ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1362-3499
Current Organisations
Universiti Putra Malaysia
,
Universty of Glasgow
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Agricultural Economics | Environment and Resource Economics | Experimental Economics | Applied Economics |
Market-Based Mechanisms | Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection | Rural Land Policy
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-03-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1461-0248.2012.01747.X
Abstract: Incentive payments to private landowners provide a common strategy to conserve bio ersity and enhance the supply of goods and services from ecosystems. To deliver cost-effective improvements in bio ersity, payment schemes must trade-off inefficiencies that result from over-simplified policies with the administrative burden of implementing more complex incentive designs. We examine the effectiveness of different payment schemes using field parameterized, ecological economic models of extensive grazing farms. We focus on profit maximising farm management plans and use bird species as a policy-relevant indicator of bio ersity. Common policy simplifications result in a 49-100% loss in bio ersity benefits depending on the conservation target chosen. Failure to differentiate prices for conservation improvements in space is particularly problematic. Additional implementation costs that accompany more complicated policies are worth bearing even when these constitute a substantial proportion (70% or more) of the payments that would otherwise have been given to farmers.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-08-2011
Abstract: Nrgn and Camk2n1 are highly expressed in the brain and play an important role in synaptic long-term potentiation via regulation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. We have shown that the gene loci for these 2 proteins are actively transcribed in the adult cerebral cortex and feature multiple overlapping transcripts in both the sense and antisense orientations with alternative polyadenylation. These transcripts were upregulated in the adult compared with embryonic and P1.5 mouse cerebral cortices, and transcripts with different 3' untranslated region lengths showed differing expression profiles. In situ hybridization (ISH) analysis revealed spatiotemporal regulation of the Nrgn and Camk2n1 sense and natural antisense transcripts (NATs) throughout cerebral corticogenesis. In addition, we also demonstrated that the expression of these transcripts was organ-specific. Both Nrgn and Camk2n1 sense and NATs were also upregulated in differentiating P19 teratocarcinoma cells. RNA fluorescent ISH analysis confirmed the capability of these NATs to form double-stranded RNA aggregates with the sense transcripts in the cytoplasm of cells obtained from the brain. We propose that the differential regulation of multiple sense and novel overlapping NATs at the Nrgn and Camk2n1 loci will increase the ersity of posttranscriptional regulation, resulting in cell- and time-specific regulation of their gene products during cerebral corticogenesis and function.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-03-2009
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 07-07-2010
Abstract: The establishment of a tradable permit market requires the regulator to select a level of aggregate emissions and then distribute the associated permits to specific groups. Both these decisions create opportunities for rent seeking. In this paper, we use a contest model to analyse the incentives to rent seek for pollution permits and to analyse the consequences for social welfare. We find differences in firms' rent-seeking choices compared to a conventional rent-seeking contest. We see that a fundamental aspect of firms' incentives to rent seek depends on the market value of the permits, that is, the value of the ex post reallocated rents. This impact depends on the responsiveness of the regulator to aggregate rent-seeking effort. The responsiveness, in some cases, may improve welfare by reducing the per-unit value of permits, which may lower the rent-seeking effort more than it increases the damages experienced from the additional emissions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-05-2007
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 16-07-2010
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 21-04-2010
Abstract: Despite two decades of agri-environment schemes (AESs) aimed at mitigating farmland bio ersity losses, the evidence that such programmes actually benefit bio ersity remains limited. Using field-level surveys, we assess the effectiveness of AESs in enhancing bird abundances in an upland area of England, where schemes have been operating for over 20 years. In such a region, the effects of AESs should be readily apparent, and we predict that bird abundances will co-vary with both field- and landscape-scale measures of implementation. Using an information theoretic approach, we found that, for abundances of species of conservation concern and upland specialists, measures of AES implementation and habitat type at both scales appear in the most parsimonious models. Field-level bird abundances are higher where more of the surrounding landscape is included in an AES. While habitat remains a more influential predictor, we suggest that landscape-scale implementation results in enhanced bird abundances. Hence, measures of the success of AESs should consider landscape-wide benefits as well as localized impacts.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-06-2022
DOI: 10.1111/COBI.13906
Abstract: Policy tools are needed that allow reconciliation of human development pressures with conservation priorities. Bio ersity offsetting can be used to compensate for ecological losses caused by development activities. Landowners can choose to undertake conservation actions, including habitat restoration, to generate bio ersity offsets. Consideration of the incentives facing landowners as potential bio ersity offset providers and developers as potential buyers of credits is critical when considering the ecological and economic landscape‐scale outcomes of alternative offset metrics. There is an expectation that landowners will always seek to conserve the least profitable land parcels, and, in turn, this determines the spatial location of bio ersity offset credits. We developed an ecological‐economic model to compare the ecological and economic outcomes of offsetting for a habitat‐based metric and a species‐based metric. We were interested in whether these metrics would adequately capture the indirect benefits of offsetting on species not considered under a no‐net‐loss policy. We simulated a bio ersity offset market for a case study landscape, linking species distribution modeling and an economic model of landowner choice based on economic returns of the alternative land management options (restore, develop, or maintain existing land use). Neither the habitat nor species metric adequately captured the indirect benefits of offsetting on related habitats or species. The underlying species distributions, layered with the agricultural and development rental values of parcels, resulted in very different landscape outcomes depending on the metric chosen. If policy makers are aiming for the metric to act as an indicator to mitigate impacts on a range of closely related habitats and species, then a simple no‐net‐loss target is not adequate. Furthermore, to achieve the most ecologically beneficial design of offsets policy, an understanding of the economic decision‐making processes of the landowners is needed.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2012
DOI: 10.1093/OXREP/GRS002
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2009
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 14-02-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528257
Abstract: Despite decades of global commitments, and increasingly urgent warning of environmental instability, the demand for land to support economic production is still increasing. Isolated and disorganized actions will not be enough to avert ecosystem failures. As many developers are already required to compensate for their ecological impacts through restoration, many see markets trading bio ersity credits as a financial mechanism to counteract degradation and drive investment in conservation. The challenge stems from a desire to recognize the multidimensional nature of bio ersity that contributes to ecosystem integrity without making suitable offsets intractable to supply. Instead, most regulators have opted to streamline ecological assessment, and undermine ecological rigour, in favour of promoting offset supply and economic efficiency. As a result, all evidence suggests offset trading programs have so far failed to mitigate losses, let alone support “nature positive” outcomes. To overcome this disconnect, and support more effective and equitable bio ersity markets, we propose credits be defined by the irreplaceability of a site, a metric long-established in the domain of systematic conservation planning. Irreplaceability avoids the limitations of like-for-like trading, reduces costs of offsetting to developers and society, ensures farmers willing to sell are fairly rewarded for loss of earnings, and that sites critical to achieving conservation goals are safeguarded. We developed an ecological-economic model of a bio ersity offset market to demonstrate irreplaceability guarantees no net loss of bio ersity and is the most efficient metric for guiding investment toward the recovery of Nature.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1089/HUM.2009.107
Abstract: Manipulation of gene expression is an invaluable tool to study gene function in vitro and in vivo. The application of small inhibitory RNAs to knock down gene expression provides a relatively simple, elegant, but transient approach to study gene function in many cell types as well as in whole animals. Short hairpin structures (shRNAs) are a logical advance as they can be expressed continuously and are hence suitable for stable gene knockdown. Drug-inducible systems have now been developed however, application of the technology has been h ered by persistent problems with low or transient expression, leakiness or poor inducibility of the short hairpin, and lack of reversibility. We have developed a robust, versatile, single lentiviral vector tool that delivers tightly regulated, fully reversible, doxycycline-responsive knockdown of target genes (FOXP3 and MYB), using single short hairpin RNAs. To demonstrate the capabilities of the vector we targeted FOXP3 because it plays a critical role in the development and function of regulatory T cells. We also targeted MYB because of its essential role in hematopoiesis and implication in breast cancer progression. The versatility of this vector is hence demonstrated by knockdown of distinct genes in two biologically separate systems.
Publisher: Bioscientifica
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1530/ERC-11-0210
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-04-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-10-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-09-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2015.01.046
Abstract: Eutrophication is a major water pollution issue and can lead to excessive growth of aquatic plant biomass (APB). However, the assimilation of nutrients into APB provides a significant target for their recovery and reuse, and harvesting problematic APB in impacted freshwater bodies offers a complementary approach to aquatic restoration, which could potentially deliver multiple wider ecosystem benefits. This critical review provides an assessment of opportunities and risks linked to nutrient recovery from agriculturally impacted water-bodies through the harvesting of APB for recycling and reuse as fertilisers and soil amendments. By evaluating the economic, social, environmental and health-related dimensions of this resource recovery from 'waste' process we propose a research agenda for closing the loop on nutrient transfer from land to water. We identify that environmental benefits are rarely, if ever, prioritised as essential criteria for the exploitation of resources from waste and yet this is key for addressing the current imbalance that sees environmental managers routinely undervaluing the wider environmental benefits that may accrue beyond resource recovery. The approach we advocate for the recycling of 'waste' APB nutrients is to couple the remediation of eutrophic waters with the sustainable production of feed and fertiliser, whilst providing multiple downstream benefits and minimising environmental trade-offs. This integrated 'ecosystem services approach' has the potential to holistically close the loop on agricultural nutrient loss, and thus sustainably recover finite resources such as phosphorus from waste.
Publisher: Now Publishers
Date: 18-12-2014
DOI: 10.1561/101.00000064
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Start Date: 07-2022
End Date: 06-2025
Amount: $614,817.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
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