ORCID Profile
0000-0003-4427-0224
Current Organisations
University of Adelaide
,
University of Wollongong
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Public Health and Health Services | Human Bioethics | Applied Ethics | Law And Society | Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified | Preventive Medicine | Epidemiology | Health Information Systems (Incl. Surveillance) | Environmental And Occupational Health And Safety | Language In Culture And Society (Sociolinguistics) | Health and Community Services | Health Policy | Applied Ethics (Incl. Bioethics And Environmental Ethics) | Environmental Impact Assessment | Education not elsewhere classified | Public Health And Health Services Not Elsewhere Classified | Health Promotion |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Bioethics | Public Health (excl. Specific Population Health) not elsewhere classified | Health policy evaluation | Social structure and health | Substance Abuse | Health education and promotion | Child health | Justice and the law not elsewhere classified | School/Institution Community and Environment | Behaviour and Health | Environmental health | Health and support services not elsewhere classified | Public health not elsewhere classified | Preventive medicine | Treatments (e.g. chemicals, antibiotics)
Related Links
Publications
Parental and societal support for adolescent immunization through school based immunization programs
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2013.04.064
Abstract: Adolescent immunizations such as human papillomavirus vaccine have been implemented through school based immunization programs (SBIPs) in Australia. We assessed community attitudes toward immunization of adolescents though SBIPs. A cross-sectional population survey of rural and metropolitan households in South Australia in 2011. Univariate and multiple regression analyses identified predictors of support for a SBIP. Participation rate was 57.3% with 1926 adults interviewed. Overall, 75.9% regarded school as the best place to offer adolescent immunizations, with 16.4% preferring the family physician. Parents of high school students were most supportive (88.4%) of a SBIP with 87.9% of their adolescents reported as having participated in the program. Adults 18-34 years (79.4%) were more likely to support a SBIP compared to older adults (68.7% of >55 years) [adjusted OR=2.39, p=0.002] and men were more supportive (80.3%) than women (71.7%) [adjusted OR=1.54, p=0.003]. Reasons for participation in the SBIP included convenience (39.9%), public funding for the service (32.4%), and confidence in immunization recommendations (21.0%). Public support for the SBIP was very high particularly amongst parents whose adolescent/s had participated in the program.
Including the public in pandemic planning: a deliberative approach
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-08-2010
Evidence Regarding Automatic Processing Computerized Tasks Designed For Health Interventions in Real-World Settings Among Adults: Systematic Scoping Review (Preprint)
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 23-01-2020
Abstract: ual process theories propose that the brain uses 2 types of thinking to influence behavior: automatic processing and reflective processing. Automatic processing is fast, immediate, nonconscious, and unintentional, whereas reflective processing focuses on logical reasoning, and it is slow, step by step, and intentional. Most digital psychological health interventions tend to solely target the reflective system, although the automatic processing pathway can have strong influences on behavior. Laboratory-based research has highlighted that automatic processing tasks can create behavior change however, there are substantial gaps in the field on the design, implementation, and delivery of automatic processing tasks in real-world settings. It is important to identify and summarize the existing literature in this area to inform the translation of laboratory-based research to real-world settings. his scoping review aims to explore the effectiveness of automatic training tasks, types of training tasks commonly used, mode of delivery, and impacts of gamification on automatic processing tasks designed for digital psychological health interventions in real-world settings among adults. he scoping review methodology proposed by Arskey and O’Malley and Colquhoun was applied. A scoping review was chosen because of the novelty of the digital automatic processing field and to encompass a broad review of the existing evidence base. Electronic databases and gray literature databases were searched with the search terms “automatic processing,” “computerised technologies,” “health intervention,” “real-world,” and “adults” and synonyms of these words. The search was up to date until September 2018. A manual search was also completed on the reference lists of the included studies. total of 14 studies met all inclusion criteria. There was a wide variety of health conditions targeted, with the most prevalent being alcohol abuse followed by social anxiety. Attention bias modification tasks were the most prevalent type of automatic processing task, and the majority of tasks were most commonly delivered over the web via a personal computer. Of the 14 studies included in the review, 8 demonstrated significant changes to automatic processes and 4 demonstrated significant behavioral changes as a result of changed automatic processes. his is the first review to synthesize the evidence on automatic processing tasks in real-world settings targeting adults. This review has highlighted promising, albeit limited, research demonstrating that automatic processing tasks may be used effectively in a real-world setting to influence behavior change.
Should we screen for frailty in primary care settings? A fresh perspective on the frailty evidence base: A narrative review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2018.12.020
Abstract: With older adults living longer, health service providers have increasingly turned their attention towards frailty and its significant consequences for health and well-being. Consequently, frailty screening has gained momentum as a possible health policy answer to the question of what can be done to prevent frailty's onset and progression. However, who should be screened for frailty, where and when remains a subject of extensive debate. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the dimensions of this question with reference to Wilson and Jungner's time-tested and widely accepted principles for acceptable screening within community settings. Although the balance of the emerging evidence to support frailty screening is promising, significant gaps in the evidence base remain. Consequently, when assessed against Wilson and Jungner's principles, extensive population screening does not appear to be supported by the evidence. However, screening for the purpose of case-finding may prove useful among older adults.
Ethics and health technology assessment: handmaiden and/or critic?
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-2006
DOI: 10.1017/S0266462306051191
Abstract: Objectives: This study examines the content and role of ethical analysis in health technology assessment (HTA) and horizon scanning publications. It proposes that ethical analysis in HTA is of at least two different types: an ethics of HTA and an ethics in HTA. Methods: I examine the critical differences between these approaches through the ex les of the analysis of genetic screening for breast cancer and home blood glucose testing in diabetes. I then argue that, although both approaches subscribe to similar views concerning HTA and ethics, they use different theoretical and methodological traditions to interpret and explain them. Results and Conclusions: I conclude by suggesting that we need the interpretive insights of both these approaches, taken together, to explain why ethics has not been able yet to contribute fully to HTA and to demonstrate the scope and complexity of ethical work in this domain.
Disinvestment policy and the public funding of assisted reproductive technologies: outcomes of deliberative engagements with three key stakeholder groups
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-05-2014
Abstract: Measures to improve the quality and sustainability of healthcare practice and provision have become a policy concern. In addition, the involvement of stakeholders in health policy decision-making has been advocated, as complex questions arise around the structure of funding arrangements in a context of limited resources. Using a case study of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), deliberative engagements with a range of stakeholder groups were held on the topic of how best to structure the distribution of Australian public funding in this domain. Deliberative engagements were carried out with groups of ART consumers, clinicians and community members. The forums were informed by a systematic review of ART treatment safety and effectiveness (focusing, in particular, on maternal age and number of treatment cycles), as well as by international policy comparisons, and ethical and cost analyses. Forum discussions were transcribed and subject to thematic analysis. Each forum demonstrated stakeholders’ capacity to understand concepts of choice under resource scarcity and disinvestment, and to countenance options for ART funding not always aligned with their interests. Deliberations in each engagement identified concerns around ‘equity’ and ‘patient responsibility’, culminating in a broad preference for (potential) ART subsidy restrictions to be based upon in idual factors rather than maternal age or number of treatment cycles. Community participants were open to restrictions based upon measures of body mass index (BMI) and smoking status, while consumers and clinicians saw support to improve these factors as part of an ART treatment program, as distinct from a funding criterion. All groups advocated continued patient co-payments, with measures in place to provide treatment access to those unable to pay (namely, equity of access). Deliberations yielded qualitative, socially-negotiated evidence required to inform ethical, accountable policy decisions in the specific area of ART and health care more broadly. Notably, reductionist, deterministic characterizations of stakeholder ‘self-interest’ proved unfounded as each group sought to prioritise universal values (in particular, ‘equity’ and ‘responsibility’) over specific, within-group concerns. Our results - from an emotive case study in ART - highlight that evidence-informed disinvestment decision-making is feasible, and potentially less controversial than often presumed.
Ethical Challenges in School-Based Immunization Programs for Adolescents: A Qualitative Study
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Date: 07-2015
Abstract: Objectives. We investigated ethical issues in school-based immunization programs for adolescents and how they are addressed. Methods. We used qualitative methods and an ethnographic approach to observe 9 secondary schools on immunization days in South Australia in 2011 concurrently, we conducted 9 focus groups with female secondary school students, 6 semistructured interviews with parents, and 10 interviews with nurses and teachers. We explored ethical challenges from the perspective of these groups. Results. We identified ethical challenges for the delivery of adolescent immunization in a school-based setting in 3 main areas: informed consent, restrictions on privacy, and harm to students in the form of fear and anxiety. Conclusions. We found areas in which the design and delivery of school-based immunization programs can be improved. Information about immunization should be provided in ways that are appropriate to young people and their parents, and privacy protections should be enhanced when possible. Involving young people in the design and delivery of programs would assist with making these improvements.
Including minority populations in research: We must do better
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.5694/MJA17.00305
Process trumps potential public good: better vaccine safety through linked cross‐jurisdictional immunisation data in Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Abstract: To provide insights into complexities of seeking access to state and federal cross-jurisdictional data for linkage with the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR). We provide recommendations for improving access and receipt of linked datasets involving Australian Government-administered data. We describe requirements for linking eleven federal and state data sources to establish a national linked dataset for safety evaluation of vaccines. The required data linkage methodology for integrating cross-jurisdictional data sources is also described. Extensive negotiation was required with 18 different agencies for 21 separate authorisations and 12 ethics approvals. Three variations of the 'best practice' linkage model were implemented. Australian Government approval requests spanned nearly four years from initial request for data, with a further year before ACIR data transfer to the linkage agency. Integration of immunisation registers with other data collections is achievable in Australia but infeasible for routine and rapid identification of vaccine safety concerns. Lengthy authorisation requirements, convoluted disparate application processes and inconsistencies in data supplied all contribute to delayed data availability. Implications for public health: Delayed data access for safety surveillance prevents timely epidemiological reviews. Poor responsiveness to safety concerns may erode public confidence, compromising effectiveness of vaccination programs through reduced participation.
Credit where credit is due? Regulation, research integrity and the attribution of authorship in the health sciences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2010.01.013
Abstract: Despite attempts at clear direction in international, national and journal guidelines, attribution of authorship can be a confusing area for both new and established researchers. As journal articles are valuable intellectual property, authorship can be hotly contested. In idual authors' responsibilities for the integrity of article content have not been well explored. Semi-structured interviews (n = 17) were conducted with staff, student advocates and doctoral candidates working in health research in two universities in Australia. Stratified s ling ensured participants reflected a range of experience across biomedical, clinical and social science disciplines. Participants were asked about their experience with research publication and their views on the responsibilities of authorship. Participants gave a variety of reasons for attribution of authorship including: writing the paper seniority and student supervision. Gift authorship was seen by some participants as: a way of maintaining relationships a reward a means to increase a paper's credibility or a demonstration of collaboration between authors. Norms and beliefs differed markedly between disciplines for authorship attribution and, to a lesser extent, for authors' responsibility for content integrity. Discussions about the effect of power differentials on authorship were common across disciplines. This paper describes a broad range of beliefs, values and practice norms held by health science researchers with respect to attribution of authorship and author responsibility for scientific publications. The findings support the need for clarity in relation to authorship, and a research environment which is supportive of ethical behaviour in the publication of research.
Use of different combination diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines does not increase risk of 30-day infant mortality. A population-based linkage cohort study using administrative data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and the National Death Index
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2018.11.025
Abstract: To determine whether differences in combination DTaP vaccine types at 2, 4 and 6 months of age were associated with mortality (all-cause or non-specific), within 30 days of vaccination. Observational nationwide cohort study. Linked population data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and National Death Index. Australian infants administered a combination trivalent, quadrivalent or hexavalent DTaP vaccine (DTaP types) between January 1999 and December 2010 at 2, 4 and 6 months as part of the primary vaccination series. The study population included 2.9, 2.6, & 2.3 million children in the 2, 4 and 6 month vaccine cohorts, respectively. Infants were evaluated for the primary outcome of all-cause mortality within 30 days. A secondary outcome was non-specific mortality (unknown cause of death) within 30 days of vaccination. Non-specific mortality was defined as underlying or other cause of death codes, R95 'Sudden infant death syndrome', R96 'Other sudden death, cause unknown', R98 'Unattended death', R99 'Other ill-defined and unspecified cause of mortality' or where no cause of death was recorded. The rate of 30 day all-cause mortality was low and declined from 127.4 to 59.3 deaths per 100,000 person-years between 2 and 6 month cohorts. When compared with trivalent DTaP vaccines, no elevated risk in all-cause or non-specific mortality was seen with any quadrivalent or hexavalent DTaP vaccines, for any cohort. Use of routine DTaP combination vaccines with differing disease antigens administered during the first six months of life is not associated with infant mortality.
Sharing Government Health Data With the Private Sector: Community Attitudes Survey (Preprint)
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 14-09-2020
Abstract: he use of government health data for secondary purposes, such as monitoring the quality of hospital services, researching the health needs of populations, and testing how well new treatments work, is increasing. This increase in the secondary uses of health data has led to increased interest in what the public thinks about data sharing, in particular, the possibilities of sharing with the private sector for research and development. Although international evidence demonstrates broad public support for the secondary use of health data, this support does not extend to sharing health data with the private sector. If governments intend to share health data with the private sector, knowing what the public thinks will be important. This paper reports a national survey to explore public attitudes in Australia toward sharing health data with private companies for research on and development of therapeutic drugs and medical devices. his study aims to explore public attitudes in Australia toward sharing government health data with the private sector. web-based survey tool was developed to assess attitudes about sharing government health data with the private sector. A market research company was employed to administer the web-based survey in June 2019. he survey was completed by 2537 in iduals residing in Australia. Between 51.8% and 57.98% of all participants were willing to share their data, with slightly fewer in favor of sharing to improve health services (51.99%) and a slightly higher proportion in favor of sharing for research and development (57.98%). There was a preference for opt-in consent (53.44%) and broad support for placing conditions on sharing health information with private companies (62% to 91.99%). Wide variability was also observed in participants’ views about the extent to which the private sector could be trusted and how well they would behave if entrusted with people’s health information. In their qualitative responses, the participants noted concerns about private sector corporate interests, corruption, and profit making and expressed doubt about the Australian government’s capacity to manage data sharing safely. The percentages presented are adjusted against the Australian population. his nationally representative survey provides preliminary evidence that Australians are uncertain about sharing their health data with the private sector. Although just over half of all the respondents supported sharing health data with the private sector, there was also strong support for strict conditions on sharing data and for opt-in consent and significant concerns about how well the private sector would manage government health data. Addressing public concern about sharing government health data with the private sector will require more and better engagement to build community understanding about how agencies can collect, share, protect, and use their personal data.
The marketing of sugar‐sweetened beverages to young people on Facebook
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
Abstract: We explored how sugar-sweetened beverages are marketed to Australian young people through sugar-sweetened beverage brand Facebook pages. We undertook a content analysis of Facebook posts made by six of the most popular sugar-sweetened beverage Facebook pages in Australia. Data were collected for a six-month period and were quantitatively analysed for descriptive data and explicit marketing techniques and then thematically analysed for implicit marketing messages. There were almost 1.9 million engagements across the six pages over the six-month period. Most posts (70%) included one or more calls to action through which followers were encouraged to do something. Content by sports and energy drink brands were heavily dominated by 'sporting prowess' and 'masculinity' themes while content by Coca-Cola shared the message of 'having fun with friends' and 'happiness'. All pages used outdoor setting scenes. Sugar-sweetened beverage brands use Facebook to align their marketing with the socio-cultural values and practices likely to be regarded as important by young people. Implications for public health: Our findings provide challenges and opportunities for those in public health advocacy and policy to consider for future obesity-reduction strategies.
A cross-national comparison on caring for others because of drinking by others
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.12484
Why protect confidentiality in health records? A review of research evidence
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1071/AH040048
Abstract: We present the main arguments for protecting the confidentiality of health services, along with those for limiting confidentiality. These arguments are then substantiated by reference to research evidence. There is evidence that access to health care is restricted if confidentiality is not promised to some groups of patients. Fear of disclosure does diminish patients? candour, and this can compromise the quality of care. While patients are concerned about confidentiality and some are harmed by ?leaks? from health services, most people in Australia still trust health providers to keep their secrets, and patients rarely become aware of a breach of confidence. It has been claimed that strict protection of confidentiality may obstruct the pursuit of medical research and the use of electronic medical records. There is, as yet, no evidence that gaining full benefit from the use of electronic medical records entails reduced protection for confidentiality. The losses to epidemiological research if patient consent were always required are hotly debated. Confidentiality should be protected because it protects patients from harm, supports access to health care and produces better health outcomes.
THE APPEAL TO NATURE IMPLICIT IN CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS ON PUBLIC FUNDING FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-09-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8519.2011.01925.X
Abstract: Certain restrictions on public funding for assisted reproductive technology (ART) are articulated and defended by recourse to a distinction between medical infertility and social infertility. We propose that underlying the prioritization of medical infertility is a vision of medicine whose proper role is to restore but not to improve upon nature. We go on to mark moral responses that speak of investments many continue to make in nature as properly an object of reverence and gratitude and therein (sometimes) a source of moral guidance. We draw on the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein in arguing for the plausibility of an appeal to nature in opposition to the charge that it must contain a logical fallacy. We also invite consideration of the moral plausibility of some appeal to nature. Finally, we examine what follows in the case of ART. Should medicine respect as natural limits that should not be overcome: the need for a man and a woman in reproduction menopause and even declining fertility with age? We must first ask ourselves to what degree we should defer to nature in the conduct of medicine, at least in the particular if not the general case. This will involve also asking ourselves what we think is natural and in what instances and spirit might we defy nature. Divergent opinions and policies concerning who should receive ART treatment and public funding are more easily understood in view of the centrality, complexity and fundamental nature of these questions.
Teaching ethics with 'cholera and nothing more'
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-03-2010
DOI: 10.1093/PHE/PHQ007
Parent perspectives on consent for the linkage of data to evaluate vaccine safety: A randomised trial of opt-in and opt-out consent
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-04-2013
Abstract: We examined parents’ consent preferences and understanding of an opt-in or opt-out invitation to participate in data linkage for post-marketing safety surveillance of childhood vaccines. A single-blind parallel-group randomised controlled trial: 1129 families of babies born at a South Australian hospital in 2009 were sent information at 6 weeks post-partum, explaining data linkage of childhood immunisation and hospital records for vaccine safety surveillance, with 4 weeks to opt in or opt out by reply form, telephone, or email. At 10 weeks post-partum, 1026 (91%) parents were followed up by telephone interview. In both the opt-in (n = 564) and opt-out arms (n = 565), four-fifths of the parents recalled receiving the information (81% vs. 83%, P = 0.35), three-fifths reported reading it (63% vs. 67%, P = 0.11), but only two-fifths correctly identified the health records to be linked (43% vs. 39%, P = 0.21). Parents who actively consented (opted in) were more likely than those who passively consented (did not opt out) to recall the information (100% vs. 83%, P 0.001), report reading it (94% vs. 67%, P 0.001), and correctly identify the data sources (60% vs. 39%, P 0.001). Most parents supported data linkage for vaccine safety surveillance (94%) and trusted its privacy protections (84%). Most parents wished to have minimal or no direct involvement, preferring either opt-out consent (40%) or no consent (30%). A quarter (24%) of parents indicated opt-in consent should be sought of these, 8% requested consent prior to every use, 5% preferred to give broad consent just once and 11% preferred periodic renewal. Three-fifths of the parents gave higher priority to rapid vaccine safety surveillance (61%) rather than first seeking parental consent (21%), and one in seven was undecided (15%). Although 91% of parents reported that their babies were fully immunised (76%) or under-immunised (15%), and trusted vaccines as safe (90%), three-fifths (62%) were very or somewhat concerned about serious reactions. The context of data linkage is limited to vaccine safety surveillance. Only recall and understanding retained at 1 month post enrolment were measured. This trial demonstrates that informed consent for a population-based surveillance programme cannot realistically be achieved using mail-based opt-in and opt-out approaches. While recall and understanding of the study’s purpose were better among parents who actively consented (opted in) compared with parents who passively consented (did not opt out), participation was substantially lower (21% vs. 96% respectively). Most parents appeared to have a poor understanding of data linkage for vaccine safety surveillance nonetheless, they supported data linkage. They preferred a system utilising opt-out consent or no consent to one using opt-in consent.
Qualitative insights into Australian consumers’ views for and against government action on sugary drinks
Publisher: The Sax Institute
Date: 2021
Prioritizing government funding of adolescent vaccinations: recommendations from young people on a citizens’ jury
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2016.05.019
Abstract: Adolescents' views, and preferences are often over-looked when public health policies that affect them are designed and implemented. The purpose of this study was to describe young people's views and preferences for determining government funding priorities for adolescent immunization programs. In 2015 we conducted a youth jury in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia to deliberate on the question "What criteria should we use to decide which vaccines for young people in Australia should receive public funding?" Fifteen youth aged 15-19 years participated in the jury. Jury members were recruited from the general community through a market research company using a stratified s ling technique. The jury's key priorities for determining publically funded vaccines were: Disease severity - whether the vaccine preventable disease (VPD) was life threatening and impacted on quality of life. Transmissibility - VPDs with high/fast transmission and high prevalence. Demonstration of cost-effectiveness, taking into account purchase price, program administration, economic and societal gain. The jury's recommendations for vaccine funding policy were strongly underpinned by the belief that it was critical to ensure that funding was targeted to not only population groups who would be medically at risk from vaccine preventable diseases, but also to socially and economically disadvantaged population groups. A novel recommendation proposed by the jury was that there should be a process for establishing criteria to remove vaccines from publically funded programs as a complement to the process for adding new vaccines. Young people have valuable contributions to make in priority setting for health programs and their views should be incorporated into the framing of health policies that directly affect them.
Interactional research in PBL: Another piece of the ‘silence in PBL’ puzzle: Students’ explanations of dominance and quietness as complementary group roles
Publisher: Purdue University (bepress)
Date: 04-10-2016
Consent and public engagement in an era of expanded childhood immunisation
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2011.02160.X
Abstract: Childhood immunisation programmes have seen well-heralded successes in disease control. An increasing number of scheduled vaccines, narrowing risk-benefit ratios and public attention to vaccine safety raise new questions about consent. We first explore the challenges that this highly dynamic environment poses for valid consent. Then, we broaden this discussion to wider public engagement by suggesting how the public - the bearers of vaccine risk and benefit - can be better involved in immunisation policy.
A Role for Communities in Primary Prevention of Chronic Illness? Case Studies in Regional Australia
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-06-2013
Abstract: In regional Australia “communities of place,” defined as bounded geographic locations with a local society, undertake community-wide primary prevention programs. In helping to prevent chronic illness, communities provide valuable resources to the health system. To understand the role of community–health sector partnerships for primary prevention and the community contextual factors that affect them, we studied eight partnerships. We used an embedded multiple case study design and collected data through interviews, nonparticipant observation, and document analysis. These data were analyzed using a typology of community–health sector partnerships and community interaction theory to frame the key community contextual factors that affected partnerships. The dominant factor affecting all partnerships was the presence of a collective commitment that communities brought to making the community a better place through developing health. We call this a communitarian approach. Additional research to investigate factors influencing a communitarian approach and the role it plays in partnerships is required.
Undergraduate public health education: a workforce perspective
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2002
DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-842X.2002.TB00913.X
Abstract: To describe the career paths of students who majored in public health at the undergraduate level and to assess the skills and knowledge these graduates believed were most useful to them in the public health workforce. A telephone survey was conducted of all graduates from Adelaide University's Bachelor of Health Sciences degree from 1992-99 who had majored in public health (124 graduates). The response rate to the graduate survey was 71%. Using the definition of public health functions from the National Delphi Study on Public Health Functions to delineate the public health workforce, 59% of respondents were employed in public health. Graduates working in public health valued generic skills such as communication and collaboration more highly than more specific public health skills and knowledge areas. However, they also believed their undergraduate course would have been improved by a more practical orientation. A high proportion of graduates from this generalist degree who major in public health find employment in the public health workforce. They greatly value the generic skills associated with their undergraduate public health education and believe their entry into the workforce would have been further facilitated by stronger links between their academic program and the working environment of public health professionals. Studies of workforce training programs in public health must differentiate between the educational needs of undergraduate and postgraduate students. In particular, strategies need to be developed to provide stronger links between undergraduate students and the public health workforce.
Effect of a School-Based Educational Intervention About the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine on Psychosocial Outcomes Among Adolescents Analysis of Secondary Outcomes of a Cluster Randomized Trial
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 02-11-2021
Associations between dietary sugar knowledge & attitudes with free sugar intake & practices: A systematic review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Involving the Public in Data Linkage Research
Publisher: Swansea University
Date: 07-12-2020
Abstract: Introduction“The Consensus Statement on Public Involvement and Engagement with Data-Intensive Health Research”, recent data breaches, and growing public awareness and controversy associated with secondary use of health data all highlight the need to understand what data sharing the public will support, under what circumstances, for what purposes and with whom. Objectives and ApproachThis symposium explores methods and findings from public engagement at all stages of data linkage research, beginning with short presentations (~6-8 minutes) on recent work: Mhairi Aitken: Consensus Statement - principles and an application using deliberative workshops to explore public expectations of public benefits from data-intensive health research Annette Braunack-Mayer/Felicity Flack: Surveys and citizens’ juries: Sharing government data with private industry Kim McGrail/Mike Burgess: Public deliberations on cross-sector data linkage, and combining public and private sources of data Alison Paprica: Plain language communication informed by Health Data Research Network Canada’s Public Advisory Council. Half the session will be spent interacting with the audience through live polling. The moderator will post a series of poll question such as “What is the most important thing for meaningful public engagement?” to prompt audience thinking on the topic. After the audience responses are revealed, panelists will share their own views about what they think is the best answer, and the main reason(s) behind their choice. The last 10-15 minutes of the session will be reserved for Q& A and dialogue with the audience. ResultsWe anticipate that this approach will surface emerging and tacit knowledge from presenters and the audience, and augment that through generative discussion. Conclusion / ImplicationsSession attendees will leave with a better understanding of the current state of knowledge and ways to talk about that understanding with other researchers, policy makers and the public.
Ethical issues in big data: A qualitative study comparing responses in the health and higher education sectors
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-04-2023
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0282285
Abstract: The health and higher education sectors are increasingly using large administrative datasets for secondary purposes. Both sectors experience ethical challenges in the use of big data. This study identifies and explores how these two sectors are responding to these ethical challenges. Through in-depth qualitative interviews, we asked 18 key Australian stakeholders using or sharing big data in the health and higher education sectors to identify the ethical, social and legal issues associated with big data use and their views on how to build ethical policies in this area. There was strong agreement between participants in the two sectors in a number of areas. All participants believed in the benefits of data usage and recognised the importance of privacy, transparency and consent, and the duties for data custodians which followed from these principles. However, there were also significant differences. The participants in the two sectors took different views on what data are for, what benefits data should provide, who should benefit and how, and the imagined unit of analysis for working with data. Broadly, participants from the higher education sector approached these questions with in idual students in mind, while health sector informants approached these questions with collectives, groups, or publics in mind. In deciding what to do, the health participants drew principally on a shared toolkit of legislative, regulatory and ethical instruments, and higher education participants on a culture of duties towards in iduals. The health and higher education sectors are responding to ethical challenges in the use of big data in different, but potentially complementary, ways.
Industry use of ‘better-for-you’ features on labels of sugar-containing beverages
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-10-2018
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980018002392
Abstract: To examine the ways in which sugar-containing beverages are being portrayed as ‘better-for-you’ (BFY) via features on product labels. Cross-sectional audit of beverage labels. Adelaide, Australia. Data on beverage labels were collected from seventeen grocery stores during September to November 2016. The content of 945 sugar-containing beverages labels were analysed for explicit and implicit features positioning them as healthy or BFY. The mean sugar content of beverages was high at 8·3 g/100 ml and most sugar-containing beverages (87·7 %) displayed features that position them as BFY. This was most commonly achieved by indicating the beverages are natural (76·8 %), or contain reduced or natural energy/sugar content (48·4 %), or through suggesting that they contribute to meeting bodily needs for nutrition (28·9 %) or health (15·1 %). Features positioning beverages as BFY were more common among certain categories of beverages, namely coconut waters, iced teas, sports drinks and juices. A large proportion of sugar-containing beverages use features on labels that position them as healthy or BFY despite containing high amounts of sugar.
Aboriginal community controlled health organisations address health equity through action on the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-020-09943-4
Abstract: Indigenous populations globally are continually striving for better health and wellbeing due to experiencing significant health and social inequities. The social determinants of health are important contributors to health outcomes. Comprehensive primary health care that is governed and delivered by Indigenous people extends beyond the biomedical model of care to address the social determinants of health. Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) are known to provide culturally informed, holistic health services that directly and indirectly address the social determinants of health. The range and extent of their activities in addressing the social determinants of health, however, is not well documented. The most recent ACCHO annual reports were retrieved online or by direct correspondence. For coding consistency, a dictionary informed by the World Health Organization’s Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health was developed . A document and textual analysis of reports coded ACCHO activities and the determinants of health they addressed, including intermediary determinants, socio-economic position and/or socio-political context. Summary statistics were reported. Representative quotes illustrating the unique nature of ACCHO service provision in addressing the social determinants of health were used to contextualise the quantitative findings. Sixty-seven annual reports were collected between 2017 and 2018. Programs were delivered to population groups across the life span. Fifty three percent of reports identified programs that included work at the socio-political level and all annual reports described working to improve socioeconomic position and intermediary determinants of health through their activities. Culture had a strong presence in program delivery and building social cohesion and social capital emerged as themes. This study provides evidence of the considerable efforts of the ACCHO sector, as a primary health care provider, in addressing the social determinants of health and health inequity experienced by Indigenous communities. For the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, ACCHOs not only have an essential role in addressing immediate healthcare needs but also invest in driving change in the more entrenched structural determinants of health. These are important actions that are likely to have an accumulative positive effect in closing the gap towards health equity.
What makes a beverage healthy? A qualitative study of young adults’ conceptualisation of sugar-containing beverage healthfulness
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
HPV.edu study protocol: A cluster randomised controlled evaluation of education, decisional support and logistical strategies in school-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of adolescents
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-09-2015
A New Voice in Science. Patient participation in decision‐making on biomedical research
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-10-2007
Public perceptions of pandemic influenza resource allocation: A deliberative forum using Grid/Group analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-01-2011
DOI: 10.1057/JPHP.2010.49
Abstract: The emergence of virulent avian influenza A subtypes with potential to evolve into novel human subtypes prompted directives from the World Health Organisation recommending that countries prepare for a pandemic. In response the Australian government developed the Australian Health Management Plan for Pandemic Influenza (AHMPPI), which includes strategies to contain and/or manage a pandemic. To implement these strategies successfully, community compliance is necessary. Our qualitative study investigated, through a deliberative forum, the extent to which the antiviral drug and vaccine allocation of the AHMPPI corresponds with community views about the priority groups. We used Mary Douglas' Grid/Group analysis to analyse the results, which suggested that the AHMPPI's allocation strategy corresponds well with community views with both based on a hierarchical structure. There are some differences concerning community involvement in the decision process and information provision to the public, for which our study provides recommendations.
Ethical reasoning as a clinical-reasoning strategy in physiotherapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2005
Ethics and law for the health professions
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2005
DOI: 10.1007/BF02448598
“Public attitudes to sharing government data with private industry: a systematic scoping review”
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 08-06-2022
DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.07.22276084
Abstract: Linking and analysing large volumes of health data in electronic records, datasets, registries and biobanks can provide detailed insights into the health profiles of in iduals, communities, regions and national populations. Good governance for data sharing can be challenging, particularly when private sector organisations are the recipients of public sector data. Many jurisdictions have responded by instituting new regulations and laws related to data protection, responding to calls to promote data sharing and manage associated risks. This review integrates and interprets five years of research on public and patient perspectives on sharing publicly-held health data with private industry for research and development. Our review question was: what are community attitudes towards the use of government administrative health data by private industry organisations for therapeutic development? We developed two logic grids: first, used terms describing citizens or patients, big data, private health sector and views or perspectives, second, used terms describing big data, social licence and public interest. We conducted a systematic literature search using electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science. Searches were conducted using Google Advanced and Google Scholar to identify grey literature A total of 6,788 articles were screened based on title and abstract. Full text screening was conducted for 224 articles and a total of 33 publications were identified. Across all studies, support for sharing administrative health data with private sector organisations was low. Background knowledge and lack of trust that data use would lead to public benefit were the most important reasons for low level of support. Policymakers, data custodians and companies will need to establish robust safeguards including secure storage, anonymisation, monitoring and independent oversight, and institute and implement sanctions on misuse, if they are to secure legitimacy to share publicly-held health data with private industry for research and development. none available . Research shows governance for data sharing is challenging, particularly when private sector organisations are the recipients of public sector data. Globally jurisdictions have responded by instituting new regulations and laws related to data protection, data sharing and the associated risks. Bringing together research on ‘public attitudes towards the use of linked government administrative data by private sector organisations for therapeutic development’, this systematic review found that public support for sharing was low. These findings highlight key areas for policymakers, data custodians and companies to address before they can legitimately share publicly-held health data with private industry for research and development.
Consumer reporting of adverse events following immunization (AEFI)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-01-2014
DOI: 10.4161/HV.27459
Bioethics, Faith and Reason: Recent Writing in Medical Bioethics*
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-02-2010
The purpose and value for students of PBL groups for learning
Publisher: Purdue University (bepress)
Date: 25-03-2015
Public attitudes toward encouraging sustainable transportation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-02-2017
Pandemic influenza communication: views from a deliberative forum
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2009
An ethical justification for the Chronic Care Model (CCM)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-02-2010
The use of citizens' juries in health policy decision-making: A systematic review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2014.03.005
Abstract: Deliberative inclusive approaches, such as citizen juries, have been used to engage citizens on a range of issues in health care and public health. Researchers engaging with the public to inform policy and practice have adapted the citizen jury method in a variety of ways. The nature and impact of these adaptations has not been evaluated. We systematically searched Medline (PubMED), CINAHL and Scopus databases to identify deliberative inclusive methods, particularly citizens' juries and their adaptations, deployed in health research. Identified studies were evaluated focussing on principles associated with deliberative democracy: inclusivity, deliberation and active citizenship. We examined overall process, recruitment, evidence presentation, documentation and outputs in empirical studies, and the relationship of these elements to theoretical explications of deliberative inclusive methods. The search yielded 37 papers describing 66 citizens' juries. The review demonstrated that the citizens' jury model has been extensively adapted. Inclusivity has been operationalised with s ling strategies that aim to recruit representative juries, although these efforts have produced mixed results. Deliberation has been supported through use of steering committees and facilitators to promote fair interaction between jurors. Many juries were shorter duration than originally recommended, limiting opportunity for constructive dialogue. With respect to citizenship, few juries' rulings were considered by decision-making bodies thereby limiting transfer into policy and practice. Constraints in public policy process may preclude use of the 'ideal' citizens' jury with potential loss of an effective method for informed community engagement. Adapted citizens' jury models provide an alternative: however, this review demonstrates that special attention should be paid to recruitment, independent oversight, jury duration and moderation.
Dietary sugar knowledge and attitudes and their relation to free sugar intake and practices among adults: A systematic review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Mandatory cancer risk warnings on alcoholic beverages: what are the ethical issues?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-03-2015
DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2014.998373
Abstract: The link between alcohol consumption and cancer is well established, but public awareness of the risk remains low. Mandated warning labels have been suggested as a way of ensuring "informed choice" about alcohol consumption. In this article we explore various ethical issues that may arise in connection with cancer warning labels on alcoholic beverages in particular we highlight the potentially questionable autonomy of alcohol consumption decisions (either with or without labels) and consider the implications if the autonomy of drinking behavior is substantially compromised. Our discussion demonstrates the need for the various ethical issues to be considered and addressed in any decision to mandate cancer warning labels.
Determinants of knowledge and attitudes about sugar and the association of knowledge and attitudes with sugar intake among adults: A systematic review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2018.03.019
Abstract: Efforts to reduce sugar intake levels have been primarily limited to increasing knowledge and changing attitudes. We conducted a systematic review to (1) identify factors influencing adults' knowledge and attitudes about sugar, and (2) determine if there is an association between knowledge and attitudes about sugar and sugar intake. We searched 15 electronic databases from inception to December 2016 for English language publications including adults with relevant exposure and outcome measures. Findings were summarised meta-narratively. Of 3287 studies, 22 studies (14 for objective one and 8 for objective two) were included. In idual (liking of sugary food), interpersonal (attitudes of peers) and environmental factors (media, health professionals and food labelling) influenced adults' knowledge and attitudes about sugar, at least to some extent. Overall, quality of the studies included in our review was weak, and evidence for the application of the Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior model for understanding sugar intake is limited. Protocol registered in the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number CRD42015027540).
Why is Pain Still Under‐Treated in the Emergency Department? Two New Hypotheses
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-06-2015
DOI: 10.1111/BIOE.12170
Abstract: Across the world, pain is under-treated in emergency departments (EDs). We canvass the literature testifying to this problem, the reasons why this problem is so important, and then some of the main hypotheses that have been advanced in explanation of the problem. We then argue for the plausibility of two new hypotheses: pain's under-treatment in the ED is due partly to (1) an epistemic preference for signs over symptoms on the part of some practitioners, and (2) some ED practices that themselves worsen pain by increasing patients' anxiety and fear. Our argument includes the following logic. Some ED practitioners depart from formal guidance in basing their acute pain assessments on observable features rather than on patient reports of pain. This is potentially due to an epistemic preference for signs over symptoms which aims to circumvent intentional and/or unintentional misrepresentation on the part of patients. However, conducting pain assessments in line with this epistemic preference contributes to the under-treatment of pain in at least three respects, which we detail. Moreover, it may do little to help the practitioner circumvent any intentional misrepresentation on the part of the patient, as we explain. Second, we examine at least four ED practices that may be contributing to the under-treatment of pain by increasing patient anxiety and fear, which can worsen pain. These practices include failing to provide orienting information and partially objectifying patients so as to problem-solve along lines pre-established by modern medical science. We conclude by touching on some potential solutions for ED practice.
What makes a problem an ethical problem? An empirical perspective on the nature of ethical problems in general practice
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2001
DOI: 10.1136/JME.27.2.98
Abstract: Whilst there has been considerable debate about the fit between moral theory and moral reasoning in everyday life, the way in which moral problems are defined has rarely been questioned. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with 15 general practitioners (GPs) in South Australia to argue that the way in which the bioethics literature defines an ethical dilemma captures only some of the range of lay views about the nature of ethical problems. The bioethics literature has defined ethical dilemmas in terms of conflict and choice between values, beliefs and options for action. While some of the views of some of the GPs in this study about the nature of their ethical dilemmas certainly accorded with this definition, other explanations of the ethical nature of their problems revolved around the publicity associated with the issues they were discussing, concern about their relationships with patients, and anxiety about threats to their integrity and reputation. The variety of views about what makes a problem a moral problem indicates that the moral domain is perhaps wider and richer than mainstream bioethics would generally allow.
Virtual community consultation? Using the literature and weblogs to link community perspectives and health technology assessment
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-05-2008
Community and health sector partnerships for primary prevention in Australia: Developing a typology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 22-06-2012
Abstract: The Australian health system requires novel strategies to implement widespread primary prevention to reduce the burden of chronic illness. One approach is for health sectors to draw on resources available in communities of place and to form partnerships which maximize the relevance and uptake of initiatives designed to promote healthy lifestyles. This article presents a typology of conceptual approaches to community and health sector partnerships, developed through an extensive literature search and empirically tested using in-depth case studies across regional Australia. The article finds that the health sector’s orientation to primary prevention is generally instrumental involving highly targeted outcomes and pre-defined programmes. Communities of place have multifaceted priorities that include building the social and economic sustainability of their community. While these approaches might appear incompatible, careful ‘manipulation’ and ‘massaging’ of instrumental objectives to adjust to community agendas and the presence of ‘boundary crossers’ can lead to successful primary prevention outcomes.
Public perspectives on consent for the linkage of data to evaluate vaccine safety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2012.04.056
Abstract: We sought community opinion on consent alternatives when linking childhood immunisation and hospital attendance records for the purpose of vaccine safety surveillance. We conducted computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) of a s le of rural and metropolitan residents of South Australia in 2011. Of 2002 households interviewed (response rate 55.6%), 96.4% supported data linkage for postmarketing surveillance of vaccines very few were completely opposed (1.5%) or undecided (2.2%). The majority (75.3%) trusted the privacy protections used in data linkage and most wished to have minimal or no direct involvement, preferring either opt-out consent (40.4%) or no consent (30.6%). A quarter of respondents (24.6%) favoured opt-in consent, but their preferences were ergent half requested consent be sought prior to every use (11.4%) while the remainder preferred to give broad consent just once (3.4%) or renewed at periodic intervals (9.8%). Over half of the respondents gave higher priority to rapid vaccine safety surveillance (56.5%) rather than first seeking parental consent (26.6%) and one in seven was undecided (14.5%). Although 91.6% of respondents believed childhood vaccines are safe, over half (53.1%) were very or somewhat concerned that a vaccine could cause a serious reaction. Nevertheless, 92.4% of the parents in the s le (556/601) reported every child in their care as being fully immunised according to the National Immunisation Program schedule. Only 3.7% of parents (22/601) reported one or more children as under immunised, and 3.9% (23/601) reported that none of their children were immunised. This survey demonstrates that data linkage for vaccine safety surveillance has substantial community support and that a system utilising opt-out consent or no consent was preferred to one using opt-in consent. These findings should inform public health policy and practice data linkage should be established where feasible to address limitations in passive surveillance systems.
Intergenerational learning about keeping health: a qualitative regional Australian study
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-12-2012
Abstract: Understanding the conditions under which families try to influence members' health-related practices can provide information to build concepts adding to models of health promotion. This paper reports on an exploratory qualitative study examining the influences of intergenerational relationships in shaping beliefs, knowledge and practices about health and illness in a regional Australian city. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 adults with family members of other generations living in the city, all of whom had experience of asthma. We found that overall people's experience of health and illness, particularly in childhood, was taken for granted and not reflected upon. It was in the face of serious illness or death of a family member that objective knowledge about health and illness was sought and integrated within the family leading, in most cases, to significant lifestyle changes or 'doing things differently'. We drew on Bourdieu's concept of the three forms of theoretical knowledge in analysing our findings. We found the concept of knowledge as 'primary taken-for-granted experience', and the concept of praxeological knowledge as the knowledge created by the dialectical relationships between an in idual subject and objectives structures were helpful. To influence in idual health practices, we need to acknowledge how the family context confirms the taken-for-granted health practices of an in idual and the family circumstances that might lead families to seek objective knowledge and make lifestyle changes to promote health.
Australia’s sugar tale
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 23-05-2019
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980019001228
Abstract: To establish high intake of free sugars and its related disease burden as a significant public health challenge in Australia. We discuss five key actions to reduce intake of free sugars tailored to the Australian context. These strategies are informed by reviewing the global scientific evidence on the effectiveness of a range of policy responses to reduce intake of free sugars at the population level. Australia. Australian population. The five key actions to reduce population levels for intake of free sugars tailored to the Australian context include prioritising health in trade agreements and policy introducing a fiscal policy supporting health and promoting food reformulation regulating advertising and improving labelling strengthening the current dietary guidelines and encouraging healthy choices. The adoption and implementation of the strategies discussed in the current commentary would aid in tackling the rising health burden from the intake of free sugars in Australia.
A randomised controlled trial to compare opt-in and opt-out parental consent for childhood vaccine safety surveillance using data linkage: study protocol
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-01-2011
Understanding the school community’s response to school closures during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-04-2013
Citizens’ Perspectives on Disinvestment from Publicly Funded Pathology Tests: A Deliberative Forum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVAL.2015.05.012
Abstract: Deliberative forums can be useful tools in policy decision making for balancing citizen voice and community values against dominant interests. To describe the use of a deliberative forum to explore community perspectives on a complex health problem-disinvestment. A deliberative forum of citizens was convened in Adelaide, South Australia, to develop criteria to support disinvestment from public funding of ineffective pathology tests. The case study of potential disinvestment from vitamin B12/folate pathology testing was used to shape the debate. The forum was informed by a systematic review of B12/folate pathology test effectiveness and expert testimony. The citizens identified seven criteria: cost of the test, potential impact on in idual health/capacity to benefit, potential cost to society, public good, alternatives to testing, severity of the condition, and accuracy of the test. The participants not only saw these criteria as an interdependent network but also questioned "the authority" of policymakers to make these decisions. Coherence between the criteria devised by the forum and those described by an expert group was considerable, the major differences being that the citizens did not consider equity issues and the experts neglected the "cost" of social and emotional impact of disinvestment on users and the society.
Spaces of care in the third sector: Understanding the effects of professionalization
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-10-2009
Abstract: Increasingly the health and welfare needs of in iduals and communities are being met by third sector, or not-for-profit, organizations. Since the 1980s third sector organizations have been subject to significant, sector-wide changes, such as the development of contractual funding and an increasing need to collaborate with governments and other sectors. In particular, the processes of ‘professionalization’ and ‘bureaucratization’ have received significant attention and are now well documented in third sector literature. These processes are often understood to create barriers between organizations and their community groups and neutralize alternative forms of service provision. In this article we provide a case study of an Australian third sector organization undergoing professionalization. The case study draws on ethnographic and qualitative interviews with staff and volunteers at a health-based third sector organization involved in service provision to marginalized community groups. We examine how professionalization alters organizational spaces and dynamics and conclude that professionalized third sector spaces may still be ‘community’ spaces where in iduals may give and receive care and services. Moreover, we suggest that these community spaces hold potential for resisting the neutralizing effects of contracting.
Casuistry as bioethical method: an empirical perspective
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00314-2
Abstract: This paper examines the role that casuistry, a model of bioethical reasoning revived by Jonsen and Toulmin, plays in ordinary moral reasoning. I address the question: 'What is the evidence for contemporary casuistry's claim that everyday moral reasoning is casuistic in nature?' The paper begins with a description of the casuistic method, and then reviews the empirical arguments Jonsen and Toulmin offer to show that every-day moral decision-making is casuistic. Finally, I present the results of qualitative research conducted with 15 general practitioners (GPs) in South Australia, focusing on the ways in which these GP participants used stories and anecdotes in their own moral reasoning. This research found that the GPs interviewed did use a form of casuistry when talking about ethical dilemmas. However, the GPs' homespun casuistry often lacked one central element of casuistic reasoning--clear paradigm cases on which to base comparisons. I conclude that casuistic reasoning does appear to play a role in every-day moral decision-making, but that it is a more subdued role than perhaps casuists would like.
Collaborative pharmacist prescribing within the opioid substitution treatment program in South Australia: Patient and pharmacist views
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SAPHARM.2017.02.017
Abstract: There is a shortage of medical practitioners able and/or willing to prescribe OST. This qualitative study investigated an alternative model of care where by pharmacists co-prescribed with an accredited doctor for OST patients. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 14 OST patients were conducted at a state government drug and alcohol clinic about their views on pharmacist prescribing OST for them. In the second phase of the study, three focus group interviews with 18 pharmacists were conducted to explore their views on a policy proposal which would allow them to co-prescribe for OST patients. Transcripts were analysed using the five-step framework approach with the support of the software package NVivo. In general, both patients and pharmacists supported co-prescribing. Improved patient continuity of care and convenience were regarded as the main benefits of having a pharmacist co-prescriber. Continued doctor involvement with patient was supported under a co-prescribing model, but not all pharmacists may desire or be suitable to fulfil the role of a co-prescriber. Changes to health care relationships and provisions to ensure adequate support of pharmacist co-prescribers were important consideration factors in moving forward with this proposed new model of care.
Constructions of alcohol consumption by non-problematised middle-aged drinkers: a qualitative systematic review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-09-2018
Parents’ knowledge, beliefs, acceptance and uptake of the HPV vaccine in members of The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Why older women do or do not seek help from the GP after a fall: a qualitative study
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 13-01-2014
Abstract: It is recommended that older people report their falls to their general practitioner (GP), to identify falls risk factors. However, many older people do not report falling to their GP. Little is known about the reasons why older people do and do not seek help about falling. To explore why older women do or do not seek GP help after a fall. A qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews with 11 community-dwelling women aged ≥ 65 years, living in Adelaide, Australia, who had fallen in the last 12 months. Interviews focused on women's experience of falling and seeking GP help. Interviews were analysed using constant comparison. Four women sought GP help when they believed their fall-related injury was serious enough. Family and a bystander persuaded three women to attend for a fall-related injury. The four women who did not seek help believed their fall or fall-related injury was not serious enough to seek help and justified this by using internal rationales (they monitored and managed the outcome of falling, they wanted to be associated with a positive image and attitude, and they recognized and interpreted the cause and control of falling) and external rationales (they did not want to waste GPs' time for trivial reasons and they believed they did not have timely access to their GP). Given the reasons why some older women do not seek help for falling, GPs should routinely ask older women for their 12-month fall history.
Resilience in re-entering missionaries
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2009
Health Star Ratings: What's on the labels of Australian beverages?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-09-2018
DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.197
Abstract: The Health Star Rating (HSR) System provides a useful tool to communicate health and nutrition messages to consumers. Given the large contribution from sugar-containing beverages to sugar intake in the Australian diet and the adverse health outcomes associated with frequent consumption, it is important to investigate how the HSR System is displayed on beverages. Our research measured and compared the presence of the HSR System on the labels of sugar-containing and sugar-free beverages in Australia. We conducted a survey of the labels on 762 ready-to-drink (≤600 mL) nondairy/nonalcoholic beverages, s led from 17 South Australian supermarkets in late 2016. We measured the presence of a star rating icon or an energy-only icon (which is an option of the HSR System for beverages). The HSR System was observed on 35.3% of beverages, with only 6.8% displaying a star rating icon and 28.5% displaying an energy-only icon. When present (n = 52), star rating icons were almost universally 5 stars (94.2%), and of these, they were predominantly displayed on 100% juices (85.7%). Almost all beverages with a star rating contained high amounts of sugar only three sugar-free beverages displayed a star rating. We found that there are low uptake and limited use of the HSR System on beverages. SO WHAT?: The HSR System on beverages could better achieve its objectives if the energy-only icon were removed from the graphic options, the algorithm were adjusted so that 100% juices cannot display a 5-star rating, and the System were made mandatory.
Ethics, DRGs and Medical Record Administrators
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1177/183335839302300103
Abstract: Medical record administrators in the United States have documented a range of ethical problems which they have experienced as a result of the advent of DRGs. This paper considers the similarities and differences between the Australian and United States experience of DRGs, and the implications of these for Australian medical record administrators. Some ethical problems are described, and it is argued that these problems relate particularly to power imbalances between medical record administrators and other health professions.
The role of high schools in introductory occupational safety education – Teacher perspectives on effectiveness
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2013
Using World Cafés to engage an Australian culturally and linguistically diverse community around human papillomavirus vaccination
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-02-2023
DOI: 10.1111/HEX.13703
Abstract: Internationally, cultural factors are associated with vaccine uptake and completion in ethnic minority communities. Whilst Australia has achieved high human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, little is known about how culture or ethnicity influences HPV vaccination engagement. To address these gaps, we partnered with our Local Health District to explore how one culturally and linguistically erse (CALD) community engages with school and HPV vaccination. We adapted a participatory research method (the World Café) to engage one local CALD community—the Macedonian community (Our bi‐cultural researcher and participants preferred the term ‘Macedonia’ rather than The Republic of North Macedonia as outlined in the 2018 Prespa agreement) in New South Wales (Australia)—to discuss HPV and school vaccination. Our qualitative analysis combined deductive codes taken from the Tailoring Immunization Programme framework, inductive codes guided by narrative inquiry (temporality, sociality and place) and previously known vaccination ‘trust’ frameworks. In late 2019, 31 local Macedonian community members were purposely recruited for two World Cafés ( n = 15 mothers/grandmothers and n = 16 young adults). Our themes reveal a community narrative grounded in historical vaccine experiences, family views on vaccination and a general trust in schools. Participants collectively discussed how ‘increasing knowledge’ and ‘tailoring health communications’ could strengthen community vaccine decision‐making. This study demonstrates how research partnerships and participatory methods can be applied in CALD community settings to research engagement with school and HPV vaccination. Our World Café dialogues highlight a positive narrative about vaccines, where community vaccination behaviours were built on multilayer trust relationships despite low vaccine knowledge. Our findings further knowledge around ‘public trust’ in school vaccination, highlighting the importance of existing (or missing) trust relationships when tailoring vaccine communication to local CALD communities. Participants who took part in the World Cafes were all local Macedonian community parents or young adults who have been or will be exposed to the health services offered by school‐based HPV vaccination. Thus, all the data collected came from their personal experiences with the school vaccination programme, or how they expect to participate in the programme. To ensure our study design was culturally appropriate and tailored to the Macedonian community, we engaged with the relevant local health stakeholders (the bi‐cultural Multicultural Health Officer and Multicultural Health Service Manager Programme Director) to adapt and refine the World Café method for this context and setting. Our local health stakeholders also reviewed our preliminary findings, assisted with data interpretation and participated in manuscript editing.
Systematic review to inform prevention and management of chronic disease for Indigenous Australians: overview and priorities.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
Abstract: To describe the main characteristics of systematic reviews addressing questions of chronic disease and related risk factors for Indigenous Australians. We searched databases for systematic reviews meeting inclusion criteria. Two reviewers assessed quality and extracted characteristics using pre-defined tools. We identified 14 systematic reviews. Seven synthesised evidence about health intervention effectiveness four addressed chronic disease or risk factor prevalence and six conducted critical appraisal as per current best practice. Only three reported steps to align the review with standards for ethical research with Indigenous Australians and/or capture Indigenous-specific knowledge. Most called for more high-quality research. Systematic review is an under-utilised method for gathering evidence to inform chronic disease prevention and management for Indigenous Australians. Relevance of future systematic reviews could be improved by: 1) aligning questions with community priorities as well as decision maker needs 2) involvement of, and leadership by, Indigenous researchers with relevant cultural and contextual knowledge iii) use of critical appraisal tools that include traditional risk of bias assessment criteria and criteria that reflect Indigenous standards of appropriate research. Systematic review method guidance, tools and reporting standards are required to ensure alignment with ethical obligations and promote rigor and relevance.
Back home
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2009
DOI: 10.2190/OM.59.1.B
Abstract: Over 200 Australian, American, and British Non-Government Organizations send aid workers overseas including missionaries. On re-entry, they may suffer psychological distress however, there is little research about their psychosocial issues and management in the family practice setting. Research suggests loss and grief as a suitable paradigm for family practitioners dealing with psychosocial issues. The aim of this study was to explore loss and grief issues for adult Australian missionary cross-cultural aid workers during their re-entry adjustment. Mixed methods were used and this study reports the qualitative method: semi-structured interviews conducted with 15 participants. Results were analyzed using framework analysis. Themes of re-entry loss and grief were identified with sub-themes of multiple varied losses, mechanisms of loss, loss of control, common grief phenomena, disenfranchised grief, and reactivation of past grief. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. Findings of this study suggest that loss and grief is an appropriate paradigm for the management of these workers in the family practice setting. Further research is needed to enable appropriate care.
Sharing Government Health Data With the Private Sector: Community Attitudes Survey
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 10-2021
DOI: 10.2196/24200
Abstract: The use of government health data for secondary purposes, such as monitoring the quality of hospital services, researching the health needs of populations, and testing how well new treatments work, is increasing. This increase in the secondary uses of health data has led to increased interest in what the public thinks about data sharing, in particular, the possibilities of sharing with the private sector for research and development. Although international evidence demonstrates broad public support for the secondary use of health data, this support does not extend to sharing health data with the private sector. If governments intend to share health data with the private sector, knowing what the public thinks will be important. This paper reports a national survey to explore public attitudes in Australia toward sharing health data with private companies for research on and development of therapeutic drugs and medical devices. This study aims to explore public attitudes in Australia toward sharing government health data with the private sector. A web-based survey tool was developed to assess attitudes about sharing government health data with the private sector. A market research company was employed to administer the web-based survey in June 2019. The survey was completed by 2537 in iduals residing in Australia. Between 51.8% and 57.98% of all participants were willing to share their data, with slightly fewer in favor of sharing to improve health services (51.99%) and a slightly higher proportion in favor of sharing for research and development (57.98%). There was a preference for opt-in consent (53.44%) and broad support for placing conditions on sharing health information with private companies (62% to 91.99%). Wide variability was also observed in participants’ views about the extent to which the private sector could be trusted and how well they would behave if entrusted with people’s health information. In their qualitative responses, the participants noted concerns about private sector corporate interests, corruption, and profit making and expressed doubt about the Australian government’s capacity to manage data sharing safely. The percentages presented are adjusted against the Australian population. This nationally representative survey provides preliminary evidence that Australians are uncertain about sharing their health data with the private sector. Although just over half of all the respondents supported sharing health data with the private sector, there was also strong support for strict conditions on sharing data and for opt-in consent and significant concerns about how well the private sector would manage government health data. Addressing public concern about sharing government health data with the private sector will require more and better engagement to build community understanding about how agencies can collect, share, protect, and use their personal data.
Exploring the effects of government funding on community-based organizations: 'top-down' or 'bottom-up' approaches to health promotion?
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2009
Abstract: Community-based organizations hold an increasingly central role in the representation and advocacy of marginalized groups and in iduals. In these capacities, such organizations make significant contributions to the areas of health and health services. In particular, they are considered well-positioned to operationalize ‘bottom-up’ approaches to health promotion. In this article we use a case study to illuminate unforeseen consequences of government funding of community-based organizations involved in health promotion and health service work. Previous research has found that many health promotion practitioners are engaged in a shift towards ‘bottom-up’ approaches to health promotion (1). In contrast, our findings suggest that due to government funding, those best positioned to promote community participation and empowerment may be experiencing a converse shift away from ‘bottom-up’ approaches. (Global Health Promotion, 2009 16(3): pp. 45—52)
The Ethics of Primary Health Care
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2007
Parental perspectives of vaccine safety and experience of adverse events following immunisation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2013.02.011
Abstract: We aimed to determine demographic predictors of parental vaccine safety and risk perceptions, and assess the relationship between the occurrence of children's perceived adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) on parents' opinions. Computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) were conducted in 2011 with a cross-sectional, random general population s le of rural and metropolitan residents in South Australia. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses examined associations between parental vaccine safety attitudes and socio-demographic factors, adjusting for whether children had ever experienced a previous suspected AEFI. Of 469 parents interviewed, 95% were confident in vaccine safety in general, but almost half expressed concern for pre-licensure testing of vaccines. Of all parents, 41% responded that at least one of their children had experienced an AEFI. Almost one third of the AEFI parent group indicated they reported their children's symptoms to either a healthcare professional or the Department of Health. Parental acceptability of the risks of febrile convulsion and anaphylaxis were 73% and 76% respectively. Ordinal logistic regression analyses showed parents of children who had experienced a suspected AEFI were associated with greater concern for vaccine safety (OR:0.53, p≤0.01) and more were likely to expect either a mild or a serious AEFI. After adjusting for demographics, parental confidence in vaccine safety was significantly associated with higher levels of education (OR:2.58, p=0.01) and being born in Australia OR:2.30, p=0.004. Mothers, when compared with fathers, were less accepting of the two vaccine risks presented: febrile convulsion (OR:0.57, p=0.04) and anaphylaxis, (OR:0.55, p=0.04). Parents commonly perceive and report that their child has experienced an AEFI. In this group of parents the subsequent expectation of an AEFI and vaccine safety concerns may be heightened. Further research should investigate parental understandings of differentiating an expected event from an adverse event as this could inform immunization risk communication and consumer AEFI reporting strategies.
Eliciting youth and adult recommendations through citizens’ juries to improve school based adolescent immunisation programs
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2014.02.098
Abstract: Completion of adolescent immunisation schedules in Australia is sub-optimal despite a well-established school based delivery program. The aim of this study was to seek adolescent and adult views on how existing adolescent school based immunisation policy and program delivery could be improved to increase adolescent immunisation uptake. Two citizens' juries held separately, one with adolescent participants and one with adult participants deliberated on recommendations for public policy. Jury members were selected using a stratified s ling technique and recruited from a standing panel of community research participants through a market research company in South Australia. Juries were conducted in Metropolitan South Australia over two days and used university facilities with all meals and refreshments provided. Fifteen adults and 16 adolescents participated in the adult and youth juries respectively. Similar recommendations were made by both juries including increased ensuring the accuracy of information provided to adolescents and parents employing a variety of formats for information delivery and greater consideration of students' physical and emotional comfort in order to improve the experience for adolescents. While the youth jury recommended that it should be compulsory for adolescents to receive vaccines through the school based immunisation program, the adult jury recommended an 'opt-out' system of consent. Both juries also recommended the use of incentives to improve immunisation uptake and immunisation course completion. Eliciting adolescent views and including the perspectives of adolescents in discussions and development of strategies to improve engagement in the school based immunisation program provided valuable insight from the group most impacted by these policies and practices. Specifically, incorporation of adolescent and community views using citizens' juries may lead to greater overall support from the community as their values and needs are more accurately reflected.
Getting on with Each Other: PBL Group Dynamics and Function
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 11-11-2011
Sharing administrative health data with private industry: A report on two citizens' juries
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-05-2021
DOI: 10.1111/HEX.13268
Abstract: There is good evidence of both community support for sharing public sector administrative health data in the public interest and concern about data security, misuse and loss of control over health information, particularly if private sector organizations are the data recipients. To date, there is little research describing the perspectives of informed community members on private sector use of public health data and, particularly, on the conditions under which that use might be justified. Two citizens' juries were held in February 2020 in two locations close to Sydney, Australia. Jurors considered the charge: ‘Under what circumstances is it permissible for governments to share health data with private industry for research and development?’ All jurors, bar one, in principle supported sharing government administrative health data with private industry for research and development. The support was conditional and the juries' recommendations specifying these conditions related closely to the concerns they identified in deliberation. The outcomes of the deliberative processes suggest that informed Australian citizens are willing to accept sharing their administrative health data, including with private industry, providing the intended purpose is clearly of public benefit, sharing occurs responsibly in a framework of accountability, and the data are securely held. The design of the jury was guided by an Advisory Group including representatives from a health consumer organization. The jurors themselves were selected to be descriptively representative of their communities and with independent facilitation wrote the recommendations.
Should medical students act as surrogate patients for each other?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2001
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2923.2001.00970.X
Abstract: Until recently, most clinical teachers and medical students have regarded using medical students as surrogate patients for peer teaching of physical examinations and clinical skills as practical and uncontroversial. Recent changes to medical curricula and changes in hospitalized patient populations have led to questions about the ethical acceptability of this practice. This paper explores the ethical issues inherent in the use of medical students as surrogate patients. It suggests that, ethically, there are parallels with two situations: when students conduct physical examinations on patients and when students participate as subjects in research. Drawing on accepted ethical practice in these two germane areas, the paper argues that there are both ethical strengths and weaknesses in the practice of using students as surrogate patients. Strategies to promote free and informed involvement of students as surrogate patients are suggested.
Community Attitudes Towards Sharing Government Health Data with Private Companies: A Scoping Review
Publisher: Swansea University
Date: 07-12-2020
Abstract: IntroductionLarge volumes of health data are generated through the interaction of in iduals with hospitals, government agencies and health care providers. There is potential in the linkage and sharing of administrative data with private industry to support improved drug and device provision but data sharing is highly contentious. Objectives and ApproachWe conducted a scoping review of quantitative and qualitative studies examining public attitudes towards the sharing of health data, held by government, with private industry for research and development. We searched four data bases, PubMed, Scopus, Cinahl and Web of Science as well as Google Scholar and Google Advanced. The search was confined to English-only publications since January 2014 but was not geographically limited. We thematically coded included papers. ResultsWe screened 6788 articles. Thirty-six studies were included primarily from UK and North America. No Australian studies were identified. Across studies, willingness to share non-identified data was generally high with the participant’s own health provider (84-91%) and academic researchers (64-93%) but fell if the data was to be shared with private industry (14-53%). There was widespread misunderstanding of the benefits of sharing data for health research. Publics expressed concern about a range of issues including data security, misuse of data and use of data to generate profit. Conditions which would increase public confidence in sharing of data included: strict safeguards on data collection and use including secure storage, opt-in or opt-out consent mechanisms, and good communication through trusted agents. Conclusion / ImplicationsWe identified a research gap: Australian views on sharing government health data with private industry. The international experience suggests that public scepticism about data sharing with private industry will need to be addressed by good communication about public benefit of data sharing, a strong program of public engagement and information sharing conducted through trusted entities.
Community perspectives on the benefits and risks of technologically enhanced communicable disease surveillance systems: a report on four community juries
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-04-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12910-020-00474-6
Abstract: Outbreaks of infectious disease cause serious and costly health and social problems. Two new technologies – pathogen whole genome sequencing (WGS) and Big Data analytics – promise to improve our capacity to detect and control outbreaks earlier, saving lives and resources. However, routinely using these technologies to capture more detailed and specific personal information could be perceived as intrusive and a threat to privacy. Four community juries were convened in two demographically different Sydney municipalities and two regional cities in New South Wales, Australia (western Sydney, Wollongong, Tamworth, eastern Sydney) to elicit the views of well-informed community members on the acceptability and legitimacy of: making pathogen WGS and linked administrative data available for public health research using this information in concert with data linkage and machine learning to enhance communicable disease surveillance systems Fifty participants of erse backgrounds, mixed genders and ages were recruited by random-digit-dialling and topic-blinded social-media advertising. Each jury was presented with balanced factual evidence supporting different expert perspectives on the potential benefits and costs of technologically enhanced public health research and communicable disease surveillance and given the opportunity to question experts. Almost all jurors supported data linkage and WGS on routinely collected patient isolates for the purposes of public health research, provided standard de-identification practices were applied. However, allowing this information to be operationalised as a syndromic surveillance system was highly contentious with three juries voting in favour, and one against by narrow margins. For those in favour, support depended on several conditions related to system oversight and security being met. Those against were concerned about loss of privacy and did not trust Australian governments to run secure and effective systems. Participants across all four events strongly supported the introduction of data linkage and pathogenomics to public health research under current research governance structures. Combining pathogen WGS with event-based data surveillance systems, however, is likely to be controversial because of a lack of public trust, even when the potential public health benefits are clear. Any suggestion of private sector involvement or commercialisation of WGS or surveillance data was unanimously rejected.
The ethics of pharmaceutical industry relationships with medical students
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 04-2004
DOI: 10.5694/J.1326-5377.2004.TB05995.X
Abstract: Little research has been done on the extent of the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and medical students, and the effect on students of receiving gifts. Potential harms to patients are documented elsewhere we focus on potential harms to students. Students who receive gifts may believe that they are receiving something for nothing, contributing to a sense of entitlement that is not in the best interests of their moral development as doctors. Alternatively, students may be subject to recognised or unrecognised reciprocal obligations that potentially influence their decision making. Medical educators have a duty of care to protect students from influence by pharmaceutical companies.
Rogers, Wendy A., Annette J. Braunack-Mayer. 2009. Practical ethics for general practice, 2nd edition
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-04-2010
Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations address health equity through action on the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia.
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 18-11-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-25090/V2
Abstract: Background: Indigenous populations globally are continually striving for better health and wellbeing due to experiencing significant health and social inequities. The social determinants of health are important contributors to health outcomes. Comprehensive primary health care that is governed and delivered by Indigenous people extends beyond the biomedical model of care to address the social determinants of health. Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) are known to provide culturally informed, holistic health services that directly and indirectly address the social determinants of health. The range and extent of their activities in addressing the social determinants of health, however, is not well documented. Methods: The most recent ACCHO annual reports were retrieved online or by direct correspondence. For coding consistency, a dictionary informed by the World Health Organization’s Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health was developed . A document and textual analysis of reports coded ACCHO activities and the determinants of health they addressed, including intermediary determinants, socio-economic position and/or socio-political context. Summary statistics were reported. Representative quotes illustrating the unique nature of ACCHO service provision in addressing the social determinants of health were used to contextualise the quantitative findings. Results: Sixty-seven annual reports were collected between 2017 and 2018. Programs were delivered to population groups across the life span. Fifty three percent of reports identified programs that included work at the socio-political level and all annual reports described working to improve socioeconomic position and intermediary determinants of health through their activities. Culture had a strong presence in program delivery and building social cohesion and social capital emerged as themes. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the considerable efforts of the ACCHO sector, as a primary health care provider, in addressing the social determinants of health and health inequity experienced by Indigenous communities. For the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, ACCHOs not only have an essential role in addressing immediate healthcare needs but also invest in driving change in the more entrenched structural determinants of health. These are important actions that are likely to have an accumulative positive effect in closing the gap towards health equity.
It's sort of like being a detective: Understanding how Australian men self-monitor their health prior to seeking help
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-03-2008
Targeting population nutrition through municipal health and food policy: Implications of New York City’s experiences in regulatory obesity prevention
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Seeking Community Views on Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Pandemic in Australia: Two Methods, Two Answers
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
TO EVALUATE VERSUS TO KNOW THE VALUE OF EVERYTHING
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S0266462312000165
Abstract: Kathrin Dengler and Uta Bittner demand a full-fledged philosophy of values in our empirical study of various methods for ethical analysis in health technology assessment (HTA). This may be like putting the classification of disease on hold until the concept of disease is clarified, or postponing the development of health care until the term “health” is clarified. As Dengler and Bittner rightly point out, the term value has many meanings, and as they properly recognize: “[P]hilosophically, the definition of what is meant by ‘a good life’ or ‘well-being’ is a very challenging project.” Hence, it may be a bit over the top to crave that we solve eternal issues in an empirical article on methodology.
Cross-Cultural Re-Entry for Missionaries
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2011
DOI: 10.2190/OM.62.4.B
Abstract: Nearly half a million foreign aid workers currently work worldwide, including over 140,000 missionaries. During re-entry these workers may experience significant psychological distress. This article positions previous research about psychological distress during re-entry, emphasizing loss and grief. At present there is no identifiable theoretical framework to provide a basis for assessment, management, and prevention of re-entry distress in the clinical setting. The development of theoretical concepts and frameworks surrounding loss and grief including the Dual Process Model (DPM) are discussed. All the parameters of the DPM have been shown to be appropriate for the proposed re-entry model, the Dual Process Model applied to Re-entry (DPMR). It is proposed that the DPMR is an appropriate framework to address the processes and strategies of managing re-entry loss and grief. Possible future clinical applications and limitations of the proposed model are discussed. The DPMR is offered for further validation and use in clinical practice.
Factors associated with HPV vaccine uptake in teenage girls: a systematic review.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2012.03.063
Abstract: Since 2006 Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has become available to adolescent girls and women in an increasing number of countries, to protect against the virus causing cervical cancer. The vaccine series is offered in three doses over 6 months, and this study aimed to identify factors associated with initiation and/or completion of the 3 dose series in (pre-) adolescent girls. Previous studies have considered intention to vaccinate rather than actual vaccination uptake. A systematic search of Medline, Medline in process, Embase and CINAHL, from 2006 to March 2011 for articles related to HPV-vaccine uptake among adolescent girls and factors potentially associated with uptake yielded 25 studies. The majority of studies were surveys or retrospective reviews of data, only 5 studies reported data on program completion. Most were conducted in the United States (20/25). Higher vaccine uptake was associated with having health insurance, of older age, receipt of childhood vaccines, a higher vaccine related knowledge, more healthcare utilization, having a healthcare provider as a source of information and positive vaccine attitudes. In US settings, African American girls were less likely to have either initiated or completed the three dose vaccination series. HPV vaccination programs should focus on narrowing disparities in vaccine receipt in ethnic and racial groups and on providing correct information by a reliable source, e.g. healthcare providers. School-based vaccination programs have a high vaccine uptake. More studies are required to determine actual vaccine course completion and factors related to high uptake and completion, and information from a broader range of developed and developing settings is needed.
Evidence Regarding Automatic Processing Computerized Tasks Designed For Health Interventions in Real-World Settings Among Adults: Systematic Scoping Review
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 29-07-2020
DOI: 10.2196/17915
Abstract: Dual process theories propose that the brain uses 2 types of thinking to influence behavior: automatic processing and reflective processing. Automatic processing is fast, immediate, nonconscious, and unintentional, whereas reflective processing focuses on logical reasoning, and it is slow, step by step, and intentional. Most digital psychological health interventions tend to solely target the reflective system, although the automatic processing pathway can have strong influences on behavior. Laboratory-based research has highlighted that automatic processing tasks can create behavior change however, there are substantial gaps in the field on the design, implementation, and delivery of automatic processing tasks in real-world settings. It is important to identify and summarize the existing literature in this area to inform the translation of laboratory-based research to real-world settings. This scoping review aims to explore the effectiveness of automatic training tasks, types of training tasks commonly used, mode of delivery, and impacts of gamification on automatic processing tasks designed for digital psychological health interventions in real-world settings among adults. The scoping review methodology proposed by Arskey and O’Malley and Colquhoun was applied. A scoping review was chosen because of the novelty of the digital automatic processing field and to encompass a broad review of the existing evidence base. Electronic databases and gray literature databases were searched with the search terms “automatic processing,” “computerised technologies,” “health intervention,” “real-world,” and “adults” and synonyms of these words. The search was up to date until September 2018. A manual search was also completed on the reference lists of the included studies. A total of 14 studies met all inclusion criteria. There was a wide variety of health conditions targeted, with the most prevalent being alcohol abuse followed by social anxiety. Attention bias modification tasks were the most prevalent type of automatic processing task, and the majority of tasks were most commonly delivered over the web via a personal computer. Of the 14 studies included in the review, 8 demonstrated significant changes to automatic processes and 4 demonstrated significant behavioral changes as a result of changed automatic processes. This is the first review to synthesize the evidence on automatic processing tasks in real-world settings targeting adults. This review has highlighted promising, albeit limited, research demonstrating that automatic processing tasks may be used effectively in a real-world setting to influence behavior change.
Meeting end‐of‐life care needs for people with chronic disease: palliative care is not enough
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.5694/MJA12.11058
The ASTUTE Health study protocol: Deliberative stakeholder engagements to inform implementation approaches to healthcare disinvestment
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-10-2012
Abstract: Governments and other payers are yet to determine optimal processes by which to review the safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of technologies and procedures that are in active use within health systems, and rescind funding (partially or fully) from those that display poor profiles against these parameters. To further progress a disinvestment agenda, a model is required to support payers in implementing disinvestment in a transparent manner that may withstand challenge from vested interests and concerned citizens. Combining approaches from health technology assessment and deliberative democratic theory, this project seeks to determine if and how wide stakeholder engagement can contribute to improved decision-making processes, wherein the views of both vested and non-vested stakeholders are seen to contribute to informing policy implementation within a disinvestment context. Systematic reviews pertaining to illustrative case studies were developed and formed the evidence base for discussion. Review findings were presented at a series of deliberative, evidence-informed stakeholder engagements, including partisan (clinicians and consumers) and non-partisan (representative community members) stakeholders. Participants were actively facilitated towards identifying shared and dissenting perspectives regarding public funding policy for each of the case studies and developing their own funding models in response to the evidence presented. Policy advisors will subsequently be invited to evaluate disinvestment options based on the scientific and colloquial evidence presented to them, and to explore the value of this information to their decision-making processes with reference to disinvestment. Analysis of the varied outputs of the deliberative engagements will contribute to the methodological development around how to best integrate scientific and colloquial evidence for consideration by policy advisors. It may contribute to the legitimization of broad and transparent stakeholder engagement in this context. It is anticipated that decision making will benefit from the knowledge delivered through informed deliberation with engaged stakeholders, and this will be explored through interviews with key decision makers.
Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations address health equity through action on the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia.
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 03-12-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-25090/V3
Abstract: Background: Indigenous populations globally are continually striving for better health and wellbeing due to experiencing significant health and social inequities. The social determinants of health are important contributors to health outcomes. Comprehensive primary health care that is governed and delivered by Indigenous people extends beyond the biomedical model of care to address the social determinants of health. Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) are known to provide culturally informed, holistic health services that directly and indirectly address the social determinants of health. The range and extent of their activities in addressing the social determinants of health, however, is not well documented. Methods: The most recent ACCHO annual reports were retrieved online or by direct correspondence. For coding consistency, a dictionary informed by the World Health Organization’s Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health was developed . A document and textual analysis of reports coded ACCHO activities and the determinants of health they addressed, including intermediary determinants, socio-economic position and/or socio-political context. Summary statistics were reported. Representative quotes illustrating the unique nature of ACCHO service provision in addressing the social determinants of health were used to contextualise the quantitative findings. Results: Sixty-seven annual reports were collected between 2017 and 2018. Programs were delivered to population groups across the life span. Fifty three percent of reports identified programs that included work at the socio-political level and all annual reports described working to improve socioeconomic position and intermediary determinants of health through their activities. Culture had a strong presence in program delivery and building social cohesion and social capital emerged as themes. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the considerable efforts of the ACCHO sector, as a primary health care provider, in addressing the social determinants of health and health inequity experienced by Indigenous communities. For the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, ACCHOs not only have an essential role in addressing immediate healthcare needs but also invest in driving change in the more entrenched structural determinants of health. These are important actions that are likely to have an accumulative positive effect in closing the gap towards health equity.
Conflicts of interest in divisions of general practice
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-2006
Healthcare providers’ knowledge, experience and challenges of reporting adverse events following immunisation: a qualitative study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-08-2013
Approaches to Academic Integrity in Medical and Health Research
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2016
Evaluating a research capacity strengthening program for Aboriginal community-controlled health organisations
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1071/PY18058
Abstract: A Masterclass Program was developed to strengthen the research capacity of staff within Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) and featured three Masterclasses delivered across Australia, including Understanding Research, Undertaking Research and Research Evaluation. A mixed-method process and impact evaluation of the Masterclass Program was undertaken. The process evaluation examined the reach of the Program and the impact evaluation comprised an online survey (n=45) and semi-structured interviews (n=21) with Masterclass participants. During 2014–17, 27 Masterclasses were delivered to 260 people, including predominantly ACCHO personnel but also Indigenous doctors and research institute staff who work closely with the ACCHO sector. Most survey respondents felt the Masterclasses improved their understanding of research and their willingness to participate in and undertake research. The qualitative analysis confirmed this and suggested that Masterclasses were implemented in a supportive learning environment which led to increased research capacity (increased research awareness, changed perceptions, increased understanding, critical thinking and new confidence) and ultimately enhanced research engagement (willingness to participate, motivating others, empowered critique of research partners and proposals, interest in further research training). Barriers to research engagement and areas for improvement of the Masterclass Program before, during and after Masterclasses were also identified.
'I've been independent for so damn long!': Independence, masculinity and aging in a help seeking context
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2007
Community knowledge, behaviours and attitudes about the 2009 H1N1 Influenza pandemic: a systematic review
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-04-2013
DOI: 10.1111/IRV.12103
Perceptions of embryo status and embryo use in an Australian community
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.RBMO.2012.01.014
Abstract: Increasingly, important areas of medical therapy and research rely on the donation and use of human embryos. Yet their use is commonly determined by community tolerance and ethico-legal regulation. The aim of this study was to explore the views of an Australian community about what an embryo is, how it should be used and who should make disposition decisions. The findings of a large representative population survey showed that most participants thought of an embryo as human or potentially human but that this did not affect a majority community view that embryos should be used rather than discarded. This study also found ergent views about what the community perceived to be acceptable uses of embryos. The majority perceived the couple as having the authority to make a disposition decision. Women held different views to men across all three questions. The way an embryo was perceived related significantly to how it should be used and who should decide its disposition. These differences and relationships should be considered when developing clinic practices and ethico-legal frameworks to regulate embryo use in science or treatment.
Another Piece of the “Silence in PBL” Puzzle:
Publisher: Purdue University Press
Date: 15-08-2020
Ethical issues in funding research and development of drugs for neglected tropical diseases.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 30-04-2009
Abstract: Neglected and tropical diseases, pervasive in developing countries, are important contributors to global health inequalities. They remain largely untreated due to lack of effective and affordable treatments. Resource-poor countries cannot afford to develop the public health interventions needed to control neglected diseases. In addition, neglected diseases do not represent an attractive market for pharmaceutical industry. Although a number of international commitments, stated in the Millennium Development Goals, have been made to avert the risk of communicable diseases, tropical diseases still remain neglected due to delays in international assistance. This delay can be explained by the form international cooperation has generally taken, which is limited to promoting countries' national interests, rather than social justice at a global level. This restricts the international responsibility for global inequalities in health to a humanitarian assistance. We propose an alternative view, arguing that expanding the scope of international cooperation by promoting shared health and economic value at a global level will create new opportunities for innovative, effective and affordable interventions worldwide. It will also promote neglected diseases as a global research priority. We build our argument on a proposal to replace the patenting system that currently regulates pharmaceutical research with a global fund to reward this research based on actual decreases in morbidity and mortality at a global level. We argue that this approach is beneficent because it will decrease global health inequalities and promote social justice worldwide.
The impact of the hospice environment on patient spiritual expression
Publisher: Oncology Nursing Society (ONS)
Date: 2005
Abstract: To understand how hospital inpatients express their spirituality and to investigate the impact of hospice environment on this expression. Qualitative. Two metropolitan hospice centers in southern Australia. 12 inpatients (7 males, 5 females) who were residents for at least four days. Influenced by Heidegger's Phenomenological Hermeneutics, semistructured interviews were conducted. Interview transcripts and field notes were analyzed to reduce data into codes and themes. Data were coded by extracting verbatim phrases used to describe spiritual expression and the impact of hospice environment on it. The nature of spiritual expression and the impact of the hospice environment on the spiritual expression of hospice inpatients. Participants were comfortable discussing their spiritual expression within the context of four main themes: Relationships, That Which Uplifts, Spiritual Practice, and Having Hope. Finding meaning was a common link among these themes. The impact of the hospice environment was variable. Most believed that it facilitated their spiritual expression to some degree. Spiritual expression is important but is facilitated by in idualized spiritual care. Nurses play an important role in the provision of spiritual care within a hospice setting. Nurses are significant in assisting in patients' spiritual expression. Nurses' needs for training in listening skills, confidence in discussing spiritual issues, and time to provide in idualized spiritual care should be assessed to ensure optimal patient expression.
Australian health policy and end of life care for people with chronic disease: An analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2013.08.001
Abstract: End of life care for people with advanced chronic disease is a growing international imperative, with the majority of deaths in the world now related to chronic disease. The provision of care that meets the needs of people with advanced chronic disease must be guided by appropriate policy. The key policy areas impacting directly on end of life care are related to chronic disease, palliative care and, increasingly, aged care. This paper describes the outcomes of an audit of Australian chronic disease and end of life alliative care policies. We identified that chronic disease health policies/strategies demonstrate a focus on prevention, early intervention and management, with scant recognition of end of life care needs. The majority assume that a referral to palliative care will address end of life care needs for people with chronic disease. By contrast, palliative care policies recognise the need for the incorporation of a palliative approach into advanced chronic disease care, but there are few connections between these two policy areas. Whilst palliative care policies intersect with carer and advance care planning policies, chronic disease policy does not. Key concerns requiring consideration when developing policy in this area are discussed and possible policy options identified.
Aboriginal community-controlled aged care: principles, practices and actions to integrate with primary health care
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2021
DOI: 10.1017/S1463423621000542
Abstract: To identify: 1) best practice aged care principles and practices for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander older peoples, and 2) actions to integrate aged care services with Aboriginal community-controlled primary health care. There is a growing number of older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and an unmet demand for accessible, culturally safe aged care services. The principles and features of aged care service delivery designed to meet the unique needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have not been extensively explored and must be understood to inform aged care policy and primary health care planning into the future. The research was governed by leaders from across the Aboriginal community-controlled primary health care sector who identified exemplar services to explore best practice in culturally aligned aged care. In-depth case studies were undertaken with two metropolitan Aboriginal community-controlled services. We conducted semi-structured interviews and yarning circles with 46 staff members to explore key principles, ways of working, enablers and challenges for aged care service provision. A framework approach to thematic analysis was undertaken with emergent findings reviewed and refined by participating services and the governance panel to incorporate national perspectives. A range of principles guided Aboriginal community-controlled aged care service delivery, such as supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander identity, connection with elders and communities and respect for self-determination. Strong governance, effective leadership and partnerships, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander workforce and culturally safe non-Indigenous workforce were among the identified enablers of aged care. Nine implementation actions guided the integration of aged care with primary health care service delivery. Funding limitations, workforce shortages, change management processes and difficulties with navigating the aged care system were among the reported challenges. These findings contribute to an evidence base regarding accessible, integrated, culturally safe aged care services tailored to the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Health promotion practice, research ethics and publishing in the Health Promotion Journal of Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1071/HEV26N3_ED2
LB1.1 Randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention to improve school-based hpv vaccination for adolescents: the hpv. edu study
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-2015
Ethics and health promotion: Research, theory, policy and practice
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1071/HEV26N3_ED1
Before the consultation: why people do (or do not) go to the doctor
Publisher: Royal College of General Practitioners
Date: 07-2009
The ethics of Community Empowerment: tensions in health promotion theory and practice
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2008
Abstract: The concepts of community participation, empowerment and capacity building are central tenets of contemporary health promotion theory. They reflect the view that health and well-being are shaped by a wide range of social, economic, political and organisational forces that are outside the control of in iduals. Despite its theoretical appeal, the practice of Community Empowerment is ethically contentious and can produce ethical dilemmas for health promotion practitioners. In this paper we relate these dilemmas to theoretical considerations, and argue that the empowerment of communities should be understood as a means rather than an end . This leads us to argue for the adoption of what we call a Reflective Equilibrium Community Empowerment approach, which draws on both “top—down” and “bottom—up” methods to help resolve the ethical tensions in health promotion programmes. (Promot Educ 2008 (3): 5-8)
Should there be a female age limit on public funding for Assisted Reproductive Technology? Differing conceptions of justice in resource allocation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-01-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S11673-012-9415-6
Abstract: Should there be a female age limit on public funding for assisted reproductive technology (ART)? The question bears significant economic and sociopolitical implications and has been contentious in many countries. We conceptualise the question as one of justice in resource allocation, using three much-debated substantive principles of justice-the capacity to benefit, personal responsibility, and need-to structure and then explore a complex of arguments. Capacity-to-benefit arguments are not decisive: There are no clear cost-effectiveness grounds to restrict funding to those older women who still bear some capacity to benefit from ART. Personal responsibility arguments are challenged by structural determinants of delayed motherhood. Nor are need arguments decisive: They can speak either for or against a female age limit, depending on the conception of need used. We demonstrate how these principles can differ not only in content but also in the relative importance they are accorded by governments. Wide variation in ART public funding policy might be better understood in this light. We conclude with some inter-country comparison. New Zealand and Swedish policies are uncommonly transparent and thus demonstrate particularly well how the arguments we explore have been put into practice.
Special People?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-02-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10943-010-9337-8
Abstract: Home country re-entry from cross-cultural missionary work abroad may be associated with psychological distress. Re-entrants experience multiple losses including loss of identity which may be associated with personal/relational identity gaps and depersonalization/dehumanization. However, research suggests that some re-entrants are resilient with good mental health, while others are fragile with poor mental health. The aims of this paper are to explore the nature and frequency of re-entering missionaries' identity gaps and their depersonalization/dehumanization in resilient and fragile re-entrants. Fifteen re-entering adult Australian cross-cultural missionary workers from four interdenominational Australian mission organizations completed semi-structured interviews. Results were analysed using modified Consensual Qualitative Research methods. Links were established between personal/relational identity gaps, depersonalization/dehumanization and resilience on re-entry. Implications for re-entrants' care are discussed with suggestions for further research.
Assisted reproductive technologies: A systematic review of safety and effectiveness to inform disinvestment policy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2011.07.007
Abstract: Health policy relating to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has been variably informed by clinical evidence, social values, political and fiscal considerations. This systematic review examined key factors associated with specific benefits and harms of ART to inform the development of a model for generating policy recommendations within an Australian disinvestment research agenda. Six databases were searched from 1994 to 2009. Included articles contained data on safety and/or effectiveness of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection with reference to female age, male age or cycle rank. Narrative descriptions of key outcomes (live birth, miscarriage) were constructed alongside tabular summaries. Sixty-eight studies and one registry report were included. There was substantial heterogeneity present within the evidence-base which limited the strength and scope of conclusions that could be drawn. However, this review does affirm the differential effectiveness associated with the ageing of ART patients with regard to live birth and miscarriage. From the available evidence, it was not possible to determine an explicit age or cycle rank that could be used to formulate defensible policy responsive to identified differential effectiveness. Stakeholder interpretation of this evidence-base may assist in developing policy that can incorporate uncertainty and reflect social values.
A dynamic model of ethical reasoning in speech pathology
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 20-09-1970
Perspectives on privacy in the pharmacy: The views of opioid substitution treatment clients
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.SAPHARM.2019.02.003
Abstract: Many pharmacists practise in settings in which protecting privacy can be difficult. To address this, some community pharmacies are rearranging their retail space to provide private areas for clinical consultations. Such facilities are deemed particularly important when dealing with clients who have sensitive medical conditions, such as opioid dependence. To explore Opioid Substitution Treatment (OST) patients' perceptions of privacy in a community pharmacy setting, with a particular focus on the layout of the community pharmacy. We conducted semi-structured interviews with OST clients. Recruitment and the interviews were conducted at state government drug and alcohol clinic. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed in NVivo using the framework approach. We interviewed fourteen OST clients. Most participants were concerned about privacy and considered that the pharmacy layout could enhance or hinder privacy. However, they disagreed about exactly which pharmacy layout was most privacy-protecting. In addition, a small group of clients interviewed who had a very positive relationship with pharmacists believed that the relationship contributed to their confidence that their privacy was protected. There is little consensus amongst consumers about how to protect privacy in the community pharmacy. The range of views expressed by clients in this study may reflect the lack of consensus about the nature of privacy in health ethics. Attention to the meaning of and rationales for privacy protections may be helpful when designing pharmacy layouts to meet the needs of a broad range of consumers. An enclosed or screened private area which can be used as a consultation area for all private pharmacy discussions, including for OST dosing, could be a solution to addressing these varying views on privacy in the pharmacy. Further attention to enhancing the pharmacist and client relationship may assist in reducing sensitivity about privacy.
Alcohol warning labels to reduce alcohol-related harm:a systematic scoping review protocol
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-09-2020
Psychological perspectives in urinary incontinence: a metasynthesis
Publisher: Open Access Publishing London
Date: 07-2013
Different methods for ethical analysis in health technology assessment: An empirical study
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 29-09-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S0266462311000444
Abstract: Objectives: Ethical analysis can highlight important ethical issues related to implementing a technology, values inherent in the technology itself, and value-decisions underlying the health technology assessment (HTA) process. Ethical analysis is a well-acknowledged part of HTA, yet seldom included in practice. One reason for this is lack of knowledge about the properties and differences between the methods available. This study compares different methods for ethical analysis within HTA. Methods: Ethical issues related to bariatric (obesity) surgery were independently evaluated using axiological, casuist, principlist, and EUnetHTA models for ethical analysis within HTA. The methods and results are presented and compared. Results: Despite varying theoretical underpinnings and practical approaches, the four methods identified similar themes: personal responsibility, self-infliction, discrimination, justice, public funding, and stakeholder involvement. The axiological and EUnetHTA models identified a wider range of arguments, whereas casuistry and principlism concentrated more on analyzing a narrower set of arguments deemed more important. Conclusions: Different methods can be successfully used for conducting ethical analysis within HTA. Although our study does not show that different methods in ethics always produce similar results, it supports the view that different methods of ethics can yield relevantly similar results. This suggests that the key conclusions of ethical analyses within HTA can be transferable between methods and countries. The systematic and transparent use of some method of ethics appears more important than the choice of the exact method.
Student and Staff Perspectives on the Use of Big Data in the Tertiary Education Sector: A Scoping Review and Reflection on the Ethical Issues
Publisher: American Educational Research Association (AERA)
Date: 23-09-2020
Abstract: While universities routinely use student data to monitor and predict student performance, there has been limited engagement with student and staff views, social and ethical issues, policy development, and ethical guidance. We reviewed peer-reviewed and grey-literature articles of 2007 to 2018 describing the perspectives of staff and students in tertiary education on the use of student-generated data in data analytics, including learning analytics. We used an ethics framework to categorize the findings. There was considerable variation but generally low awareness and understanding amongst students and staff about the nature and extent of data collection, data analytics, and use of predictive analytics. Staff and students identified potential benefits but also expressed concerns about misinterpretation of data, constant surveillance, poor transparency, inadequate support, and potential to impede active learning. This review supports the contention that consideration of ethical issues has failed to keep pace with the development of predictive analytics in the tertiary sector.
The information needs of women diagnosed with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – implications for treatment and health outcomes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-06-2007
Cochrane consumers and data sharing of clinical trials - a survey; IMPACT (IMProving Access to Clinical Trials data) Observatory
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-09-2017
“When we were young, it really was a treat; now sugar is just the norm every day”—A qualitative study of parents’ and young adults’ perceptions and consumption of sugary drinks
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-05-2019
DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.257
Abstract: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are the leading source of free sugars in Australian children's and adults' diets. This study explores drivers of consumption among parents and young adults to inform interventions. Eight focus groups (n = 59) stratified by gender, age/life stage and SES were analysed thematically. Daily SSB consumption was normalised. Participants drank SSBs to avoid perceived energy/sugar deficits, to treat themselves and as a function of familial influence. Frequent consumption was considered acceptable if "in moderation" and/or "balanced" with exercise/diet however, there was a large disconnect between this language of moderation and actual consumption practices. Participants acknowledged that social norms had changed over time. There was little evidence of accurate knowledge of sugar content for any beverage type. Participants relied heavily on packaging and labelling, much of which conveyed a health halo effect. While participants could list health effects of excess consumption, they were considered long-term or of low personal relevance. Awareness of health recommendations was low. Consumers' adoption and use of concepts such as "treat," "moderation" and "balance" reflect both food and beverage industry marketing and public health messaging. However, the disconnect between this language and knowledge and consumption practices is problematic. SO WHAT?: SSB consumption is very high with serious implications for health. Curbing consumption among young adults and parents has potential to change the health trajectories for current and future generations. There is a clear need to increase health literacy around SSB consumption. Simple consumption guidelines, clearer sugar content labelling and health warnings offer potential.
The ethics of participating in research
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 11-2002
Intersectoral collaboration to implement school-based health programmes: Australian perspectives
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 27-01-2016
Abstract: Understanding the processes and the factors influencing intersectoral collaboration is vital for the ongoing success of programmes that rely on effective partnerships between sectors, such as the school-based immunization programme, the school dental health programme and health promotion interventions delivered in school settings. We studied school-based health programmes delivered by partnerships between health, education and the local government sectors. We used purposive s ling to identify 19 people working in school-based health programmes and interviewed them about the barriers and enablers of successful collaboration. Data were analysed thematically. We found that collaboration between complex systems was a skilled endeavour which relied on a strong foundation of communication and interpersonal professional relationships. Understanding the core business, operational context and intersectoral point-of-view of collaborative partners was important both for establishing good intersectoral programmes and sustaining them as contexts and personnel changed. Aligning ergent sectoral agendas early in the collaborative process was essential for ensuring that all partners could meet their core business needs while also delivering the programme outcomes.
Doctors' views about the importance of shared values in HIV positive patient care: a qualitative study
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-2004
Technology, Ethics of
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2012
Awareness, anxiety, compliance: Community perceptions and response to the threat and reality of an influenza pandemic
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.AJIC.2011.03.015
Abstract: This study compared community response prior to and during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic using a cross-sectional phone survey of rural and metropolitan South Australia, conducted in 2007 and 2009. Awareness of pandemic influenza was significantly higher and anxiety lower in 2009 than in 2007. Reported seasonal influenza vaccine uptake increased from 51.7% in 2007 to 61.4% in 2009, but there was more interest in receiving pandemic vaccine in 2007 (87.5%) than in 2009 (57%).
Who drinks sugar sweetened beverages and juice? An Australian population study of behaviour, awareness and attitudes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-01-2019
Requiring influenza vaccination for health care workers
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Date: 2009
Abstract: Annual influenza vaccination for health care workers has the potential to benefit health care professionals, their patients, and their families by reducing the transmission of influenza in the health care setting. Furthermore, staff vaccination programs are cost-effective for health care institutions because of reduced staff illness and absenteeism. Despite international recommendations and strong ethical arguments for annual influenza immunization for health care professionals, staff utilization of vaccination remains low. We have analyzed the ethical implications of a variety of efforts to increase vaccination rates, including mandatory influenza vaccination. A program of incentives and sanctions may increase health care worker compliance with fewer ethical impediments than mandatory vaccination.
Building Indigenous health workforce capacity and capability through leadership – the Miwatj health leadership model
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2021
DOI: 10.1017/S1463423621000554
Abstract: In the crowded field of leadership research, Indigenous leadership remains under-researched. This article explores the Leadership Model of an Aboriginal Community Controlled Primary Health Care Organisation providing services to the Yolngu people of remote northern Australia: the Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation (Miwatj). The limited research which does exist on Indigenous leadership points to unique challenges for Indigenous leaders. These challenges relate to fostering self-determination in their communities, managing significant community expectations, and navigating a path between culturally ergent approaches to management and leadership. Guided by Indigenous methodology and using a mixed methods approach, semi-structured interviews, self-reported health service data, organisational and publicly available documents, and literature were analysed using a framework method of thematic analysis to identify key themes of the Miwatj Leadership Model. The Miwatj Leadership Model is underpinned by three distinctive elements: it offers Yolngu people employment opportunities it supports staff who want to move into leadership positions and provides capacity building through certificates and diplomas and it provides for the physical, emotional, and cultural wellbeing of all Yolngu staff. Furthermore, the model respects traditional Yolngu forms of authority and empowers the community to develop, manage and sustain their own health. The Miwatj Leadership Model has been successful in providing formal pathways to support Indigenous staff to take on leadership roles, and has improved the accessibility and acceptability of health care services as a result of Yolngu employment and improved cultural safety. Translating the Miwatj Leadership Model into other health services will require considerable thought and commitment. The Miwatj Leadership Model can be adapted to meet the needs of other health care services in consideration of the unique context within which they operate. This study has demonstrated the importance of having a formal leadership model that promotes recruitment, retention, and career progression for Indigenous staff.
Practical ethics for general practice. Wendy Rogers, Annette Braunack-Mayer. (210 pages, 19.95.) Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-852504-4
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2004
What do we know about men's help‐seeking and health service use?
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.5694/J.1326-5377.2006.TB00124.X
Abstract: Men seek help and use health services less frequently than women do. Men's help-seeking practices and health service use are complex issues involving biological, psychological and sociological considerations. Most discussion on men's help-seeking positions them as reluctant consumers or "behaving badly" with respect to their health. Few studies have explored whether health service providers are equipped to deal with men's health issues appropriately. The current health system appears not to be tailored to meet the health needs of men. Better collaboration is required across disciplines, to further investigate men's health using both qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Mapping precision public health definitions, terminology and applications: a scoping review protocol
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 02-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2021-058069
Abstract: Precision public health is an emerging and evolving field. Academic communities are ided regarding terminology and definitions, and what the scope, parameters and goals of precision public health should include. This protocol summarises the procedure for a scoping review which aims to identify and describe definitions, terminology, uses of the term and concepts in current literature. A scoping review will be undertaken to gather existing literature on precision public health. We will search CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, and include all documents published in English that mention precision public health. A critical discourse analysis of the resulting papers will generate an account of precision public health terminology, definitions and uses of the term and the use and meaning of language. The analysis will occur in stages: first, descriptive information will be extracted and descriptive statistics will be calculated in order to characterise the literature. Second, occurrences of the phrase ‘precision public health’ and alternative terms in documents will be enumerated and mapped, and definitions collected. The third stage of discourse analysis will involve analysis and interpretation of the meaning of precision public health, including the composition, organisation and function of discourses. Finally, discourse analysis of alternative phrases to precision public health will be undertaken. This will include analysis and interpretation of what alternative phrases to precision public health are used to mean, how the phrases relate to each other and how they are compared or contrasted to precision public health. Results will be grouped under headings according to how they answer the research questions. No ethical approval will be required for the scoping review. Results of the scoping review will be used as part of a doctoral thesis, and may be published in journals, conference proceedings or elsewhere.
Assessing the quality of health research from an Indigenous perspective
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-04-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12874-020-00959-3
Abstract: The lack of attention to Indigenous epistemologies and, more broadly, Indigenous values in primary research, is mirrored in the standardised critical appraisal tools used to guide evidence-based practice and systematic reviews and meta-syntheses. These critical appraisal tools offer no guidance on how validity or contextual relevance should be assessed for Indigenous populations and cultural contexts. Failure to tailor the research questions, design, analysis, dissemination and knowledge translation to capture understandings that are specific to Indigenous peoples results in research of limited acceptability and benefit and potentially harms Indigenous peoples. A specific Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Quality Appraisal Tool is needed to address this gap. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Quality Appraisal Tool (QAT) was developed using a modified Nominal Group and Delphi Techniques and the tool’s validity, reliability, and feasibility were assessed over three stages of independent piloting. National and international research guidelines were used as points of reference. Piloting of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander QAT with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous experts led to refinement of the tool. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander QAT consists of 14 questions that assess the quality of health research from an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspective. The questions encompass setting appropriate research questions community engagement and consultation research leadership and governance community protocols intellectual and cultural property rights the collection and management of research material Indigenous research paradigms a strength-based approach to research the translation of findings into policy and practice benefits to participants and communities involved and capacity strengthening and two-way learning. Outcomes from the assessment of the tool’s validity, reliability, and feasibility were overall positive. This is the first tool to appraise research quality from the perspective of Indigenous peoples. Through the uptake of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander QAT we hope to improve the quality and transparency of research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with the potential for greater improvements in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and wellbeing.
Community perspectives on the use of regulation and law for obesity prevention in children: A citizens’ jury
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2017.03.001
Abstract: Childhood obesity is a significant challenge for public health internationally. Regulatory and fiscal measures propagated by governments offer a potentially effective response to this issue. Fearing public criticism, governments are often reluctant to use such measures. In this study we asked a descriptively representative and informed group of Australians their views on the use of legislation and fiscal measures by governments to address childhood obesity. A citizens' jury, held in South Australia in April 2015, was asked to consider the question: What laws, if any, should we have in Australia to address childhood obesity? The jury agreed that prevention of obesity was complex requiring multifaceted government intervention. Recommendations fell into the areas of health promotion and education (n=4), regulation of food marketing (n=3), taxation/subsidies (n=2) and a parliamentary enquiry. School-based nutrition education and health promotion and mandatory front-of-pack interpretive labelling of food and drink were ranked 1 and 2 with taxation of high fat, high sugar food and drink third. The recommendations were similar to findings from other citizens' juries held in Australia suggesting that the reticence of decision makers in Australia, and potentially elsewhere, to use legislative and fiscal measures to address childhood obesity is misguided. Supporting relevant informed public discussion could facilitate a politically acceptable legislative approach.
Practical Ethics for General Practice
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 12-2008
Good and bad sugars: Australian adults’ perspectives on sugar in their diet
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-04-2021
Social Justice and Pandemic Influenza Planning: The Role of Communication Strategies
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1093/PHE/PHN031
Sharing patient information between professionals: confidentiality and ethics
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 03-2003
DOI: 10.5694/J.1326-5377.2003.TB05195.X
Abstract: Careful consideration of the ethical implications is required before patient information should be shared without the patient's knowledge. Routine and apparently uncontroversial releases of information can be perceived as problematic by patients. The ethics of such "ordinary" breaches of confidence can be explored by considering the patient's autonomy, the patient's best interests, and the public interest in preserving or breaching confidentiality. Patient autonomy can be supported and ethical problems may be avoided when patients are given as much information as possible about foreseeable information disclosures.
A randomised controlled trial to compare opt-in and opt-out parental consent for childhood vaccine safety surveillance using data linkage
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 19-04-2012
DOI: 10.1136/MEDETHICS-2011-100145
Abstract: No consent for health and medical research is appropriate when the criteria for a waiver of consent are met, yet some ethics committees and data custodians still require informed consent. A single-blind parallel-group randomised controlled trial: 1129 families of children born at a South Australian hospital were sent information explaining data linkage of childhood immunisation and hospital records for vaccine safety surveillance with 4 weeks to opt in or opt out by reply form, telephone or email. A subsequent telephone interview gauged the intent of 1026 parents (91%) in relation to their actions and the sociodemographic differences between participants and non-participants in each arm. The participation rate was 21% (n=120/564) in the opt-in arm and 96% (n=540/565) in the opt-out arm (χ(2) (1 df) = 567.7, p<0.001). Participants in the opt-in arm were more likely than non-participants to be older, married/de facto, university educated and of higher socioeconomic status. Participants in the opt-out arm were similar to non-participants, except men were more likely to opt out. Substantial proportions did not receive, understand or properly consider study invitations, and opting in or opting out behaviour was often at odds with parents' stated underlying intentions. The opt-in approach resulted in low participation and a biased s le that would render any subsequent data linkage unfeasible, while the opt-out approach achieved high participation and a representative s le. The waiver of consent afforded under current privacy regulations for data linkage studies meeting all appropriate criteria should be granted by ethics committees, and supported by data custodians. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000332022.
HOW WELL DOES THE AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM SUPPORT QUALITY END-OF-LIFE CARE FOR PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC DISEASE?
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 06-2013
Priority allocation of pandemic influenza vaccines in Australia – Recommendations of 3 community juries
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Parental views on vaccine safety and future vaccinations of children who experienced an adverse event following routine or seasonal influenza vaccination in 2010
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.4161/HV.19478
Abstract: To assess parental vaccine safety views and future vaccination decisions after an adverse event following immunization (AEFI) experienced by their child. A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted of parents of children aged 0-7 y, identified in AEFI reports submitted to the South Australian Immunization Section, Department Health. The reports included childhood National Immunization Program (NIP), seasonal or pandemic influenza vaccines. Interviews were conducted following a national suspension of the 2010 seasonal trivalent influenza (STIV) vaccine. Parental attitudes toward vaccine safety, reasons for reporting the AEFI and impact on future vaccination intent were assessed. Of 179 parents interviewed, 88% were confident in the safety of vaccines in general. Parents reporting an AEFI to the STIV were more likely to state the event had influenced future vaccination decisions than the NIP vaccine reporters (65% vs 14%, p < 0.001), with 63% stating refusal or hesitance to re-vaccinate their children against influenza. Media reports of the 2010 STIV program suspension was the most common reason for reporting an AEFI for parents of children who received an influenza vaccination. The AEFI experience did not impact on parental decision to continue with routine childhood NIP schedules, regardless of whether children received influenza or NIP vaccines. In contrast, most parents whose child experienced an AEFI to the 2010 STIV stated decreased confidence in the safety of influenza vaccines, which is likely to have impacted on the uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination in 2011. Addressing influenza vaccine safety concerns to promote influenza vaccination in the community is required.
Developing Best Practice in Linking and Sharing Administrative Data – A Comparison of Views in Health and Higher Education
Publisher: Swansea University
Date: 07-12-2020
Abstract: IntroductionLarge administrative datasets are now being used for secondary purposes across a wide range of public sector organisations, including in health and higher education. However, governance, regulation and policy surrounding the use of these datasets are at different stages of development in these sectors. Our aim was to explore similarities and differences in the use of administrative data between the health and higher education sectors to inform policy development. Objectives and ApproachWe investigated views on the use of administrative data in both the health and higher education sectors. We conducted 18 qualitative in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, to provide insight into the ethical, social and legal issues associated with the use of big data in these settings. The interviews were transcribed and thematically coded. ResultsParticipants indicated the rapid pace of technological change and large volume of potentially sensitive data collected raises governance, infrastructure and ethical issues in both settings. Common challenges include communication, staff capabilities, delays in access, multiple policies and governance committees, and technical and operational issues. In the health sector, there was clear understanding of the issues and governance structures to address these issues, whereas this understanding was more variable in the higher education sector. Trust in government (to use responsibly and store securely) was raised in the health sector but not in universities. Conclusion / ImplicationsUnderstanding and use of administrative data are at quite different levels of development in the higher education and health sectors. Higher education needs policy and ethical guidance and higher level governance and greater consultation across the sector. Both sectors would benefit from a national approach to data governance.
Understanding culturally safe aged care from the perspectives of older Aboriginal Australians in rural and remote communities
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-09-2022
DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.541
Abstract: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples face challenges in accessing aged care and are less likely to use some services than their non‐Indigenous counterparts. Culturally safe care is increasingly recognised as an enabler to improve access and quality of care. This study explored older Aboriginal peoples’ perceptions and experience of culturally safe aged care. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with sixty‐three older Aboriginal people, purposively s led from three rural and remote geographic locations in South Australia, between April and October 2018, with participants who were both receiving and not receiving aged care services. We asked participants how organisations do or could meet their aged care needs. We analysed interview data inductively into themes. These themes were incorporated into six principles of culturally safe aged care which were subsequently endorsed by participants and study stakeholders. Participants described culturally safe aged care services as those which facilitated or maintained connection to participants’ culture, traditional lands and community. Five themes were identified: maintaining cultural identity, culturally informed service delivery, culturally competent workforce, culturally supportive environments and partnerships and collaboration within the aged care service system. Addressing cultural safety in aged care will require organisations to adapt their policies, service delivery, environments and work practices to meet the needs of older Aboriginal peoples. SO WHAT? Identifying culturally safe aged care from the perspectives of older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples provides timely insight to how services may be better designed and implemented to promote quality of life.
Consumer acceptability and validity of m-Health for the detection of adverse events following immunization – The Stimulated Telephone Assisted Rapid Safety Surveillance (STARSS) randomised control trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Optimizing intersectoral collaboration between health and education: the Health Bridges study
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 29-12-2015
How much free sugar do Australians consume? Findings from a national survey
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Abstract: To identify the characteristics of Australian adults exceeding the World Health Organization's free sugar (FS) intake recommendations of <10% and compare the sources of FS among those exceeding (high FS consumers) and complying (low FS consumers) with the recommendations. Nationally weighted data from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-12 was used to describe the proportions of FS consumption and sources of FS among adults aged ≥18 years (n=9,435) across demographic, socioeconomic and health behavioural subgroups. Six categories of food groups likely to contain FS were generated and analysed. Almost half of all adults (47%) were high FS consumers. More than one-third of adults in each demographic, socioeconomic and health behaviour subgroup were high FS consumers. Of the food groups containing FS, beverages contributed the most FS (37%), particularly for young adults (48%). High FS consumers obtained twice as much FS from beverages (42%) than low FS consumers (21%). A reverse age gradient was observed for the FS sourced from beverages. Almost half the Australians surveyed exceeded the FS intake recommendations. Sugary beverages were the largest source of FS, with young adults being the highest consumers. Implications for public health: Whole population strategies targeting beverages could possibly reduce Australia's high sugar intake.
What makes a good GP? An empirical perspective on virtue in general practice
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 02-2005
Sharing precision medicine data with private industry: Outcomes of a citizens’ jury in Singapore
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1177/20539517221108988
Abstract: Precision medicine is an emerging approach to treatment and disease prevention that relies on linkages between very large datasets of health information that is shared amongst researchers and health professionals. While studies suggest broad support for sharing precision medicine data with researchers at publicly funded institutions, there is reluctance to share health information with private industry for research and development. As the private sector is likely to play an important role in generating public benefits from precision medicine initiatives, it is important to understand what the concerns are and how they might be mitigated. This study reports outcomes of a deliberative method of citizen engagement in Singapore that asked whether sharing precision medicine data with private industry would be permissible, and if so, under what circumstances. Findings from this citizens’ jury suggest sharing with industry would be permissible under certain conditions that are set out in nine recommendations. Implications of the recommendations and their underlying assumptions for policy decision makers are discussed. This study aligns with prior international studies which found conditional acceptance for data sharing with private industry, a public benefit requirement, specific reluctance to share with insurance companies and an emphasis on accountability and transparency to demonstrate trustworthiness. However, our results differ from prior studies in that opt-in consent did not dominate the deliberations as jurors were able to set it aside as an assumed prerequisite for participation in a precision medicine programme.
Health Technology Assessment: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2017
Efficacy of m-Health for the detection of adverse events following immunization – The stimulated telephone assisted rapid safety surveillance (STARSS) randomised control trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Binners, fillers and filers - a qualitative study of GPs who don't return postal questionnaires
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.3109/13814780409044302
Abstract: Postal questionnaires are a frequently used method of obtaining information from general practitioners. However, getting GPs to return questionnaires or participate in research can be challenging. We wanted to ascertain reasons why GPs identified as 'routine non-responders' to postal questionnaires, do not participate in this type of research. Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews of 14 GPs who had returned only one or none of five questionnaires sent to them during a five-year period between 1994-1999. Participants were classified into one of three groups--binners, filers and fillers--according to their behavior when faced with a questionnaire. Each group had slightly different attitudes toward research in general practice. Although standard strategies such as incentives and good design could influence the decision to complete a questionnaire, poor research experiences or a poor relationship between the participant and researchers were also very important. The decision not to return a postal questionnaire is multifactorial and reflects personal and professional attitudes, experiences and organisation of in idual GPs as well as time pressure and interest. The development of a positive relationship with a researcher or academic department may be influential in encouraging the return of postal questionnaires and when trying to enhance response rates amongst 'routine non-responders' researchers should take into account the broader values ans practices GPs bring to their work.
Approaches to Academic Integrity in Medical and Health Research
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2015
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