ORCID Profile
0000-0002-2198-5895
Current Organisation
Curtin University
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In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Geology | Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy | Petroleum and Reservoir Engineering | Geomechanics and Resources Geotechnical Engineering | Geophysical Fluid Dynamics | Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology | Geotectonics | Seismology and Seismic Exploration | Geodynamics | Theoretical and Applied Mechanics | Structural Geology | Plant Biology not elsewhere classified | Palaeontology (incl. Palynology) | Ore Deposit Petrology | Geophysics | Carbon Capture Engineering (excl. Sequestration) | Manufacturing Engineering not elsewhere classified | Materials Engineering not elsewhere classified | Basin Analysis | Nanomaterials | Nanotechnology | Structural Geology | Optimisation | Civil Engineering not elsewhere classified | Materials Engineering | Metals and Alloy Materials | Electrochemical energy storage and conversion | Simulation And Modelling | Civil Geotechnical Engineering | Medical Devices | Biomechanical Engineering | Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics | Soil Biology | Carbon Sequestration Science | Carbon sequestration science | Stratigraphy (incl. Biostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy) | Geophysics Not Elsewhere Classified | Condensed Matter Characterisation Technique Development
Expanding Knowledge in the Earth Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in Engineering | Oil Shale and Tar Sands Mining and Extraction | Earth sciences | Oil and Gas Extraction | Geothermal Energy | Expanding Knowledge in the Mathematical Sciences | Mineral Exploration not elsewhere classified | Fabricated Metal Products not elsewhere classified | Mining and Extraction of Precious (Noble) Metal Ores | Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity at Regional or Larger Scales | Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change | Climate Change Mitigation Strategies | Oil and Gas Exploration | Dental Health | Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences |
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 2006
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 03-03-2021
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-3584
Abstract: & & We propose a mesoscopic thermodynamics approach for coupling multiphysics processes across scales in porous or multiphase media. In this multiscale reaction-diffusion formalism interactions of discrete phenomena at the local scale are seen as being subject to a larger scale Thermo-Hydro-Mechano-Chemical (THMC) thermodynamic force. When local interactions are incompatible with the large-scale thermodynamic stress field incompatibilities can arise which trigger accelerations resulting in meso-scale generalized thermodynamic fluxes of another (THMC) kind. The classical acoustic tensor localization criterion in plasticity theory is here understood as a standing wave solution of such acceleration waves. These classical zero-speed acceleration wave solutions are solitary waves, also known as solitons, and are interpreted in the reaction-diffusion formalism as self-diffusion dominated by harvesting all available energy from the cross-diffusional tails.& & & & The more general case of non-zero traveling wave speed solutions is related to the cross-diffusion coefficients between different macro- and meso-scale thermodynamic THMC forces and fluxes. These cross-diffusion terms in the 4 x 4 THMC diffusion matrix are shown to lead to multiple diffusional P- and S-wave equations as THMC coupled, time-resolved dynamic solutions of the equation of motion. We show that the off-diagonal cross-diffusivities can give rise to a new class of waves also known as cross-diffusion waves or quasi-solitons. Their unique property is that for critical conditions cross-diffusion waves can funnel wave energy into a soliton wave focus.& & & & Mathematically these solutions can be compared to events in ocean waves and optical fibers known as 'rogue waves' or 'high energy pulses of light' in lasers. In the context of hydromechanical coupling, a rogue wave would appear as a sudden fluid pressure spike on the future fault plane. This hydromechanically coupled fluid pressure P-wave instability is here interpreted as a trigger for the S-wave seismic moment release of a double couple dominated earthquake event. The proposed multiscale cascade of wave energy may apply to many other material instabilities.& & & & & & & & & & & &
Publisher: ASTM International
Date: 12-09-2018
DOI: 10.1520/GTJ20170110
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1130/G36562.1
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-08-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-01-2022
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 13-01-2010
Abstract: We present an application of entropy production as an abstraction tool for complex processes in geodynamics. Geodynamic theories are generally based on the principle of maximum dissipation being equivalent to the maximum entropy production. This represents a restriction of the second law of thermodynamics to its upper bound. In this paper, starting from the equation of motion, the first law of thermodynamics and decomposition of the entropy into reversible and irreversible terms, 1 we come up with an entropy balance equation in an integral form. We propose that the extrema of this equation give upper and lower bounds that can be used to constrain geodynamics solutions. This procedure represents an extension of the classical limit analysis theory of continuum mechanics, which considers only stress and strain rates. The new approach, however, extends the analysis to temperature-dependent problems where thermal feedbacks can play a significant role. We apply the proposed procedure to a simple convective/conductive heat transfer problem such as in a planetary system. The results show that it is not necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the material parameters inside the planet to derive upper and lower bounds for self-driven heat transfer processes. The analysis can be refined by considering precise dissipation processes such as plasticity and viscous creep.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-05-2017
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 15-07-2019
Abstract: Abstract. Image correlation techniques have provided new ways to analyse the distribution of deformation in analogue models of tectonics in space and time. Here, we demonstrate, using a new version of our software package (TecPIV), how the correlation of successive time-lapse images of a deforming model allows not only to evaluate the components of the strain-rate tensor at any time in the model but also to calculate the finite displacements and finite strain tensor. We illustrate with synthetic images how the algorithm produces maps of the velocity gradients, small-strain tensor components, incremental or instantaneous principal strains and maximum shear. The incremental displacements can then be summed up with Eulerian or Lagrangian summation, and the components of the 2-D finite strain tensor can be calculated together with the finite principal strain and maximum finite shear. We benchmark the measures of finite displacements using specific synthetic tests for each summation mode. The deformation gradient tensor is calculated from the deformed state and decomposed into the finite rigid-body rotation and left or right finite-stretch tensors, allowing the deformation ellipsoids to be drawn. The finite strain has long been the only quantified measure of strain in analogue models. The presented software package allows producing these finite strain measures while also accessing incremental measures of strain. The more complete characterisation of the deformation of tectonic analogue models will facilitate the comparison with numerical simulations and geological data and help produce conceptual mechanical models.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1002/2013JB010701
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 28-08-2014
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/AMR.1016.192
Abstract: In this paper, a novel method is proposed to address the non-linear dynamic response of a beam-like structure supported by a tensionless foundation due to moving loads. A lattice spring model (LSM) is developed to describe the structure as a discrete assembly of particles interacting via shear and rotational springs while the tensionless foundation is simulated using a chain of one-way normal springs connecting the particles to the ground. The total time for the travelling load to traverse the beam is ided into a number of steps and the generalised explicit matrix equation can be solved for each time step to obtain the time-history response of the structure. An iterative procedure is adopted to obtain the correct sign of lateral displacement for all particles at each time step, which determines the lift-off regions throughout the beam.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2000
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 24-03-2022
DOI: 10.1093/GJI/GGAC115
Abstract: Patterns in nature are often interpreted as a product of reaction-diffusion processes which result in dissipative structures. Thermodynamic constraints allow prediction of the final state but the dynamic evolution of the microprocesses is hidden. We introduce a new microphysics-based approach that couples the microscale cross-constituent interactions to the large-scale dynamic behaviour, which leads to the discovery of a family of soliton-like excitation waves. These waves can appear in hydromechanically coupled porous media as a reaction to external stimuli. They arise, for instance, when mechanical forcing of the porous skeleton releases internal energy through a phase change, leading to tight coupling of the pressure in the solid matrix with the dissipation of the pore fluid pressure. In order to describe these complex multiscale interactions in a thermodynamic consistent framework, we consider a dual-continuum system, where the large-scale continuum properties of the matrix–fluid interaction are described by a reaction-self diffusion formulation, and the small-scale dissipation of internal energy by a reaction-cross diffusion formulation that spells out the macroscale reaction and relaxes the adiabatic constraint on the local reaction term in the conventional reaction-diffusion formalism. Using this approach, we recover the familiar Turing bifurcations (e.g. rhythmic metamorphic banding), Hopf bifurcations (e.g. Episodic Tremor and Slip) and present the new excitation wave phenomenon. The parametric space is investigated numerically and compared to serpentinite deformation in subduction zones.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 04-03-2021
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-8133
Abstract: & & Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechano-Chemical (THMC) patterns are ubiquitous in nature yet their origin is not yet fully understood. We propose a generic framework for pattern formation in terms of quasi-solitary wave instabilities that are triggered by cross-scale THMC-feedbacks considering a general topology of saturated porous media [1]. We identify the important aspect of cross-diffusion terms and present a linear stability analysis of the governing partial differential equations (pde& #8217 s). Multiple transient wave instabilities are found as solutions of the coupled THMC pde& #8217 s and in the standing wave limit (infinite time scale) these waves form the solitary wave patterns frozen into the geosystems at various scales.& & & & Cross diffusion in a complex system is defined by the phenomenon that a gradient of one generalised thermodynamic force drives a generalised thermodynamic flux of another kind. Thermodynamic forces and fluxes in a THMC-system are defined as follows. Thermodynamic forces are the gradients of the THMC-system. The flux (T) represents Fourier& #8217 s law where thermal conductivity represents its characteristic diffusivity. The flux (H) describes Darcy& #8217 s law, where the diffusivity depends on the intrinsic permeability of the porous structure and the viscosity of saturating fluid. The flux (M) represents the incremental change in the solid-phase overstress adopting a Representative Elementary Volume (REV) formalism. The fluid phase within the REV, as an immediate environment surrounding the solid matrix, synchronously feels the pressure change, and vice versa. The flux (C) is Fick& #8217 s law, where chemical reaction and transport processes occur predominantly at/around the solid-fluid interfacial areas.& & & & In order to express the THMC feedback we write the governing reaction diffusion equations as coupled HM equations with generalized source terms depending on temperature, concentration, fluid pressure and solid overstress and further consider the cross-diffusion terms as a generic framework:& & & & & img src=& quot data:image ng base64, 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 eNv6Bg3iIFo53Qs+ePMvJi8+zyMQbtTqqcv4znizyXWHSoLbYMQXNQYnQWFGWJFJpCmeuYTWejgeT/LchsqV7l45zLWG1bAiEXxIOwqmZonTtMh//zW9+U5v9MP2N+1ht8az6y4IR2cizwcKyK7US3F1vqusBjPzmdObJT35yvbI+6aST6ocM+8AkpHC0y1/+8nUyF1Yl9nPqqafW9XMPdsOaJxHGwn1zH8wLDPpMcMbN4GfVXgYQvPT/9Kc/zeoWdb1debyW+UuIm6IV4PHGjRtniqWtfFn4R5vFQ60+lVYXFTLqcibsOI/Gvb/rxEtENYAnuwwuilhhX/jCF67bwQQNExv8pV33ve99s83Srm30hxC4lNBUop3MjQerHUP1Pi0hrPER0MZB9h5M2EnAxHg7VGLhZ/tc+g2v50GYi6WNRqvchRYquFmRC8xceNJqHbPhaLvuumu2OHm1dQ/UcPOkH/3oR403LW1gy1NUJajSbMpRzj3mMY9pssXNs42zvlcXHs+Lv+Rof9CDHlSVdkQbhxHX6vnCWXNo1IV/YCEeYlbTJJHoEjDDYfUGN7hB/Rs/FIhJrPBkMj8NUT985PO1r31tmktHytLmTTfdtG4HZjatduP+9bX2AJV5jmSSK0VlcL36hgBnzEK4aCLDOYQpx/DrufSlL92UZ6U8DVkfI+ohhTHb9mK6VC4H7td3voZp2jjrsh/60IcqMkCu9mHCOC+S9olEY11ooYKbXOR6kMlrPS3ZcDTqypG1l6U7WuXK933Met7z4lh63/ve14TCgUPphbfXLNvvLjyeF3+ZNIH/DW94w6nhlSc014/bw3zqitfIBV34RxfEQ1bdope85CXNew9uhIqJbPhomkJXZUrfNjVvFydU2+dJMywyttAXPrnVNm0+/PDD6/OYBW04JhMNXWv3t9ekkFWaJj2lvtvjTHhUH3tDpMmmFFOP0zCmCaf5IWA33MLfoy0tVHAz49QDxkyzNJMtdc4KxZI9ndSJ3AN1Efa1eZPtY27igKpK6hO+Ue0PiWz +XxvPjbRXBjl+X5wm6L+hpC9cYkDXXYPOxns3xeuvCPdomHD3/4w5tmfuxjH2vee9TiNlUyGimNCanAaSoo/OhDcP/617+utthii6YNJHTiveUzrj2sZGk3tu2SMFTfWA1b2mqrrepr0UqQi17E2ECdZIOclDQ54DqcfXO2bCYWnMfjeVJC4DChSSclaCPAiHM4G5511lmTVtl7OZygiUggdDgNPT7ttNMq0jiTbwQfrUUReCmLZ5cInoUKbgB++tOf3nxOOOGEqfBUOBoPvAZNWwHHZN9BaCyCeJF5ScY52uilpxxe3kOiLjyeF3/bCm5eQoXR0VY5jsFHfVjVdJlZL 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& quot alt=& quot & quot width=& quot & quot height=& quot & quot /& & & & & where h& sub& & /sub& & , h& sub& & /sub& & , h& sub& & /sub& +h& sub& & /sub& & are the cross-diffusion coefficients [2] triggering wave instabilities from solid-fluid interaction at the microscale. The capital D../Dt denotes the material derivative.& sup& & /sup& & In the case that h& sub& & /sub& =h& sub& & /sub& =0 the classical conservation laws are recovered, and no stationary waves are obtained. Propagating waves recorded in laboratory experiments and possible field applications are interpreted with this new approach.& & & & & / & & & & & & span& [1]& & /span& M.M. Hu, C. Schrank, K. Regenauer-Lieb. & em& Cross-diffusion waves in hydro-poro-mechanics& /em& . Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2020. & strong& & /strong& : 103632.& & & / & & & & & & span& [2] V.K. Vanag and I.R. Epstein.& & em& Cross-diffusion and pattern formation in reaction& #8211 diffusion systems.& /em& Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2009. & strong& & /strong& (6): p. 897-912.& /span& & & & / &
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2000
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1093/GJI/GGU412
Abstract: The segregation of melt from a linear viscous matrix is traditionally described by McKenzie's compaction theory. This classical solution overlooks instabilities that arise when non-linear solid matrix behaviour is considered. Here we report a closed form 1-D solution obtained by extending McKenzie's theory to non-linear matrix behaviours. The new solution provides periodic stress singularities, acting as high porosity melt channels, to be the fundamental response of the compacted matrix. The characteristic length controlling the periodicity is still McKenzie's compaction length $\\bar{\\delta }_{\\rm c}$, adjusted for non-linear rheologies.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 09-2012
DOI: 10.1029/2012GC004085
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-06-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-08-2021
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1029/2005GC001063
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 16-08-2021
Abstract: Abstract. Theoretical approaches to earthquake instabilities propose shear-dominated source mechanisms. Here we take a fresh look at the role of possible volumetric instabilities preceding a shear instability. We investigate the phenomena that may prepare earthquake instabilities using the coupling of thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical reaction–diffusion equations in a THMC diffusion matrix. We show that the off-diagonal cross-diffusivities can give rise to a new class of waves known as cross-diffusion or quasi-soliton waves. Their unique property is that for critical conditions cross-diffusion waves can funnel wave energy into a stationary wave focus from large to small scale. We show that the rich solution space of the reaction–cross-diffusion approach to earthquake instabilities can recover classical Turing instabilities (periodic in space instabilities), Hopf bifurcations (spring-slider-like earthquake models), and a new class of quasi-soliton waves. Only the quasi-soliton waves can lead to extreme focussing of the wave energy into short-wavelength instabilities of short duration. The equivalent extreme event in ocean waves and optical fibres leads to the appearance of “rogue waves” and high energy pulses of light in photonics. In the context of hydromechanical coupling, a rogue wave would appear as a sudden fluid pressure spike. This spike is likely to cause unstable slip on a pre-existing (near-critically stressed) fault acting as a trigger for the ultimate (shear) seismic moment release.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-08-2021
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 14-10-2021
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1002/2017WR020427
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1130/G23918A.1
Publisher: Society of Exploration Geophysicists
Date: 2016
Abstract: A novel wave-mechanics approach is developed specifically for understanding instabilities that form large natural fluid-transmissivity networks in unconventional reservoirs located in a nominally impermeable matrix. These natural flow networks are trapped in the ductile equivalent of brittle faults characterized by the solid-mechanical Arthur-Vardoulakis angle. The main mechanism for ductile deformation and in situ fluid generation is identified to be a chemical reaction such as diagenesis. Diagenesis involves fluid-release mineral reactions of the general type AB solid ⇄ A solid + B fluid and switches on suddenly in the diagenetic window between 100°C and 200°C. Diagenetic reactions often relate to dewatering reactions of phyllosilicates and can involve concentrations of smectite, aqueous silica compound, illite, potassium ions, quartz, feldspar, goethite, hematite, pyrite, calcite, kaolinite, organic matter, water, and gas. In classical petroleum engineering, such interlayer water/gas release reactions are considered to cause cementation and significantly reduce porosity and permeability. However, if a tectonic load is applied, there are critical loading conditions in which the inverse dissolution reaction can form fluid-channeling instabilities. This new wave-mechanics approach might assist in the next paradigm shift for exploration, production, and flow assurance of unconventional gas and oil, underpinned by a better understanding of significant instabilities from volumetric deformation controlled by diagenetic reactions.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-09-2016
DOI: 10.3390/MATH4040057
Publisher: ASME International
Date: 02-08-2023
DOI: 10.1115/1.4056726
Abstract: Accurate multiphysics modeling is necessary to simulate and predict the long-term behavior of subsurface porous rocks. Despite decades of modeling subsurface multiphysics processes in porous rocks, there are still considerable uncertainties and challenges remaining partly because of the way the constitutive equations describing such processes are derived (thermodynamically or phenomenologically) and treated (continuum or discrete) regardless of the way they are solved (e.g., finite element or finite volume methods). We review here continuum multiphysics models covering aspects of poromechanics, chemo-poromechanics, thermo-poromechanics, and thermo-chemo-poromechanics. We focus on models that are derived based on thermodynamics to signify the importance of such a basis and discuss the limitations of the phenomenological models and how thermodynamics-based modeling can overcome such limitations. The review highlights that the experimental determination of thermodynamics response coefficients (coupling or constitutive coefficients) and field applicability of the developed thermodynamics models are significant research gaps to be addressed. Verification and validation of the constitutive models, preferably through physical experiments, is yet to be comprehensively realized which is further discussed in this review. The review also shows the versatility of the multiphysics models to address issues from shale gas production to CO2 sequestration and energy storage and highlights the need for inclusion of thermodynamically consistent damage mechanics, coupling of chemical and mechanical damage, and two-phase fluid flow in multiphysics models.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-08-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JMI.12163
Abstract: Computer aided x-ray microtomography is an increasingly popular method to investigate the structure of materials. Continuing improvements in the technique are resulting in increasingly larger data sets. The analysis of these data sets generally involves executing a static workflow for multiple s les and is generally performed manually by researchers. Executing these processes requires a significant time investment. A workflow which is able to automate the activities of the user would be useful. In this work, we have developed an automated workflow for the analysis of microtomography scanned bread dough data sets averaging 5 GB in size. Comparing the automated workflow with the manual workflow indicates a significant amount of the time spent (33% in the case of bread dough) on user interactions in manual method. Both workflows return similar results for porosity and pore frequency distribution. Finally, by implementing an automated workflow, users save the time which would be required to manually execute the workflow. This time can be spent on more productive tasks.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-05-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 12-04-2019
DOI: 10.5194/SE-2019-67
Abstract: Abstract. Image correlation techniques have provided new ways to analyze the distribution in space and time of deformation in analogue models of tectonics. Here we demonstrate how the correlation of successive time-lapse images of a deforming model allows not only to evaluate the components of the strain-rate tensor at any time in the model but also calculate the finite displacements and finite strain tensor. We illustrate, using synthetic images, the ability of the algorithm to produce maps of the velocity gradients, small-strain tensor components, but also incremental or instantaneous principal strains and maximum shear. The incremental displacements can then summed up using a Eulerian or a Lagrangian summation, and the components of the 2-D finite strain tensor can be calculated together with the finite principal strain and maximum finite shear. We benchmark the measures of finite displacements using specific synthetic tests for each summation mode. The deformation gradient tensor is calculated from the deformed state, and decomposed into the finite rigid-body rotation and left or right finite stretch tensors, allowing the deformation ellipsoids to be drawn. The finite strain has long been the only quantified measure of strain in analogue models. The presented software package allows producing these finite strain measures while also accessing incremental measures of strain. The more complete characterization of the deformation of tectonic analogue models will facilitate the comparison with numerical simulations and geological data, and help produce conceptual mechanical models.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2006
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE04868
Abstract: The classical strength profile of continents is derived from a quasi-static view of their rheological response to stress--one that does not consider dynamic interactions between brittle and ductile layers. Such interactions result in complexities of failure in the brittle-ductile transition and the need to couple energy to understand strain localization. Here we investigate continental deformation by solving the fully coupled energy, momentum and continuum equations. We show that this approach produces unexpected feedback processes, leading to a significantly weaker dynamic strength evolution. In our model, stress localization focused on the brittle-ductile transition leads to the spontaneous development of mid-crustal detachment faults immediately above the strongest crustal layer. We also find that an additional decoupling layer forms between the lower crust and mantle. Our results explain the development of decoupling layers that are observed to accommodate hundreds of kilometres of horizontal motions during continental deformation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-03-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-07-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2001
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-06-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-08-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-02-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-08-2006
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 18-05-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1130/G23188A
Publisher: Mathematical Sciences Publishers
Date: 23-02-2016
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 08-03-2012
DOI: 10.5194/SE-3-71-2012
Abstract: Abstract. We conducted an in-situ X-ray micro-computed tomography heating experiment at the Advanced Photon Source (USA) to dehydrate an unconfined 2.3 mm diameter cylinder of Volterra Gypsum. We used a purpose-built X-ray transparent furnace to heat the s le to 388 K for a total of 310 min to acquire a three-dimensional time-series tomography dataset comprising nine time steps. The voxel size of 2.2 μm3 proved sufficient to pinpoint reaction initiation and the organization of drainage architecture in space and time. We observed that dehydration commences across a narrow front, which propagates from the margins to the centre of the s le in more than four hours. The advance of this front can be fitted with a square-root function, implying that the initiation of the reaction in the s le can be described as a diffusion process. Novel parallelized computer codes allow quantifying the geometry of the porosity and the drainage architecture from the very large tomographic datasets (20483 voxels) in unprecedented detail. We determined position, volume, shape and orientation of each resolvable pore and tracked these properties over the duration of the experiment. We found that the pore-size distribution follows a power law. Pores tend to be anisotropic but rarely crack-shaped and have a preferred orientation, likely controlled by a pre-existing fabric in the s le. With on-going dehydration, pores coalesce into a single interconnected pore cluster that is connected to the surface of the s le cylinder and provides an effective drainage pathway. Our observations can be summarized in a model in which gypsum is stabilized by thermal expansion stresses and locally increased pore fluid pressures until the dehydration front approaches to within about 100 μm. Then, the internal stresses are released and dehydration happens efficiently, resulting in new pore space. Pressure release, the production of pores and the advance of the front are coupled in a feedback loop.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1996
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-12-2021
DOI: 10.3390/EN14248438
Abstract: The accessibility of pores to methane has been investigated in Devonian New Albany Shale Formation early-mature (Ro = 0.50%) to post-mature (Ro = 1.40%) s les. A Marcellus Shale Formation s le was included to expand the maturation range to Ro 2.50%. These are organic matter-rich rocks with total organic carbon (TOC) values of 3.4 to 14.4% and porosity values of 2.19 to 6.88%. Contrast matching small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS) techniques were used to generate porosity-related data before and after pressure cycling under hydrostatic (in a vacuum and at 500 bar of deuterated methane) and uniaxial stress (0 to ca. 350 bar) conditions. Our results showed that the accessible porosity was small for the s les studied, ranging from zero to 2.9%. No correlation between the accessible porosity and TOC or mineralogical composition was revealed, and the most likely explanation for porosity variation was related to the thermal transformation of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation. Pressure caused improvements in accessible porosity for most s les, except the oil window s le (Ro = 0.84%). Our data show that densification of methane occurs in nanopores, generally starting at diameters smaller than 20 nm, and that the distribution of methane density is affected by pressure cycling.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 18-05-2020
DOI: 10.5194/SE-2020-80
Abstract: Abstract. We analyse deformation bands related to both horizontal contraction and horizontal extension in Miocene turbidites of the Whakataki Formation south of Castlepoint, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand. In the Whakataki Formation, four sets of cataclastic deformation bands are identified: (1) normal-sense Compactional Shear Bands (CSBs) (2) normal-sense Shear-Enhanced Compaction Bands (SECBs) (3) reverse-sense CSBs and (4) reverse-sense SECBs. During extension, CSBs form most frequently with rare SECBs. Extensional CSBs are often, but not exclusively, associated with normal faults. During contraction, distributed SECBs are observed most commonly, sometimes clustering around small reverse faults and thrusts. Contractional CSBs are primarily found in the damage zones of reverse faults. The quantitative spacing analysis shows that most outcrops are characterised by mixed spatial distributions of deformation bands, interpreted as a consequence of overprint due to progressive deformation or distinct multiple generations of deformation bands from different deformation phases. Since many deformation bands are parallel to adjacent juvenile normal- and reverse-faults, bands are likely precursors to faults. With progressive deformation, the linkage of distributed deformation bands across sedimentary beds occurs to form through-going faults. During this process, bands associated with the wall-, tip-, and interaction damage zones overprint earlier distributions resulting in complex spatial patterns. Regularly spaced bands are pervasively distributed when far away from faults. Microstructural analysis shows that all deformation bands form by inelastic pore collapse and grain crushing with an absolute reduction in porosity relative to the host rock between 5 and 14 %. Hence, deformation bands likely act as fluid flow barriers. Faults and their associated damage zones exhibit a spacing of order ten metres on the scale of 10 km and are more commonly observed in areas characterised by higher mudstone to sandstone ratios. As a result, extensive clay smear is common in these faults, enhancing the sealing capacity of faults. Therefore, the formation of deformation bands and faults leads to progressive flow compartmentalisation from the scale of ten metres down to about ten centimetres, the typical spacing of distributed deformation bands.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1039/C2CP41756A
Abstract: A method for predicting the isosteric heat of gas adsorption on solid materials is developed which requires the measurement of a single isotherm - where previous methods, such as the Clausius-Clapeyron approach, require either multiple isotherms or complex calorimetric measurement. The Tóth potential function, stemming from the Polanyi potential function, is evaluated using the Langmuir and Tóth isotherm equations to generate new equations for the isosteric heat. These new isosteric heat equations share common parameters with the isotherm equations and are determined from isotherm fitting. This method is demonstrated in the literature for gas adsorption onto solid adsorbates including zeolites of various surface charge character and non-porous rutile phase titanium dioxide. Predictions are made using the new isosteric heat equations and then compared to calorimetric data.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 19-12-2017
Abstract: Abstract. Establishing models for the formation of well-mixed polyphase domains in ultramylonites is difficult because the effects of large strains and thermo-hydro-chemo-mechanical feedbacks can obscure the transient phenomena that may be responsible for domain production. We use scanning electron microscopy and nanotomography to offer critical insights into how the microstructure of a highly deformed quartzo-feldspathic ultramylonite evolved. The dispersal of monomineralic quartz domains in the ultramylonite is interpreted to be the result of the emergence of synkinematic pores, called creep cavities. The cavities can be considered the product of two distinct mechanisms that formed hierarchically: Zener–Stroh cracking and viscous grain-boundary sliding. In initially thick and coherent quartz ribbons deforming by grain-size-insensitive creep, cavities were generated by the Zener–Stroh mechanism on grain boundaries aligned with the YZ plane of finite strain. The opening of creep cavities promoted the ingress of fluids to sites of low stress. The local addition of a fluid lowered the adhesion and cohesion of grain boundaries and promoted viscous grain-boundary sliding. With the increased contribution of viscous grain-boundary sliding, a second population of cavities formed to accommodate strain incompatibilities. Ultimately, the emergence of creep cavities is interpreted to be responsible for the transition of quartz domains from a grain-size-insensitive to a grain-size-sensitive rheology.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1002/2014JB011004
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1029/2010JB007462
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1029/2018WR023342
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2008
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 18-01-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-01-2015
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-06-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 23-03-2020
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU2020-6136
Abstract: & & Deformation bands are sub-seismic brittle structures found in granular materials. These structures exhibit two spatial distributions: [1] non-linear decay of spacing associated with the damage zone of a fault, and [2] periodic, constant spacing not associated with faults. Periodically spaced deformation bands are of interest as they can be pervasive through porous (& % & #966 ) formations and are known to impact fluid flow. Bands can act as conduits or barriers to fluid flow and are commonly identified in petroleum reservoirs. An understanding of the factors controlling their distribution is therefore of great importance.& & & & Here, we test a novel mathematical theory postulating that material instabilities in solids with internal mass transfer associated with volumetric deformation are due to elastoviscoplastic p-waves termed cnoidal waves. The stationary cnoidal wave model for periodic compaction bands predicts that their spacing is controlled by important material properties: the permeability of the weak phase in the pores, the viscosity of the weak phase, and the inelastic volumetric viscosity (strength) of the solid grains. A semi-analytical parametric study of the dimensional non-linear governing equations yields a surprisingly simple scaling relationship, which requires testing in the field. Stronger units with higher permeability are predicted to exhibit a wider spacing between deformation bands.& & & & We test the cnoidal-wave model on natural deformation bands from Castlepoint, North Island, New Zealand. These bands are hosted by Miocene turbidites of the Whakataki formation, which formed in tectonically controlled trench-slope basins associated with the onset of subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Zealandian plate along the Hikurangi subduction margin. Adjacent sand- and siltstone beds exhibit significant differences in deformation band spacing. Spacing statistics derived from field mapping and laboratory measurements of host-rock permeability and strength are employed to test the scaling relation predicted by the cnoidal wave model. Inconsistencies between theoretical and observed spacing are discussed critically.& &
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 28-08-2017
DOI: 10.5194/SE-2017-96
Abstract: Abstract. The dispersal of monomineralic quartz domains in a quartzofeldspathic ultramylonite is interpreted to be the result of the emergence of syn-kinematic pores, called creep cavities. The cavities can be considered the product of two distinct mechanisms that formed hierarchically: Zener-Stroh cracking and viscous grain boundary sliding. In initially thick and coherent quartz ribbons deforming by grain size-insensitive creep, cavities were generated by the Zener-Stroh mechanism on grain-boundaries aligned with the YZ plane of finite strain. The opening of creep cavities promoted the ingress of fluids to sites of low stress. The local addition of a fluid lowered the adhesion and cohesion of grain-boundaries and promoted viscous grain boundary sliding. With the increased contribution of viscous grain boundary sliding, a second population of cavities formed to accommodate strain incompatibilities. Ultimately, the emergence of creep cavities is interpreted to be responsible for the transition of quartz domains from a grain size-insensitive, to a grain size-sensitive rheology.
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
Date: 05-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 13-05-2010
Abstract: The minimum-energy method to generate chaotic advection should be to use an irrotational flow. However, irrotational flows have no saddle connections to perturb in order to generate chaotic orbits. To the early work of Jones & Aref (Jones & Aref 1988 Phys. Fluids 31 , 469–485 ( doi:10.1063/1.866828 )) on potential flow chaos, we add periodic reorientation to generate chaotic advection with irrotational experimental flows. Our experimental irrotational flow is a dipole potential flow in a disc-shaped Hele-Shaw cell called the rotated potential mixing flow it leads to chaotic advection and transport in the disc. We derive an analytical map for the flow. This is a partially open flow, in which parts of the flow remain in the cell forever, and parts of it pass through with residence-time and exit-time distributions that have self-similar features in the control parameter space of the stirring. The theory compares well with the experiment.
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 11-2022
DOI: 10.1063/5.0100261
Abstract: Wettability is the main factor controlling the fluid flow in an electrically neutral partially saturated micro-channel. If the micro-channel body carries electric charges and is fully saturated by a conductive fluid, electro-osmosis is considered the driving force for fluid movement. The flow of electrolytes in an electrically charged partially saturated micro-channel, however, needs further attention where the electrocapillary and electro-osmosis can simultaneously exist. We, thus, investigated the movement of KCl electrolytes with different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 3 M) in a partially saturated (air-filled) and electrically charged micro-channel fabricated in a conductive substrate (aluminum) using micro-fluidics. We additionally studied the contact angle-based wettability alteration of an electrolyte/air/aluminum substrate system under an electric field. This allowed us to link the change in capillary forces due to the electricity-induced wettability alteration to micro-fluidic flow observations, i.e., a link between electro-osmosis and capillary forces. Our theoretical analysis revealed that at low concentration, the role of electro-osmosis and electrocapillarity on fluid flow in partially saturated charged micro-channel is relatively comparable. At 0.1 M KCl concentration, the change in wettability due to the applied electric field contributed to over 42% of the induced flow of the solution in the micro-channel. As the ionic concentration increases, the role of capillary pressure fades and electro-osmosis becomes the dominant process controlling the flow. At 3.0 M KCl concentration, electrocapillarity contributed only 23% to the induced flow under the applied electric field in the micro-channel. The results reveal the importance of electro-osmosis along with electrocapillary flow in partially saturated electrically charged micro-channels.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 07-2000
DOI: 10.1029/1999GL008396
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 23-03-2020
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU2020-17237
Abstract: & & A paleohydrothermal giant quartz reef (at least 75& m wide, 40& km long) and abundant hot springs at the Heyuan fault, South China, provide an excellent opportunity to investigate hydrothermal flows from the Mesozoic through& to present-day.& & & & The giant quartz reef has formed in the extensional regime initiated in the Mesozoic, while a change to & compressional stress on the Heyuan in the Cenozoic led to the development& of cross-cutting strike-slip faults and associated vertical fracture network. Here, we present multiscale observations and analyses from the earlier long-term extensional phase.& & & & Detailed microstructural analyses identified a 'quartz-reef window' of formation occurring between ~200-350& #730 C, linking in both quasi-static criteria (accommodation space massive fluid sources and a cap rock/seal) & and dynamic mechanisms (episodic-dynamic permeability brittle-ductile cycles and fluid injection though brittle-ductile equivalent of Sibson's 'fault-valve' behaviour.& & & & This oscillatory brittle-ductile fault-valve is recorded in the field through its apparent contradiction between idiomorphic 5 cm long quartz crystal growth in mode-I fractures, embedded at large-scale inside far from equilibrium fault zones with mylonitic and cataclastic microstructures. Another characteristic feature is the increasing quartz vein frequency towards the core shown by enrichment of SiO& sub& & /sub& , with depletion of K& sub& & /sub& O and & Na& sub& & /sub& O in tectonites during alteration from the host granite a reaction partly sourcing the SiO& sub& & /sub& for the quartz reef.& br& & br& We present a first theoretical model compatible with the observation of oscillatory macroscale far from equilibrium conditions, followed by long periods of micro-scale local equilibrium. The model can in particular describe mechanisms of abundant SiO& sub& & /sub& dominated fluid release reaching episodically above hydrostatic pressures followed by long periods of SiO& sub& & /sub& precipitation, allowing growth of up to 5& cm long idiomorphic quartz & crystals in subparallel open channels, which presumably were held open by high fluid pressures. In this interpretation, the observations instabilities are seen to stem from the multiscale and multiphysics of the mineral reactions at the brittle-ductile transition, promoted by a slow extensional geodynamic driver at the Heyuan fault.& br& & br& The new approach allows interpretation of rock physics properties in terms of recently discovered Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) multiscale wave-like instabilities. In the model short wavelength chemical dissolution-precipitation reaction waves are bouncing between the phyllonitic cap rock and the mylonitic shear zone below. A resonance phenomenon of constructive interference in a finite width around the future quartz-reef triggers the long-time scale steady-state attractor allowing quartz reef growth over geodynamic time scales. We show that this solitary wave limit forms a standing wave matching the characteristic periodic pattern of mode-I quartz veining around the reef and also explaining the fluid overpressures leading to local hydro-fracturing.& &
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-05-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S43246-021-00156-9
Abstract: The dehydration of gypsum to hemihydrate has been studied for decades because it is an important model reaction for understanding fluid-triggered earthquakes, and due to the global use of plaster of Paris in the construction industry. The dehydration kinetics of gypsum strongly depend on temperature and water vapour pressure. Here, we perform fast, time-resolved synchrotron X-ray scattering on natural alabaster s les, finding that a small elastic load accelerates the dehydration reaction significantly. The mechanical acceleration of the reaction consumes about 10,000 times less energy than that due to heating. We propose that this thermodynamically surprising finding is caused by geometry-energy interactions in the microstructure, which facilitate nucleation and growth of the new crystalline phase. Our results open research avenues on the fundamental thermo-mechanics of crystal hydrates and the interaction of stress and chemical reactions in crystalline solids with a wide range of implications, from understanding dehydration-triggered earthquakes to the energy-efficient design of calcination processes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 16-04-2021
Abstract: Abstract. We propose a multiscale approach for coupling multi-physics processes across the scales. The physics is based on discrete phenomena, triggered by local thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical (THMC) instabilities, that cause cross-diffusion (quasi-soliton) acceleration waves. These waves nucleate when the overall stress field is incompatible with accelerations from local feedbacks of generalized THMC thermodynamic forces that trigger generalized thermodynamic fluxes of another kind. Cross-diffusion terms in the 4×4 THMC diffusion matrix are shown to lead to multiple diffusional P and S wave equations as coupled THMC solutions. Uncertainties in the location of meso-scale material instabilities are captured by a wave-scale correlation of probability litudes. Cross-diffusional waves have unusual dispersion patterns and, although they assume a solitary state, do not behave like solitons but show complex interactions when they collide. Their characteristic wavenumber and constant speed define mesoscopic internal material time–space relations entirely defined by the coefficients of the coupled THMC reaction–cross-diffusion equations. A companion paper proposes an application of the theory to earthquakes showing that excitation waves triggered by local reactions can, through an extreme effect of a cross-diffusional wave operator, lead to an energy cascade connecting large and small scales and cause solid-state turbulence.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 07-08-2020
DOI: 10.1029/2020GL088594
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 23-03-2020
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU2020-20764
Abstract: & & We present the hypothesis that material instabilities based on multiscale and multiphysics dissipative waves hold the key for understanding the universality of physical phenomena that can be observed over many orders of scale. The approach is based on an extended version of the thermodynamic theory with internal variables (see related abstract by Antoine Jacquey et al. for session EMRP1.4 entitled: & #8220 Multiphysics of transient deformation processes leading to macroscopic instabilities in geomaterials& #8221 ). The internal variables can, in many cases, shown to be related to order parameters in Lev Landau& #8217 s phase-transition theory. The extension presented in this contribution consists of replacing the jump condition for the symmetry-breaking order parameter at the critical point (e.g., density difference at the liquid-gas transition) through considering a second-order phase transition, where the internal variables change continuously from the critical point due to the propagation of material-damaging dissipative waves. This extension to the first-order theory allows assessing the dynamics of coupling the rates of chemical reactions, failure and fluid-flow as well as thermo-mechanical instabilities of materials. The approach gives physics-based insights into the processes that are commonly described by empirical relationships. Here, we present a first analytical model extended by numerical analyses and laboratory and field observations that show the existence of these precursor phenomena to large-scale instabilities. In the event that the propagating waves lead to a large-scale instability, the dissipation processes are predicted to leave tell-tale multi-scale structures in their wake, which can be used to decipher the dynamic processes underpinning the event.& & & & First analyses from a laboratory analogue experiment are presented, illustrating the slow speed of the waves and their peculiar dispersion relationships and reflection from boundaries. An idealized 1-D (oedometric) compaction experiment of a highly porous (45% porosity) carbonate rock investigates the emergence of localized compaction bands proposed to be formed by long-term resonant collision of the transient dissipation waves. Complementary numerical models of the phenomenon allow in-depth analysis of the dynamics and illustrate the physics of the formation of dissipative waves.& & & & For field application, we propose that a multiscale analysis - from the grain- over the outcrop- up to the lithospheric scale - can be used to extract quantitative information directly from natural deformation bands, fractures, and fault zones on, for ex le, the state of stress, the size of the underlying earthquakes, the flow and mechanical properties of the host rock, and the spatiotemporal evolution of fluid and mechanical pressure associated with faulting. The experimental investigation of the fundamental instability has broader applications in the fields of industrial processing of multiphase materials, civil, mechanical, and reservoir engineering and solid mechanics.& &
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-09-2017
DOI: 10.1093/GJI/GGX409
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 28-08-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-06-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-01-2007
DOI: 10.1002/NAG.590
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-11-2022
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-04-2013
DOI: 10.1093/GJI/GGT045
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2007
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Date: 13-12-2022
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Date: 13-12-2022
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Date: 08-2020
Abstract: Drilling-induced tensile fracture under anisotropic stress conditions is investigated numerically with an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model, in which the plastic strain rate can be decomposed into deviatoric and volumetric components. Both the deviatoric and volumetric invariants of the plastic strain rate are assumed to follow an incremental power-law relationship with an Arrhenius dependence. Thermal equilibrium is incorporated into the system, which extends the conventional understanding of stress-induced tensile fracture into an energy-based problem. The rock around the borehole is modelled as impermeable and pressure insensitive (i.e. von Mises material) for simplicity. Anisotropic borehole scenarios characterised by various stress anisotropy ratios are investigated with a focus on the distribution of circumferential stress and its evolution. Simulation results have demonstrated that stress field anisotropy fundamentally promotes shear banding and hence borehole instability.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-10-2015
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 13-01-2010
Abstract: The emergence of structure in reactive geofluid systems is of current interest. In geofluid systems, the fluids are supported by a porous medium whose physical and chemical properties may vary in space and time, sometimes sharply, and which may also evolve in reaction with the local fluids. Geofluids may also experience pressure and temperature conditions within the porous medium that drive their momentum relations beyond the normal Darcy regime. Furthermore, natural geofluid systems may experience forcings that are periodic in nature, or at least episodic. The combination of transient forcing, near-critical fluid dynamics and heterogeneous porous media yields a rich array of emergent geofluid phenomena that are only now beginning to be understood. One of the barriers to forward analysis in these geofluid systems is the problem of data scarcity. It is most often the case that fluid properties are reasonably well known, but that data on porous medium properties are measured with much less precision and spatial density. It is common to seek to perform an estimation of the porous medium properties by an inverse approach, that is, by expressing porous medium properties in terms of observed fluid characteristics. In this paper, we move toward such an inversion for the case of a generalized geofluid momentum equation in the context of time-periodic boundary conditions. We show that the generalized momentum equation results in frequency-domain responses that are governed by a second-order equation which is amenable to numerical solution. A stochastic perturbation approach demonstrates that frequency-domain responses of the fluids migrating in heterogeneous domains have spatial spectral densities that can be expressed in terms of the spectral densities of porous media properties.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1998
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 28-10-2014
DOI: 10.1002/2014GL061715
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE08051
Abstract: The feedback between fluid migration and rock deformation in mid-crustal shear zones is acknowledged as being critical for earthquake nucleation, the initiation of subduction zones and the formation of mineral deposits. The importance of this poorly understood feedback is further highlighted by evidence for shear-zone-controlled advective flow of fluids in the ductile lower crust and the recognition that deformation-induced grain-scale porosity is a key to large-scale geodynamics. Fluid migration in the middle crust cannot be explained in terms of classical concepts. The environment is considered too hot for a dynamic fracture-sustained permeability as in the upper crust, and fluid pathways are generally too deformed to be controlled by equilibrium wetting angles that apply to hotter, deeper environments. Here we present evidence that mechanical and chemical potentials control a syndeformational porosity generation in mid-crustal shear zones. High-resolution synchrotron X-ray tomography and scanning electron microscopy observations allow us to formulate a model for fluid migration in shear zones where a permeable porosity is dynamically created by viscous grain-boundary sliding, creep cavitation, dissolution and precipitation. We propose that syndeformational fluid migration in our 'granular fluid pump' model is a self-sustained process controlled by the explicit role of the rate of entropy production of the underlying irreversible mechanical and chemical microprocesses. The model explains fluid transfer through the middle crust, where strain localization in the creep regime is required for plate tectonics, the formation of giant ore deposits, mantle degassing and earthquake nucleation. Our findings provide a key component for the understanding of creep instabilities in the middle crust.
Publisher: Authorea, Inc.
Date: 17-10-2023
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 25-11-2010
DOI: 10.1029/2009JB006696
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2013
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1130/G21477.1
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-09-2014
Abstract: A molecular approach was successfully developed to discriminate between spawned eggs of the pelagic carangids Trachurus declivis and Trachurus novaezelandiae collected during ichthyoplankton surveys conducted in October 2002 and 2003 along shelf waters of Queensland (Qld) and New South Wales (NSW), in southeastern Australia (25o50′–37o30′S). Visually identified Trachurus eggs were subjected to mtDNA analysis by targeting specific fragments of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes, with three diagnostic sites (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) within a 297 bp segment of Cyt b (558, 588, 825) providing the best approach to discriminate between species. Polymerase chain reaction lification and sequencing of 608 suspected Trachurus eggs resulted in 586 (96.4%) high-quality sequences that unequivocally identified 315 and 207 eggs as T. declivis and T. novaezelandiae, respectively, as well as 18 “variant haplotype” eggs that exhibited a base substitution at one of the diagnostic sites the remaining 46 sequences aligned to three different genera in GenBank including two carangids, thus highlighting the effectiveness of molecular methods for egg identification. Rehydrated, mtDNA-verified eggs of T. declivis were significantly larger (0.97 ± 0.01 mm) than those of T. novaezelandiae (0.82 ± 0.01 mm), though still proved problematic to identify to species when relying on morphology alone. Egg distributions showed main spawning areas of T. declivis and T. novaezelandiae confined mostly to southern NSW (& °S) and northern NSW/southern Qld (& °S), respectively, with T. novaezelandiae likely to continue spawning further south during summer with the gradual temperature increase associated with the south-flowing East Australian Current. Overall findings support the adoption of comparable molecular protocols to verify identification of wild spawned eggs to species level, especially eggs collected during the application of the daily egg production method to estimate spawning biomass of pelagic species, as well as biological fish studies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-07-2022
DOI: 10.3390/EN15155326
Abstract: Quantitative characterisation through mineral liberation analysis is required for effective minerals processing in areas such as mineral deposits, tailings and reservoirs in industries for resources, environment and materials science. Current practices in mineral liberation analysis are based on 2D representations, leading to systematic errors in the extrapolation to 3D volumetric properties. The rapid development of X-ray microcomputed tomography (μCT) opens new opportunities for 3D analysis of features such as particle- and grain-size characterisation, determination of particle densities and shape factors, estimation of mineral associations, and liberation and locking. To date, no simple non-destructive method exists for 3D mineral liberation analysis. We present a new development based on combining μCT with micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) using deep learning. We demonstrate successful semi-automated multimodal analysis of a crystalline magmatic rock by obtaining 2D μXRF mineral maps from the top and bottom of the cylindrical core and propagating that information through the 3D μCT volume with deep learning segmentation. The deep learning model was able to segment the core to obtain reasonable mineral attributes. Additionally, the model overcame the challenge of differentiating minerals with similar densities in μCT, which would not be possible with conventional segmentation methods. The approach is universal and can be extended to any multimodal and multi-instrument analysis for further refinement. We conclude that the combination of μCT and μXRF can provide a new opportunity for robust 3D mineral liberation analysis in both field and laboratory applications.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-08-2017
Abstract: A thorough understanding of the dynamic behavior of one-dimensional structural members such as beams plays a crucial role in specialized disciplines including ocean, bridge and railway engineering. The vibratory response of an in-service beam-like component may deviate from that expected from the intact structure when defects are present. In this work, we present a semi-analytical approach to predict the forced response of a multi-cracked Timoshenko beam traversed by a moving harmonic load with constant speed. The beam is fully or partially supported by the viscoelastic foundation, where the normal stiffness and shear modulus of the subgrade are considered. The effects of transverse open cracks are modeled by massless rotational springs with a linear moment-rotation constitutive law to account for the local flexibility induced by the damage. Based on the transfer matrix method, the defective structure is treated as an assembly of sub-beams to derive the eigenvalue solution of the system. The time response is then obtained by utilizing identical generalized coordinates for lateral and rotational displacement components when applying the modal expansion technique. The use of general elastic end constraints allows us to recover all possible boundary conditions. Numerical ex les are also provided to demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method, and also to investigate the influence of important parameters on the dynamic behavior of the damaged structure.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 14-04-2014
DOI: 10.1021/JP410873V
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 13-01-2010
Abstract: In nature, dissipative fluxes of fluid, heat and/or reacting species couple to each other and may also couple to deformation of a surrounding porous matrix. We use the well-known analogy of Hele–Shaw flow to Darcy flow to make a model porous medium with porosity proportional to local cell height. Time- and space-varying fluid injection from multiple source/sink wells lets us create many different kinds of chaotic flows and chemical concentration patterns. Results of an initial time-dependent potential flow model illustrate that this is a partially open flow, in which parts of the material transported by the flow remain in the cell forever and parts pass through with residence time and exit time distributions that have self-similar features in the control parameter space of the stirring. We derive analytically the existence boundary in stirring control parameter space between where isolated fluid regions can and cannot remain forever in the open flow. Experiments confirm the predictions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-01-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-07-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-08-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S43247-021-00257-W
Abstract: Measuring the amount of carbon captured in deep-sea limestones is fundamental to understanding the long-term carbon cycle because pelagic limestones represent Earth’s largest carbon sink since the mid-Mesozoic. However, their contribution to the long-term carbon cycle is poorly quantified. Here, we use X-ray fluorescence and scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy for high-resolution chemical and structural analysis of pelagic limestone from the Paleocene Kaiwhata Formation in New Zealand. We identify densely packed diagenetic micro-dissolution seams that are invisible to light and electron-beam microscopes in most cases. Mass-balance calculations indicate that in idual seams remove ~50% of the calcite mud matrix while their bulk-s le carbon loss adds up to ~10%. The liberated carbon is trapped in situ as calcite cement or returned to the ocean during physical compaction or soft-sediment deformation. We suggest micro-dissolution structures may play an important role in the long-term carbon cycle by modulating carbon exchange between the geosphere and hydrosphere.
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1130/G22462.1
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1998
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-01-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 04-03-2021
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-8567
Abstract: & & The potential role of differential stress for mineral stability and the kinetics of mineral replacement reactions remains a matter of hot debate. We present a series of unique in-situ laboratory experiments on the dehydration of polycrystalline natural gypsum to hemihydrate, which were designed to test if the application of small differential stresses affects the mineral transformation rate. The dehydration experiments were conducted in a purpose-built loading cell suitable for in-situ monitoring with synchrotron transmission small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). The time-resolved SAXS/WAXS data provide measurements of the transformation kinetics and the evolution of nano-pores of the dehydrating s les.& & & & In our experiments, the kinetic effects of two principal variables were examined: dehydration temperature and axial confinement of the s le discs. In contrast to most previous dehydration experiments conducted in triaxial deformation apparatus, we applied different axial pre-stresses to the radially unconfined s le discs, which were well below the uniaxial compressive strength of the test material. This loading condition corresponds to constant-displacement rather than constant-stress boundary conditions. We find that in natural gypsum alabaster with randomly oriented grains an increase in axial pre-stress leads to a significant acceleration of the dehydration rate. Simple estimates of the energy budget suggest that the acceleration of the dehydration rate due to elastic straining is significantly cheaper energetically than due to heating. We hypothesise that the observed strong effect of differential stress on dehydration kinetics can be explained by geometry-energy interactions in the granular s le microstructure.& &
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-10-2022
DOI: 10.3390/EN15207647
Abstract: This paper presents a combined experimental–analytical investigation of coal strain development under fluctuating applied hydrostatic stress. The laboratory setup mimics the isotropic volumetric compaction of coal under burial–uplift cycles in the absence of tectonic stress. Special emphasis is placed on the corresponding permeability evolution of the coal strata. Our results show that the stress–strain path is exponential, approaching a linear relation in the logarithmic stress–strain space with the monotonic increase in stress. A similar behavior is found for the strain–permeability path in the logarithmic strain–permeability space. The permeability recovery undergoes hysteresis with respect to the stress in a stress loading–unloading cycle, but the hysteresis is not manifest with respect to the strain. A theoretical geomechanical consolidation analysis was performed using an elastoplastic modelling framework. The analysis suggests that plastic strain is the cause of the hysteresis of the strain recovery in a stress loading–unloading cycle. The closed hysteresis loops manifested in stress loading–unloading–reloading cycles are promoted by the plastic strain during stress unloading and the difference in evolution rates of the elastic core between loading and unloading. The results of this study are helpful for understanding the mechanism of permeability evolution and optimizing water and coal seam gas production.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1993
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCONHYD.2011.04.006
Abstract: Many intervention activities in the terrestrial subsurface involve the need to recover/emplace distributions of scalar quantities (e.g. dissolved phase concentrations or heat) from/in volumes of saturated porous media. These scalars can be targeted by pump-and-treat methods or by amendment technologies. Application ex les include in-situ leaching for metals, recovery of dissolved contaminant plumes, or utilizing heat energy in geothermal reservoirs. While conventional pumping methods work reasonably well, costs associated with maintaining pumping schedules are high and improvements in efficiency would be welcome. In this paper we discuss how transient switching of the pressure at different wells can intimately control subsurface flow, generating a range of "programmed" flows with various beneficial characteristics. Some programs produce chaotic flows which accelerate mixing, while others create encapsulating flows which can isolate fluid zones for lengthy periods. In a simplified model of an aquifer subject to balanced pumping, chaotic flow topologies have been predicted theoretically and verified experimentally using Hele-Shaw cells. Here, a survey of the key characteristics of chaotic advection is presented. Mathematical methods are used to show how these characteristics may translate into practical situations involving regional flows and heterogeneity. The results are robust to perturbations, and withstand significant aquifer heterogeneity. It is proposed that chaotic advection may form the basis of new efficient technologies for groundwater interventions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 09-01-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2361327/V1
Abstract: Episodic tremor and slip (ETS) in subduction megathrusts can accommodate plate motion in a silent manner without major damage. Yet, sometimes fast slip events seem to occur just prior to a large earthquake such as observed in New Zealand. Here, we show that the ETS and earthquake mechanisms can trigger each other in a two-way coupled manner due to the entanglement of fluid reactions and solid deformation within the slip zone. We propose that large earthquakes form as slab-wide network forming fluid-release events synchronising through nonlinear ultra-focusing excitation waves of the rogue-wave type. The generality of this approach renders it applicable to the nominally aseismic Cascadia subduction zone where the largest magnitude 9 event occurred 315 years ago.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-10-2015
DOI: 10.1002/NAG.2327
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 14-07-2017
DOI: 10.1093/GJI/GGX297
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 10-11-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2004
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-05-2012
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 14-07-2017
DOI: 10.1093/GJI/GGX295
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1130/G30482.1
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 15-11-2016
DOI: 10.1002/2016GL071351
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2009
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 19-10-2001
Abstract: Subduction is a major process of plate tectonics however, its initiation is not understood. We used high-resolution (less than 1 kilometer) finite-element models based on rheological data of the lithosphere to investigate the role played by water on initiating subduction. A solid-fluid thermomechanical instability is needed to drive a cold, stiff, and negatively buoyant lithosphere into the mantle. This instability can be triggered slowly by sedimentary loading over a time span of 100 million years. Our results indicate that subduction can proceed by a double feedback mechanism (thermoelastic and thermal-rheological) promoted by lubrication due to water.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2008
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 02-2013
DOI: 10.1002/WRCR.20082
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 25-01-2021
Abstract: Abstract. We analyse deformation bands related to horizontal contraction with an intermittent period of horizontal extension in Miocene turbidites of the Whakataki Formation south of Castlepoint, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand. In the Whakataki Formation, three sets of cataclastic deformation bands are identified: (1) normal-sense compactional shear bands (CSBs), (2) reverse-sense CSBs, and (3) reverse-sense shear-enhanced compaction bands (SECBs). During extension, CSBs are associated with normal faults. When propagating through clay-rich interbeds, extensional bands are characterised by clay smear and grain size reduction. During contraction, sandstone-dominated sequences host SECBs, and rare CSBs, that are generally distributed in pervasive patterns. A quantitative spacing analysis shows that most outcrops are characterised by mixed spatial distributions of deformation bands, interpreted as a consequence of overprint due to progressive deformation or distinct multiple generations of deformation bands from different deformation phases. As many deformation bands are parallel to adjacent juvenile normal faults and reverse faults, bands are likely precursors to faults. With progressive deformation, the linkage of distributed deformation bands across sedimentary beds occurs to form through-going faults. During this process, bands associated with the wall-, tip-, and interaction-damage zones overprint earlier distributions resulting in complex spatial patterns. Regularly spaced bands are pervasively distributed when far away from faults. Microstructural analysis shows that all deformation bands form by inelastic pore collapse and grain crushing with an absolute reduction in porosity relative to the host rock between 5 % and 14 %. Hence, deformation bands likely act as fluid flow barriers. Faults and their associated damage zones exhibit a spacing of 9 m on the scale of 10 km and are more commonly observed in areas characterised by higher mudstone-to-sandstone ratios. As a result, extensive clay smear is common in these faults, enhancing the sealing capacity of faults. Therefore, the formation of deformation bands and faults leads to progressive flow compartmentalisation from the scale of 9 m down to about 10 cm – the typical spacing of distributed, regularly spaced deformation bands.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Publisher: Mineralogical Society
Date: 08-2003
Abstract: New constraints on the thermodynamic equation of state of water and the predicted water fugacity dependence of OH-solubility at elevated P-T conditions along with its influence on dislocation dynamics in olivine are reviewed. Water is shown to control the style of tectonics of a planetary lithosphere by switching on highly localized weak faulting instead of a broad, slow creeping flow. The transition occurs above a water concentration of 200 ppm H/Si. We argue that this changeover in style of tectonics has important implications for the mechanics of subduction and for plate tectonics in general. Efficient recycling of water is only given if the top strong part of the lithosphere can fail and be dragged down into the mantle in a steady way. Due to different starting conditions and differences in accretion through planetismals, Venus may have never have reached a water content above 200 ppm H/Si in the upper mantle while Mars would have now left the plate tectonic regime due to fast cooling.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-08-2015
Publisher: Authorea, Inc.
Date: 11-10-2023
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 03-2015
DOI: 10.1002/2014JB011403
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S40645-020-00344-0
Abstract: The formation of compaction bands in porous brittle rocks such as sandstones and carbonates has a significant impact on the localization mechanisms preceding earth and planetary surface instabilities such as earthquakes, landslides, and plate boundary faults. The micromechanics underpinning the dynamics of the formation of compaction bands and its effect on alteration of pore fluid pathways are not yet fully understood. The current study seeks to understand the mechanical properties of compaction in highly porous carbonate at micro- and macro-scale using time-lapse triaxial experiments in an X-ray transparent flow and deformation cell. Images were obtained with increasing axial strain levels using X-ray computed tomography allowing mapping of the evolution of internal structures. In addition to the X-ray analysis, digital image correlation (DIC) was used to quantify the evolution of strain and precisely identify the nucleation mechanism of compaction bands and its dynamics. The effect of friction on the boundary platens was shown to be minimal as evidenced by shear strain obtained from DIC analysis. This comprehensive analysis allowed assessment of the role of heterogeneity for the initiation of compaction bands. Local regions with high porosity provide the initial seeds for discrete compaction followed by the nucleation of traveling waves that lead to diffuse growth of the compaction zone. This interesting phenomenon is expected to be a fundamental mode of compressional deformation in porous brittle media where discrete, often periodic, deformation bands are observed on compaction.
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1063/1.5126392
Abstract: An immersed boundary (IB)-lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is proposed for microchannel slip flow encountered in microfluidics applications such as microelectromechanical Systems, filtration applications with nanofibers, polymer processing, and unconventional shale gas and coal seam gas applications. The LB method is theoretically analyzed to have an intrinsic ability to model velocity discontinuities at finite Knudsen numbers (Kn) when a sufficiently fine grid spacing and an external continuous perturbation, e.g., the body force of an IB method, are applied. Based on this analysis, an IB method coupled with a LB framework without ghost grids in nonfluid areas is proposed to study gaseous slip flow at finite Kn. In addition, an improved treatment to the suspending grids in nonfluid areas is proposed to assist the IB-LB method. In the simulations of two-dimensional Poiseuille and Couette flows for 0.01 ≤ Kn ≤ 1, the slip flow predicted by the proposed nonghost-grid IB-LB method achieves good agreement with that predicted by the linearized Boltzmann and/or Direct Simulation Monte Carlo methods up to Kn = 0.2. Since the proposed IB-LB method is free of adjustable parameters and slip velocity models, it provides a simple and promising pathway for modeling microscale flow applications for the validated regime, i.e., Kn & = 0.2.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1029/2008GC002358
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 09-04-2011
DOI: 10.1029/2010JB007501
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 05-2016
DOI: 10.1002/2016JB012801
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 30-06-2014
DOI: 10.1093/GJI/GGU200
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Start Date: 2021
End Date: 2023
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2000
End Date: 2003
Funder: Swiss National Science Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2003
End Date: 2004
Funder: Swiss National Science Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 2009
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2021
End Date: 2024
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2021
End Date: 2022
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2021
End Date: 2024
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2018
End Date: 2020
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2010
End Date: 2013
Funder: Grains Research and Development Corporation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2012
Funder: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2010
End Date: 2013
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2012
End Date: 2012
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 2020
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2007
End Date: 2010
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2011
End Date: 2011
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2014
End Date: 2016
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 2021
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2021
End Date: 12-2024
Amount: $390,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 09-2014
End Date: 08-2019
Amount: $177,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 06-2010
End Date: 05-2013
Amount: $300,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 02-2021
End Date: 02-2025
Amount: $440,578.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2011
End Date: 12-2011
Amount: $300,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 12-2009
Amount: $220,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2007
End Date: 12-2010
Amount: $690,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 06-2017
End Date: 06-2020
Amount: $314,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 05-2019
End Date: 12-2023
Amount: $660,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 12-2021
End Date: 12-2024
Amount: $310,781.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 06-2022
Amount: $438,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 01-2012
End Date: 12-2013
Amount: $620,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2021
End Date: 12-2023
Amount: $360,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 03-2024
End Date: 02-2031
Amount: $35,000,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
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