific. Here, it is shown that expression of the Na+ transporter HKT1 in the mature root stele of Arabidopsis thaliana decreases Na+ accumulation in the shoot by 37 to 64%. The expression of HKT1 specifically in the mature root stele is achieved using an enhancer trap expression system for specific and strong overexpression. The effect in the shoot is caused by the increased influx, mediated by HKT1 , of Na+ into stelar root cells, which is demonstrated in planta and leads to a reduction of root-to-shoot transfer of Na+. Plants with reduced shoot Na+ also have increased salinity tolerance. By contrast, plants constitutively expressing HKT1 driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter accumulated high shoot Na+ and grew poorly. Our results demonstrate that the modification of a specific Na+ transport process in specific cell types can reduce shoot Na+ accumulation, an important component of salinity tolerance of many higher plants.
Constitutive overexpression of the OsNAS gene family reveals single-gene strategies for effective iron- and zinc-biofortification of rice endosperm
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-09-2011
Salt-Tolerant Crops: Time to Deliver
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 22-05-2023
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ARPLANT-061422-104322
Abstract: Despite the numerous advances made in our understanding of the physiology and molecular genetics of salinity tolerance, there have been relatively few applications of these to improve the salt tolerance of crops. The most significant advances have historically utilized intraspecific variation, introgression of traits from close crop wild relatives, or, less frequently, introgression from more distant relatives. Advanced lines often fail due to difficulties in the introgression or tracking of traits or due to yield penalties associated with the alleles in nonsaline environments. However, the greatest limitation is that salinity is not a primary trait for breeders. We must close the gap between research and delivery, especially for farmers who have precious few alternatives. These efforts should include a reassessment of old techniques such as grafting current crops with salt-tolerant hybrid rootstocks. Alternatively, future crops can be produced via domestication of salt-tolerant wild species—an approach that is now feasible in our lifetime.
Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 06-2008
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.59.032607.092911
Abstract: The physiological and molecular mechanisms of tolerance to osmotic and ionic components of salinity stress are reviewed at the cellular, organ, and whole-plant level. Plant growth responds to salinity in two phases: a rapid, osmotic phase that inhibits growth of young leaves, and a slower, ionic phase that accelerates senescence of mature leaves. Plant adaptations to salinity are of three distinct types: osmotic stress tolerance, Na + or Cl − exclusion, and the tolerance of tissue to accumulated Na + or Cl − . Our understanding of the role of the HKT gene family in Na + exclusion from leaves is increasing, as is the understanding of the molecular bases for many other transport processes at the cellular level. However, we have a limited molecular understanding of the overall control of Na + accumulation and of osmotic stress tolerance at the whole-plant level. Molecular genetics and functional genomics provide a new opportunity to synthesize molecular and physiological knowledge to improve the salinity tolerance of plants relevant to food production and environmental sustainability.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal inhibition of growth in barley cannot be attributed to extent of colonization, fungal phosphorus uptake or effects on expression of plant phosphate transporter genes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-12-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2008.02720.X
Abstract: Here, we used phosphorus-32 (32P) labelling in compartmented pots combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of phosphate(Pi) transporter gene expression to investigate regulation of Pi uptake pathways in barley (Hordeum vulgare), an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plant that does not show strong positive growth responses to colonization.Barley was colonized well by Glomus intraradices and poorly by Glomus geosporum,but both fungi induced significant and similar growth depressions compared with non mycorrhizal controls. The lack of correlation between per cent colonization and extent of growth depression suggests that the latter is not related to carbon drain to the fungus. The contribution of the AM Pi uptake pathway for the two fungi was, in general,related to per cent colonization and expression of the AM-inducible Pi transporter gene, HvPT8, but not to plant responsiveness. Glomus intraradices contributed 48%of total plant P whereas G. geosporum contributed very little.The growth depression in plants where the AM uptake pathway was functional suggests that the contribution of the direct Pi uptake pathway via root hairs and epidermis was decreased. This decrease was not correlated with downregulation of the epidermal-expressed Pi transporter genes, HvPT1 and HvPT2. We hypothesize post-transcriptional or post-translational control of this transport process by AM colonization.
Strategies for engineering improved nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants via redistribution and recycling of organic nitrogen
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.COPBIO.2021.09.003
Abstract: Global use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers has increased sevenfold from 1960 to 1995 but much of the N applied is lost to the environment. Modifying the temporal and spatial distribution of organic N within the plant can lead to improved grain yield and/or grain protein content for the same or reduced N fertilizer inputs. Biotechnological approaches to modify whole plant distribution of amino acids and ureides has proven successful in several crop species. Manipulating selective autophagy pathways in crops has also improved N remobilization efficiency to sink tissues whilst the contribution of ribophagy, RNA and purine catabolism to N recycling in crops is still too early to foretell. Improved recycling and remobilization of N must exploit N-stress responsive transcriptional regulators, N-sensing or phloem-localized promotors and genetic variation for N-responsive traits.
Localization of iron in rice grain using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy and high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Wide genetic diversity of salinity tolerance, sodium exclusion and growth in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides
Publisher: Japanese Society of Breeding
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1270/JSBBS.60.426
Spatial control of transgene expression in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using the GAL4 enhancer trapping system
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2005
Breeding crops to feed 10 billion
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-06-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41587-019-0152-9
Abstract: Crop improvements can help us to meet the challenge of feeding a population of 10 billion, but can we breed better varieties fast enough? Technologies such as genotyping, marker-assisted selection, high-throughput phenotyping, genome editing, genomic selection and de novo domestication could be galvanized by using speed breeding to enable plant breeders to keep pace with a changing environment and ever-increasing human population.
Dichotomy in the NRT Gene Families of Dicots and Grass Species
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-12-2010
Quantifying the three main components of salinity tolerance in cereals
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-01-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3040.2008.01916.X
Abstract: Salinity stress is a major factor inhibiting cereal yield throughout the world. Tolerance to salinity stress can be considered to contain three main components: Na(+) exclusion, tolerance to Na(+) in the tissues and osmotic tolerance. To date, most experimental work on salinity tolerance in cereals has focused on Na(+) exclusion due in part to its ease of measurement. It has become apparent, however, that Na(+) exclusion is not the sole mechanism for salinity tolerance in cereals, and research needs to expand to study osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance. Here, we develop assays for high throughput quantification of Na(+) exclusion, Na(+) tissue tolerance and osmotic tolerance in 12 Triticum monococcum accessions, mainly using commercially available image capture and analysis equipment. We show that different lines use different combinations of the three tolerance mechanisms to increase their total salinity tolerance, with a positive correlation observed between a plant's total salinity tolerance and the sum of its proficiency in Na(+) exclusion, osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance. The assays developed in this study can be easily adapted for other cereals and used in high throughput, forward genetic experiments to elucidate the molecular basis of these components of salinity tolerance.
Identification of a Stelar-Localized Transport Protein That Facilitates Root-to-Shoot Transfer of Chloride in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-12-2015
DOI: 10.1104/PP.15.01163
Cell‐type‐specific calcium responses to drought, salt and cold in the Arabidopsis root
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2000
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-313X.2000.00786.X
Abstract: Little is known about the signalling processes involved in the response of roots to abiotic stresses. The Arabidopsis root is a model system of root anatomy with a simple architecture and is amenable to genetic manipulation. Although it is known that the root responds to cold, drought and salt stress with increases in cytoplasmic free calcium, there is currently no information about the role(s) of the functionally erse cell types that comprise the root. Transgenic Arabidopsis with enhancer-trapped GAL4 expression in specific cell types was used to target the calcium reporting protein, aequorin, fused to a modified yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). The luminescence output of targeted aequorin enabled in vivo measurement of changes in cytosolic free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt) in specific cell types during acute cold, osmotic and salt stresses. In response to an acute cold stress, all cell types tested as well as plants constitutively expressing aequorin displayed rapid [Ca2+]cyt peaks. However, there were significant quantitative differences between different cell types in terms of their response to cold stress, osmotic stress (440 mM mannitol) and salt stress (220 mM NaCl), implying specific roles for certain cell types in the detection and/or response to these stimuli. In response to osmotic and salt stress, the endodermis and pericycle displayed prolonged oscillations in cytosolic calcium that were distinct from the responses of the other cell types tested. Targeted expression of aequorin circumvented the technical difficulties involved in fluorescent dye injection as well as the lack of cell specificity of constitutively expressed aequorin, and revealed a new level of complexity in root calcium signalling.
Dissecting new genetic components of salinity tolerance in two-row spring barley at the vegetative and reproductive stages
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-07-2020
Characterization of Ion Contents and Metabolic Responses to Salt Stress of Different Arabidopsis AtHKT1;1 Genotypes and Their Parental Strains
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.1093/MP/SSS125
Abstract: Plants employ several strategies to maintain cellular ion homeostasis under salinity stress, including mediating ion fluxes by transmembrane transport proteins and adjusting osmotic pressure by accumulating osmolytes. The HKT (high-affinity potassium transporter) gene family comprises Na(+) and Na(+)/K(+) transporters in erse plant species, with HKT1 as the only member in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell-type-specific overexpression of AtHKT1 has been shown to prevent shoot Na(+) overaccumulation under salinity stress. Here, we analyzed a broad range of metabolites and elements in shoots and roots of different AtHKT1 genotypes and their parental strains before and after salinity stress, revealing a reciprocal relationship of metabolite differences between an AtHKT1 knockout line (hkt1 ) and the AtHKT1 overexpressing lines (E2586 UAS GAL4 :HKT1 and J2731*UAS GAL4 :HKT1 ). Although levels of root sugars were increased after salt stress in both AtHKT1 overexpressing lines, E2586 UAS GAL4 :HKT1 showed higher accumulation of the osmoprotectants trehalose, gentiobiose, and melibiose, whereas J2731*UAS GAL4 :HKT1 showed higher levels of sucrose and raffinose, compared with their parental lines, respectively. In contrast, the knockout line hkt1 showed strong increases in the levels of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates in the shoots after salt treatment. This coincided with a significant depletion of sugars, suggesting that there is an increased rate of carbon influx into the TCA cycle at a constant rate of C-efflux from the cycle, which might be needed to support plant survival during salt stress. Using correlation analysis, we identified associations between the Na(+) content and several sugars, suggesting that regulation of sugar metabolism is important in plant responses to salinity stress.
Investigation of a His‐rich arabinogalactan‐protein for micronutrient biofortification of cereal grain
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-07-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1399-3054.2011.01499.X
Abstract: The micronutrient content of most cereal grains is low and responsible for malnutrition deficiencies in millions of people who rely on grains as their primary food source. Any strategy that can increase the micronutrient content of grain will have significant benefits to world health. We identified a gene from barley encoding a cell wall protein with multiple histidine (His)-rich motifs interspersed with short arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) domains and have called it Hordeum vulgare His-rich AGP (HvHRA1). Sequence analysis shows that His-rich AGPs are rare in plants and that the number of His-rich and AGP domains differ between cereals and dicots. The barley and wheat encoded proteins have more than 13 His-rich domains, whereas the putative rice orthologue has only 5 His-rich regions. His-rich motifs are well-established metal-binding motifs therefore, we developed transgenic (Tx) rice plants that constitutively overexpress barley HvHRA1. There was no significant effect on plant growth or grain yield in Tx plants. Purification of AGPs from wild-type and Tx plants showed that only Tx plants contained detectable levels of a His-rich AGP. Calcein assay shows that the AGP fraction from Tx plants had increased binding affinity for Cu(2+) . Micronutrient analysis of brown and white rice showed that the grain nutrient yield for Fe, Zn and Cu was higher in two Tx lines compared to their respective nulls, although the differences were not statistically significant. This approach highlights the potential of the plant apoplast (cell wall) for storage of key nutrients through overexpression of genes for metal-binding proteins.
Energy costs of salt tolerance in crop plants
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-07-2019
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.15864
Abstract: Agriculture is expanding into regions that are affected by salinity. This review considers the energetic costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants and provides a framework for a quantitative assessment of costs. Different sources of energy, and modifications of root system architecture that would maximize water vs ion uptake are addressed. Energy requirements for transport of salt (NaCl) to leaf vacuoles for osmotic adjustment could be small if there are no substantial leaks back across plasma membrane and tonoplast in root and leaf. The coupling ratio of the H
Phenomics - technologies to relieve the phenotyping bottleneck
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2011.09.005
Abstract: Global agriculture is facing major challenges to ensure global food security, such as the need to breed high-yielding crops adapted to future climates and the identification of dedicated feedstock crops for biofuel production (biofuel feedstocks). Plant phenomics offers a suite of new technologies to accelerate progress in understanding gene function and environmental responses. This will enable breeders to develop new agricultural germplasm to support future agricultural production. In this review we present plant physiology in an 'omics' perspective, review some of the new high-throughput and high-resolution phenotyping tools and discuss their application to plant biology, functional genomics and crop breeding.
Structural variations in wheat HKT1;5 underpin differences in Na+ transport capacity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-11-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S00018-017-2716-5
Abstract: An important trait associated with the salt tolerance of wheat is the exclusion of sodium ions (Na
Root Plasma Membrane Transporters Controlling K+/Na+ Homeostasis in Salt-Stressed Barley
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 26-10-2007
Abstract: Plant salinity tolerance is a polygenic trait with contributions from genetic, developmental, and physiological interactions, in addition to interactions between the plant and its environment. In this study, we show that in salt-tolerant genotypes of barley (Hordeum vulgare), multiple mechanisms are well combined to withstand saline conditions. These mechanisms include: (1) better control of membrane voltage so retaining a more negative membrane potential (2) intrinsically higher H+ pump activity (3) better ability of root cells to pump Na+ from the cytosol to the external medium and (4) higher sensitivity to supplemental Ca2+. At the same time, no significant difference was found between contrasting cultivars in their unidirectional 22Na+ influx or in the density and voltage dependence of depolarization-activated outward-rectifying K+ channels. Overall, our results are consistent with the idea of the cytosolic K+-to-Na+ ratio being a key determinant of plant salinity tolerance, and suggest multiple pathways of controlling that important feature in salt-tolerant plants.
Variation in shoot tolerance mechanisms not related to ion toxicity in barley
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1071/FP17049
Abstract: Soil salinity can severely reduce crop growth and yield. Many studies have investigated salinity tolerance mechanisms in cereals using phenotypes that are relatively easy to measure. The majority of these studies measured the accumulation of shoot Na+ and the effect this has on plant growth. However, plant growth is reduced immediately after exposure to NaCl before Na+ accumulates to toxic concentrations in the shoot. In this study, nondestructive and destructive measurements are used to evaluate the responses of 24 predominately Australian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines at 0, 150 and 250 mM NaCl. Considerable variation for shoot tolerance mechanisms not related to ion toxicity (shoot ion-independent tolerance) was found, with some lines being able to maintain substantial growth rates under salt stress, whereas others stopped growing. Hordeum vulgare spp. spontaneum accessions and barley landraces predominantly had the best shoot ion independent tolerance, although two commercial cultivars, Fathom and Skiff, also had high tolerance. The tolerance of cv. Fathom may be caused by a recent introgression from H. vulgare L. spp. spontaneum. This study shows that the most salt-tolerant barley lines are those that contain both shoot ion-independent tolerance and the ability to exclude Na+ from the shoot (and thus maintain high K+ : Na+ ratios).
Type-B response regulators ARR1 and ARR12 regulate expression of AtHKT1;1 and accumulation of sodium in Arabidopsis shoots
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-10-2010
Small amounts of ammonium (NH$ _4^+ $) can increase growth of maize (Zea mays)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-09-2016
Predicting Biomass and Yield in a Tomato Phenotyping Experiment Using UAV Imagery and Random Forest
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 08-05-2020
Crops aren't invasive
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
The Regulation of Anion Loading to the Maize Root Xylem
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2005
Abstract: The regulation of anion loading to the shoot in maize (Zea mays) was investigated via an electrophysiological characterization of ion conductances in protoplasts isolated from the root stele. Two distinct anion conductances were identified. In protoplasts from well-watered plants, Z. mays xylem-parenchyma quickly-activating anion conductance (Zm-X-QUAC) was the most prevalent conductance and is likely to load the majority of NO3 − and Cl− ions to the xylem in nonstressed conditions. Z. mays xylem-parenchyma inwardly-rectifying anion conductance was found at a lower frequency in protoplasts from well-watered plants than Zm-X-QUAC, was much smaller in magnitude in all observed conditions, and is unlikely to be such a major pathway for anion loading into the xylem. Activity of Z. mays xylem-parenchyma inwardly-rectifying anion conductance increased following a water stress prior to protoplast isolation, but the activity of the putative major anion-loading pathway, Zm-X-QUAC, decreased. Addition of abscisic acid (ABA) to protoplasts from well-watered plants also inhibited Zm-X-QUAC activity within minutes, as did a high free Ca2+concentration in the pipette. ABA was also seen to activate a Ca2+-permeable conductance (Z. mays xylem-parenchyma hyperpolarization activated cation conductance) in protoplasts from well-watered plants. It is postulated that the inhibition of anion loading into the xylem (an important response to a water stress) due to down-regulation of Zm-X-QUAC activity is mediated by an ABA-mediated rise in free cytosolic Ca2+.
Genomic and Genetic Studies of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Barley
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2018
Cl- uptake, transport and accumulation in grapevine rootstocks of differing capacity for Cl--exclusion
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1071/FP09300
Abstract: Mechanisms of chloride (Cl–) exclusion in rootstocks of grapevine (Vitis spp.) were studied using a strong Cl–-excluding rootstock (140 Ruggeri) and a poor Cl–-excluding rootstock (K51–40). Xylem Cl– concentration in potted whole grapevines of 140 Ruggeri treated with 50 mM Cl– was 6.8-fold lower than that in K51–40. Five-fold lower total shoot Cl– in salt-treated 140 Ruggeri grapevines relative to that in K51–40 after 50 days, when shoots were of similar biomass, was unrelated to water use. Unidirectional influx of 36Cl– into excised roots (up to 30 min), and uptake of 36Cl– in roots of intact rooted-leaves (up to 180 min) in 10 mM Cl– was similar between the genotypes. However, net accumulation of Cl– by excised roots of K51–40 up to 180 min in 10 mM Cl– was significantly higher than that of 140 Ruggeri. Intact rooted-leaves of 140 Ruggeri in 10 mM Cl– accumulated higher Cl– concentrations in roots, and had a lower percentage of total plant 36Cl– accumulation in the shoot (petiole plus lamina) than those of K51–40. The greater Cl– exclusion capacity of 140 Ruggeri appears to be associated with restricted entry of Cl– to xylem and lower root to shoot Cl– transport.
High-throughput shoot imaging to study drought responses
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 26-07-2010
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERQ201
Abstract: Drought is a complex stress which elicits a wide variety of plant responses. As such, genetic studies of drought are particularly difficult. Elucidation of the genetic basis of components contributing to drought tolerance is likely to be more tractable than that of overall drought tolerance. Certain of the traits which contribute to drought tolerance in plants and the high-throughput phenotyping techniques available to measure those traits are described in this paper. On the basis of the dynamic nature of drought, plant development, and the resulting stress response, the focus is on non-destructive imaging techniques which allow a temporal resolution and monitoring of the same plants throughout the experiment. Information on the physiological changes in response to drought over time is vital in order to identify and characterize different drought-tolerance mechanisms. High-throughput imaging provides a valuable new tool which allows the dissection of plant responses to drought into a series of component traits.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Phenotyping Using Morphometric and Spectral Analysis Can Quantify Responses of Wild Tomato Plants to Salinity Stress
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 29-03-2019
Deciphering Salt Stress Responses inSolanum pimpinellifoliumthrough High-Throughput Phenotyping
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 17-08-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553433
Abstract: Soil salinity is a major environmental stressor affecting agricultural productivity worldwide. Understanding plant responses to salt stress is crucial for developing resilient crop varieties. Wild relatives of cultivated crops, such as wild tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium , can serve as a useful resource to further expand the resilience potential of the cultivated germplasm, S. lycopersicum . In this study, we employed high-throughput phenotyping in the greenhouse and field conditions to explore salt stress responses of a S. pimpinellifolium ersity panel. Our study revealed extensive phenotypic variations in response to salt stress, with traits such as transpiration rate, shoot mass, and ion accumulation showing significant correlations with plant performance. We found that while transpiration was a key determinant of plant performance in the greenhouse, shoot mass strongly correlated with yield under field conditions. Conversely, ion accumulation was the least influential factor under greenhouse conditions. Through a Genome Wide Association Study, we identified candidate genes not previously associated with salt stress, highlighting the power of high-throughput phenotyping in uncovering novel aspects of plant stress responses. This study contributes to our understanding of salt stress tolerance in S. pimpinellifolium and lays the groundwork for further investigations into the genetic basis of these traits, ultimately informing breeding efforts for salinity tolerance in tomato and other crops.
Simultaneous flux and current measurement from single plant protoplasts reveals a strong link between K+ fluxes and current, but no link between Ca2+ fluxes and current
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-03-2006
The Na + transporter, TaHKT1;5-D, limits shoot Na + accumulation in bread wheat
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1111/TPJ.12651
Abstract: Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has a major salt tolerance locus, Kna1, responsible for the maintenance of a high cytosolic K(+) /Na(+) ratio in the leaves of salt stressed plants. The Kna1 locus encompasses a large DNA fragment, the distal 14% of chromosome 4DL. Limited recombination has been observed at this locus making it difficult to map genetically and identify the causal gene. Here, we decipher the function of TaHKT1 -D, a candidate gene underlying the Kna1 locus. Transport studies using the heterologous expression systems Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Xenopus laevis oocytes indicated that TaHKT1 -D is a Na(+) -selective transporter. Transient expression in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts and in situ polymerase chain reaction indicated that TaHKT1 -D is localised on the plasma membrane in the wheat root stele. RNA interference-induced silencing decreased the expression of TaHKT1 -D in transgenic bread wheat lines which led to an increase in the Na(+) concentration in the leaves. This indicates that TaHKT1 -D retrieves Na(+) from the xylem vessels in the root and has an important role in restricting the transport of Na(+) from the root to the leaves in bread wheat. Thus, TaHKT1 -D confers the essential salinity tolerance mechanism in bread wheat associated with the Kna1 locus via shoot Na(+) exclusion and is critical in maintaining a high K(+) /Na(+) ratio in the leaves. These findings show there is potential to increase the salinity tolerance of bread wheat by manipulation of HKT1 genes.
Contrast in chloride exclusion between two grapevine genotypes and its variation in their hybrid progeny
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 28-10-2010
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERQ326
Boron-Toxicity Tolerance in Barley Arising from Efflux Transporter Amplification
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 30-11-2007
Abstract: Both limiting and toxic soil concentrations of the essential micronutrient boron represent major limitations to crop production worldwide. We identified Bot1 , a BOR1 ortholog, as the gene responsible for the superior boron-toxicity tolerance of the Algerian barley landrace Sahara 3771 (Sahara). Bot1 was located at the tolerance locus by high-resolution mapping. Compared to intolerant genotypes, Sahara contains about four times as many Bot1 gene copies, produces substantially more Bot1 transcript, and encodes a Bot1 protein with a higher capacity to provide tolerance in yeast. Bot1 transcript levels identified in barley tissues are consistent with a role in limiting the net entry of boron into the root and in the disposal of boron from leaves via hydathode guttation.
Image-based phenotyping for non-destructive screening of different salinity tolerance traits in rice
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-08-2014
DOI: 10.1186/S12284-014-0016-3
Abstract: Soil salinity is an abiotic stress wide spread in rice producing areas, limiting both plant growth and yield. The development of salt-tolerant rice requires efficient and high-throughput screening techniques to identify promising lines for salt affected areas. Advances made in image-based phenotyping techniques provide an opportunity to use non-destructive imaging to screen for salinity tolerance traits in a wide range of germplasm in a reliable, quantitative and efficient way. However, the application of image-based phenotyping in the development of salt-tolerant rice remains limited. A non-destructive image-based phenotyping protocol to assess salinity tolerance traits of two rice cultivars (IR64 and Fatmawati) has been established in this study. The response of rice to different levels of salt stress was quantified over time based on total shoot area and senescent shoot area, calculated from visible red-green-blue (RGB) and fluorescence images. The response of rice to salt stress (50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl) could be clearly distinguished from the control as indicated by the reduced increase of shoot area. The salt concentrations used had only a small effect on the growth of rice during the initial phase of stress, the shoot Na + accumulation independent phase termed the ‘osmotic stress’ phase. However, after 20 d of treatment, the shoot area of salt stressed plants was reduced compared with non-stressed plants. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the concentration of Na + in the shoot. Variation in the senescent area of the cultivars IR64 and Fatmawati in response to a high concentration of Na + in the shoot indicates variation in tissue tolerance mechanisms between the cultivars. Image analysis has the potential to be used for high-throughput screening procedures in the development of salt-tolerant rice. The ability of image analysis to discriminate between the different aspects of salt stress (shoot ion-independent stress and shoot ion dependent stress) makes it a useful tool for genetic and physiological studies to elucidate processes that contribute to salinity tolerance in rice. The technique has the potential for identifying the genetic basis of these mechanisms and assisting in pyramiding different tolerance mechanisms into breeding lines.
Mobilizing Crop Biodiversity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Accounting for variation in designing greenhouse experiments with special reference to greenhouses containing plants on conveyor systems
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2013
Ammonium toxicity and the real cost of transport
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2001
Salinity tolerance and sodium exclusion in genus Triticum
Publisher: Japanese Society of Breeding
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1270/JSBBS.59.671
Identification of novel quantitative trait loci for days to ear emergence and flag leaf glaucousness in a bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) population adapted to southern Australian conditions
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-11-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00122-011-1740-3
Abstract: In southern Australia, where the climate is predominantly Mediterranean, achieving the correct flowering time in bread wheat minimizes the impact of in-season cyclical and terminal drought. Flag leaf glaucousness has been hypothesized as an important component of drought tolerance but its value and genetic basis in locally adapted germplasm is unknown. From a cross between Kukri and RAC875, a doubled-haploid (DH) population was developed. A genetic linkage map consisting of 456 DArT and SSR markers was used to detect QTL affecting time to ear emergence and Zadoks growth score in seven field experiments. While ear emergence time was similar between the parents, there was significant transgressive segregation in the population. This was the result of segregation for the previously characterized Ppd-D1a and Ppd-B1 photoperiod responsive alleles. QTL of smaller effect were also detected on chromosomes 1A, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 7A and 7B. A novel QTL for flag leaf glaucousness of large, repeatable effect was detected in six field experiments, on chromosome 3A (QW.aww-3A) and accounted for up to 52 percent of genetic variance for this trait. QW.aww-3A was validated under glasshouse conditions in a recombinant inbred line population from the same cross. The genetic basis of time to ear emergence in this population will aid breeders' understanding of phenological adaptation to the local environment. Novel loci identified for flag leaf glaucousness and the wide phenotypic variation within the DH population offers considerable scope to investigate the impact and value of this trait for bread wheat production in southern Australia.
Accurate inference of shoot biomass from high-throughput images of cereal plants
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2011
Abstract: With the establishment of advanced technology facilities for high throughput plant phenotyping, the problem of estimating plant biomass of in idual plants from their two dimensional images is becoming increasingly important. The approach predominantly cited in literature is to estimate the biomass of a plant as a linear function of the projected shoot area of plants in the images. However, the estimation error from this model, which is solely a function of projected shoot area, is large, prohibiting accurate estimation of the biomass of plants, particularly for the salt-stressed plants. In this paper, we propose a method based on plant specific weight for improving the accuracy of the linear model and reducing the estimation bias (the difference between actual shoot dry weight and the value of the shoot dry weight estimated with a predictive model). For the proposed method in this study, we modeled the plant shoot dry weight as a function of plant area and plant age. The data used for developing our model and comparing the results with the linear model were collected from a completely randomized block design experiment. A total of 320 plants from two bread wheat varieties were grown in a supported hydroponics system in a greenhouse. The plants were exposed to two levels of hydroponic salt treatments (NaCl at 0 and 100 mM) for 6 weeks. Five harvests were carried out. Each time 64 randomly selected plants were imaged and then harvested to measure the shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight. The results of statistical analysis showed that with our proposed method, most of the observed variance can be explained, and moreover only a small difference between actual and estimated shoot dry weight was obtained. The low estimation bias indicates that our proposed method can be used to estimate biomass of in idual plants regardless of what variety the plant is and what salt treatment has been applied. We validated this model on an independent set of barley data. The technique presented in this paper may extend to other plants and types of stresses.
Root-Specific Transcript Profiling of Contrasting Rice Genotypes in Response to Salinity Stress
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1093/MP/SSQ056
Abstract: Elevated salinity imposes osmotic and ion toxicity stresses on living cells and requires a multitude of responses in order to enable plant survival. Building on earlier work profiling transcript levels in rice (Oryza sativa) shoots of FL478, a salt-tolerant indica recombinant inbred line, and IR29, a salt-sensitive cultivar, transcript levels were compared in roots of these two accessions as well as in the roots of two additional salt-tolerant indica genotypes, the landrace Pokkali and the recombinant inbred line IR63731. The aim of this study was to compare transcripts in the sensitive and the tolerant lines in order to identify genes likely to be involved in plant salinity tolerance, rather than in responses to salinity per se. Transcript profiles of several gene families with known links to salinity tolerance are described (e.g. HKTs, NHXs). The putative function of a set of genes identified through their salt responsiveness, transcript levels, and/or chromosomal location (i.e. underneath QTLs for salinity tolerance) is also discussed. Finally, the parental origin of the Saltol region in FL478 is further investigated. Overall, the dataset presented appears to be robust and it seems likely that this system could provide a reliable strategy for the discovery of novel genes involved in salinity tolerance.
HVP10 encoding V-PPase is a prime candidate for the barley HvNax3 sodium exclusion gene: evidence from fine mapping and expression analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00425-012-1827-3
Abstract: In cereals, a common salinity tolerance mechanism is to limit accumulation of Na(+) in the shoot. In a cross between the barley variety Barque-73 (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) and the accession CPI-71284 of wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum), the HvNax3 locus on chromosome 7H was found to determine a ~10-25 % difference in leaf Na(+) accumulation in seedlings grown in saline hydroponics, with the beneficial exclusion trait originating from the wild parent. The Na(+) exclusion allele was also associated with a 13-21 % increase in shoot fresh weight. The HvNax3 locus was delimited to a 0.4 cM genetic interval, where it cosegregated with the HVP10 gene for vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase). Sequencing revealed that the mapping parents encoded identical HVP10 proteins, but salinity-induced mRNA expression of HVP10 was higher in CPI-71284 than in Barque-73, in both roots and shoots. By contrast, the expression of several other genes predicted by comparative mapping to be located in the HvNax3 interval was similar in the two parent lines. Previous work demonstrated roles for V-PPase in ion transport and salinity tolerance. We therefore considered transcription levels of HVP10 to be a possible basis for variation in shoot Na(+) accumulation and biomass production controlled by the HvNax3 locus under saline conditions. Potential mechanisms linking HVP10 expression patterns to the observed phenotypes are discussed.
A novel protein kinase involved in Na+ exclusion revealed from positional cloning
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-09-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3040.2012.02595.X
Abstract: Salinity is a major abiotic stress which affects crop plants around the world, resulting in substantial loss of yield and millions of dollars of lost revenue. High levels of Na(+) in shoot tissue have many adverse effects and, crucially, yield in cereals is commonly inversely proportional to the extent of shoot Na(+) accumulation. We therefore need to identify genes, resistant plant cultivars and cellular processes that are involved in salinity tolerance, with the goal of introducing these factors into commercially available crops. Through the use of an Arabidopsis thaliana mapping population, we have identified a highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) linked to Na(+) exclusion. Fine mapping of this QTL identified a protein kinase (AtCIPK16), related to AtSOS2, that was significantly up-regulated under salt stress. Greater Na(+) exclusion was associated with significantly higher root expression of AtCIPK16, which is due to differences in the gene's promoter. Constitutive overexpression of the gene in Arabidopsis leads to plants with significant reduction in shoot Na(+) and greater salinity tolerance. amiRNA knock-downs of AtCIPK16 in Arabidopsis show a negative correlation between the expression levels of the gene and the amount of shoot Na(+) . Transgenic barley lines overexpressing AtCIPK16 show increased salinity tolerance.
Energy costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-11-2019
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.15555
Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 12-02-2010
Abstract: To feed the several billion people living on this planet, the production of high-quality food must increase with reduced inputs, but this accomplishment will be particularly challenging in the face of global environmental change. Plant breeders need to focus on traits with the greatest potential to increase yield. Hence, new technologies must be developed to accelerate breeding through improving genotyping and phenotyping methods and by increasing the available genetic ersity in breeding germplasm. The most gain will come from delivering these technologies in developing countries, but the technologies will have to be economically accessible and readily disseminated. Crop improvement through breeding brings immense value relative to investment and offers an effective approach to improving food security.
Genetics of Na+ exclusion and salinity tolerance in Afghani durum wheat landraces
Publisher: Figshare
Date: 2017
Metabolic responses to salt stress of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Sahara and Clipper, which differ in salinity tolerance
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-08-2009
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERP243
Chloride on the Move
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2016.12.004
Abstract: Chloride (Cl
Genome-wide association study in quinoa reveals selection pattern typical for crops with a short breeding history
Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
Date: 08-07-2022
DOI: 10.7554/ELIFE.66873
Abstract: Quinoa germplasm preserves useful and substantial genetic variation, yet it remains untapped due to a lack of implementation of modern breeding tools. We have integrated field and sequence data to characterize a large ersity panel of quinoa. Whole-genome sequencing of 310 accessions revealed 2.9 million polymorphic high confidence single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. Highland and Lowland quinoa were clustered into two main groups, with F ST ergence of 0.36 and linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay of 6.5 and 49.8 kb, respectively. A genome-wide association study using multi-year phenotyping trials uncovered 600 SNPs stably associated with 17 traits. Two candidate genes are associated with thousand seed weight, and a resistance gene analog is associated with downy mildew resistance. We also identified pleiotropically acting loci for four agronomic traits important for adaptation. This work demonstrates the use of re-sequencing data of an orphan crop, which is partially domesticated to rapidly identify marker-trait association and provides the underpinning elements for genomics-enabled quinoa breeding.
A Model-Based Approach to Recovering the Structure of a Plant from Images
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
Wheat grain yield on saline soils is improved by an ancestral Na+ transporter gene
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-03-2012
DOI: 10.1038/NBT.2120
Abstract: The ability of wheat to maintain a low sodium concentration ([Na(+)]) in leaves correlates with improved growth under saline conditions. This trait, termed Na(+) exclusion, contributes to the greater salt tolerance of bread wheat relative to durum wheat. To improve the salt tolerance of durum wheat, we explored natural ersity in shoot Na(+) exclusion within ancestral wheat germplasm. Previously, we showed that crossing of Nax2, a gene locus in the wheat relative Triticum monococcum into a commercial durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum var. Tamaroi) reduced its leaf [Na(+)] (ref. 5). Here we show that a gene in the Nax2 locus, TmHKT1 -A, encodes a Na(+)-selective transporter located on the plasma membrane of root cells surrounding xylem vessels, which is therefore ideally localized to withdraw Na(+) from the xylem and reduce transport of Na(+) to leaves. Field trials on saline soils demonstrate that the presence of TmHKT1 -A significantly reduces leaf [Na(+)] and increases durum wheat grain yield by 25% compared to near-isogenic lines without the Nax2 locus.
High‐throughput 3D modelling to dissect the genetic control of leaf elongation in barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-02-2019
DOI: 10.1111/TPJ.14225
Expression of the Arabidopsis vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase gene (AVP1) improves the shoot biomass of transgenic barley and increases grain yield in a saline field
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-11-2014
DOI: 10.1111/PBI.12145
Abstract: Cereal varieties with improved salinity tolerance are needed to achieve profitable grain yields in saline soils. The expression of AVP1, an Arabidopsis gene encoding a vacuolar proton pumping pyrophosphatase (H⁺-PPase), has been shown to improve the salinity tolerance of transgenic plants in greenhouse conditions. However, the potential for this gene to improve the grain yield of cereal crops in a saline field has yet to be evaluated. Recent advances in high-throughput nondestructive phenotyping technologies also offer an opportunity to quantitatively evaluate the growth of transgenic plants under abiotic stress through time. In this study, the growth of transgenic barley expressing AVP1 was evaluated under saline conditions in a pot experiment using nondestructive plant imaging and in a saline field trial. Greenhouse-grown transgenic barley expressing AVP1 produced a larger shoot biomass compared to null segregants, as determined by an increase in projected shoot area, when grown in soil with 150 mM NaCl. This increase in shoot biomass of transgenic AVP1 barley occurred from an early growth stage and also in nonsaline conditions. In a saline field, the transgenic barley expressing AVP1 also showed an increase in shoot biomass and, importantly, produced a greater grain yield per plant compared to wild-type plants. Interestingly, the expression of AVP1 did not alter barley leaf sodium concentrations in either greenhouse- or field-grown plants. This study validates our greenhouse-based experiments and indicates that transgenic barley expressing AVP1 is a promising option for increasing cereal crop productivity in saline fields.
Maize maintains growth in response to decreased nitrate supply through a highly dynamic and developmental stage-specific transcriptional response
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-06-2016
DOI: 10.1111/PBI.12388
Abstract: Elucidation of the gene networks underlying the response to N supply and demand will facilitate the improvement of the N uptake efficiency of plants. We undertook a transcriptomic analysis of maize to identify genes responding to both a non-growth-limiting decrease in NO3- provision and to development-based N demand changes at seven representative points across the life cycle. Gene co-expression networks were derived by cluster analysis of the transcript profiles. The majority of NO3--responsive transcription occurred at 11 (D11), 18 (D18) and 29 (D29) days after emergence, with differential expression predominating in the root at D11 and D29 and in the leaf at D18. A cluster of 98 probe sets was identified, the expression pattern of which is similar to that of the high-affinity NO3- transporter (NRT2) genes across the life cycle. The cluster is enriched with genes encoding enzymes and proteins of lipid metabolism and transport, respectively. These are candidate genes for the response of maize to N supply and demand. Only a few patterns of differential gene expression were observed over the entire life cycle however, the composition of the classes of the genes differentially regulated at in idual time points was unique, suggesting tightly controlled regulation of NO3--responsive gene expression.
Hyperpolarisation‐activated calcium currents found only in cells from the elongation zone of Arabidopsis thaliana roots
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-313X.2000.00659.X
Abstract: Calcium currents across the plasma membrane of plant cells allow transduction of environmental signals as well as nutritive calcium uptake. Using transgenic Arabidopsis plants with cell-specific expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), we analyzed whole cell calcium currents in epidermal cells of the rapidly growing root apex, mature epidermal cells, cortical and epidermal cells from the elongation zone, and mature pericycle cells. In cells only from the rapidly growing root apex, a hyperpolarization-activated calcium current was identified. This current was irreversibly inhibited by 10 microM Al3+, as well as being inhibited by 1 mM Co2+ and 100 microM verapamil. In no cells could a depolarisation-activated current be attributed to calcium influx. In the growing root apex, the hyperpolarization-activated calcium current may function to allow constitutive uptake of calcium for rapid cell ision and elongation.
Rice DUR3 mediates high-affinity urea transport and plays an effective role in improvement of urea acquisition and utilization when expressed in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2011.03929.X
Abstract: • Despite the great agricultural and ecological importance of efficient use of urea-containing nitrogen fertilizers by crops, molecular and physiological identities of urea transport in higher plants have been investigated only in Arabidopsis. • We performed short-time urea-influx assays which have identified a low-affinity and high-affinity (K(m) of 7.55 μM) transport system for urea-uptake by rice roots (Oryza sativa). • A high-affinity urea transporter OsDUR3 from rice was functionally characterized here for the first time among crops. OsDUR3 encodes an integral membrane-protein with 721 amino acid residues and 15 predicted transmembrane domains. Heterologous expression demonstrated that OsDUR3 restored yeast dur3-mutant growth on urea and facilitated urea import with a K(m) of c. 10 μM in Xenopus oocytes. • Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis revealed upregulation of OsDUR3 in rice roots under nitrogen-deficiency and urea-resupply after nitrogen-starvation. Importantly, overexpression of OsDUR3 complemented the Arabidopsis atdur3-1 mutant, improving growth on low urea and increasing root urea-uptake markedly. Together with its plasma membrane localization detected by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagging and with findings that disruption of OsDUR3 by T-DNA reduces rice growth on urea and urea uptake, we suggest that OsDUR3 is an active urea transporter that plays a significant role in effective urea acquisition and utilisation in rice.
HKT1;5-like cation transporters linked to Na+ exclusion loci in wheat, Nax2 and Kna1
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-02-2007
Genetic analysis of abiotic stress tolerance in crops
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.PBI.2011.03.002
Abstract: Abiotic stress tolerance is complex, but as phenotyping technologies improve, components that contribute to abiotic stress tolerance can be quantified with increasing ease. In parallel with these phenomics advances, genetic approaches with more complex genomes are becoming increasingly tractable as genomic information in non-model crops increases and even whole crop genomes can be re-sequenced. Thus, genetic approaches to elucidating the molecular basis to abiotic stress tolerance in crops are becoming more easily achievable.
PREDICTING BIOMASS AND YIELD AT HARVEST OF SALT-STRESSED TOMATO PLANTS USING UAV IMAGERY
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 04-06-2019
DOI: 10.5194/ISPRS-ARCHIVES-XLII-2-W13-407-2019
Abstract: Abstract. Biomass and yield are important variables used for assessing agricultural production. However, these variables are difficult to estimate for in idual plants at the farm scale and may be affected by abiotic stressors such as salinity. In this study, the wild tomato species, Solanum pimpinellifolium, was evaluated through field and UAV-based assessment of 600 control and 600 salt-treated plants. The aim of this research was to determine, if UAV-based imagery, collected one, two, four, six, seven and eight weeks before harvest could predict fresh shoot mass, tomato fruit numbers, and yield mass at harvest and if predictions varied for control and salt-treated plants. A Random Forest approach was used to model biomass and yield. The results showed that shape features such as plant area, border length, width and length had the highest importance in the random forest models. A week prior to harvest, the explained variance of fresh shoot mass, number of fruits and yield mass were 86.60%, 59.46% and 61.09%, respectively. The explained variance was reduced as a function of time to harvest. Separate models may be required for predicting yield of salt-stressed plants, whereas the prediction of yield for control plants was less affected if the model included salt-stressed plants. This research demonstrates that it is possible to predict biomass and yield of tomato plants up to four weeks prior to harvest, and potentially earlier in the absence of severe weather events.
Genetics of Na+ exclusion and salinity tolerance in Afghani durum wheat landraces
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-11-2017
Different NaCl-Induced Calcium Signatures in the Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotypes Col-0 and C24
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 27-02-2015
SLAH1, a homologue of the slow type anion channel SLAC1, modulates shoot Cl− accumulation and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-06-2016
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERW237
Abstract: Salinity tolerance is correlated with shoot chloride (Cl–) exclusion in multiple crops, but the molecular mechanisms of long-distance Cl– transport are poorly defined. Here, we characterize the in planta role of AtSLAH1 (a homologue of the slow type anion channel-associated 1 (SLAC1)). This protein, localized to the plasma membrane of root stelar cells, has its expression reduced by salt or ABA, which are key predictions for a protein involved with loading Cl– into the root xylem. Artificial microRNA knockdown mutants of AtSLAH1 had significantly reduced shoot Cl− accumulation when grown under low Cl–, whereas shoot Cl– increased and the shoot nitrate/chloride ratio decreased following AtSLAH1 constitutive or stelar-specific overexpression when grown in high Cl–. In both sets of overexpression lines a significant reduction in shoot biomass over the null segregants was observed under high Cl– supply, but not low Cl– supply. Further in planta data showed AtSLAH3 overexpression increased the shoot nitrate/chloride ratio, consistent with AtSLAH3 favouring nitrate transport. Heterologous expression of AtSLAH1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes led to no detectible transport, suggesting the need for post-translational modifications for AtSLAH1 to be active. Our in planta data are consistent with AtSLAH1 having a role in controlling root-to-shoot Cl– transport.
Speed breeding in growth chambers and glasshouses for crop breeding and model plant research.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-11-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41596-018-0072-Z
Abstract: 'Speed breeding' (SB) shortens the breeding cycle and accelerates crop research through rapid generation advancement. SB can be carried out in numerous ways, one of which involves extending the duration of plants' daily exposure to light, combined with early seed harvest, to cycle quickly from seed to seed, thereby reducing the generation times for some long-day (LD) or day-neutral crops. In this protocol, we present glasshouse and growth chamber-based SB approaches with supporting data from experimentation with several crops. We describe the conditions that promote the rapid growth of bread wheat, durum wheat, barley, oat, various Brassica species, chickpea, pea, grass pea, quinoa and Brachypodium distachyon. Points of flexibility within the protocols are highlighted, including how plant density can be increased to efficiently scale up plant numbers for single-seed descent (SSD). In addition, instructions are provided on how to perform SB on a small scale in a benchtop growth cabinet, enabling optimization of parameters at a low cost.
Genetic Determinants of Salinity Tolerance in Crop Plants
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-10-2009
Free oxygen radicals regulate plasma membrane Ca2+- and K+-permeable channels in plant root cells
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1242/JCS.00201
Abstract: Free oxygen radicals are an irrefutable component of life, underlying important biochemical and physiological phenomena in animals. Here it is shown that free oxygen radicals activate plasma membrane Ca2+- and K+-permeable conductances in Arabidopsis root cell protoplasts, mediating Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux,respectively. Free oxygen radicals generate increases in cytosolic Ca2+ mediated by a novel population of nonselective cation channels that differ in selectivity and pharmacology from those involved in toxic Na+ influx. Analysis of the free oxygen radical-activated K+ conductance showed its similarity to the Arabidopsisroot K+ outward rectifier. Significantly larger channel activation was found in cells responsible for perceiving environmental signals and undergoing elongation. Quenching root free oxygen radicals inhibited root elongation, confirming the role of radical-activated Ca2+ influx in cell growth. Net free oxygen radical-stimulated Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux were observed in root cells of monocots, dicots, C3 and C4 plants, suggesting conserved mechanisms and functions. In conclusion, two functions for free oxygen radical cation channel activation are proposed:initialization/ lification of stress signals and control of cell elongation in root growth.
Transition from a maternal to external nitrogen source in maize seedlings.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIPB.12525
Growth curve registration for evaluating salinity tolerance in barley
Publisher: Figshare
Date: 2017
Comparison of Leaf Sheath Transcriptome Profiles with Physiological Traits of Bread Wheat Cultivars under Salinity Stress
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-08-2015
Quinoa Phenotyping Methodologies: An International Consensus
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-08-2021
Abstract: Quinoa is a crop originating in the Andes but grown more widely and with the genetic potential for significant further expansion. Due to the phenotypic plasticity of quinoa, varieties need to be assessed across years and multiple locations. To improve comparability among field trials across the globe and to facilitate collaborations, components of the trials need to be kept consistent, including the type and methods of data collected. Here, an internationally open-access framework for phenotyping a wide range of quinoa features is proposed to facilitate the systematic agronomic, physiological and genetic characterization of quinoa for crop adaptation and improvement. Mature plant phenotyping is a central aspect of this paper, including detailed descriptions and the provision of phenotyping cards to facilitate consistency in data collection. High-throughput methods for multi-temporal phenotyping based on remote sensing technologies are described. Tools for higher-throughput post-harvest phenotyping of seeds are presented. A guideline for approaching quinoa field trials including the collection of environmental data and designing layouts with statistical robustness is suggested. To move towards developing resources for quinoa in line with major cereal crops, a database was created. The Quinoa Germinate Platform will serve as a central repository of data for quinoa researchers globally.
Different mechanisms of adaptation to cyclic water stress in two South Australian bread wheat cultivars
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 13-08-2008
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERN199
AVP1: One Protein, Many Roles
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2016.11.012
Abstract: Constitutive expression of the Arabidopsis vacuolar proton-pumping pyrophosphatase (H
Applications of high-throughput plant phenotyping to study nutrient use efficiency
Publisher: Humana Press
Date: 10-2013
Nitrogen assimilation system in maize is regulated by developmental and tissue-specific mechanisms
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S11103-016-0512-5
Abstract: We found metabolites, enzyme activities and enzyme transcript abundances vary significantly across the maize lifecycle, but weak correlation exists between the three groups. We identified putative genes regulating nitrate assimilation. Progress in improving nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants has been h ered by the complexity of the N uptake and utilisation systems. To understand this complexity we measured the activities of seven enzymes and ten metabolites related to N metabolism in the leaf and root tissues of Gaspe Flint maize plants grown in 0.5 or 2.5 mM NO3 (-) throughout the lifecycle. The amino acids had remarkably similar profiles across the lifecycle except for transient responses, which only appeared in the leaves for aspartate or in the roots for asparagine, serine and glycine. The activities of the enzymes for N assimilation were also coordinated to a certain degree, most noticeably with a peak in root activity late in the lifecycle, but with wide variation in the activity levels over the course of development. We analysed the transcriptional data for gene sets encoding the measured enzymes and found that, unlike the enzyme activities, transcript levels of the corresponding genes did not exhibit the same coordination across the lifecycle and were only weakly correlated with the levels of various amino acids or in idual enzyme activities. We identified gene sets which were correlated with the enzyme activity profiles, including seven genes located within previously known quantitative trait loci for enzyme activities and hypothesise that these genes are important for the regulation of enzyme activities. This work provides insights into the complexity of the N assimilation system throughout development and identifies candidate regulatory genes, which warrant further investigation in efforts to improve NUE in crop plants.
The genome of Chenopodium quinoa
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-02-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE21370
Abstract: Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) is a highly nutritious grain identified as an important crop to improve world food security. Unfortunately, few resources are available to facilitate its genetic improvement. Here we report the assembly of a high-quality, chromosome-scale reference genome sequence for quinoa, which was produced using single-molecule real-time sequencing in combination with optical, chromosome-contact and genetic maps. We also report the sequencing of two diploids from the ancestral gene pools of quinoa, which enables the identification of sub-genomes in quinoa, and reduced-coverage genome sequences for 22 other s les of the allotetraploid goosefoot complex. The genome sequence facilitated the identification of the transcription factor likely to control the production of anti-nutritional triterpenoid saponins found in quinoa seeds, including a mutation that appears to cause alternative splicing and a premature stop codon in sweet quinoa strains. These genomic resources are an important first step towards the genetic improvement of quinoa.
Arabidopsis thaliana root non‐selective cation channels mediate calcium uptake and are involved in growth
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2002
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-313X.2002.01467.X
Abstract: Calcium is a critical structural and regulatory nutrient in plants. However, mechanisms of its uptake by root cells are poorly understood. We have found that Ca2+ influx in Arabidopsis root epidermal protoplasts is mediated by voltage-independent rapidly activating Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channels (NSCCs). NSCCs showed the following permeability (P) sequence: PCa (1.00) = PBa (0.93) > PZn (0.51), PCa/PNa = 0.19, PCa/PK = 0.14. They were inhibited by quinine, Gd3+, La3+ and the His modifier diethylpyrocarbonate, but not by the Ca2+ or K+ channel antagonists, verapamil and tetraethylammonium (TEA+). Single channel conductance measured in 20 mm external Ca2+ was 5.9 pS. Calcium-permeable NSCCs co-existed with hyperpolarisation-activated Ca2+ channels (HACCs), which activated 40-60 min after forming the whole-cell configuration. HACCs activated at voltages <-130 to -150 mV, showed slow activation kinetics and were regulated by cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt). Using aequorin-expressing plants, a linear relationship between membrane potential (Vm) and resting [Ca2+]cyt was observed, indicating the involvement of NSCCs. Intact root 45Ca2+ influx was reduced by Gd3+ (NSCC blocker) but was verapamil and TEA+ insensitive. In the root elongation zone, both root net Ca2+ influx (measured by Ca2+-selective vibrating microelectrode) and NSCC activity were increased compared to the mature epidermis, suggesting the involvement of NSCC in growth. A Ca2+ acquisition system based on NSCC and HACC co-existence is proposed. In mature epidermal cells, NSCC-mediated Ca2+ influx dominates whereas in specialised root cells (root hairs and elongation zone cells) where elevated [Ca2+]cyt activates HACCs, HACC-mediated Ca2+ influx predominates.
Investigating glutamate receptor‐like gene co‐expression in Arabidopsis thaliana
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-03-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3040.2008.01801.X
Abstract: There is increasing evidence of the important roles of glutamate receptors (GLRs) in plant development and in adaptation to stresses. However, the studies of these putative ion channels, both in planta and in Xenopus oocytes, may have been limited by our lack of knowledge of possible GLR heteromer formation in plants. We have developed a modification of the single-cell s ling technique to investigate GLR co-expression, and thus potential heteromer formation, in single cells of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Micro-EXpression lification (MEX) has allowed us to lify gene transcripts from a single cell, enabling expression of up to 100 gene transcripts to be assayed. We measured, on average, the transcripts of five to six different AtGLRs in a single cell. However, no consistent patterns of co-expression or cell-type-specific expression were detected, except that cells s led from the same plant showed similar expression profiles. The only discernible feature was the detection of AtGLR3.7 in every cell examined, an observation supported by GUS staining patterns in plants stably expressing promoter::uidA fusions. In addition, we found AtGLR3.7 expression in oocytes induces a Ba2+-, Ca2+- and Na+-permeable plasma membrane conductance.
Genetic variation in the root growth response of barley genotypes to salinity stress
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1071/FP12290
Abstract: We aimed to identify genetic variation in root growth in the cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in response to the early phase of salinity stress. Seminal root elongation was examined at various concentrations of salinity in seedlings of eight barley genotypes consisting of a landrace, wild barley and cultivars. Salinity inhibited seminal root elongation in all genotypes, with considerable variation observed between genotypes. Relative root elongation rates were 60–90% and 30–70% of the control rates at 100 and 150 mM NaCl, respectively. The screen identified the wild barley genotype CPI71284–48 as the most tolerant, maintaining root elongation and biomass in response to salinity. Root elongation was most significantly inhibited in the landrace Sahara. Root and shoot Na+ concentrations increased and K+ concentrations decreased in all genotypes in response to salinity. However, the root and shoot ion concentrations did not correlate with root elongation rates, suggesting that the Na+ and K+ concentrations were not directly influencing root growth, at least during the early phase of salt stress. The identification of genetic ersity in root growth responses to salt stress in barley provides important information for future genetic, physiological and biochemical characterisation of mechanisms of salinity tolerance.
High-Throughput Phenotyping to Detect Drought Tolerance QTL in Wild Barley Introgression Lines
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-05-2014
Assessing the role of root plasma membrane and tonoplast Na+/H+ exchangers in salinity tolerance in wheat: In planta quantification methods
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-03-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3040.2011.02296.X
Abstract: This work investigates the role of cytosolic Na+ exclusion in roots as a means of salinity tolerance in wheat, and offers in planta methods for the functional assessment of major transporters contributing to this trait. An electrophysiological protocol was developed to quantify the activity of plasma membrane Na+ efflux systems in roots, using the microelectrode ion flux estimation (MIFE) technique. We show that active efflux of Na+ from wheat root epidermal cells is mediated by a SOS1-like homolog, energized by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. SOS1-like efflux activity was highest in Kharchia 65, a salt-tolerant bread wheat cultivar. Kharchia 65 also had an enhanced ability to sequester large quantities of Na+ into the vacuoles of root cells, as revealed by confocal microscopy using Sodium Green. These findings were consistent with the highest level of expression of both SOS1 and NHX1 transcripts in plant roots in this variety. In the sensitive wheat varieties, a greater proportion of Na+ was located in the root cell cytosol. Overall, our findings suggest a critical role of cytosolic Na+ exclusion for salinity tolerance in wheat and offer convenient protocols to quantify the contribution of the major transporters conferring this trait, to screen plants for salinity tolerance.
Salinity tolerance loci revealed in rice using high-throughput non-invasive phenotyping
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-11-2016
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS13342
Abstract: High-throughput phenotyping produces multiple measurements over time, which require new methods of analyses that are flexible in their quantification of plant growth and transpiration, yet are computationally economic. Here we develop such analyses and apply this to a rice population genotyped with a 700k SNP high-density array. Two rice ersity panels, indica and aus , containing a total of 553 genotypes, are phenotyped in waterlogged conditions. Using cubic smoothing splines to estimate plant growth and transpiration, we identify four time intervals that characterize the early responses of rice to salinity. Relative growth rate, transpiration rate and transpiration use efficiency (TUE) are analysed using a new association model that takes into account the interaction between treatment (control and salt) and genetic marker. This model allows the identification of previously undetected loci affecting TUE on chromosome 11, providing insights into the early responses of rice to salinity, in particular into the effects of salinity on plant growth and transpiration.
AtNPF2.5 Modulates Chloride (Cl−) Efflux from Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 23-06-2017
Mapping of novel salt tolerance QTL in an Excalibur × Kukri doubled haploid wheat population
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-07-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S00122-018-3146-Y
Abstract: Novel QTL for salinity tolerance traits have been detected using non-destructive and destructive phenotyping in bread wheat and were shown to be linked to improvements in yield in saline fields. Soil salinity is a major limitation to cereal production. Breeding new salt-tolerant cultivars has the potential to improve cereal crop yields. In this study, a doubled haploid bread wheat mapping population, derived from the bi-parental cross of Excalibur × Kukri, was grown in a glasshouse under control and salinity treatments and evaluated using high-throughput non-destructive imaging technology. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of this population detected multiple QTL under salt and control treatments. Of these, six QTL were detected in the salt treatment including one for maintenance of shoot growth under salinity ( QG (1 – 5) .asl - 7A ), one for leaf Na + exclusion ( QNa.asl - 7A ) and four for leaf K + accumulation ( QK.asl - 2B.1 , QK.asl - 2B.2 , QK.asl - 5A and QK:Na.asl - 6A ). The beneficial allele for QG (1 – 5) .asl - 7A (the maintenance of shoot growth under salinity) was present in six out of 44 mainly Australian bread and durum wheat cultivars. The effect of each QTL allele on grain yield was tested in a range of salinity concentrations at three field sites across 2 years. In six out of nine field trials with different levels of salinity stress, lines with alleles for Na + exclusion and/or K + maintenance at three QTL ( QNa.asl - 7A , QK.asl - 2B.2 and QK:Na.asl - 6A ) excluded more Na + or accumulated more K + compared to lines without these alleles. Importantly, the QK.asl - 2B.2 allele for higher K + accumulation was found to be associated with higher grain yield at all field sites. Several alleles at other QTL were associated with higher grain yields at selected field sites.
Control of sodium transport in durum wheat
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2005
Abstract: In many species, salt sensitivity is associated with the accumulation of sodium (Na+) in photosynthetic tissues. Na+ uptake to leaves involves a series of transport steps and so far very few candidate genes have been implicated in the control of these processes. In this study, Na+ transport was compared in two varieties of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) L. subsp. durum known to differ in salt tolerance and Na+ accumulation the relatively salt tolerant landrace line 149 and the salt sensitive cultivar Tamaroi. Genetic studies indicated that these genotypes differed at two major loci controlling leaf blade Na+ accumulation (R. Munns, G.J. Rebetzke, S. Husain, R.A. James, R.A. Hare [2003] Aust J Agric Res 54: 627–635). The physiological traits determined by these genetic differences were investigated using measurements of unidirectional 22Na+ transport and net Na+ accumulation. The major differences in Na+ transport between the genotypes were (1) the rate of transfer from the root to the shoot (xylem loading), which was much lower in the salt tolerant genotype, and (2) the capacity of the leaf sheath to extract and sequester Na+ as it entered the leaf. The genotypes did not differ significantly in unidirectional root uptake of Na+ and there was no evidence for recirculation of Na+ from shoots to roots. It is likely that xylem loading and leaf sheath sequestration are separate genetic traits that interact to control leaf blade Na+.
Learning from the expert: studyingSalicorniato understand salinity tolerance
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 23-04-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.537482
Abstract: Salinity remains a major inhibitor of crop production in irrigated and marginal lands. The identification of genes involved in salinity tolerance has been predominantly limited to model plants and crop species. However, plants naturally adapted to highly saline environments can provide key insights into mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Plants of the genus Salicornia grow in coastal salt marshes, and their growth is even stimulated by NaCl – much can be learnt from them. We generated genome sequences of two Salicornia species and studied the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of Salicornia bigelovii to NaCl. Through the generation of subcellular membrane proteomes, we found that SbiSOS1, a homolog of the well-known SALT-OVERLY-SENSITIVE 1 (SOS1) protein, appears to localize to the tonoplast, where it could be involved in mediating Na + translocation into the vacuole to prevent toxicity in the cytosol. We identified 11 proteins of interest which, when expressed in yeast, altered salinity tolerance. One of these proteins, SbiSALTY, substantially improves yeast growth on saline media. Structural characterization using NMR showed it to be an intrinsically disordered protein and to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum in planta , where it could interact with ribosomes and RNA, potentially stabilizing or protecting them during salt stress. The study and understanding of the molecular mechanisms providing high salinity tolerance in S. bigelovii is likely to provide significant insights for improving salinity tolerance of crop plants.
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