ORCID Profile
0000-0001-7201-5066
Current Organisations
The University of Texas at Austin
,
Københavns Universitet
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Sensory Processes, Perception and Performance | Psychology | Behavioural Ecology |
Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in Technology
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 11-2022
Abstract: The gravitationally lensed star WHL 0137–LS, nicknamed Earendel, was identified with a photometric redshift z phot = 6.2 ± 0.1 based on images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. Here we present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Camera images of Earendel in eight filters spanning 0.8–5.0 μ m. In these higher-resolution images, Earendel remains a single unresolved point source on the lensing critical curve, increasing the lower limit on the lensing magnification to μ 4000 and restricting the source plane radius further to r 0.02 pc, or ∼4000 au. These new observations strengthen the conclusion that Earendel is best explained by an in idual star or multiple star system and support the previous photometric redshift estimate. Fitting grids of stellar spectra to our photometry yields a stellar temperature of T eff ≃ 13,000–16,000 K, assuming the light is dominated by a single star. The delensed bolometric luminosity in this case ranges from log ( L ) = 5.8 to 6.6 L ⊙ , which is in the range where one expects luminous blue variable stars. Follow-up observations, including JWST NIRSpec scheduled for late 2022, are needed to further unravel the nature of this object, which presents a unique opportunity to study massive stars in the first billion years of the universe.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 03-2023
Abstract: We present rest-frame optical emission-line flux ratio measurements for five z 5 galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) in the SMACS 0723 Early Release Observations. We add several quality-control and post-processing steps to the NIRSpec pipeline reduction products in order to ensure reliable relative flux calibration of emission lines that are closely separated in wavelength, despite the uncertain absolute spectrophotometry of the current version of the reductions. Compared to z ∼ 3 galaxies in the literature, the z 5 galaxies have similar [O iii ] λ 5008/H β ratios, similar [O iii ] λ 4364/H γ ratios, and higher (∼0.5 dex) [Ne III ] λ 3870/[O II ] λ 3728 ratios. We compare the observations to MAPPINGS V photoionization models and find that the measured [Ne III ] λ 3870/[O II ] λ 3728, [O iii ] λ 4364/H γ , and [O iii ] λ 5008/H β emission-line ratios are consistent with an interstellar medium (ISM) that has very high ionization ( log ( Q ) ≃ 8 − 9 , units of cm s −1 ), low metallicity ( Z / Z ⊙ ≲ 0.2), and very high pressure ( log ( P / k ) ≃ 8 − 9 , units of cm −3 ). The combination of [O iii ] λ 4364/H γ and [O iii ] λ (4960 + 5008)/H β line ratios indicate very high electron temperatures of 4.1 log ( T e / K ) 4.4 , further implying metallicities of Z / Z ⊙ ≲ 0.2 with the application of low-redshift calibrations for “ T e -based” metallicities. These observations represent a tantalizing new view of the physical conditions of the ISM in galaxies at cosmic dawn.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 03-2021
Abstract: We present the first results from the Mapping Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (MORA) survey, the largest Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) blank-field contiguous survey to date (184 arcmin 2 ) and the only at 2 mm to search for dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs). We use the 13 sources detected above 5 σ to estimate the first ALMA galaxy number counts at this wavelength. These number counts are then combined with the state-of-the-art galaxy number counts at 1.2 and 3 mm and with a backward evolution model to place constraints on the evolution of the IR luminosity function and dust-obscured star formation in the past 13 billion years. Our results suggest a steep redshift evolution on the space density of DSFGs and confirm the flattening of the IR luminosity function at faint luminosities, with a slope of . We conclude that the dust-obscured component, which peaks at z ≈ 2–2.5, has dominated the cosmic history of star formation for the past ∼12 billion years, back to z ∼ 4. At z = 5, the dust-obscured star formation is estimated to be ∼35% of the total star formation rate density and decreases to 25%–20% at z = 6–7, implying a minor contribution of dust-enshrouded star formation in the first billion years of the universe. With the dust-obscured star formation history constrained up to the end of the epoch of reionization, our results provide a benchmark to test galaxy formation models, to study the galaxy mass assembly history, and to understand the dust and metal enrichment of the universe at early times.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 31-01-2022
Abstract: We present Keck/LRIS follow-up spectroscopy for 13 photometric candidates of extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs) selected by a machine-learning technique applied to the deep (∼26 AB mag) optical and wide-area (∼500 deg 2 ) Subaru imaging data in the EMPRESS survey. Nine out of the 13 candidates are EMPGs with an oxygen abundance (O/H) less than ∼10% solar value (O/H) ⊙ , and four sources are contaminants of moderately metal-rich galaxies or no emission-line objects. Notably, two out of the nine EMPGs have extremely low stellar masses and oxygen abundances of 5 × 10 4 –7 × 10 5 M ⊙ and 2%–3% (O/H) ⊙ , respectively. With a s le of five EMPGs with (Fe/O) measurements, two (three) of which are taken from this study (the literature), we confirm that two EMPGs with the lowest (O/H) ratios of ∼2% (O/H) ⊙ show high (Fe/O) ratios of ∼0.1, close to the solar abundance ratio. Comparing galaxy chemical enrichment models, we find that the two EMPGs cannot be explained by a scenario of metal-poor gas accretion/episodic star formation history due to their low (N/O) ratios. We conclude that the two EMPGs can be reproduced by the inclusion of bright hypernovae and/or hypothetical pair-instability supernovae (SNe) preferentially produced in a metal-poor environment. This conclusion implies that primordial galaxies at z ∼ 10 could have a high abundance of Fe that did not originate from Type Ia SNe with delays and that Fe may not serve as a cosmic clock for primordial galaxies.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 12-2022
Abstract: We report the discovery of a candidate galaxy with a photo- z of z ∼ 12 in the first epoch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey. Following conservative selection criteria, we identify a source with a robust z phot = 11.8 − 0.2 + 0.3 (1 σ uncertainty) with m F200W = 27.3 and ≳7 σ detections in five filters. The source is not detected at λ 1.4 μ m in deep imaging from both Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and JWST and has faint ∼3 σ detections in JWST F150W and HST F160W, which signal a Ly α break near the red edge of both filters, implying z ∼ 12. This object (Maisie’s Galaxy) exhibits F115W − F200W 1.9 mag (2 σ lower limit) with a blue continuum slope, resulting in 99.6% of the photo- z probability distribution function favoring z 11. All data-quality images show no artifacts at the candidate’s position, and independent analyses consistently find a strong preference for z 11. Its colors are inconsistent with Galactic stars, and it is resolved ( r h = 340 ± 14 pc). Maisie’s Galaxy has log M * / M ⊙ ∼ 8.5 and is highly star-forming (log sSFR ∼ −8.2 yr −1 ), with a blue rest-UV color ( β ∼ −2.5) indicating little dust, though not extremely low metallicity. While the presence of this source is in tension with most predictions, it agrees with empirical extrapolations assuming UV luminosity functions that smoothly decline with increasing redshift. Should follow-up spectroscopy validate this redshift, our universe was already aglow with galaxies less than 400 Myr after the Big Bang.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 12-2022
Abstract: The primordial He abundance Y P is a powerful probe of cosmology. Currently, Y P is best determined by observations of metal-poor galaxies, while there are only a few known local extremely metal-poor ( .1 Z ⊙ ) galaxies (EMPGs) having reliable He/H measurements with He i λ 10830 near-infrared (NIR) emission. Here we present deep Subaru NIR spectroscopy for 10 EMPGs. Combining the existing optical data, He/H values of 5 out of the 10 EMPGs are reliably derived by the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Adding the existing 3 EMPGs and 51 moderately metal-poor (0.1–0.4 Z ⊙ ) galaxies with reliable He/H estimates, we obtain Y P = 0.2370 − 0.0034 + 0.0033 by linear regression in the (He/H) − (O/H) plane, where we increase the number of EMPGs from three to eight anchoring He/H of the most metal-poor gas in galaxies. Although our Y P measurement and previous measurements are consistent, our result is slightly (∼1 σ ) smaller due to our EMPGs. Including the existing primordial deuterium D P measurement, we constrain the effective number of neutrino species N eff and the baryon-to-photon ratio η showing ≳1–2 σ tensions with the Standard Model and Planck Collaboration et al. (2020). Motivated by the tensions, we allow the degeneracy parameter of the electron neutrino ξ e , as well as N eff and η , to vary. We obtain ξ e = 0.05 − 0.02 + 0.03 , N eff = 3.11 − 0.31 + 0.34 , and η × 10 10 = 6.08 − 0.06 + 0.06 from the Y P and D P measurements with a prior of η taken from Planck Collaboration et al. Our constraints suggest a lepton asymmetry and allow for a high value of N eff within the 1 σ level, which could mitigate the Hubble tension.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 07-2023
Abstract: We present kinematics of six local extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs) with low metallicities (0.016–0.098 Z ⊙ ) and low stellar masses (10 4.7 –10 7.6 M ⊙ ). Taking deep medium/high-resolution ( R ∼ 7500) integral-field spectra with 8.2 m Subaru, we resolve the small inner velocity gradients and dispersions of the EMPGs with H α emission. Carefully masking out substructures originating by inflow and/or outflow, we fit three-dimensional disk models to the observed H α flux, velocity, and velocity dispersion maps. All the EMPGs show rotational velocities ( v rot ) of 5–23 km s −1 smaller than the velocity dispersions ( σ 0 ) of 17–31 km s −1 , indicating dispersion-dominated ( v rot / σ 0 = 0.29–0.80 1) systems affected by inflow and/or outflow. Except for two EMPGs with large uncertainties, we find that the EMPGs have very large gas-mass fractions of f gas ≃ 0.9–1.0. Comparing our results with other H α kinematics studies, we find that v rot / σ 0 decreases and f gas increases with decreasing metallicity, decreasing stellar mass, and increasing specific star formation rate. We also find that simulated high- z ( z ∼ 7) forming galaxies have gas fractions and dynamics similar to the observed EMPGs. Our EMPG observations and the simulations suggest that primordial galaxies are gas-rich dispersion-dominated systems, which would be identified by the forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope observations at z ∼ 7.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 06-2023
Abstract: MACS0647–JD is a triply lensed z ∼ 11 galaxy originally discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope. The three lensed images are magnified by factors of ∼8, 5, and 2 to AB mag 25.1, 25.6, and 26.6 at 3.5 μ m. The brightest is over a magnitude brighter than other galaxies recently discovered at similar redshifts z 10 with JWST. Here, we report new JWST imaging that clearly resolves MACS0647–JD as having two components that are either merging galaxies or stellar complexes within a single galaxy. The brighter larger component “A” is intrinsically very blue ( β ∼ −2.6 ± 0.1), likely due to very recent star formation and no dust, and is spatially extended with an effective radius ∼70 ± 24 pc. The smaller component “B” ( r ∼ 20 − 5 + 8 pc) appears redder ( β ∼ −2 ± 0.2), likely because it is older (100–200 Myr) with mild dust extinction ( A V ∼ 0.1 mag). With an estimated stellar mass ratio of roughly 2:1 and physical projected separation ∼400 pc, we may be witnessing a galaxy merger 430 million years after the Big Bang. We identify galaxies with similar colors in a high-redshift simulation, finding their star formation histories to be dissimilar, which is also suggested by the spectral energy distribution fitting, suggesting they formed further apart. We also identify a candidate companion galaxy “C” ∼3 kpc away, likely destined to merge with A and B. Upcoming JWST Near Infrared Spectrograph observations planned for 2023 January will deliver spectroscopic redshifts and more physical properties for these tiny magnified distant galaxies observed in the early universe.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 03-2023
Abstract: We report on the host properties of five X-ray-luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN) identified at 3 z 5 in the first epoch of imaging from the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey. Each galaxy has been imaged with the JWST Near-Infrared Camera, which provides rest-frame optical morphologies at these redshifts. We also derive stellar masses and star formation rates for each host by fitting its spectral energy distribution using a combination of galaxy and AGN templates. We find that three of the AGN hosts have spheroidal morphologies, one is a bulge-dominated disk, and one is dominated by pointlike emission. None are found to show strong morphological disturbances that might indicate a recent interaction or merger event. When compared to a s le of mass-matched inactive galaxies, we find that the AGN hosts have morphologies that are less disturbed and more bulge-dominated. Notably, all four of the resolved hosts have rest-frame optical colors consistent with a quenched or poststarburst stellar population. The presence of AGN in passively evolving galaxies at z 3 is significant because a rapid feedback mechanism is required in most semianalytic models and cosmological simulations to explain the growing population of massive quiescent galaxies observed at these redshifts. Our findings show that AGN can continue to inject energy into these systems after their star formation is curtailed, potentially heating their halos and preventing renewed star formation. Additional observations will be needed to determine what role this feedback may play in helping to quench these systems and/or maintain their quiescent state.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 25-01-2023
Abstract: Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) candidates at z ≳ 10 are rapidly being identified in James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam observations. Due to the (redshifted) break produced by neutral hydrogen absorption of rest-frame UV photons, these sources are expected to drop out in the bluer filters while being well detected in redder filters. However, here we show that dust-enshrouded star-forming galaxies at lower redshifts ( z ≲ 7) may also mimic the near-infrared (near-IR) colors of z 10 LBGs, representing potential contaminants in LBG candidate s les. First, we analyze CEERS-DSFG-1, a NIRCam dropout undetected in the F115W and F150W filters but detected at longer wavelengths. Combining the JWST data with (sub)millimeter constraints, including deep NOEMA interferometric observations, we show that this source is a dusty star-forming galaxy (DSFG) at z ≈ 5.1. We also present a tentative 2.6 σ SCUBA-2 detection at 850 μ m around a recently identified z ≈ 16 LBG candidate in the same field and show that, if the emission is real and associated with this candidate, the available photometry is consistent with a z ∼ 5 dusty galaxy with strong nebular emission lines despite its blue near-IR colors. Further observations on this candidate are imperative to mitigate the low confidence of this tentative submillimeter emission and its positional uncertainty. Our analysis shows that robust (sub)millimeter detections of NIRCam dropout galaxies likely imply z ∼ 4–6 redshift solutions, where the observed near-IR break would be the result of a strong rest-frame optical Balmer break combined with high dust attenuation and strong nebular line emission, rather than the rest-frame UV Lyman break. This provides evidence that DSFGs may contaminate searches for ultra-high redshift LBG candidates from JWST observations.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 21-09-2020
Abstract: We thoroughly explore the properties of (sub)-millimetre (mm) selected galaxies (SMGs) in the shark semi-analytic model of galaxy formation. Compared to observations, the predicted number counts at wavelengths (λ) 0.6–2 mm and redshift distributions at 0.1–2 mm, agree well. At the bright end (≳1 mJy), shark galaxies are a mix of mergers and disc instabilities. These galaxies display a stacked far-ultraviolet (FUV)-to-far-infrared (FIR) spectrum that agrees well with observations. We predict that current optical/NIR surveys are deep enough to detect bright (& mJy) λ = 0.85–2 mm-selected galaxies at z ≲ 5, but too shallow to detect counterparts at higher redshift. A James Webb Space Telescope 10 000s survey should detect all counterparts for galaxies with S0.85mm ≳ 0.01 mJy. We predict SMG’s disks contribute significantly (negligibly) to the rest-frame UV (IR). We investigate the 0 ≤ z ≤ 6 evolution of the intrinsic properties of & mJy λ = 0.85–2 mm-selected galaxies finding their: (i) stellar masses are $\\gt 10^{10.2}\\rm \\, M_{\\odot }$, with the 2 mm ones tracing the most massive galaxies ($\\gt 10^{11}\\rm \\, M_{\\odot }$) (ii) specific star formation rates (SFR) are mildly (≈3–10 times) above the main sequence (MS) (iii) host halo masses are $\\gtrsim 10^{12.3}\\, \\rm M_{\\odot }$, with 2 mm galaxies tracing the most massive haloes (protoclusters) (iv) SMGs have lower dust masses ($\\approx 10^{8}\\, \\rm M_{\\odot }$), higher dust temperatures (≈40–45 K) and higher rest-frame V-band attenuation (& .5) than MS galaxies (v) sizes decrease with redshift, from 4 kpc at z = 1 to ≲1 kpc at z = 4 and (vi) the carbon monoxide line spectra of S0.85mm ≳ 1 mJy sources peak at 4 → 3. Finally, we study the contribution of SMGs to the molecular gas and cosmic SFR density at 0 ≤ z ≤ 10, finding that & mJy sources make a negligible contribution at z ≳ 3 and 5, respectively, suggesting current observations have unveiled the majority of the SF at 0 ≤ z ≤ 10.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 26-10-2023
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 02-2021
Abstract: We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array [C ii ] 158 μ m line and far-infrared (FIR) continuum emission observations toward HSC J120505.09−000027.9 (J1205−0000) at z = 6.72 with a beam size of ∼0.″8 × 0.″5 (or 4.1 kpc × 2.6 kpc), the most distant red quasar known to date. Red quasars are modestly reddened by dust and are thought to be in rapid transition from an obscured starburst to an unobscured normal quasar, driven by powerful active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback that blows out a cocoon of interstellar medium. The FIR continuum of J1205−0000 is bright, with an estimated luminosity of L FIR ∼ 3 × 10 12 L ⊙ . The [C ii ] line emission is extended on scales of r ∼ 5 kpc, greater than that of the FIR continuum. The line profiles at the extended regions are complex and broad (FWHM ∼ 630–780 km s −1 ). Although it is not practical to identify the nature of this extended structure, possible explanations include (i) companion/merging galaxies and (ii) massive AGN-driven outflows. For the case of (i), the companions are modestly star-forming (∼10 M ⊙ yr −1 ) but are not detected by our Subaru optical observations ( y AB,5 σ = 24.4 mag). For the case of (ii), our lower limit to the cold neutral outflow rate is ∼100 M ⊙ yr −1 . The outflow kinetic energy and momentum are both much lower than predicted in energy-conserving wind models, suggesting that the AGN feedback in this quasar is not capable of completely suppressing its star formation.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 08-2022
Abstract: We present the average [C ii ] 158 μ m emission line sizes of UV-bright star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 7. Our results are derived from a stacking analysis of [C ii ] 158 μ m emission lines and dust continua observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), taking advantage of the large program Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey. We find that the average [C ii ] emission at z ∼ 7 has an effective radius r e of 2.2 ± 0.2 kpc. It is ≳2× larger than the dust continuum and the rest-frame UV emission, in agreement with recently reported measurements for z ≲ 6 galaxies. Additionally, we compared the average [C ii ] size with 4 z 6 galaxies observed by the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [C ii ] at Early times (ALPINE). By analyzing [C ii ] sizes of 4 z 6 galaxies in two redshift bins, we find an average [C ii ] size of r e = 2.2 ± 0.2 kpc and r e = 2.5 ± 0.2 kpc for z ∼ 5.5 and z ∼ 4.5 galaxies, respectively. These measurements show that star-forming galaxies, on average, show no evolution in the size of the [C ii ] 158 μ m emitting regions at redshift between z ∼ 7 and z ∼ 4. This finding suggests that the star-forming galaxies could be morphologically dominated by gas over a wide redshift range.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 25-07-2023
Abstract: Recent JWST/NIRCam imaging taken for the ultra-deep UNCOVER program reveals a very red dropout object at z phot ≃ 7.6, triply imaged by the galaxy cluster A2744 ( z d = 0.308). All three images are very compact, i.e., unresolved, with a delensed size upper limit of r e ≲ 35 pc. The images have apparent magnitudes of m F444W ∼ 25−26 AB, and the magnification-corrected absolute UV magnitude of the source is M UV,1450 = −16.81 ± 0.09. From the sum of observed fluxes and from a spectral energy distribution (SED) analysis, we obtain estimates of the bolometric luminosities of the source of L bol ≳ 10 43 erg s −1 and L bol ∼ 10 44 –10 46 erg s −1 , respectively. Based on its compact, point-like appearance, its position in color–color space, and the SED analysis, we tentatively conclude that this object is a UV-faint dust-obscured quasar-like object, i.e., an active galactic nucleus at high redshift. We also discuss other alternative origins for the object’s emission features, including a massive star cluster, Population III, supermassive, or dark stars, or a direct-collapse black hole. Although populations of red galaxies at similar photometric redshifts have been detected with JWST, this object is unique in that its high-redshift nature is corroborated geometrically by lensing, that it is unresolved despite being magnified—and thus intrinsically even more compact—and that it occupies notably distinct regions in both size–luminosity and color–color space. Planned UNCOVER JWST/NIRSpec observations, scheduled in Cycle 1, will enable a more detailed analysis of this object.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 03-2023
Abstract: We present an investigation into the first 500 Myr of galaxy evolution from the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey. CEERS, one of 13 JWST ERS programs, targets galaxy formation from z ∼ 0.5 to using several imaging and spectroscopic modes. We make use of the first epoch of CEERS NIRCam imaging, spanning 35.5 arcmin 2 , to search for candidate galaxies at z 9. Following a detailed data reduction process implementing several custom steps to produce high-quality reduced images, we perform multiband photometry across seven NIRCam broad- and medium-band (and six Hubble broadband) filters focusing on robust colors and accurate total fluxes. We measure photometric redshifts and devise a robust set of selection criteria to identify a s le of 26 galaxy candidates at z ∼ 9–16. These objects are compact with a median half-light radius of ∼0.5 kpc. We present an early estimate of the z ∼ 11 rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function, finding that the number density of galaxies at M UV ∼ −20 appears to evolve very little from z ∼ 9 to 11. We also find that the abundance (surface density [arcmin −2 ]) of our candidates exceeds nearly all theoretical predictions. We explore potential implications, including that at z 10, star formation may be dominated by top-heavy initial mass functions, which would result in an increased ratio of UV light per unit halo mass, though a complete lack of dust attenuation and/or changing star formation physics may also play a role. While spectroscopic confirmation of these sources is urgently required, our results suggest that the deeper views to come with JWST should yield prolific s les of ultrahigh-redshift galaxies with which to further explore these conclusions.
Location: Japan
Start Date: 2014
End Date: 12-2017
Amount: $360,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
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