ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6428-6165
Current Organisations
Monash University
,
MRC Human Nutrition Research Unit
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-05-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S00223-021-00860-1
Abstract: Both ethnicity and age are important determinants of musculoskeletal health. We aimed to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia, assess the suitability of current diagnostic guidelines, and explore muscle-bone relationships in adults from India. A total of 1009 young (20-35 years) and 1755 older (> 40 years) men and women from existing studies were collated and pooled for the analysis. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measured areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the hip and spine, and fat and lean mass hand dynamometer measured hand grip strength (HGS). Indian-specific cut-points for appendicular lean mass (ALM), ALM index (ALMI) and HGS were calculated from young Indian (-2SD mean) populations. Sarcopenia was defined using cut-points from The Foundations for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH), revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2), Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS), and Indian-specific cut-points. Low lean mass cut-points were then compared for their predictive ability in identifying low HGS. The relationship between muscle variables (ALM, ALMI, HGS) and aBMD was explored, and sex differences were tested. Indian-specific cut-points (men-HGS:22.93 kg, ALM:15.41 kg, ALMI:6.03 kg/m
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 16-04-2018
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2021-056589
Abstract: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians have a substantially greater fracture risk, where men are 50% and women are 26% more likely to experience a hip fracture compared with non-Indigenous Australians. Fall-related injuries in this population have also increased by 10%/year compared with 4.3%/year in non-Indigenous Australians. This study aims to determine why falls and fracture risk are higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. All clinical assessments will be performed at one centre in Melbourne, Australia. At baseline, participants will have clinical assessments, including questionnaires, anthropometry, bone structure, body composition and physical performance tests. These assessments will be repeated at follow-up 1 and follow-up 2, with an interval of 12 months between each clinical visit. This codesigned prospective observational study aims to recruit a total of 298 adults who identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and reside within Victoria, Australia. Stratified s ling by age and sex will be used to ensure equitable distribution of men and women across four age-bands (35–44, 45–54, 55–64 and 65+ years). The primary outcome is within-in idual yearly change in areal bone mineral density at the total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Within-in idual change in cortical and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density at the radius and tibia using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography will be determined. Secondary outcomes include yearly differences in physical performance and body composition. Ethics approval for this study has been granted by the Monash Health Human Research Ethics Committee (project number: RES-19–0000374A). ACTRN12620000161921.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROSCIENCE.2008.04.026
Abstract: Statins are increasingly being used for the treatment of a variety of conditions beyond their original indication for cholesterol lowering. We previously reported that simvastatin affected the dopaminergic system in the rat brain. This study aims to investigate regional changes of muscarinic M1/4 receptors in the rat brain after 4-week administration of simvastatin (1 or 10 mg/kg/day). M1/4 receptor distribution and alterations in the post-mortem rat brain were detected by [(3)H]pirenzepine binding autoradiography. Simvastatin (1 mg/kg/day) increased [(3)H]pirenzepine binding, predominantly in the prefrontal cortex (171%, P<0.001), primary motor cortex (153%, P=0.001), cingulate cortex (109%, P<0.001), hippoc us (138%, P<0.001), caudate putamen (122%, P=0.002) and nucleus accumbens (170%, P<0.001) compared with controls while lower but still significant increases of [(3)H]pirenzepine binding were observed in the examined regions following simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) treatment. Our results also provide strong evidence that chronic simvastatin administration, especially at a low dosage, up-regulates M1/4 receptor binding, which is likely to be independent of its muscarinic agonist-like effect. Alterations in [(3)H]pirenzepine binding in the examined brain areas may represent the specific regions that mediate the clinical effects of simvastatin treatment on cognition and memory via the muscarinic cholinergic system. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of simvastatin in treating neurodegenerative disorders, via muscarinic receptors.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-09-2018
DOI: 10.1002/JCSM.12341
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-09-2014
DOI: 10.1002/JBMR.2205
Abstract: Chronic stress and depression have adverse consequences on many organ systems, including the skeleton, but the mechanisms underlying stress-induced bone loss remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that neuropeptide Y (NPY), centrally and peripherally, plays a critical role in protecting against stress-induced bone loss. Mice lacking the anxiolytic factor NPY exhibit more anxious behavior and elevated corticosterone levels. Additionally, following a 6-week restraint, or cold-stress protocol, Npy-null mice exhibit three-fold greater bone loss compared to wild-type mice, owing to suppression of osteoblast activity. This stress-protective NPY pathway acts specifically through Y2 receptors. Centrally, Y2 receptors suppress corticotropin-releasing factor expression and inhibit activation of noradrenergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus. In the periphery, they act to control noradrenaline release from sympathetic neurons. Specific deletion of arcuate Y2 receptors recapitulates the Npy-null stress response, coincident with elevated serum noradrenaline. Importantly, specific reintroduction of NPY solely in noradrenergic neurons of otherwise Npy-null mice blocks the increase in circulating noradrenaline and the stress-induced bone loss. Thus, NPY protects against excessive stress-induced bone loss, through Y2 receptor-mediated modulation of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-11-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00223-023-01071-6
Abstract: Between-scanner differences in measures of bone and body composition can obscure or exaggerate physiological differences in multi-site studies or the magnitude of changes in longitudinal studies. We conducted a cross-calibration study at two bone imaging centres in The Gambia, West Africa where DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and pQCT (peripheral Quantitative-Computed Tomography) are routinely used. Repeat scans were obtained from 64 Gambian adults (58% Male) aged Mean(SD) 30.9 (13.5) years with Mean(SD) body mass index (BMI) 21.7 (4.0) kg/m 2 , using DXA (GE Lunar iDXA, whole body [WB], total hip [TH], lumbar spine [LS]) and pQCT (Stratec XCT2000L/XCT2000, tibia 4%, 50% sites). Between-scanner differences were tested using paired t tests ( p 0.05). Between-scanner correlation was explored with linear regression, and cross-calibration equations derived. Bland–Altman analysis investigated machine trend/bias. When differences were detected ( p 0.05), cross-calibration equations were applied to urban values, with t tests and Bland Altman analysis repeated. Between-scanner differences exceeded the predefined level of statistical significance ( p 0.05) for WB aBMD and BA all pQCT measures vBMD, BMC, cortical cross-sectional area (CSA) and stress–strain index (SSI). Between-scanner correlation was high ( R 2 :0.92–0.99), except pQCT Mu.Den ( R 2 = 0.51). Bland Altman plots indicated bias increased with increasing BMD. Cross-calibration equations attenuated all between-scanner differences and systematic bias. Cross-calibration, particularly of pQCT scanners, is an important consideration in multi-site studies particularly where between population comparisons are intended. Our experiences and findings may be generalisable to other resource-limited settings where the logistics of sourcing parts and in-country repair may result in lengthy scanner downtime.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-11-2022
DOI: 10.1002/JBMR.4727
Abstract: Musculoskeletal aging in the most resource‐limited countries has not been quantified, and longitudinal data are urgently needed to inform policy. The aim of this prospective study was to describe musculoskeletal aging in Gambian adults. A total of 488 participants were recruited stratified by sex and 5‐year age band (aged 40 years and older) 386 attended follow‐up 1.7 years later. Outcomes were dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) ( n = 383) total hip areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA) peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) diaphyseal and epiphyseal radius and tibia ( n = 313) total volumetric BMD (vBMD), trabecular vBMD, estimated bone strength indices (BSIc), cross‐sectional area (CSA), BMC, and cortical vBMD. Mean annualized percentage change in bone outcomes was assessed in 10‐year age bands and linear trends for age assessed. Bone turnover markers, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were explored as predictors of change in bone. Bone loss was observed at all sites, with an annual loss of total hip aBMD of 1.2% in women after age 50 years and in men at age 70 years plus. Greater loss in vBMD and BSIc was found at the radius in both men and women strength was reduced by 4% per year in women and 3% per year in men ( p trend 0.02, 0.03, respectively). At cortical sites, reductions in BMC, CSA, and vBMD were observed, being greatest in BMC in women, between 1.4% and 2.0% per annum. Higher CTX and PINP predicted greater loss of trabecular vBMD in women and BMC in men at the radius, and higher 25(OH)D with less loss of tibial trabecular vBMD and CSA in women. The magnitude of bone loss was like those reported in countries where fragility fracture rates are much higher. Given the predicted rise in fracture rates in resource‐poor countries such as The Gambia, these data provide important insights into musculoskeletal health in this population. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.NPEP.2012.08.010
Abstract: Chronic opiate usage, whether prescribed or illicit, has been associated with changes in bone mass and is a recognized risk factor for the development of osteoporosis however, the mechanism behind this effect is unknown. Here we show that lack of dynorphin, an endogenous opioid, in mice (Dyn-/-), resulted in a significantly elevated cancellous bone volume associated with greater mineral apposition rate and increased resorption indices. A similar anabolic phenotype was evident in bone of mice lacking dynorphin's cognate receptor, the kappa opioid receptor. Lack of opioid receptor expression in primary osteoblastic cultures and no change in bone cell function after dynorphin agonist treatment in vitro indicates an indirect mode of action. Consistent with a hypothalamic action, central dynorphin signaling induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and c-fos activation of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (Arc). Importantly, this signaling also leads to an increase in Arc NPY mRNA expression, a change known to decrease bone formation. Further implicating NPY in the skeletal effects of dynorphin, Dyn-/-/NPY-/- double mutant mice showed comparable increases in bone formation to single mutant mice, suggesting that dynorphin acts upstream of NPY signaling to control bone formation. Thus the dynorphin system, acting via NPY, may represent a pathway by which higher processes including stress, reward/addiction and depression influence skeletal metabolism. Moreover, understanding of these unique interactions may enable modulation of the adverse effects of exogenous opioid treatment without directly affecting analgesic responses.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.SEMCDB.2008.08.001
Abstract: The traditional view of skeletal homeostasis as a primarily endocrine activity has been expanded in recent years following the identification of direct neural pathways controlling bone homeostasis via central relays. Powerful control over both anabolic and catabolic activities have been isolated to neurons of the hypothalamus, enabling large changes in bone mass to be achieved by minute changes in the levels of these central neural signals. Initiated by studies of leptin and expanding rapidly, the breadth and complexity of this regulatory axis to bone is sure to increase. Critically though, the translation of these findings into therapeutic interventions is likely to present a greater challenge. However, the contribution to our understanding that these initial studies are making indicates an exciting potential to help to alleviate the growing challenge presented by musculoskeletal disease.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-05-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00223-022-00981-1
Abstract: Age-related changes in fat and lean mass contribute to bone health, but these associations may be influenced by sex and ethnicity. This study investigated sex-specific associations of obesity and sarcopenia with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) among Indian older adults. 1057 adults aged ≥ 50 years were included. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured BMD at the hip, spine and whole-body, and BMAD was calculated as BMD/√bone area. Obesity was defined by body fat percentage (cut points 25% for men and 35% for women), and sarcopenia was defined using the revised Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia classification with low hand grip strength ( 28 kg for men and 18 kg for women) and appendicular lean mass index ( 7.0 kg/m 2 for men and 5.4 kg/m 2 for women). Participants were classified into four groups: controls (no obesity or sarcopenia), obesity, sarcopenia, or sarcopenic obesity. Linear regression ( β -coefficients and 95%CI) analyses were performed with adjustments for age, smoking status, protein intake, and socioeconomic status. Prevalence of sarcopenia (37%) and sarcopenic obesity (6%) were higher in men than women (17% and 4%, respectively). Compared with controls, men with obesity had lower whole-body BMD and BMAD, but women with obesity had higher hip and spine BMD and BMAD (all p 0.05). Men, but not women, with sarcopenic obesity, had lower hip and whole-body BMD and BMAD (all p 0.05) than controls. Men with sarcopenia had lower BMD and BMAD at the hip only, whereas women had lower BMD at all three sites and had lower BMAD at the hip and spine (all p 0.05), compared with controls. Obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity have sex-specific associations with BMD and BMAD in Indian older adults. With the aging population in India, it is important to understand how body composition contributes to poor bone health among older adults.
Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a bidirectional relationship
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2019
DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S186600
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-09-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-015-1040-9
Abstract: Studies in humans suggest that consumption of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LC-HF) could be detrimental for growth and bone health. In young male rats, LC-HF diets negatively affect bone health by impairing the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis (GH/IGF axis), while the effects in female rats remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether sex-specific effects of LC-HF diets on bone health exist. Twelve-week-old male and female Wistar rats were isoenergetically pair-fed either a control diet (CD), "Atkins-style" protein-matched diet (LC-HF-1), or ketogenic low-protein diet (LC-HF-2) for 4 weeks. In females, microcomputed tomography and histomorphometry analyses were performed on the distal femur. Sex hormones were analysed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and endocrine parameters including GH and IGF-I were measured by immunoassay. Trabecular bone volume, serum IGF-I and the bone formation marker P1NP were lower in male rats fed both LC-HF diets versus CD. LC-HF diets did not impair bone health in female rats, with no change in trabecular or cortical bone volume nor in serum markers of bone turnover between CD versus both LC-HF diet groups. Pituitary GH secretion was lower in female rats fed LC-HF diet, with no difference in circulating IGF-I. Circulating sex hormone concentrations remained unchanged in male and female rats fed LC-HF diets. A 4-week consumption of LC-HF diets has sex-specific effects on bone health-with no effects in adult female rats yet negative effects in adult male rats. This response seems to be driven by a sex-specific effect of LC-HF diets on the GH/IGF system.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-11-2020
DOI: 10.1002/JBMR.4196
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPNEUROL.2008.11.016
Abstract: Statins are widely being used for the treatment of a variety of conditions beyond their original indication for lowering cholesterol. We have previously reported that simvastatin affected the dopaminergic system in the rat brain. This study aims to investigate locomotor and anxiety effects along with the regional changes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the rat brain after 4-week administration of simvastatin. Hyperlocomotive and anxiolytic-like activities in the rat were observed after chronic administration of high dose simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day). Distributions and alterations of NMDA receptors in the post-mortem rat brain were detected by [(3)H] MK-801 binding autoradiography. Simvastatin increased [(3)H] MK-801 binding, predominantly in the prefrontal cortex (20%, p=0.003), primary motor cortex (20%, p<0.001), cingulate cortex (28%, p<0.001), hippoc us (41%, p<0.001), caudate putamen (30%, p=0.029), nucleus accumbens (27%, p=0.035) and amygdala (45%, p<0.001) compared to controls. Significant positive correlations were identified between hyperlocomotive as well as anxiolytic-like activities and the upregulation of NMDA receptors in different brain regions. Our results also provide strong evidence that chronic high dose simvastatin administration is to exhibit NMDA antagonist-like effects, which would partially explain the anxiolytic and hyperlocomotor activities. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of simvastatin in modulating psycho-neurodegenerative disorders, via NMDA receptors.
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2019
DOI: 10.1002/JCSM.13069
Abstract: In Sub‐Saharan Africa, the prevalence of obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and impaired physical function are increasing due to rapid urbanization. We investigated sex differences in associations between cardiac workload, arterial stiffness, peripheral vascular calcification (PVC) and physical function in Gambian adults. A total of 488 Gambians aged 40–75+ years were recruited (men: 239 and women: 249). Supine blood pressure and heart rate were measured to calculate rate pressure product and pulse pressure. Presence of PVC was determined from tibia peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans. Physical function was assessed by chair rise test (CRT), single two‐legged jump (s2LJ) and hand grip strength (HGS). Body composition was measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry body size corrections were used to calculate fat mass index (FMI) and appendicular lean mass index (ALMI). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured from fasting blood s les. The relationship between rate pressure product, pulse pressure or presence of PVC (independent variable) with physical function parameters (dependent variable) was tested using linear regression. Sex‐interactions were tested (p‐int) adjusting for age, eGFR and ALMI/FMI. Results were expressed as mean differences between men and women with 95% confidence intervals. Mediation analyses used ALMI/FMI as mediator. Women weighed less (54.7 kg ± 10.3 vs. 59.9 kg ± 10.3) and were shorter (157.8 cm ± 6.0 vs. 169.2 cm ± 7.0) compared with men (both P 0.0001). Women had higher FMI (6.8 kg/m 2 ± 2.9 vs. 2.9 kg/m 2 ± 2.0, P 0.0001) and eGFR (263.7 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ± 133.1 vs. 237.6 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ± 134.6), but lower ALMI (6.2 kg/m 2 ± 0.7 vs. 8.02 kg/m 2 ± 1.0, P 0.0001) compared with men. There were significant mean differences between men and women in rate pressure product and s2LJ power (−1.08 [−1.21, −0.95]) and force (−0.57 [−0.63, −0.51]), only after adjusting for age, eGFR and FMI. There were significant mean differences in the associations between pulse pressure and CRT power (−0.28 [−0.31, −0.25]), s2LJ power (−1.07 [−1.20, −0.93]) and HGS (−11.94 [−13.35, −10.54]) these differences were greater after adjusting for age, eGFR and FMI, than ALMI. There were similar differences in the associations between PVC and physical function parameters. In men, FMI mediated the association between rate pressuree product and CRT power ( P = 0.002), s2LJ force ( P 0.001) and s2LJ power ( P = 0.001). ALMI did not mediate associations for either men or women. Multiple risk factors for CVD were associated with poorer physical function in men and were mediated by FMI. There is a need to identify strategies to slow revent the rising CVD burden and poor physical function in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-05-2017
DOI: 10.1002/JCSM.12198
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2021-054617
Abstract: We compared the performance of laboratory-based cardiovascular risk prediction tools in a low-income and middle-income country setting, and estimated the use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications in those deemed at high risk of a cardiovascular event. A cross-sectional study. The study population comprised adult residents (aged ≥18 years) of the Rishi Valley region located in Chittoor District, south-western Andhra Pradesh, India. 7935 participants were surveyed between 2012 and 2015. We computed the 10-year cardiovascular risk and undertook pair-to-pair analyses between various risk tools used to predict a fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event (Framingham Risk Score (FRS), World Health Organization Risk Score (WHO-RS) and Australian Risk Score (ARS)), or a fatal cardiovascular event (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE-high and SCORE-low)). Concordance was assessed by ordinary least-products (OLP) regression (for risk score) and quadratic weighted kappa (κ w , for risk category). Of participants aged 35–74 years, 3.5% had prior cardiovascular disease. The relationships between risk scores were quasi-linear with good agreement between the FRS and ARS (OLP slope=0.96, κ w =0.89). However, the WHO-RS underestimated cardiovascular risk compared with all other tools. Twenty per cent of participants had ≥20% risk of an event using the ARS 5% greater than the FRS and nearly threefold greater than the WHO-RS. Similarly, 16% of participants had a risk score ≥5% using SCORE-high which was 6% greater than for SCORE-low. Overall, absolute cardiovascular risk increased with age and was greater in men than women. Only 9%–12% of those deemed ‘high risk’ were taking lipid-lowering or antihypertensive medication. Cardiovascular risk prediction tools perform disparately in this setting of disadvantage. Few deemed at high risk were receiving the recommended treatment.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.TEM.2010.02.004
Abstract: The hypothalamus regulates the skeleton and adipose tissue via endocrine mechanisms. Changes in sex steroid levels in menopause and aging are central to the associated changes in bone mass and adiposity. Whereas many of these effects occur via direct actions on osteoblasts or adipocytes, sex hormones can also mediate effects on bone and adipose tissue via interaction with neuronal pathways. A key hypothalamic regulator of bone and adipose tissue is neuropeptide Y (NPY), which coordinately influences these tissues via effects on neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous output. Better understanding of the interaction between NPY and sex steroids in regulating skeletal and energy homeostasis could lead to more effective treatments for osteoporosis and obesity.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 31-08-2017
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 17-03-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-05-2013
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2012.71
Abstract: Estrogen deficiency increases body weight or total and central adiposity and decreases energy expenditure. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression is altered by estrogen deficiency in rodents, but the long-term consequences on energy homeostasis are unknown. To investigate the role of NPY in the changes in energy expenditure and physical activity, as well as the associated changes in body weight and composition in response to short-term and long-term estrogen deficiency. Sham and ovariectomy (OVX) operations were performed at 8 weeks of age in wild-type (WT) and NPY(-/-) mice. Energy expenditure, physical activity, body composition and weight, as well as food intake were measured at 10-18 days (short-term) and 46-54 days (long-term) after OVX. OVX influences energy homeostasis differently at early compared with later time-points. At the early but not the late time point, OVX in WT mice reduced oxygen consumption and energy expenditure and tended to reduce resting metabolic rate. Interestingly, these effects of short-term estrogen deficiency were ablated by NPY deletion, with NPY(-/-) mice exhibiting significant increases in energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate. In addition to these hypermetabolic effects, OVX NPY(-/-) mice exhibited significantly lower body weight and whole-body fat mass relative to OVX WT controls at the short-term but not the long-term time point. Food intake and physical activity were unaltered by OVX, but NPY(-/-) mice exhibited significant reductions in these parameters relative to WT. The effects of estrogen deficiency to reduce energy metabolism are transient, and NPY is critical to this effect as well as the early OVX-induced obesity.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Ayse Zengin.