Catriona Hurd

Diversity of carbon use strategies in a kelp forest community: Implications for a high CO 2 ocean

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-03-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2486.2011.02411.X

Nursery optimization for kelp aquaculture in the Southern Hemisphere: the interactive effects of temperature and light on growth and contaminants

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 25-02-2023

DOI: 10.1080/26388081.2023.2174903

Macrophytes as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in estuarine and coastal environments

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2018.01.023

Abstract: The Derwent estuary, in Tasmania (Australia), is highly contaminated with heavy metals with significant levels in both sediments and benthic fauna. However, little is known about metal content in benthic primary producers. We characterized metal content (Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Selenium and Zinc) in twelve species of macrophyte, including red, green, and brown algae, and seagrasses, from the Derwent. The metals, arsenic, copper, lead, and Zinc were detected in all of the macrophytes assessed, but the levels differed between species. Seagrasses accumulated the highest concentrations of all metals with Zn levels being particularly high in the seagrass Ruppia megacarpa (from the upper Estuary) and Pb was detected in Zostera muelleri (from the middle estuary). Ulva australis was ubiquitous throughout the middle-lower estuary and accumulated Zn in relatively high concentrations. The findings suggest that analysis of multiple species may be necessary for a comprehensive understanding of estuary-wide metal pollution.

Growth, ammonium metabolism, and photosynthetic properties of Ulva australis (Chlorophyta) under decreasing pH and ammonium enrichment

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 27-11-2017

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0188389

A LOW‐VOLUME FLOW TANK FOR MEASURING NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY LARGE MACROPHYTES¹

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-1994

DOI: 10.1111/J.0022-3646.1994.00892.X

Southern Australian seaweeds: A promising resource for omega-3 fatty acids

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2018.05.060

Abstract: To assess the suitability of southern-Australian macroalgae as potential marine resources for fatty acids (FA), and in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), analysis of 61 species, comprising of 11 Chlorophyta, 17 Phaeophyceae (Ochrophyta) and 33 Rhodophyta, was conducted. Total fatty acid (TFA) concentrations varied considerably (between 0.6 and 7.8 in % of dry weight (DW)) between species, with on average the highest concentrations being in the Phaeophyceae, then the Chlorophyta, and with the Rhodophyta recording the lowest average concentrations. Results revealed significant differences in the fatty acid profiles of the three algal groups. Most species exhibit high proportions of PUFA in their fatty acid profile and a low ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. These properties highlight the potential for southern-Australian macroalgae to be used for these FA in food, animal feed and nutraceutical applications.

Chemical microenvironments within macroalgal assemblages: Implications for the inhibition of kelp recruitment by turf algae

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 13-02-2019

DOI: 10.1002/LNO.11138

Abstract: Kelp forests around the world are under increasing pressure from anthropogenic stressors. A widespread consequence is that in many places, complex and highly productive kelp habitats have been replaced by structurally simple and less productive turf algae habitats. Turf algae habitats resist re‐establishment of kelp via recruitment inhibition however, little is known about the specific mechanisms involved. One potential factor is the chemical environment within the turf algae and into which kelp propagules settle and develop. Using laboratory trials, we illustrate that the chemical microenvironment (O 2 concentration and pH) 0.0–50 mm above the substratum within four multispecies macroalgal assemblages (including a turf‐sediment assemblage and an Ecklonia radiata kelp‐dominated assemblage) are characterized by elevated O 2 and pH relative to the surrounding seawater. Notably however, O 2 and pH were significantly higher within turf‐sediment assemblages than in kelp‐dominated assemblages, and at levels that have previously been demonstrated to impair the photosynthetic or physiological capacity of kelp propagules. Field observations of the experimental assemblages confirmed that recruitment of kelp was significantly lower into treatments with dense turf algae than in the kelp‐dominated assemblages. We demonstrate differences between the chemical microenvironments of kelp and turf algae assemblages that correlate with differences in kelp recruitment, highlighting how degradation of kelp habitats might result in the persistence of turf algae habitats and the localized absence of kelp.

High prevalence of diffusive uptake of CO2 by macroalgae in a temperate subtidal ecosystem

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-03-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11120-015-0114-0

Abstract: Productivity of most macroalgae is not currently considered limited by dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), as the majority of species have CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCM) allowing the active uptake of DIC. The alternative, diffusive uptake of CO2 (non-CCM), is considered rare (0-9% of all macroalgal cover in a given ecosystem), and identifying species without CCMs is important in understanding factors controlling inorganic carbon use by eukaryotic algae. CCM activity has higher energetic requirements than diffusive CO2 uptake, therefore when light is low, CCM activity is reduced in favour of diffusive CO2 uptake. We hypothesized that the proportional cover of macroalgae without CCMs (red and green macroalgae) would be low (<10%) across four sites in Tasmania, southern Australia at two depths (4-5 and 12-14 m) the proportion of species lacking CCMs would increase with decreasing depth the δ(13)C values of macroalgae with CCMs would be more depleted with depth. We found the proportion of non-CCM species ranged from 0 to 90% and included species from all three macroalgal phyla: 81% of red (59 species), 14% of brown (three species) and 29% of green macroalgae (two species). The proportion of non-CCM species increased with depth at three of four sites. 35% of species tested had significantly depleted δ(13)C values at deeper depths. Non-CCM macroalgae are more abundant in some temperate reefs than previously thought. If ocean acidification benefits non-CCM species, the ramifications for subtidal macroalgal assemblages could be larger than previously considered.

Contributions of an annual invasive kelp to native algal assemblages: algal resource allocation and seasonal connectivity across ecotones

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 09-2015

DOI: 10.2216/15-39.1

Kelp nursery optimisation: density-dependent effects in early life-cycle stages of Ecklonia radiata (Laminariales)

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Date: 24-10-2022

DOI: 10.1515/BOT-2022-0045

Abstract: Kelp aquaculture is an emerging industry outside of Asia. To be successful, this industry requires a reliable production of seedstock, the optimisation of which greatly benefits from a detailed physiological understanding of the microscopic life-cycle stages of the cultured species. This study investigated the impact of six zoospore densities (10–278 mm −2 ) on the subsequent development of Ecklonia radiata gametophytes and sporophytes. The results showed that germination rates and sex ratio were unaffected by initial zoospore density, but there were significant effects on gametophyte size and sporophyte production. After two weeks, female gametophytes were largest at an initial zoospore density of 40 mm −2 while male gametophytes grew largest at densities below 40 mm −2 , but after four weeks gametophyte size showed a negative relationship with initial zoospore density. Significantly more sporophytes developed at initial zoospore densities below 40 in iduals mm −2 and no sporophytes were observed at the highest density (271 zoospores mm −2 ). These results clearly show the importance of initial zoospore density in optimising the nursery stage of kelp aquaculture.

Safe in My Garden: Reduction of Mainstream Flow and Turbulence by Macroalgal Assemblages and Implications for Refugia of Calcifying Organisms From Ocean Acidification

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 23-09-2021

DOI: 10.3389/FMARS.2021.693695

Abstract: Macroalgae, with their various morphologies, are ubiquitous throughout the world’s oceans and provide ecosystem services to a multitude of organisms. Water motion is a fundamental physical parameter controlling the mass transfer of dissolved carbon and nutrients to and from the macroalgal surface, but measurements of flow speed and turbulence within and above macroalgal canopies are lacking. This information is becoming increasingly important as macroalgal canopies may act as refugia for calcifying organisms from ocean acidification (OA) and the extent to which they act as refugia is driven by water motion. Here we report on a field c aign to assess the flow speed and turbulence within and above natural macroalgal canopies at two depths (3 and 6 m) and two sites (Ninepin Point and Tinderbox) in Tasmania, Australia in relation to the canopy height and % cover of functional forms. Filamentous groups made up the greatest proportion (75%) at both sites and depth while foliose groups were more prevalent at 3 than at 6 m. Irrespective of background flows, depth or site, flow speeds within the canopies were & .03 m s –1 – a ∼90% reduction in flow speeds compared to above the canopy. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) within the canopies was up to two orders of magnitude lower (& .008 m 2 s –2 ) than above the canopies, with higher levels of TKE within the canopy at 3 compared to 6 m. The significant d ing effect of flow and turbulence by macroalgae highlights the potential of these ecosystems to provide a refugia for vulnerable calcifying species to OA.

Light regulates inorganic nitrogen uptake and storage, but not nitrate assimilation, by the red macroalga Hemineura frondosa (Rhodophyta)

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 11-08-2020

DOI: 10.1080/09670262.2020.1786858

Thermal performance curves identify seasonal and site‐specific variation in the development of Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyceae) gametophytes and sporophytes

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-10-2023

DOI: 10.1111/JPY.13406

Forensic carbon accounting: Assessing the role of seaweeds for carbon sequestration

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 24-04-2022

DOI: 10.1111/JPY.13249

Abstract: Carbon sequestration is defined as the secure storage of carbon‐containing molecules for years, and in the context of carbon dioxide removal for climate mitigation, the origin of this CO 2 is from the atmosphere. On land, trees globally sequester substantial amounts of carbon in woody biomass, and an analogous role for seaweeds in ocean carbon sequestration has been suggested. The purposeful expansion of natural seaweed beds and aquaculture systems, including into the open ocean (ocean afforestation), has been proposed as a method of increasing carbon sequestration and use in carbon trading and offset schemes. However, to verify whether CO 2 fixed by seaweeds through photosynthesis leads to carbon sequestration is extremely complex in the marine environment compared to terrestrial systems, because of the need to jointly consider: the comparatively rapid turnover of seaweed biomass, tracing the fate of carbon via particulate and dissolved organic carbon pathways in dynamic coastal waters, and the key role of atmosphere–ocean CO 2 exchange. We propose a Forensic Carbon Accounting approach, in which a thorough analysis of carbon flows between the atmosphere and ocean, and into and out of seaweeds would be undertaken, for assessing the magnitude of CO 2 removal and robust attribution of carbon sequestration to seaweeds.

Ocean acidification reverses the positive effects of seawater pH fluctuations on growth and photosynthesis of the habitat-forming kelp, Ecklonia radiata

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-05-2016

DOI: 10.1038/SREP26036

Abstract: Ocean acidification (OA) is the reduction in seawater pH due to the absorption of human-released CO 2 by the world’s oceans. The average surface oceanic pH is predicted to decline by 0.4 units by 2100. However, kelp metabolically modifies seawater pH via photosynthesis and respiration in some temperate coastal systems, resulting in daily pH fluctuations of up to ±0.45 units. It is unknown how these fluctuations in pH influence the growth and physiology of the kelp, or how this might change with OA. In laboratory experiments that mimicked the most extreme pH fluctuations measured within beds of the canopy-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata in Tasmania, the growth and photosynthetic rates of juvenile E. radiata were greater under fluctuating pH (8.4 in the day, 7.8 at night) than in static pH treatments (8.4, 8.1, 7.8). However, pH fluctuations had no effect on growth rates and a negative effect on photosynthesis when the mean pH of each treatment was reduced by 0.3 units. Currently, pH fluctuations have a positive effect on E. radiata but this effect could be reversed in the future under OA, which is likely to impact the future ecological dynamics and productivity of habitats dominated by E. radiata .

A supply chain approach to improving the shelf life of lamb meat; vitamin E concentration, electrical stimulation, ageing period and packaging system

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.MEATSCI.2018.01.005

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of vitamin E, electrical stimulation, aging and packaging system on the colour stability of lamb meat. Eighty crossbred wether lambs, 6-8months old were fed on either vitamin E or control pelleted diet for 31days prior to slaughter. Half of the carcases from each group were electrically stimulated before being split longitudinally into 2. Each side was randomly allocated 1 of the 4 aging periods (5days fresh, 10, 20 and 30days CO

Carbonic anhydrase activity in seaweeds: overview and recommendations for measuring activity with an electrometric method, using Macrocystis pyrifera as a model species

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-04-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S00227-018-3348-5

Remnant kelp bed refugia and future phase-shifts under ocean acidification

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 09-10-2020

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0239136

Canopy macroalgae influence understorey corallines’ metabolic control of near-surface pH and oxygen concentration

Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center

Date: 09-04-2015

DOI: 10.3354/MEPS11190

A strategic review and research roadmap for offshore seaweed aquaculture—A case study from southern Australia

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 22-01-2023

DOI: 10.1111/RAQ.12788

Abstract: Global seaweed aquaculture production has more than tripled since 2002 and is dominated by Asian countries with farming operations that typically occur in relatively wave‐protected, nearshore areas. To meet future demand, production must move to “non‐traditional” regions and into less contested waters offshore. However, the technological complexities and uncertainties in the performance of seaweed cultivated in high‐energy offshore environments are substantial and must be overcome. Here, we identify knowledge gaps and suggest a research roadmap to inform the advancement of a commercial offshore seaweed aquaculture industry using southern Australian species as case studies: (1) Durvillaea spp. (order Fucales) (2) four kelps (order Laminariales) and (3) the rhodophyte Asparagopsis . These groups lie along a spectrum of commercial viability and readiness for offshore aquaculture, and key knowledge gaps are cultivation technology and the suitability to offshore conditions. Cultivation of Durvillaea is restricted by a low level of biological and technical understanding, but there is high market potential and readiness. For laminarian kelps, commercial production in nearshore conditions is already occurring elsewhere, which make them the most likely candidate for offshore cultivation in the medium term. Asparagopsis is least suited to offshore conditions, with substantial gaps in general cultivation knowledge, and its cultivation is likely to be restricted to land‐based systems or relatively sheltered nearshore waters. The knowledge gaps identified here will inform research and development programs to advance offshore seaweed aquaculture in southern Australia and globally.

Seawater pH, and not inorganic nitrogen source, affects pH at the blade surface ofMacrocystis pyrifera: implications for responses of the giant kelp to future oceanic conditions

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 12-07-2016

DOI: 10.1111/PPL.12478

Abstract: Ocean acidification (OA), the ongoing decline in seawater pH, is predicted to have wide-ranging effects on marine organisms and ecosystems. For seaweeds, the pH at the thallus surface, within the diffusion boundary layer (DBL), is one of the factors controlling their response to OA. Surface pH is controlled by both the pH of the bulk seawater and by the seaweeds' metabolism: photosynthesis and respiration increase and decrease pH within the DBL (pH

Inorganic carbon physiology underpins macroalgal responses to elevated CO2

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 18-04-2017

DOI: 10.1038/SREP46297

Abstract: Beneficial effects of CO 2 on photosynthetic organisms will be a key driver of ecosystem change under ocean acidification. Predicting the responses of macroalgal species to ocean acidification is complex, but we demonstrate that the response of assemblages to elevated CO 2 are correlated with inorganic carbon physiology. We assessed abundance patterns and a proxy for CO 2 :HCO 3 − use (δ 13 C values) of macroalgae along a gradient of CO 2 at a volcanic seep, and examined how shifts in species abundance at other Mediterranean seeps are related to macroalgal inorganic carbon physiology. Five macroalgal species capable of using both HCO 3 − and CO 2 had greater CO 2 use as concentrations increased. These species (and one unable to use HCO 3 − ) increased in abundance with elevated CO 2 whereas obligate calcifying species, and non-calcareous macroalgae whose CO 2 use did not increase consistently with concentration, declined in abundance. Physiological groupings provide a mechanistic understanding that will aid us in determining which species will benefit from ocean acidification and why.

The invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida hosts an epifaunal assemblage similar to native seaweeds with comparable morphologies

Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center

Date: 06-11-2017

DOI: 10.3354/MEPS12321

Current understanding and challenges for oceans in a higher-CO2 world

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-07-2018

DOI: 10.1038/S41558-018-0211-0

A comparison with natural particles reveals a small specific effect of PVC microplastics on mussel performance

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2020.111703

Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change—A review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 31-03-2018

DOI: 10.1111/GCB.14102

Abstract: Marine life is controlled by multiple physical and chemical drivers and by erse ecological processes. Many of these oceanic properties are being altered by climate change and other anthropogenic pressures. Hence, identifying the influences of multifaceted ocean change, from local to global scales, is a complex task. To guide policy-making and make projections of the future of the marine biosphere, it is essential to understand biological responses at physiological, evolutionary and ecological levels. Here, we contrast and compare different approaches to multiple driver experiments that aim to elucidate biological responses to a complex matrix of ocean global change. We present the benefits and the challenges of each approach with a focus on marine research, and guidelines to navigate through these different categories to help identify strategies that might best address research questions in fundamental physiology, experimental evolutionary biology and community ecology. Our review reveals that the field of multiple driver research is being pulled in complementary directions: the need for reductionist approaches to obtain process-oriented, mechanistic understanding and a requirement to quantify responses to projected future scenarios of ocean change. We conclude the review with recommendations on how best to align different experimental approaches to contribute fundamental information needed for science-based policy formulation.

CARBON‐USE STRATEGIES IN MACROALGAE: DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES TO LOWERED PH AND IMPLICATIONS FOR OCEAN ACIDIFICATION¹

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 02-12-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1529-8817.2011.01085.X

Abstract: Ocean acidification (OA) is a reduction in oceanic pH due to increased absorption of anthropogenically produced CO2 . This change alters the seawater concentrations of inorganic carbon species that are utilized by macroalgae for photosynthesis and calcification: CO2 and HCO3 (-) increase CO3 (2-) decreases. Two common methods of experimentally reducing seawater pH differentially alter other aspects of carbonate chemistry: the addition of CO2 gas mimics changes predicted due to OA, while the addition of HCl results in a comparatively lower [HCO3 (-) ]. We measured the short-term photosynthetic responses of five macroalgal species with various carbon-use strategies in one of three seawater pH treatments: pH 7.5 lowered by bubbling CO2 gas, pH 7.5 lowered by HCl, and ambient pH 7.9. There was no difference in photosynthetic rates between the CO2 , HCl, or pH 7.9 treatments for any of the species examined. However, the ability of macroalgae to raise the pH of the surrounding seawater through carbon uptake was greatest in the pH 7.5 treatments. Modeling of pH change due to carbon assimilation indicated that macroalgal species that could utilize HCO3 (-) increased their use of CO2 in the pH 7.5 treatments compared to pH 7.9 treatments. Species only capable of using CO2 did so exclusively in all treatments. Although CO2 is not likely to be limiting for photosynthesis for the macroalgal species examined, the diffusive uptake of CO2 is less energetically expensive than active HCO3 (-) uptake, and so HCO3 (-) -using macroalgae may benefit in future seawater with elevated CO2 .

How do we overcome abrupt degradation of marine ecosystems and meet the challenge of heat waves and climate extremes?

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 24-12-2019

DOI: 10.1111/GCB.14901

Abstract: Extreme heat wave events are now causing ecosystem degradation across marine ecosystems. The consequences of this heat‐induced damage range from the rapid loss of habitat‐forming organisms, through to a reduction in the services that ecosystems support, and ultimately to impacts on human health and society. How we tackle the sudden emergence of ecosystem‐wide degradation has not yet been addressed in the context of marine heat waves. An examination of recent marine heat waves from around Australia points to the potential important role that respite or refuge from environmental extremes can play in enabling organismal survival. However, most ecological interventions are being devised with a target of mid to late‐century implementation, at which time many of the ecosystems, that the interventions are targeted towards, will have already undergone repeated and widespread heat wave induced degradation. Here, our assessment of the merits of proposed ecological interventions, across a spectrum of approaches, to counter marine environmental extremes, reveals a lack preparedness to counter the effects of extreme conditions on marine ecosystems. The ecological influence of these extremes are projected to continue to impact marine ecosystems in the coming years, long before these interventions can be developed. Our assessment reveals that approaches which are technologically ready and likely to be socially acceptable are locally deployable only, whereas those which are scalable—for ex le to features as large as major reef systems—are not close to being testable, and are unlikely to obtain social licence for deployment. Knowledge of the environmental timescales for survival of extremes, via respite or refuge, inferred from field observations will help test such intervention tools. The growing frequency of extreme events such as marine heat waves increases the urgency to consider mitigation and intervention tools that support organismal and ecosystem survival in the immediate future, while global climate mitigation and/or intervention are formulated.

Ocean acidification and kelp development: Reduced pH has no negative effects on meiospore germination and gametophyte development of Macrocystis pyrifera and Undaria pinnatifida

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 18-04-2017

DOI: 10.1111/JPY.12518

Abstract: The absorption of anthropogenic CO

Copper pollution exacerbates the effects of ocean acidification and warming on kelp microscopic early life stages

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-10-2018

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-32899-W

Abstract: Ocean warming (OW), ocean acidification (OA) and their interaction with local drivers, e.g., copper pollution, may negatively affect macroalgae and their microscopic life stages. We evaluated meiospore development of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Undaria pinnatifida exposed to a factorial combination of current and 2100-predicted temperature (12 and 16 °C, respectively), pH (8.16 and 7.65, respectively), and two copper levels (no-added-copper and species-specific germination Cu-EC 50 ). Meiospore germination for both species declined by 5–18% under OA and ambient temperature/OA conditions, irrespective of copper exposure. Germling growth rate declined by %·day −1 , and gametophyte development was inhibited under Cu-EC 50 exposure, compared to the no-added-copper treatment, irrespective of pH and temperature. Following the removal of copper and 9-day recovery under respective pH and temperature treatments, germling growth rates increased by 8–18%·day −1 . The exception was U . pinnatifida under OW/OA, where growth rate remained at 10%·day −1 before and after copper exposure. Copper-binding ligand concentrations were higher in copper-exposed cultures of both species, suggesting that ligands may act as a defence mechanism of kelp early life stages against copper toxicity. Our study demonstrated that copper pollution is more important than global climate drivers in controlling meiospore development in kelps as it disrupts the completion of their life cycle.

Keith Hunter’s legacy to Marine Science in New Zealand

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1071/MFV71N3_ED

Bicarbonate uptake via an anion exchange protein is the main mechanism of inorganic carbon acquisition by the giant kelpMacrocystis pyrifera(Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) under variable pH

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-11-2014

DOI: 10.1111/JPY.12247

Abstract: Macrocystis pyrifera is a widely distributed, highly productive, seaweed. It is known to use bicarbonate (HCO3 (-) ) from seawater in photosynthesis and the main mechanism of utilization is attributed to the external catalyzed dehydration of HCO3 (-) by the surface-bound enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CAext ). Here, we examined other putative HCO3 (-) uptake mechanisms in M. pyrifera under pHT 9.00 (HCO3 (-) : CO2 = 940:1) and pHT 7.65 (HCO3 (-) : CO2 = 51:1). Rates of photosynthesis, and internal CA (CAint ) and CAext activity were measured following the application of AZ which inhibits CAext , and DIDS which inhibits a different HCO3 (-) uptake system, via an anion exchange (AE) protein. We found that the main mechanism of HCO3 (-) uptake by M. pyrifera is via an AE protein, regardless of the HCO3 (-) : CO2 ratio, with CAext making little contribution. Inhibiting the AE protein led to a 55%-65% decrease in photosynthetic rates. Inhibiting both the AE protein and CAext at pHT 9.00 led to 80%-100% inhibition of photosynthesis, whereas at pHT 7.65, passive CO2 diffusion supported 33% of photosynthesis. CAint was active at pHT 7.65 and 9.00, and activity was always higher than CAext , because of its role in dehydrating HCO3 (-) to supply CO2 to RuBisCO. Interestingly, the main mechanism of HCO3 (-) uptake in M. pyrifera was different than that in other Laminariales studied (CAext -catalyzed reaction) and we suggest that species-specific knowledge of carbon uptake mechanisms is required in order to elucidate how seaweeds might respond to future changes in HCO3 (-) :CO2 due to ocean acidification.

Narrow range of temperature and irradiance supports optimal development of Lessonia corrugata (Orchrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) gametophytes: implications for kelp aquaculture and climate change

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-02-2021

DOI: 10.1007/S10811-021-02382-7

Visualization of seawater flow around morphologically distinct forms of the giant kelp Macrocystis integrifolia from wave‐sheltered and exposed sites

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 1997

DOI: 10.4319/LO.1997.42.1.0156

Responses of macroalgae to CO₂ enrichment cannot be inferred solely from their inorganic carbon uptake strategy

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-12-2018

DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.4679

Ocean acidification in New Zealand waters: trends and impacts

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 25-09-2017

DOI: 10.1080/00288330.2017.1374983

Ulva australis as a tool for monitoring metal-polluted estuarine system; spatial and temporal considerations

Publisher: University of the Aegean

Date: 26-09-2018

DOI: 10.30955/GNJ.002638

Abstract: This study investigated temporal and spatial patterns of heavy metal content in Ulva australis. S les were collected from the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania, Australia, over 3 years (2013-2015) at locations where historically arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc were high in sediments and seawater. Zinc and lead content were high in U. australis at all s ling times, with levels consistent with the spatial distribution of metal within the system. Zinc in Ulva varied seasonally (4.8 – 320.7 mg·kg-1), but lead did not. Zinc and lead were highest in the middle-upper estuary, close to the zinc smelter, where seawater concentrations were higher. The results suggest that spatial variation of metal content in Ulva is a reflection of variability in the seawater, which in turn indicates that U. australis could be used for monitoring the effects of metals in estuarine systems, and that U. australis could be a useful addition to existing management strategies.

Photosynthetic and ultrastructural responses of Ulva australis to Zn stress

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.MICRON.2017.09.010

Abstract: This research evaluated the effect of zinc (Zn) on the ultrastructure and the photosynthetic efficiency of a common green alga. Ulva australis was grown in the laboratory for 7days under a range of different Zn concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 100μgL

Biological responses to environmental heterogeneity under future ocean conditions

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-04-2016

DOI: 10.1111/GCB.13287

Abstract: Organisms are projected to face unprecedented rates of change in future ocean conditions due to anthropogenic climate-change. At present, marine life encounters a wide range of environmental heterogeneity from natural fluctuations to mean climate change. Manipulation studies suggest that biota from more variable marine environments have more phenotypic plasticity to tolerate environmental heterogeneity. Here, we consider current strategies employed by a range of representative organisms across various habitats - from short-lived phytoplankton to long-lived corals - in response to environmental heterogeneity. We then discuss how, if and when organismal responses (acclimate/migrate/adapt) may be altered by shifts in the magnitude of the mean climate-change signal relative to that for natural fluctuations projected for coming decades. The findings from both novel climate-change modelling simulations and prior biological manipulation studies, in which natural fluctuations are superimposed on those of mean change, provide valuable insights into organismal responses to environmental heterogeneity. Manipulations reveal that different experimental outcomes are evident between climate-change treatments which include natural fluctuations vs. those which do not. Modelling simulations project that the magnitude of climate variability, along with mean climate change, will increase in coming decades, and hence environmental heterogeneity will increase, illustrating the need for more realistic biological manipulation experiments that include natural fluctuations. However, simulations also strongly suggest that the timescales over which the mean climate-change signature will become dominant, relative to natural fluctuations, will vary for in idual properties, being most rapid for CO2 (~10 years from present day) to 4 decades for nutrients. We conclude that the strategies used by biota to respond to shifts in environmental heterogeneity may be complex, as they will have to physiologically straddle wide-ranging timescales in the alteration of ocean conditions, including the need to adapt to rapidly rising CO2 and also acclimate to environmental heterogeneity in more slowly changing properties such as warming.

Saturating light and not increased carbon dioxide under ocean acidification drives photosynthesis and growth inUlva rigida(Chlorophyta)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-01-2015

DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.1382

Physiological responses of a Southern Ocean diatom to complex future ocean conditions

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-10-2015

DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2811

Toward a Coordinated Global Observing System for Seagrasses and Marine Macroalgae

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 04-07-2019

DOI: 10.3389/FMARS.2019.00317

Growth response of an early successional assemblage of coralline algae and benthic diatoms to ocean acidification

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-05-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S00227-014-2453-3

Experimental design in ocean acidification research: problems and solutions

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 08-07-2015

DOI: 10.1093/ICESJMS/FSV118

Abstract: Ocean acidification has been identified as a risk to marine ecosystems, and substantial scientific effort has been expended on investigating its effects, mostly in laboratory manipulation experiments. However, performing these manipulations correctly can be logistically difficult, and correctly designing experiments is complex, in part because of the rigorous requirements for manipulating and monitoring seawater carbonate chemistry. To assess the use of appropriate experimental design in ocean acidification research, 465 studies published between 1993 and 2014 were surveyed, focusing on the methods used to replicate experimental units. The proportion of studies that had interdependent or non-randomly interspersed treatment replicates, or did not report sufficient methodological details was 95%. Furthermore, 21% of studies did not provide any details of experimental design, 17% of studies otherwise segregated all the replicates for one treatment in one space, 15% of studies replicated CO2 treatments in a way that made replicates more interdependent within treatments than between treatments, and 13% of studies did not report if replicates of all treatments were randomly interspersed. As a consequence, the number of experimental units used per treatment in studies was low (mean = 2.0). In a comparable analysis, there was a significant decrease in the number of published studies that employed inappropriate chemical methods of manipulating seawater (i.e. acid–base only additions) from 21 to 3%, following the release of the “Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting” in 2010 however, no such increase in the use of appropriate replication and experimental design was observed after 2010. We provide guidelines on how to design ocean acidification laboratory experiments that incorporate the rigorous requirements for monitoring and measuring carbonate chemistry with a level of replication that increases the chances of accurate detection of biological responses to ocean acidification.

Do native subtidal grazers eat the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida?

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 04-11-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S00227-015-2757-Y

Ocean acidification as a multiple driver: how interactions between changing seawater carbonate parameters affect marine life

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1071/MF19267

Abstract: ‘Multiple drivers’ (also termed ‘multiple stressors’) is the term used to describe the cumulative effects of multiple environmental factors on organisms or ecosystems. Here, we consider ocean acidification as a multiple driver because many inorganic carbon parameters are changing simultaneously, including total dissolved inorganic carbon, CO2, HCO3–, CO32–, H+ and CaCO3 saturation state. With the rapid expansion of ocean acidification research has come a greater understanding of the complexity and intricacies of how these simultaneous changes to the seawater carbonate system are affecting marine life. We start by clarifying key terms used by chemists and biologists to describe the changing seawater inorganic carbon system. Then, using key groups of non-calcifying (fish, seaweeds, diatoms) and calcifying (coralline algae, coccolithophores, corals, molluscs) organisms, we consider how various physiological processes are affected by different components of the carbonate system.

Meiospore development of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Undaria pinnatifida under ocean acidification and ocean warming: independent effects are more important than their interaction

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 25-11-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S00227-016-3039-Z

Tissue nitrogen status does not alter the physiological responses of Macrocystis pyrifera to ocean acidification

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-08-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S00227-017-3204-Z

Effect of Ocean Acidification and pH Fluctuations on the Growth and Development of Coralline Algal Recruits, and an Associated Benthic Algal Assemblage

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 15-10-2015

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0140394

Effects of ocean acidification on the photosynthetic performance, carbonic anhydrase activity and growth of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 14-04-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11120-015-0138-5

Abstract: Under ocean acidification (OA), the 200 % increase in CO2(aq) and the reduction of pH by 0.3-0.4 units are predicted to affect the carbon physiology and growth of macroalgae. Here we examined how the physiology of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera is affected by elevated pCO2/low pH. Growth and photosynthetic rates, external and internal carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, HCO3 (-) versus CO2 use were determined over a 7-day incubation at ambient pCO2 400 µatm H 8.00 and a future OA treatment of pCO2 1200 µatm H 7.59. Neither the photosynthetic nor growth rates were changed by elevated CO2 supply in the OA treatment. These results were explained by the greater use of HCO3 (-) compared to CO2 as an inorganic carbon (Ci) source to support photosynthesis. Macrocystis is a mixed HCO3 (-) and CO2 user that exhibits two effective mechanisms for HCO3 (-) utilization as predicted for species that possess carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), photosynthesis was not substantially affected by elevated pCO2. The internal CA activity was also unaffected by OA, and it remained high and active throughout the experiment this suggests that HCO3 (-) uptake via an anion exchange protein was not affected by OA. Our results suggest that photosynthetic Ci uptake and growth of Macrocystis will not be affected by elevated pCO2/low pH predicted for the future, but the combined effects with other environmental factors like temperature and nutrient availability could change the physiological response of Macrocystis to OA. Therefore, further studies will be important to elucidate how this species might respond to the global environmental change predicted for the ocean.

Responses of seaweeds that use CO2 as their sole inorganic carbon source to ocean acidification: differential effects of fluctuating pH but little benefit of CO2 enrichment

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 25-04-2019

DOI: 10.1093/ICESJMS/FSZ070

Abstract: Laboratory studies that test the responses of coastal organisms to ocean acidification (OA) typically use constant pH regimes which do not reflect coastal systems, such as seaweed beds, where pH fluctuates on diel cycles. Seaweeds that use CO2 as their sole inorganic carbon source (non-carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism species) are predicted to benefit from OA as concentrations of dissolved CO2 increase, yet this prediction has rarely been tested, and no studies have tested the effect of pH fluctuations on non-CCM seaweeds. We conducted a laboratory experiment in which two ecologically dominant non-CCM red seaweeds (Callophyllis lambertii and Plocamium dilatatum) were exposed to four pH treatments: two static, pHT 8.0 and 7.7 and two fluctuating, pHT 8.0 ± 0.3 and 7.7 ± 0.3. Fluctuating pH reduced growth and net photosynthesis in C. lambertii, while P. dilatatum was unaffected. OA did not benefit P. dilatatum, while C. lambertii displayed elevated net photosynthetic rates. We provide evidence that carbon uptake strategy alone cannot be used as a predictor of seaweed responses to OA and highlight the importance of species-specific sensitivity to [H+]. We also emphasize the importance of including realistic pH fluctuations in experimental studies on coastal organisms.

Metabolically induced pH fluctuations by some coastal calcifiers exceed projected 22nd century ocean acidification: a mechanism for differential susceptibility?

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-07-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2486.2011.02473.X

In situ assessment of Ulva australis as a monitoring and management tool for metal pollution

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-02-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S10811-017-1073-Y

Concentration boundary layers around complex assemblages of macroalgae: Implications for the effects of ocean acidification on understory coralline algae

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-11-2012

DOI: 10.4319/LO.2013.58.1.0121

Seasonal and site-specific variation in the nutritional quality of temperate seaweed assemblages: implications for grazing invertebrates and the commercial exploitation of seaweeds

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 22-10-2020

DOI: 10.1007/S10811-020-02302-1

Adjustments in fatty acid composition is a mechanism that can explain resilience to marine heatwaves and future ocean conditions in the habitat‐forming seaweed Phyllospora comosa (Labillardière

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 02-04-2020

DOI: 10.1111/GCB.15052

Strategies of dissolved inorganic carbon use in macroalgae across a gradient of terrestrial influence: implications for the Great Barrier Reef in the context of ocean acidification

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 18-07-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S00338-016-1481-5

Diurnal fluctuations in seawater pH influence the response of a calcifying macroalga to ocean acidification

Publisher: The Royal Society

Date: 07-12-2013

DOI: 10.1098/RSPB.2013.2201

Abstract: Coastal ecosystems that are characterized by kelp forests encounter daily pH fluctuations, driven by photosynthesis and respiration, which are larger than pH changes owing to ocean acidification (OA) projected for surface ocean waters by 2100. We investigated whether mimicry of biologically mediated diurnal shifts in pH—based for the first time on pH time-series measurements within a kelp forest—would offset or lify the negative effects of OA on calcifiers. In a 40-day laboratory experiment, the calcifying coralline macroalga, Arthrocardia corymbos a, was exposed to two mean pH treatments (8.05 or 7.65). For each mean, two experimental pH manipulations were applied. In one treatment, pH was held constant. In the second treatment, pH was manipulated around the mean (as a step-function), 0.4 pH units higher during daylight and 0.4 units lower during darkness to approximate diurnal fluctuations in a kelp forest. In all cases, growth rates were lower at a reduced mean pH, and fluctuations in pH acted additively to further reduce growth. Photosynthesis, recruitment and elemental composition did not change with pH, but δ 13 C increased at lower mean pH. Including environmental heterogeneity in experimental design will assist with a more accurate assessment of the responses of calcifiers to OA.

Reproductive phenology and morphology of Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Ochrophyta) from southern New Zealand in relation to wave exposure¹

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-07-2021

DOI: 10.1111/JPY.13190

Abstract: Macrocystis pyrifera is a major habitat forming kelp in coastal ecosystems of temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. We investigated the seasonal occurrence of adult sporophytes, morphological characteristics, and reproductive phenology at two sites within a wave‐protected harbour and two wave‐exposed sites in southern New Zealand every 3–4 months between 2012 and 2013. Seasonality in reproduction was assessed via the number of sporophylls, the occurrence of sori on sporophylls, and non‐sporophyllous laminae (fertile pneumatocyst‐bearing blades and fertile apical scimitars), meiospore release, and germination. We found that M. pyrifera was present and reproductive year‐round in three of the four sites, and patterns were similar for the wave‐exposure conditions. Sori were found on pneumatocyst‐bearing blades and apical scimitars in addition to the sporophylls, and viable meiospores were released from all three types of laminae. Morphological variations between sites with different wave exposure indicate that sporophytes from wave‐protected sites have bigger blades and holdfasts and are longer than those from wave‐exposed sites. We discuss the implications of these biological variables for the ecology of M. pyrifera inhabiting different wave exposure environments in southern New Zealand.

Nitrogen sufficiency enhances thermal tolerance in habitat-forming kelp: implications for acclimation under thermal stress

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 21-02-2020

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-60104-4

Abstract: Local and global changes associated with anthropogenic activities are impacting marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Macroalgae, especially habitat-forming species like kelp, play critical roles in temperate coastal ecosystems. However, their abundance and distribution patterns have been negatively affected by warming in many regions around the globe. Along with global change, coastal ecosystems are also impacted by local drivers such as eutrophication. The interaction between global and local drivers might modulate kelp responses to environmental change. This study examines the regulatory effect of NO 3 − on the thermal plasticity of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera . To do this, thermal performance curves (TPCs) of key temperature-dependant traits–growth, photosynthesis, NO 3 − assimilation and chlorophyll a fluorescence–were examined under nitrate replete and deplete conditions in a short-term incubation. We found that thermal plasticity was modulated by NO 3 − but different thermal responses were observed among traits. Our study reveals that nitrogen, a local driver, modulates kelp responses to high seawater temperatures, ameliorating the negative impacts on physiological performance (i.e. growth and photosynthesis). However, this effect might be species-specific and vary among biogeographic regions – thus, further work is needed to determine the generality of our findings to other key temperate macroalgae that are experiencing temperatures close to their thermal tolerance due to climate change.

Variability in the benefits of ocean acidification to photosynthetic rates of macroalgae without CO2-concentrating mechanisms

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1071/MF19134

Abstract: Increasing concentrations of surface-seawater carbon dioxide (CO2) (ocean acidification) could favour seaweed species that currently are limited for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Among them, those that are unable to use CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to actively uptake bicarbonate (HCO3–) across the plasmalemma are most likely to benefit. Here, we assess how the DIC uptake and photosynthetic rates of three rhodophytes without CCMs respond to four seawater CO2 concentrations representing pre-industrial (280μatm), present-day (400μatm), representative concentration pathway (RCP) emissions scenario 8.52050 (650μatm) and RCP 8.52100 (1000μatm). We demonstrated that the photosynthetic rates of only one species increase between the preindustrial and end-of-century scenarios, but because of differing photosynthetic quotients (DIC taken up relative to O2 evolved), all three increase their DIC uptake rates from pre-industrial or present-day scenarios to the end-of-century scenario. These variable, but generally beneficial, responses highlight that not all species without CCMs will respond to ocean acidification uniformly. This supports past assessments that, on average, this group will likely benefit from the impacts of ocean acidification. However, more concerted efforts are now required to assess whether similar benefits to photosynthetic rates and DIC uptake are also observed in chlorophytes and ochrophytes without CCMs.

Stress due to low nitrate availability reduces the biochemical acclimation potential of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera to high temperature

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.ALGAL.2020.101895

Inorganic carbon uptake strategies in coralline algae: Plasticity across evolutionary lineages under ocean acidification and warming

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.MARENVRES.2020.105107

Unexpected shifts in fatty acid composition in response to diet in a common littoral amphipod

Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center

Date: 08-04-2013

DOI: 10.3354/MEPS10327

Importance of the invasive macroalga Undaria pinnatifida as trophic subsidy for a beach consumer

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 21-04-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S00227-017-3140-Y

An automated pH-controlled culture system for laboratory-based ocean acidification experiments

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.4319/LOM.2010.8.686

Rate and fate of dissolved organic carbon release by seaweeds: A missing link in the coastal ocean carbon cycle

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-08-2021

DOI: 10.1111/JPY.13198

Abstract: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release by seaweeds (marine macroalgae) is a critical component of the coastal ocean biogeochemical carbon cycle but is an aspect of seaweed carbon physiology that we know relatively little about. Seaweed‐derived DOC is found throughout coastal ecosystems and supports multiple food web linkages. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of DOC release by seaweeds and group them into passive (leakage, requires no energy) and active release (exudation, requires energy) with particular focus on the photosynthetic “overflow” hypothesis. The release of DOC from seaweeds was first studied in the 1960s, but subsequent studies use a range of units hindering evaluation: we convert published values to a common unit (μmol C · g DW −1 · h −1 ) allowing comparisons between seaweed phyla, functional groups, biogeographic region, and an assessment of the environmental regulation of DOC production. The range of DOC release rates by seaweeds from each phylum under ambient environmental conditions was 0–266.44 μmol C · g DW −1 · h −1 (Chlorophyta), 0–89.92 μmol C · g DW −1 · h −1 (Ochrophyta), and 0–41.28 μmol C · g DW −1 · h −1 (Rhodophyta). DOC release rates increased under environmental factors such as desiccation, high irradiance, non‐optimal temperatures, altered salinity, and elevated dissolved carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations. Importantly, DOC release was highest by seaweeds that were desiccated ( times greater DOC release compared to ambient). We discuss the impact of future ocean scenarios (ocean acidification, seawater warming, altered irradiance) on DOC release rates by seaweeds, the role of seaweed‐derived DOC in carbon sequestration models, and how they inform future research directions.

Strong seasonal patterns of DOC release by a temperate seaweed community: Implications for the coastal ocean carbon cycle

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-07-2023

DOI: 10.1111/JPY.13352

Abstract: Release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by seaweed underpins the microbial food web and is crucial for the coastal ocean carbon cycle. However, we know relatively little of seasonal DOC release patterns in temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. Strong seasonal changes in inorganic nitrogen availability, irradiance, and temperature regulate the growth of seaweeds on temperate reefs and influence DOC release. We seasonally surveyed and s led seaweed at Coal Point, Tasmania, over 1 year. Dominant species with or without carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) were collected for laboratory experiments to determine seasonal rates of DOC release. During spring and summer, substantial DOC release (10.06–33.54 μmol C · g DW −1 · h −1 ) was observed for all species, between 3 and 27 times greater than during autumn and winter. Our results suggest that inorganic carbon (C i ) uptake strategy does not regulate DOC release. Seasonal patterns of DOC release were likely a result of photosynthetic overflow during periods of high gross photosynthesis indicated by variations in tissue C:N ratios. For each season, we calculated a reef‐scale net DOC release for seaweed at Coal Point of 7.84–12.9 g C · m −2 · d −1 in spring and summer, which was ~16 times greater than in autumn and winter (0.2–1.0 g C · m −2 · d −1 ). Phyllospora comosa , which dominated the biomass, contributed the most DOC to the coastal ocean, up to ~14 times more than Ecklonia radiata and the understory assemblage combined. Reef‐scale DOC release was driven by seasonal changes in seaweed physiology rather than seaweed biomass.

Research Donation - Assessing The Indirect Effects Of Climate Change On The Blacklip Abalone (Haliotis Rubra)

Start Date: 2017

End Date: 2017

Funder: Donation via University of Tasmania Foundation

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP160103071

Start Date: 06-2016

End Date: 05-2020

Amount: $429,400.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP200101467

Start Date: 04-2020

End Date: 04-2025

Amount: $350,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE230100125

Start Date: 03-2023

End Date: 03-2024

Amount: $682,749.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Industrial Transformation Research Hubs - Grant ID: IH190100014

Start Date: 2020

End Date: 12-2024

Amount: $5,000,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council