ARDC Research Link Australia

Abstract: Per capita loads of six UV filters were estimated in wastewater influent s les from 36 wastewater treatment plants in Australia collected over a weekend period during the 2016 Australian Census. Of the analysed s les, 99% contained at least one of the target compounds. Phenyl benzimidazole sulfonic acid (PBSA) was the most prevalent (99%), followed by benzophenone 4 (BP4) (97%), benzophenone 3 (BP3) (87%), benzophenone 1 (BP1) (84%), 4-methylbenzylidene c hor (4-MBC) (22%) and isoamyl 4-methoxycinnamate (IMC) (1.5%). The highest concentrations were 3780 and 5070 ng L

Publication

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.VACUUM.2016.05.022

Publication

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-05-2009

DOI: 10.1007/S00216-009-2825-6

Publication

Development and calibration of a passive sampler for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2011.03.018

Abstract: N-Nitrosamines such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) are organic compounds of environmental concern in groundwater, wastewater and potable water due to their potent carcinogenicity in laboratory animal studies and probable human carcinogenicity. While passive s ling techniques have become a widely used tool for providing time-averaged estimates of trace pollutant concentration, for chemicals such as NDMA that have relatively high water solubility, the selection of a suitable sorbent is difficult. This work is a proof of principle study that investigated for the first time the use of coconut charcoal as a passive s ler sorbent. Apparent charcoal/water sorption coefficients for NDMA were >551 mL g(-1) at environmentally relevant aqueous concentrations of less than 1 μg L(-1). Under the experimental conditions employed, a s ling rate of 0.45 L d(-1) was determined and for an aqueous concentration of 1000 ng L(-1), it is predicted that the s ler remains in the linear uptake stage for approximately 4d, while equilibrium attainment would require about 26 d. The presence of humic acid, used as a surrogate for DOC, enhanced NDMA sorption on the coconut charcoal.

Publication

Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)

Date: 07-12-2011

DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVB.84.245301

Publication

Measuring selected PPCPs in wastewater to estimate the population in different cities in China

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.05.216

Abstract: S ling and analysis of wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has become a useful tool for understanding exposure to chemicals. Both wastewater based studies and management and planning of the catchment require information on catchment population in the time of monitoring. Recently, a model has been developed and calibrated using selected pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) measured in influent wastewater for estimating population in different catchments in Australia. The present study aimed at evaluating the feasibility of utilizing this population estimation approach in China. Twenty-four hour composite influent s les were collected from 31 WWTPs in 17 cities with catchment sizes from 200,000-3,450,000 people representing all seven regions of China. The s les were analyzed for 19 PPCPs using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in direct injection mode. Eight chemicals were detected in more than 50% of the s les. Significant positive correlations were found between in idual PPCP mass loads and population estimates provided by WWTP operators. Using the PPCP mass load modeling approach calibrated with WWTP operator data, we estimated the population size of each catchment with good agreement with WWTP operator values (between 50-200% for all sites and 75-125% for 23 of the 31 sites). Overall, despite much lower detection and relatively high heterogeneity in PPCP consumption across China the model provided a good estimate of the population contributing to a given wastewater s le. Wastewater analysis could also provide objective PPCP consumption status in China.

Publication

Chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust from Australia: Levels, congener patterns and preliminary assessment of human exposure

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.05.170

Abstract: Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a group of polychlorinated n-alkanes with high production volumes. Until now, there are only limited data on the levels of CPs in the environment, especially in the indoor environment. In this study, dust s les were collected from 44 indoor environments, including 27 private houses, 10 offices, and 7 vehicles. Short-, medium-, and long-chain CPs were detected in all dust s les. The median concentration of ∑CPs (C

Publication

Structural and compositional evolutions of In_xAl_1−xN core–shell nanorods grown on Si(111) substrates by reactive magnetron sputter epitaxy

Publisher: IOP Publishing

Date: 06-05-2015

DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/21/215602

Abstract: Catalystless growth of InxAl(1-x)N core-shell nanorods have been realized by reactive magnetron sputter epitaxy onto Si(111) substrates. The s les were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The composition and morphology of InxAl(1-x)N nanorods are found to be strongly influenced by the growth temperature. At lower temperatures, the grown materials form well-separated and uniform core-shell nanorods with high In-content cores, while a deposition at higher temperature leads to the formation of an Al-rich InxAl(1-x)N film with vertical domains of low In-content as a result of merging Al-rich shells. The thickness and In content of the cores (domains) increase with decreasing growth temperature. The growth of the InxAl(1-x)N is traced to the initial stage, showing that the formation of the core-shell nanostructures starts very close to the interface. Phase separation due to spinodal decomposition is suggested as the origin of the resultant structures. Moreover, the in-plane crystallographic relationship of the nanorods and substrate was modified from a fiber textured to an epitaxial growth with an epitaxial relationship of InxAl(1-x)N[0001]//Si[111] and InxAl(1-x)N[1120]//Si[110 by removing the native SiOx layer from the substrate.

Publication

Temporal profile of illicit drug consumption in Guangzhou, China monitored by wastewater-based epidemiology

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 15-06-2019

DOI: 10.1007/S11356-019-05575-3

Abstract: Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been widely used as a complementary method for estimating consumption of illicit drugs in the population. Temporal drug consumption estimates derived from WBE can provide important information for law enforcement and public health authorities in understanding changes in supply and demand of illicit drugs, but currently lacking in China. In this study, influent wastewater s les from a municipal sewage treatment plant in Guangzhou, China were collected for 8 weeks to investigate the temporal change in consumption of six illicit drugs in the catchment. The results indicated that meth hetamine and ketamine were the dominant illicit drugs in Guangzhou with the per capita use of 14.7-470.7 mg/day/1000 people and 64.9-673.7 mg/day/1000 people, respectively. No distinct weekly patterns were observed for illicit drug consumption in Guangzhou, indicating that drug users are likely to be regular ones. Further assessment about the impact of public holidays on the consumption behavior of drugs showed little impact for ketamine (p = 0.689), but higher consumptions of meth hetamine (p = 0.003) and cocaine (p = 0.027) were observed during public holidays than the control period. The considerable decrease in drug consumption observed in October 2017 compared with January and May 2017 was possibly the consequence of law enforcement action.

Publication

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2012

DOI: 10.5094/APR.2012.035

Publication

Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) for baseline toxicity and specific modes of action as a tool to improve interpretation of ecotoxicity testing of environmental samples

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.1039/B800949J

Abstract: The toxic equivalency concept is a widely applied method to express the toxicity of complex mixtures of compounds that act via receptor-mediated mechanisms such as induction of the arylhydrocarbon or estrogen receptors. Here we propose to extend this concept to baseline toxicity, using the bioluminescence inhibition test with Vibrio fischeri, and an integrative ecotoxicity endpoint, algal growth rate inhibition. Both bioassays were validated by comparison with literature data and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for baseline toxicity were developed for all endpoints. The novel combined algae test, with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, allows for the simultaneous evaluation of specific inhibition of photosynthesis and growth rate. The contributions of specific inhibition of photosynthesis and non-specific toxicity could be differentiated by comparing the time and endpoint pattern. Photosynthesis efficiency, measured with the saturation pulse method after 2 h of incubation, served as indicator of specific inhibition of photosynthesis by photosystem II inhibitors. Diuron equivalents were defined as toxicity equivalents for this effect. The endpoint of growth rate over 24 h served to derive baseline toxicity equivalent concentrations (baseline-TEQ). By performing binary mixture experiments with reference compounds and complex environmental s les from a sewage treatment plant and a river, the TEQ concept was validated. The proposed method allows for easier interpretation and communication of effect-based water quality monitoring data and provides a basis for comparative analysis with chemical analytical monitoring.

Publication

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2009.09.048

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compounds are found in secondary treated effluents up to microg L(-1) levels and therefore discharged into surface waters. Since the long term effects of these compounds on the environment and human health are, to date, largely unknown, implementation of advanced treatment of wastewaters is envisaged to reduce their discharge. This is of particular relevance where surface waters are used as drinking water sources and when considering indirect potable reuse. This study aimed at assessing the removal of organic micropollutants and the concurrent reduction of their biological activity in a full scale reclamation plant treating secondary effluent. The treatment consists of 6 stages: denitrification, pre-ozonation, coagulation/flocculation/dissolved air flotation and filtration (DAFF), main ozonation, activated carbon filtration and final ozonation for disinfection. For that purpose, representative 24-hour composite s les were collected after each stage. The occurrence of 85 compounds was monitored by LC/MS-MS. A battery of 6 bioassays was also used as a complementary tool to evaluate non-specific toxicity and 5 specific toxic modes of action. Results show that, among the 54 micropollutants quantified in the influent water, 50 were removed to below their limit of quantification representing more than 90% of concentration reduction. Biological activity was reduced, depending on the specific response that was assessed, from a minimum of 62% (AhR response) to more than 99% (estrogenicity). The key processes responsible for the plant's performances were the coagulation/flocculation/DAFF, main ozonation and activated carbon filtration. The effect of these 3 processes varied from one compound or bioassay to another but their combination was almost totally responsible for the overall observed reduction. Bioassays yielded complementary information, e.g. estrogenic compounds were not detected in the secondary effluent by chemical analysis, but the s les had an estrogenic effect. The main ozonation formed oxidation by-products of the organic micropollutants but decreased the level of non-specific toxicity and other specific toxic modes of action, demonstrating that the mixture of oxidation by-products was less potent than the mixture of the parent compounds for the considered effects.

Publication

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2015.07.004

Publication

Curved-Lattice Epitaxial Growth of In_xAl_1–xN Nanospirals with Tailored Chirality

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 11-12-2014

DOI: 10.1021/NL503564K

Abstract: Chirality, tailored by external morphology and internal composition, has been realized by controlled curved-lattice epitaxial growth of In(x)Al(1-x)N nanospirals. The curved morphology of the spiral segments is a result of a lateral compositional gradient while maintaining a preferred crystallographic growth direction, implying a lateral gradient in optical properties. In idual nanospirals show an asymmetric core-shell structure with curved basal planes. Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry shows that the tailored chirality is manifested in the polarization state of light reflected off the nanospirals.

Publication

Tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in new tobacco products

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 04-2006

DOI: 10.1080/14622200500490151

Abstract: New tobacco products, designed to attract consumers who are concerned about the health effects of tobacco, have been appearing on the market. Objective evaluation of these products requires, as a first step, data on their potentially toxic constituents. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are an important class of carcinogens in tobacco products, but virtually no data were available on their levels in these products. In the present study, we analyzed several new products-Ariva, Stonewall, Exalt, Revel, Smokey Mountain, and Quest-for TSNAs and compared their TSNA levels with those in nicotine replacement products and conventional smokeless tobacco and cigarette brands. TSNAs were not detected in Smokey Mountain, which is a tobacco-free snuff product. The lowest levels among the new products containing tobacco were in Ariva and Stonewall (0.26-0.28 microg/g wet weight of product). The highest levels in the new products were found in Exalt (3.3 microg/g tobacco), whereas Revel and Quest had intermediate amounts. Only trace amounts were found in nicotine replacement products, and conventional brands had levels consistent with those reported in the literature. These results demonstrate that TSNA levels in new tobacco products range from relatively low to comparable with those found in some conventional brands.

Publication

Field investigation of the quality of fresh and aged leachates from selected landfills receiving e-waste in an arid climate

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.WASMAN.2014.06.018

Abstract: The management of electronic waste (e-waste) is a serious problem worldwide and much of it is landfilled. A survey of four selected landfills in an arid region of South Australia was conducted to determine the proportion of e-waste in municipal waste and the properties of each landfill site. Leachate and groundwater s les were collected upgradient and downgradient of the landfills for analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 14 metals and metalloids, including Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn. Our data demonstrate that the selected landfills in South Australia continue to receive municipal waste containing in excess of 6%, or 25,000 tonnes per year, of e-waste. The leachates and groundwater collected from the landfills contained significantly elevated concentrations of Pb with the highest concentration in groundwater of 38 μg/l, almost four times higher than the Australian drinking water guideline of 10 μg/l. The presence of PBDEs was detected in both leachate and groundwater s les. Total PBDEs values of 2.13-59.75 ng/l in leachate s les were 10 times higher than in groundwater s les, which recorded a range of 0.41-6.53 ng/l at all sites. Moreover, the concentrations of metals and metalloids in s led groundwater contained elevated levels of Al, As, Fe, Ni and Pb that exceeded Australian drinking water guideline values. For these reasons potential leaching of these contaminants is of concern and while difficult to attribute elevated contaminant levels to e-waste, we do not recommend continued disposal of e-waste in old landfills that were not originally designed to contain leachates. The survey also revealed temporal variation in the electrical conductivity and concentrations of As, Cd and Pb present in leachates of landfills in arid Mediterranean climates. These results are consistent with the marked variations in rainfall patterns observed for such climates. The solute concentration (EC and other ions including As, Cd and Pb) declines in the leachates during wet winter months (June to September), in contrast to tropical countries where such changes are observed during wet summer months.

Publication

Persistent organic pollutants in matched breast milk and infant faeces samples

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2014.09.076

Abstract: Assessing blood concentration of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in infants is difficult due to the ethical and practical difficulties in obtaining sufficient quantities of blood. To determine whether measuring POPs in faeces might reflect blood concentration during infancy, we measured the concentrations of a range of POPs (i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)) in a pilot study using matched breast milk and infant faecal s les obtained from ten mother–child pairs. All infants were breast fed, with 8 of them also receiving solid food at the time of faecal s ling. In this small dataset faecal concentrations (range 0.01–41 ng g(−1) lipid) are strongly associated with milk concentrations (range 0.02–230 ng g(−1) lipid). Associations with other factors generally could not be detected in this dataset, with the exception of a small effect of age or growth. Different sources (external or internal) of exposure appeared to directly influence faecal concentrations of different chemicals based on different inter-in idual variability in the faeces-to-milk concentration ratio Rfm. Overall, the matrix of faeces as an external measure of internal exposure in infants looks promising for some chemicals and is worth assessing further in larger datasets.

Publication

Insights into PBDE uptake, body burden, and elimination gained from Australian age–Concentration trends observed shortly after peak exposure

Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives

Date: 10-2015

DOI: 10.1289/EHP.1408960

Publication

The influence of age and gender on triclosan concentrations in Australian human blood serum

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2007.12.006

Abstract: The bactericide triclosan has found wide-spread use in e.g. soaps, deodorants and toothpastes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been shown to be present in human plasma and milk at concentrations that are well correlated to the use of personal care products containing triclosan. In this study we investigated the influence of age, gender, and the region of residence on triclosan concentrations in pooled s les of Australian human blood serum. The results showed no influence of region of residence on the concentrations of triclosan. There was a small but significant influence of age and gender on the serum triclosan concentrations, which were higher in males than in females, and highest in the group of 31-45 year old males and females. However, overall there was a lack of pronounced differences in the triclosan concentrations within the dataset, which suggests that the exposure to triclosan among different groups of the Australian population is relatively homogenous. A selection of the dataset was compared with previous measurements of triclosan concentrations in human plasma from Sweden, where the use of triclosan is expected to be low due to consumer advisories. The triclosan concentrations were a factor of 2 higher in Australian serum than in Swedish plasma.

Publication

Response to comment on enhanced elimination of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid by menstruating women: Evidence from population-based pharmacokinetic modeling

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 14-04-2015

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.EST.5B00981

Publication

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.JCHROMB.2018.09.035

Publication

Age as a determinant of phosphate flame retardant exposure of the Australian population and identification of novel urinary PFR metabolites

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2014.09.005

Abstract: The demand for alternative flame retardant materials such as phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) is increasing, although little is known of their possible effects on human health and development. To date, no information on the exposure of children or general Australian population to PFRs is available. The objectives of this study were to characterize the average levels and age-related patterns of PFR metabolites in urine in the general Australian population and to identify novel hydroxylated PFR metabolites in urine. Surplus pathology urine s les from Queensland, Australia were stratified and pooled by age and sex (3224 in iduals aged 0 to 75years into 95 pools) according to two different pooling strategies at two different time periods. S les were analyzed by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following enzymatic treatment. Nine PFR metabolites were measured in the Australian population, including the first report of a hydroxylated metabolite of TCIPP (BCIPHIPP). Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), BCIPHIPP and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) were detected in >95% of s les. DPHP, a metabolite of aryl-PFRs, was found in several s les at levels which were one order of magnitude higher than previously reported (up to 730ng/mL). Weighted linear regression revealed a significant negative association between log-normalized BDCIPP and DPHP levels and age (p<0.001). Significantly greater levels of BDCIPP and DPHP were found in children's urine compared with adults, suggesting higher exposure to PFRs in young children. BCIPHIPP was identified for inclusion in future PFR biomonitoring studies.

Publication

Historical trends of PBDEs and HBCDs in sediment cores from Sydney estuary, Australia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.01.034

Abstract: This paper presents the first historical data on the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) in estuarine sediment from Australia. Sediment cores and surficial sediment s les were collected from four locations within Sydney estuary, Australia. Large increases in concentrations were observed for all compounds between 1980 and 2014, especially for BDE-209 (representative usage of Deca-BDE commercial mixture), which was found in surficial sediment at an average concentration of 42 ng/g dry wt (21-65 ng/g dry wt). PBDE congeners representative of both the Penta- and Octa-BDE commercial mixtures (∑6PBDEs) were also found in their highest concentrations in surficial sediments (average: 1.3 ng/g dry wt range: 0.65-2.5 ng/g dry wt). PBDE concentrations in surficial sediments were relatively high when compared with those presented in the available literature. This suggests that their input into the Sydney estuary has not decreased since their bans almost a decade earlier. After a sharp increase in the 1990s, HBCD concentrations peaked at an average of 3.5 ng/g dry wt (1.8-5.3 ng/g dry wt) in surficial s les. With global legislation on HBCDs allowing its usage for the next 10 years, it is expected that its input into the estuary is likely to continue.

Publication

A wastewater‐based assessment of the impact of a minimum unit price (MUP) on population alcohol consumption in the Northern Territory, Australia

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 20-07-2021

DOI: 10.1111/ADD.15631

Abstract: To test if there was a reduction in alcohol consumption in wastewater s les in the Northern Territory of Australia after the implementation of a minimum unit alcohol price policy (MUP) in October 2018. Between August 2016 and February 2020, wastewater s les were collected across 66 sites in the Northern Territory and all other states and territories in Australia. S les were collected every 2 months in capital cities and every 4 months in regional places during this period. Overall, 4917 s les were taken (2816 before MUP and 2101 after). The number of standard drinks per 1000 people per day in the respective catchment areas was estimated based on the concentration of an alcohol‐specific metabolite, ethyl sulphate in the s les (using the excretion factor of ethyl sulphate, the flow of wastewater entering the wastewater treatment plants and the population of each wastewater catchment). Results from a linear mixed model showed that there was a large drop in alcohol consumption immediately after the MUP in Northern Territory [estimated drop = 1231, 99% confidence interval (CI) = 830, 1633 38.75%]. There was no significant drop in all other states/territories except for Queensland, which showed a significant but much smaller drop (estimated drop: 310 99% CI = 114, 550). One year after the MUP, the drop narrowed to 520 (99% CI = 189, 851) and was no longer statistically significant in February 2020 (15 months after MUP estimated drop = 283, 99% CI = −114, 681). Per‐capita consumption of alcohol appears to have decreased substantially in the Northern Territory of Australia immediately after the implementation of a minimum unit price but consumption steadily recovered and almost returned to the pre‐MUP consumption level after 15 months.

Publication

Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2014.01.074

Abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n=1714), a surface wipe test (n=137) and destructive chemical analysis (n=48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (>75%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.

Publication

Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: past, present and future

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.TRAC.2018.06.004

Publication

Standard‐free composition measurements of Al_x In_1–xN by low‐loss electron energy loss spectroscopy

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 22-12-2010

DOI: 10.1002/PSSR.201004407

Publication

Magnetron Sputter Epitaxy of High-Quality GaN Nanorods on Functional and Cost-Effective Templates/Substrates

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 02-09-2017

DOI: 10.3390/EN10091322

Abstract: We demonstrate the versatility of magnetron sputter epitaxy by achieving high-quality GaN nanorods on different substrate/template combinations, specifically Si, SiC, TiN/Si, ZrB2/Si, ZrB2/SiC, Mo, and Ti. Growth temperature was optimized on Si, TiN/Si, and ZrB2/Si, resulting in increased nanorod aspect ratio with temperature. All nanorods exhibit high purity and quality, proved by the strong bandedge emission recorded with cathodoluminescence spectroscopy at room temperature as well as transmission electron microscopy. These substrates/templates are affordable compared to many conventional substrates, and the direct deposition onto them eliminates cumbersome post-processing steps in device fabrication. Thus, magnetron sputter epitaxy offers an attractive alternative for simple and affordable fabrication in optoelectronic device technology.

Publication

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2007.07.003

Abstract: Brominated flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been incorporated in numerous products to reduce flammability. Depending on their bromination, PBDEs are relatively persistent in the environment and have the potential to bioaccumulate through the food web. The present study was initiated to provide a better understanding on the levels and possible origin of PBDEs in the aquatic environment of Australia. PBDEs were detected at 35 out of 46 sites and concentrations were relatively low in the majority of s les analysed. Mean+/-standard deviation and median SigmaPBDE concentrations across all sites were 4707+/-12,580 and 305 pg g(-1) dw, respectively, excluding the limit of detection. At 83% of sites, concentrations were below 1000 pg g(-1) dw, whereas elevated levels were found at sites downstream of STP outfalls and in areas dominated by industrial and urban land-use types. Concentrations of PBDEs differed significantly (p=0.007) among sites according to predominant type of land-use. Significantly (p=0.02) higher SigmaPBDE concentrations were also present in estuarine compared to freshwater environments, while PBDEs were below the limit of detection at the marine site. At most sites, BDE-209 contributed the highest proportion to the SigmaPBDE concentrations. The exception was one site with an elevated concentration of BDE-183. S ling and analytical variability were investigated as part of this study. Results showed generally satisfactory results for repeat analysis at a different laboratory and low variability among s les collected within 1000 m at low contaminated sites. However, at sites with elevated PBDE levels, s ling variability was high, with several fold to magnitudes of higher concentrations present among replicate sites. Corresponding to findings from elsewhere, these results demonstrate that urban and industrial activities provide the key input sources of PBDEs to the aquatic environment and provide a baseline for further investigation into the specific origin of contamination, as well as information on the background status of aquatic sediment contamination with PBDEs.

Publication

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2014.05.019

Publication

Organophosphate and brominated flame retardants in Australian indoor environments: Levels, sources, and preliminary assessment of human exposure

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2017.12.017

Abstract: Concentrations of nine organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in s les of indoor dust (n = 85) and air (n = 45) from Australian houses, offices, hotels, and transportation (buses, trains, and aircraft). All target compounds were detected in indoor dust and air s les. Median ∑

Publication

Herbicide persistence in seawater simulation experiments

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 27-08-2015

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0136391

Publication

Time integrative passive sampling: How well do chemcatchers integrate fluctuating pollutant concentrations?

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 04-02-2009

DOI: 10.1021/ES8021446

Abstract: Many environments are subject to periodic fluctuations in pollutant concentrations. Passive s lers, which can provide time weighted average concentrations integrated over the period of deployment, are ideally suited as monitoring tools for these environments. However, the potential for fluctuating concentrations to limit the integrative period of s ling needs to be investigated before s ling data from these environments can be interpreted with confidence. In this study, Chemcatchers using SDB-RPS Empore disks as the sorbent phase were exposed to herbicides for 28 days in a calibration chamber. A pulsed event of 10-fold greater concentrations was introduced on day 5 and returned to background concentrations over a period of 3 days. Observed uptake was compared with that predicted by a first order uptake model and by the reduced form of this model describing a strictly integrative response for s lers deployed with two surfaces exposed (two-sided naked), with one surface exposed (one-sided naked) and with a polyethersulfone membrane. Membrane covered s lers predicted time weighted average water concentrations within a factor 0.7-1.2 after 28 days exposure, while one- and two-sided naked s lers under predicted the average by a factor 1.9-2.2 and 2.4-3.2, respectively. First order modeling predicted uptake in membrane covered and one-sided naked s lers and was therefore applied to predict s ler response to several fluctuating concentration event scenarios.

Publication

Additive pressures of elevated sea surface temperatures and herbicides on symbiont-bearing foraminifera

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 16-03-2012

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0033900

Publication

Analyzing Wastewater Samples Collected during Census to Determine the Correction Factors of Drugs for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: The Case of Codeine and Methadone

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 26-12-2019

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.ESTLETT.8B00673

Publication

Date: 11-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2012.06.022

Publication

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2015.12.016

Publication

Stability of alcohol and tobacco consumption biomarkers in a real rising main sewer

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2018.03.036

Abstract: Since alcohol and tobacco consumption are among the leading causes of population health harm, it is very important to understand the consumption behaviour to develop effective harm reduction strategies. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a potential tool for estimating their consumption, but there are several uncertainties that need to be determined, including the stability of biomarkers in the sewer. Utilizing a real rising main sewer, this study investigated the stability of alcohol and tobacco consumption biomarkers. Rhodamine and acesulfame were used as flow tracer and benchmarker to understand the transportation of wastewater in the sewer with a hydraulic retention time between 2.7 and 5.0 h. Ethyl sulphate (EtS) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG), two biomarkers of alcohol consumption, were found to have different in-sewer stability, with EtS much more stable than EtG. The degradation rate of EtS is approximately 8% per hour, while EtG has a half-life of 1.9 h. Formation of nicotine, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, three biomarkers for tobacco consumption, was observed during the experiment, probably due to deconjugation of their glucuronide chemicals. The deconjugation process has prevented the determination of actual stability of the three chemicals. However, it is suggested that cotinine is relatively stable, while nicotine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine degrade to a certain degree in the sewer system. According to our findings, the in-sewer degradation is more important during the interpretation of alcohol consumption estimation than for tobacco consumption estimation.

Publication

Pooled biological specimens for human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: Opportunities and limitations

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-11-2014

DOI: 10.1038/JES.2013.76

Abstract: Biomonitoring has become the "gold standard" in assessing chemical exposures, and has an important role in risk assessment. The pooling of biological specimens-combining multiple in idual specimens into a single s le-can be used in biomonitoring studies to monitor levels of exposure and identify exposure trends or to identify susceptible populations in a cost-effective manner. Pooled s les provide an estimate of central tendency and may also reveal information about variation within the population. The development of a pooling strategy requires careful consideration of the type and number of s les collected, the number of pools required and the number of specimens to combine per pool in order to maximise the type and robustness of the data. Creative pooling strategies can be used to explore exposure-outcome associations, and extrapolation from other larger studies can be useful in identifying elevated exposures in specific in iduals. The use of pooled specimens is advantageous as it saves significantly on analytical costs, may reduce the time and resources required for recruitment and, in certain circumstances, allows quantification of s les approaching the limit of detection. In addition, the use of pooled s les can provide population estimates while avoiding ethical difficulties that may be associated with reporting in idual results.

Publication

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluorinated alkyl substances in blood serum of New Zealand adults, 2011–2013

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2018.05.191

Abstract: A national survey was conducted in 2011-2013 to assess serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in adult New Zealanders. Participants were randomly selected from the 2010 Electoral Roll within 64 demographic strata according to 4 age groups, 4 geographic regions, 2 ethnic groups (Māori/non-Māori) and sex. Eligible participants (n = 734 response rate of contacted in iduals = 37%) donated up to 30 mL of blood, after which serum was pooled (49 pools for BFRs, 63 pools for PFASs) according to demographic strata. BFRs were analysed by GC-HRMS and PFASs by LC-MS/MS. Associations between serum BFRs and PFASs and demographic variables (age, region, ethnicity, sex) were assessed using regression analysis. The weighted geometric mean (GM) serum concentrations of BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, and BDE153 were 2.0, 0.66, 0.43, and 1.2 ng/g lipid, respectively. The weighted geometric mean (GM) serum concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA were 3.4, 2.4, 1.0, and 0.66 ng/mL, respectively. The majority of BFRs showed higher serum concentrations in younger age groups. Conversely, the four PFASs showed higher serum concentrations in older age groups. Concentrations of BFRs and PFASs were generally lower in females compared to males. In New Zealand, both age and sex are important determinants of BFR and PFAS serum concentrations.

Publication

Unravelling the free electron behavior in InN

Publisher: IEEE

Date: 07-2008

DOI: 10.1109/COMMAD.2008.4802099

Publication

Composition-dependent photoconductivities in indium aluminium nitride nanorods grown by magnetron sputter epitaxy

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1039/D2NA00456A

Abstract: We report single-rod photodetectors with high responsivity and gain based on indium aluminium nitride (In x Al 1− x N) nanorods (NRs). A transition from a positive photoresponse to a negative photoresponse was observed while increasing the In composition.

Publication

Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)

Date: 14-11-2014

DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVB.90.195306

Publication

Core–shell formation in self-induced InAlN nanorods

Publisher: IOP Publishing

Date: 09-02-2017

DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/AA59F2

Abstract: We have examined the early stages of self-induced InAlN core-shell nanorod (NR) formation processes on amorphous carbon substrates in plan-view geometry by means of transmission electron microscopy methods. The results show that the grown structure phase separates during the initial moments of deposition into a majority of Al-rich InAlN and a minority of In-enriched InAlN islands. The islands possess polygonal shapes and are mainly oriented along a crystallographic c-axis. The growth proceeds with densification and coalescence of the In-enriched islands, resulting in a base for the In-enriched NR cores with shape transformation to hexagonal. The Al-rich shell formation around such early cores is observed at this stage. The matured core-shell structure grows axially and radially, eventually reaching a steady growth state which is dominated by the axial NR growth. We discuss the NR formation mechanism by considering the adatom surface kinetics, island surface energy, phase separation of InAlN alloys, and incoming flux directions during dual magnetron sputter epitaxy.

Publication

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2010.05.008

Publication

Date: 07-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2018.02.040

Abstract: In recent years, the production and usage volumes of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has increased substantially. Certain OPFRs are suspected reproductive toxins, carcinogenic, and neurotoxic. Insufficient information is available on human exposure pathways to these chemicals, particularly in Australia. We aim to assess the association between OPFR concentrations in the urine of children to environmental and behavioural risk factors. Concentrations of eight OPFRs and eleven metabolites were measured in the urine of 51 children, aged 3-29 months, in Southeast Queensland, Australia and compared to their behavioural and environmental risk factor data obtained by an online questionnaire. Of the 11 OPFR metabolites analysed, 55% were frequently detected in the majority (> 80%) of s les. The most frequently detected metabolite was bis(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) (detected in 100% of s les), followed by 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) (96%), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) (94%) and bis(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP) (86%). In multivariable modelling, age was positively associated with concentrations of bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) and negatively associated with concentrations of BCIPP and BCIPHIPP. Other non-age related factors, including vacuuming frequency, hand-washing frequency and presence and number of some electrical appliances in the home were also associated with concentrations of OPFR metabolites.

Publication

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2015.11.019

Publication

Potential impact of the sewer system on the applicability of alcohol and tobacco biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-09-2017

DOI: 10.1002/DTA.2246

Abstract: Understanding the actual consumption of alcohol and tobacco in the population is important for forming public health policy. For this purpose, wastewater-based epidemiology has been applied as a complementary method to estimate the overall alcohol and tobacco consumption in different communities. However, the stability of their consumption biomarkers - ethyl sulfate, ethyl glucuronide, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine - in the sewer system has not yet been assessed. This study aimed to conduct such assessment using sewer reactors mimicking conditions of rising main, gravity sewer, and wastewater alone, over a 12-hour period. The results show that cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine are relatively stable under all sewer conditions while ethyl sulfate was only stable in wastewater alone and gradually degraded in rising main and gravity sewer conditions. Ethyl glucuronide quickly degraded in all reactors. These findings suggest that cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine are good biomarkers to estimate tobacco consumption ethyl sulfate may be used as a biomarker to estimate alcohol consumption, but its in-sewer loss should be accounted for in the calculation of consumption estimates. Ethyl glucuronide, and probably most of glucuronide compounds, are not suitable biomarkers to be used in wastewater-based epidemiology due to their in-sewer instability.

Publication

Development of a questionnaire-based insecticide exposure assessment method and comparison with urinary insecticide biomarkers in young Australian children

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2019.108613

Abstract: Environmental and behavioural factors assessed via an online questionnaire were compared to insecticide metabolite concentrations in urine collected from 61 children from South East Queensland, Australia. Metabolite concentrations (μg/L urine) were transformed using the natural logarithm prior to regression analysis and adjusted for age and creatinine. A significant dietary association was reported for vegetable intake and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) (β: 1.47 for top quartile of intake versus bottom quartile of intake 95% CI: 0.36, 2.57). Intake of vegetables and fruit were also positively associated with sum non-specific organophosphate metabolites (ƩnsOP). ƩnsOP concentrations were lower when fruits and vegetables were always or almost always washed prior to cooking or eating (β: -0.69 95% CI: -1.25, -0.12). In multivariable modelling 3-PBA concentrations were also associated with hand-washing frequency (β: 1.69 95% CI: 0.76, 2.61 for 3 day), presence of a dog in the home (β: 0.73 95% CI: 0.07, 1.38), frequency of pest-spray use in the summer months (β: 0.88 95% CI: 0.22, 1.54 weekly versus less than weekly) and season (β: 0.88 95% CI: 0.32, 1.44 for spring/summer versus winter/autumn). This is the first study in Australia to report dietary, behavioural and environmental factors associated with biomarkers of insecticide exposure in young children.

Publication

Determination of deployment specific chemical uptake rates for SPMD and PDMS using a passive flow monitor

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2012.02.004

Abstract: Passive s ling techniques facilitate the time-integrated measurement of pollutant concentrations through the use of a selective receiving phase. Accurate quantification using passive s ling devices rely on the implementation of methods that will negate the effects of environmental factors (flow, temperature, etc.) or that will allow the calculation of the chemical specific rates of uptake (R(s)) into the passive s ler employed. We have applied an in situ calibration technique based on the dissolution of gypsum to measure the average water velocity to which a s ler has been exposed. We demonstrate that the loss of gypsum from the passive flow monitor (PFM) can be applied to predict changes in R(s) dependent on flow when using the absorbent SPMD (semipermeable membrane device) and PDMS (polydimethyl siloxan) passive s lers. The application of the PFM will enhance the accuracy of measurements made when calculating and reporting environmental pollutant concentrations using a passive s ling device.

Publication

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 02-11-2016

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0165890

Publication

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Date: 13-01-2020

DOI: 10.1515/SJPAIN-2019-0108

Abstract: Rotator cuff related shoulder pain has been associated with factors from multiple dimensions such as strength changes, psychosocial measures, comorbidities and level of education. However, to date little research has been undertaken to evaluate which factors explain the greatest variance in pain and disability levels in people with rotator cuff related shoulder pain. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate which multidimensional examination findings were associated with higher pain and disability in a primary care cohort with rotator cuff related shoulder pain. This was an exploratory cross-sectional cohort study. Sixty-seven participants with rotator cuff related shoulder pain were assessed for: pain intensity, disability demographic, psychological, social and lifestyle characteristics, and isometric strength of shoulder internal and external rotator muscles. Univariable associations between pain intensity/disability and each variable were assessed using linear regression. Variables with univariable associations ( p 0.1) were entered into backwards stepwise multivariable regression models. The multivariable model for pain intensity included sleep and perceived persistence and explained 46.5% of the variance (37.6% uniquely by sleep, 5.4% uniquely by perceived persistence). The multivariable model for disability included sleep and sex and explained 26.8% of the variance (4.5% shared by predictors, 16.4% uniquely by sleep, 5.9% uniquely by sex). Rotator cuff-related shoulder pain and disability are associated with sleep disturbance, perceived symptom persistence and sex. Rotator cuff related shoulder pain may be considered a multidimensional disorder. Clinicians need to evaluate sleep and perceived symptom persistence in people with rotator cuff related shoulder pain. Future research may examine whether management strategies for RCRSP directed towards these factors afford improved treatment outcomes.

Publication

Cord‐serum per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances and atopy and eczema at 12‐months

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 04-12-2019

DOI: 10.1111/ALL.13669

Publication

An introduction to quality assurance/quality control in environmental field sampling

Publisher: Future Science Ltd

Date: 02-2014

DOI: 10.4155/EBO.13.539

Publication

Degradability of creatinine under sewer conditions affects its potential to be used as biomarker in sewage epidemiology

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2014.02.035

Abstract: Creatinine was proposed to be used as a population normalising factor in sewage epidemiology but its stability in the sewer system has not been assessed. This study thus aimed to evaluate the fate of creatinine under different sewer conditions using laboratory sewer reactors. The results showed that while creatinine was stable in wastewater only, it degraded quickly in reactors with the presence of sewer biofilms. The degradation followed first order kinetics with significantly higher rate in rising main condition than in gravity sewer condition. Additionally, daily loads of creatinine were determined in wastewater s les collected on Census day from 10 wastewater treatment plants around Australia. The measured loads of creatinine from those s les were much lower than expected and did not correlate with the populations across the s led treatment plants. The results suggested that creatinine may not be a suitable biomarker for population normalisation purpose in sewage epidemiology, especially in sewer catchment with high percentage of rising mains.

Publication

Combining passive sampling and toxicity testing for evaluation of mixtures of polar organic chemicals in sewage treatment plant effluent

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2007

DOI: 10.1039/B612430E

Abstract: Effluent from sewage treatment plants has been associated with a range of pollutant effects. Depending on the influent composition and treatment processes the effluent may contain a myriad of different chemicals which makes monitoring very complex. In this study we aimed to monitor relatively polar organic pollutant mixtures using a combination of passive s ling techniques and a set of biochemistry based assays covering acute bacterial toxicity (Microtox), phytotoxicity (Max-I-PAM assay) and genotoxicity (umuC assay). The study showed that all of the assays were able to detect effects in the s les and allowed a comparison of the two plants as well as a comparison between the two s ling periods. Distinct improvements in water quality were observed in one of the plants as result of an upgrade to a UV disinfection system, which improved from 24x s le enrichment required to induce a 50% response in the Microtox assay to 84x, from 30x s le enrichment to induce a 50% reduction in photosynthetic yield to 125x, and the genotoxicity observed in the first s ling period was eliminated. Thus we propose that biochemical assay techniques in combination with time integrated passive s ling can substantially contribute to the monitoring of polar organic toxicants in STP effluents.

Jochen Mueller

Researcher

Research Topics

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Publications

Effects of sewer conditions on the degradation of selected illicit drug residues in wastewater

Spatial distribution of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Australia's atmosphere

Association between purity of drug seizures and illicit drug loads measured in wastewater in a South East Queensland catchment over a six year period

Sampling for PPCPs in Wastewater Systems: Comparison of Different Sampling Modes and Optimization Strategies

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Australia: Current levels and estimated population reference values for selected compounds

Per capita loads of organic UV filters in Australian wastewater influent

Temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the influent of two of the largest wastewater treatment plants in Australia

Evaluation of Monitoring Schemes for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology to Identify Drug Use Trends Using Cocaine, Methamphetamine, MDMA and Methadone

Distribution of PBDEs, HBCDs and PCBs in the Brisbane River estuary sediment

High-Selectivity Growth of GaN Nanorod Arrays by Liquid-Target Magnetron Sputter Epitaxy

Systematic evaluation of biomarker stability in pilot scale sewer pipes

Enantiomeric profiling of amphetamine and methamphetamine in wastewater: A 7-year study in regional and urban Queensland, Australia.

Nucleation and core-shell formation mechanism of self-induced InxAl1-xN core-shell nanorods grown on sapphire substrates by magnetron sputter epitaxy

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) and degradation products in topsoil from Australia and the United Kingdom

Long term monitoring of photosystem II herbicides - Correlation with remotely sensed freshwater extent to monitor changes in the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Estimating daily and diurnal variations of illicit drug use in Hong Kong: A pilot study of using wastewater analysis in an Asian metropolitan city

Assessing indoor air exposures using passive sampling with bioanalytical methods for estrogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity

Development and calibration of a passive sampler for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water

Dealing with Flow Effects on the Uptake of Polar Compounds by Passive Samplers

Event monitoring of herbicides with naked and membrane-covered Empore disk integrative passive sampling devices

Rapid, automated online SPE-LC-QTRAP-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of 14 phthalate metabolites and 5 bisphenol analogues in human urine

Removal of PFOS, PFOA and other perfluoroalkyl acids at water reclamation plants in South East Queensland Australia

Emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals, personal care products, a food additive and pesticides) in waters of Sydney estuary, Australia

Occurrence and distribution of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in Australian landfill leachate and biosolids

Direct observation of spinodal decomposition phenomena in InAlN alloys during in-situ STEM heating

Exposure to breast milk triclosan and parabens and eczema phenotypes at 12 months: A nested case-control study

LC-HRMS suspect screening to show spatial patterns of new psychoactive substances use in Australia

Refining the excretion factors of methadone and codeine for wastewater analysis - Combining data from pharmacokinetic and wastewater studies

Assessing exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for workers in the vicinity of a large recycling facility

Spatial variations in the consumption of illicit stimulant drugs across Australia: A nationwide application of wastewater-based epidemiology

Harnessing the Power of the Census: Characterizing Wastewater Treatment Plant Catchment Populations for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology

Persistent organic pollutants in infants and toddlers: Relationship between concentrations in matched plasma and faecal samples

Impact of in-Sewer Degradation of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) Population Markers on a Population Model

Assessing infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants via dietary intake in Australia

Analysis of sugarcane herbicides in marine turtle nesting areas and assessment of risk using in vitro toxicity assays

Non-targeted, high resolution mass spectrometry strategy for simultaneous monitoring of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds in green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef

Urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters: Concentrations and age trends in Australian children

Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples collected from indoor environments in South East Queensland, Australia

Effect of strain on low-loss electron energy loss spectra of group-III nitrides

Measuring selected PPCPs in wastewater to estimate the population in different cities in China

Chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust from Australia: Levels, congener patterns and preliminary assessment of human exposure

Structural and compositional evolutions of InxAl1−xN core–shell nanorods grown on Si(111) substrates by reactive magnetron sputter epitaxy

Temporal profile of illicit drug consumption in Guangzhou, China monitored by wastewater-based epidemiology

Foreword

Stability of Illicit Drugs as Biomarkers in Sewers: From Lab to Reality

Evaluation of in-sewer transformation of selected illicit drugs and pharmaceutical biomarkers

Persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk samples from Australia

Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in pooled human serum by age and gender

Dispersal patterns of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the vicinity of an automotive shredding and metal recycling facility

Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) for baseline toxicity and specific modes of action as a tool to improve interpretation of ecotoxicity testing of environmental samples

Mining Population Exposure and Community Health via Wastewater-Based Epidemiology

Higher accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in infants than in adults

Social, demographic, and economic correlates of food and chemical consumption measured by wastewater-based epidemiology

Thermal stability of Al1−xInxN (0001) throughout the compositional range as investigated during in situ thermal annealing in a scanning transmission electron microscope

Population histamine burden assessed using wastewater-based epidemiology: The association of 1,4‑methylimidazole acetic acid and fexofenadine

Systematic and day-to-day effects of chemical-derived population estimates on wastewater-based drug epidemiology

Assessment of drugs of abuse in a wastewater treatment plant in New Zealand with parallel secondary wastewater treatment train

Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in pooled blood serum from infants, children, and adults in Australia

Emissions of Selected Semivolatile Organic Chemicals from Forest and Savannah Fires

Removal of micropollutants and reduction of biological activity in a full scale reclamation plant using ozonation and activated carbon filtration

Quality assurance & quality control of environmental field samples

Concentrations of Organophosphate Esters and Their Specific Metabolites in Food in Southeast Queensland, Australia: Is Dietary Exposure an Important Pathway of Organophosphate Esters and Their Metabolites?

A National Wastewater Monitoring Program for a better understanding of public health: A case study using the Australian Census

Symbiont-specific responses in foraminifera to the herbicide diuron

Method for the in situ calibration of a passive phosphate sampler in estuarine and marine waters

Size and age-concentration relationships for perfluoroalkyl substances in stingray livers from eastern Australia

Monitoring pesticides in the Great Barrier Reef

Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in small groups of residents in Brisbane, Australia and Hanoi, Vietnam, and those travelling between the two cities

Curved-Lattice Epitaxial Growth of InxAl1–xN Nanospirals with Tailored Chirality

Tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in new tobacco products

Field investigation of the quality of fresh and aged leachates from selected landfills receiving e-waste in an arid climate

Persistent organic pollutants in matched breast milk and infant faeces samples

Nucleation and core-shell formation mechanism of self-induced In_xAl_1-xN core-shell nanorods grown on sapphire substrates by magnetron sputter epitaxy

Structural and compositional evolutions of In_xAl_1−xN core–shell nanorods grown on Si(111) substrates by reactive magnetron sputter epitaxy

Curved-Lattice Epitaxial Growth of In_xAl_1–xN Nanospirals with Tailored Chirality

Standard‐free composition measurements of Al_x In_1–xN by low‐loss electron energy loss spectroscopy

Stress evolution during growth of GaN (0001)/Al₂O₃(0001) by reactive dc magnetron sputter epitaxy