ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1913-2340
Current Organisation
University of Melbourne
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Psychology | Social and Community Psychology | Social And Community Psychology | Health, Clinical and Counselling Psychology | Personality, Abilities And Assessment | Personality, Abilities and Assessment | Simulation And Modelling | Health, Clinical And Counselling Psychology | Psychological Methodology, Design And Analysis | Gender Psychology |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Behavioural and cognitive sciences | Mental health | Mental Health | Computer software and services not elsewhere classified | Expanding Knowledge through Studies of Human Society | Behaviour and Health | Preventive Medicine | Women's Health | Behaviour and health
Related Links
Publications
Conceptual beliefs about human values and their implications: Human nature beliefs predict value importance, value trade-offs, and responses to value-laden rhetoric.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.351
Abstract: Beliefs that may underlie the importance of human values were investigated in 4 studies, drawing on research that distinguishes natural-kind (natural), nominal-kind (conventional), and artifact (functional) beliefs. Values were best characterized by artifact and nominal-kind beliefs, as well as a natural-kind belief specific to the social domain, "human nature" (Studies 1 and 2). The extent to which values were considered central to human nature was associated with value importance in both Australia and Japan (Study 2), and experimentally manipulating human nature beliefs influenced value importance (Study 3). Beyond their association with importance, human nature beliefs predicted participants' reactions to value trade-offs (Study 1) and to value-laden rhetorical statements (Study 4). Human nature beliefs therefore play a central role in the psychology of values.
Unicorns, snarks, and personality types: A review of the first 102 taxometric studies of personality
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AJPY.12228
Semantic changes in harm-related concepts in English
Publisher: Zenodo
Date: 2021
Dichotomous Thinking as a Sign of Suicide Risk on the TAT
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-1998
DOI: 10.1207/S15327752JPA7103_6
Abstract: Previous research has supported theoretical claims that dichotomous thinking may be a risk factor for suicide. However, the concept of dichotomous thinking is vague, and thus far, no measures of it have been developed. This study developed a coding scheme useful on Thematic Aperception Test (TAT Murray, 1943) protocols and applicable to other verbal productions to refine the concept of dichotomous thinking and to assess its utility as a predictor of suicidality. Suicidal patients had a significantly elevated rate of a narrowly defined type of dichotomous thinking involving diametric or polarized possibilities. However, suicidal and nonsuicidal patients did not differ on weaker forms of dichotomous thinking involving nonexclusive or nonbinary alternatives. Suicidal patients produced shorter TAT stories than nonsuicidal patients, supporting other findings in the literature that suicidal patients tend to be cognitively and affectively "shut down." Traditionally designated "suicide cards" also yielded shorter stories but did not elicit higher rates of dichotomous thinking.
6 The Psychological Cost of New Cosmopolitanism: Eating Disorders in the Context of Globalization
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Date: 09-02-2006
Humanising medical practice: the role of empathy
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 02-2008
Levels of religiosity and moral motives
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-06-2014
Categorization of Major Depression in an Outpatient Sample
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 12-1993
DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199312000-00003
Abstract: Intake Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) item scores of 400 outpatient major depressives were submitted to a categorization algorithm developed for artificial intelligence applications. The algorithm maximizes a function of "category utility" that is preferable in several respects to available clustering methods, and has demonstrated its capacity to locate the most informative, or "basic," level of categorization. The analysis yielded four syndromal subtypes: a common, general depressive type a common and relatively severe melancholic type an infrequent type characterized by self-critical features, generalized anxiety, and an absence of melancholic features and an infrequent, mild type distinguished by enervation and anhedonic features. Implications for the classification of depression are discussed.
The Her Tribe and His Tribe Aboriginal-Designed Empowerment Programs
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-02-2022
Abstract: This study documents evaluation of the Her Tribe and His Tribe Aboriginal-designed empowerment pilot programs. The programs were designed to support Victorian Aboriginal people to strengthen mental health, social and emotional wellbeing, community connection, and to reduce psychological distress. A second aim was to explore participants’ experiences of the programs, including the feasibility and acceptability of the evaluation component. Her Tribe ran for 16 weeks and His Tribe for 12 weeks. In total, 43 women and 26 men completed assessments at pre- and post-program completion, and 17 and 10, respectively, participated in yarning circles at the 6-month follow up. For both programs, there were significant increases in participants’ access to personal strengths and resources, relationship–community–cultural strengths and resources, and decreases in psychological distress. These changes were associated with small to moderate effects that were maintained at the 6-month follow up. There was a significant increase in aerobic fitness for female but not male participants, and no significant changes in weight for either group. Participants described a range of benefits from the programs, including positive elements and areas for improvement. They also viewed the evaluation as feasible and acceptable, and the findings of value. The outcomes from both pilot programs provide evidence that Aboriginal-designed programs, with a focus on physical and cultural activities, can help to strengthen mental health and wellbeing, community connection, and reduce psychological distress in Victorian Aboriginal communities.
Personality vulnerability, psychiatric diagnoses, and symptoms: Cluster analyses of the sociotropy-autonomy subscales
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1997
Acculturation and Changing Concepts of Mental Disorder: Brazilians in the USA
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2003
DOI: 10.1177/1363461503040001004
Abstract: Forty-three Brazilian citizens living in the USA judged whether a s le of conditions were mental disorders and rated them on proposed features of the concept of mental disorder. Judgments and ratings were correlated with measures of American acculturation and identification with Brazilian culture, and with years of American residence. Consistent with prediction, greater acculturation was associated with a concept of distúrbio mental that was broader in reach and more intrapsychic in focus. However, greater acculturation was also associated with a stronger tendency to understand disorder as a violation of social expectations and to pathologize behavior in excess or `acting out.' American acculturation yielded no convergence of distúrbio mental with the concept of disorder embodied in DSM-IV.
Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation reduces negative symptoms in the severely mentally ill
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2003
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00402-9
Abstract: Thirty-four-day treatment program clients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomly assigned to a computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation (CACR) group or a wait-list Control group. CACR clients received 16 CACR sessions over an 8-week period. Measures of cognitive functioning, negative symptoms and self-esteem were administered at the beginning and end of this period. CACR clients showed greater improvement in cognitive functioning (verbal memory and attention) and negative symptoms. Symptom reduction was not mediated by raised self-esteem. CACR's effects may go beyond cognitive remediation to include some of the most disabling and refractory clinical features of schizophrenia.
Taxometric analysis supports a dimensional latent structure for schizotypy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
Detecting complex patterns in interpersonal profiles
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1999
Abstract: The assessment of interpersonal problems has advanced in recent years with the development of new methods for analysing in idual profiles. These new methods assume that each profile can be modelled by a mathematical function that reflects the person's single prevailing interpersonal theme. However, some profiles may contain more complex patterns, with two or more distinct themes. Such complexities in a person's interpersonal profile might be clinically important, perhaps reflecting an interpersonal style that is conflictual. In an effort to detect complex patterns, Fourier analysis was applied to profiles of 200 psychotherapy out-patients and 200 undergraduates, using the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Although many profiles did not clearly manifest a single prevailing interpersonal theme, having two distinct profile peaks, their apparent complexity generally resulted from measurement error. Systematically complex or conflictual patterns were rarely detectable. Profiles of interpersonal problems may contain complex patterns, but simple patterns reflecting the prevailing interpersonal theme are apt to be more clinically informative.
Dehumanization: An Integrative Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR1003_4
Abstract: The concept of dehumanization lacks a systematic theoretical basis, and research that addresses it has yet to be integrated. Manifestations and theories of dehumanization are reviewed, and a new model is developed. Two forms of dehumanization are proposed, involving the denial to others of 2 distinct senses of humanness: characteristics that are uniquely human and those that constitute human nature. Denying uniquely human attributes to others represents them as animal-like, and denying human nature to others represents them as objects or automata. Cognitive underpinnings of the “animalistic” and “mechanistic” forms of dehumanization are proposed. An expanded sense of dehumanization emerges, in which the phenomenon is not unitary, is not restricted to the intergroup context, and does not occur only under conditions of conflict or extreme negative evaluation. Instead, dehumanization becomes an everyday social phenomenon, rooted in ordinary social-cognitive processes.
Animals and Androids
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-9280.2007.01858.X
Abstract: People commonly ascribe lesser humanness to others than to themselves. Two senses of humanness appear to be involved: attributes that are unique to humans and those that constitute essential “human nature.” Denying uniquely human and human-nature attributes to other people may implicitly liken them to animals and automata, respectively. In the present study, the go/no-go association task was used to assess implicit associations among social categories exemplifying the two senses of humanness, traits representing these senses, and the two types of nonhumans. Congruent associations (among artists, human-nature traits, and animals among businesspeople, uniquely human traits, and automata) were consistently stronger than incongruent associations. Explicit ratings supported these differential associations. Social perception may involve two subtle ways of dehumanizing others.
A sentimental education: The place of sentiments in personality and social psychology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X16000789
Abstract: “Sentiment” is a potentially appealing concept for social and personality psychologists. It can render some complex affective phenomena theoretically tractable, help refine accounts of social perception, and illuminate some personality dispositions. The success of a future sentimental psychology depends on whether “sentiment” can be delimited as a distinct domain, and whether a credible classification of sentiments can be developed.
Aberrant social relations in the personality disorders
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2002
Abstract: Research on the interpersonal aspects of personality disorders (PDs) has generally sought to describe them in terms of behavioural dispositions, often mapping these dispositions onto the interpersonal circumplex. The present study, in contrast, tested a theory that accounts for PDs as systematic disturbances in relationships between people. Self-reports of 57 participants experiencing significant interpersonal difficulties showed many predicted associations between PD symptoms and aberrant enactment of four elementary forms of social relationships (Fiske, 1991). Symptoms were associated with aberrant motivations for, and cognitive implementations of, these 'relational models', and with difficulties conducting them. These associations were comparable in strength to, but largely independent of, those obtained with a circumplex measure. Aberrations of authority- and equality-based relationships were central to many PDs, but not captured well by the circumplex. A relational analysis affords a fruitful and largely unexplored perspective on PDs.
Beliefs of people taking antidepressants about causes of depression and reasons for increased prescribing rates
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2014.06.010
Abstract: Public beliefs about the causes of mental health problems are related to desire for distance and pessimism about recovery, and are therefore frequently studied. The beliefs of people receiving treatment are researched less often. An online survey on causal beliefs about depression and experiences with antidepressants was completed by 1829 New Zealand adults prescribed anti-depressants in the preceding five years, 97.4% of whom proceeded to take antidepressants. The most frequently endorsed of 17 causal beliefs were family stress, relationship problems, loss of loved one, financial problems, isolation, and abuse or neglect in childhood. Factor analysis produced three factors: 'bio-genetic', 'adulthood stress' and 'childhood adversity'. The most strongly endorsed explanations for increases in antidepressant prescribing invoked improved identification, reduced stigma and drug company marketing. The least strongly endorsed was 'Anti-depressants are the best treatment'. Regression analyses revealed that self-reported efficacy of the antidepressants was positively associated with bio-genetic causal beliefs, negatively associated with childhood adversity beliefs and unrelated to adulthood stress beliefs. The belief that 'People cannot׳ get better by themselves even if they try' was positively associated with bio-genetic beliefs. The convenience s le may have been biased towards a favourable view of bio-genetic explanations, since 83% reported that the medication reduced their depression. Clinicians׳ should consider exploring patients׳ causal beliefs. The public, even when taking antidepressants, continues to hold a multi-factorial causal model of depression with a primary emphasis on psycho-social causes. A three factor model of those beliefs may lead to more sophisticated understandings of relationships with stigma variables.
Temperament and the transitional object
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1992
DOI: 10.1007/BF00707666
Concept creepers: Individual differences in harm-related concepts and their correlates
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
The Psychology of Humanness
Publisher: Springer New York
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6959-9_2
Abstract: This chapter explores the ways in which the concept of "humanness" illuminates a wide and fascinating variety of psychological phenomena. After introducing the concept--everyday understandings of what it is to be human--we present a model of the erse ways in which humanness can be denied to people. According to this model people may be perceived as lacking uniquely human characteristics, and thus likened to animals, or as lacking human nature, and thus likened to inanimate objects. Both of these forms of dehumanization occur with varying degrees of subtlety, from the explicit uses of derogatory animal metaphors, to stereotypes that ascribe lesser humanness or simpler minds to particular groups, to nonconscious associations between certain humans and nonhumans. After reviewing research on dehumanization through the lens of our model we examine additional topics that the psychology of humanness clarifies, notably the perception of nonhuman animals and the objectification of women. Humanness emerges as a concept that runs an integrating thread through a variety of research literatures.
DETECTING LATENT TAXA: MONTE CARLO COMPARISON OF TAXOMETRIC, MIXTURE MODEL, AND CLUSTERING PROCEDURES
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2000
Have the concepts of ‘anxiety’ and ‘depression’ been normalized or pathologized? A corpus study of historical semantic change
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 29-06-2023
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0288027
Abstract: Research on concept creep indicates that the meanings of some psychological concepts have broadened in recent decades. Some mental health-related concepts such as ‘trauma’, for ex le, have acquired more expansive meanings and come to refer to a wider range of events and experiences. ‘Anxiety’ and ‘depression’ may have undergone similar semantic inflation, driven by rising public attention and awareness. Critics have argued that everyday emotional experiences are increasingly pathologized, so that ‘depression’ and ‘anxiety’ have broadened to include sub-clinical experiences of sadness and worry. The possibility that these concepts have expanded to include less severe phenomena (vertical concept creep) was tested by examining changes in the emotional intensity of words in their vicinity (collocates) using two large historical text corpora, one academic and one general. The academic corpus contained million words from psychology article abstracts published 1970–2018, and the general corpus ( million words) consisted of erse text sources from the USA for the same period. We hypothesized that collocates of ‘anxiety’ and ‘depression’ would decline in average emotional severity over the study period. Contrary to prediction, the average severity of collocates for both words increased in both corpora, possibly due to growing clinical framing of the two concepts. The study findings therefore do not support a historical decline in the severity of ‘anxiety’ and ‘depression’ but do provide evidence for a rise in their pathologization.
Anal Stage
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
The need to rely on evidence not ideology in stigma research: Letter to the editor
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-04-2009
The Anal Character
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Date: 2012
Character strengths and wellbeing in adolescence: Structure and correlates of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
Personality psychology in Australia: Introduction to the special issue
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AJPY.12234
Toilet Graffiti
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Date: 2012
Humanness beliefs about behavior: An index and comparative human-nonhuman behavior judgments
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-09-2013
DOI: 10.3758/S13428-012-0252-7
Abstract: Social psychological research suggests that two distinct dimensions describe lay conceptions of humanness: a species-typical sense (i.e., human nature) and a species-unique sense (i.e., human uniqueness). Although these two senses of humanness have been discerned among psychological traits and states, there has been no systematic research into lay beliefs about the humanness of human behaviors. Using a range of 60 prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behaviors, it was demonstrated that people discriminate between species-typical and species-unique behaviors and that the capacity to perform species-unique behaviors distinguishes humans from animals, whereas the capacity to perform species-typical behaviors distinguishes humans from robots. Behaviors that exemplify the two senses of humanness are identified, and data representing rankings, raw scores, and z-scores in two indices of species typicality and species uniqueness are provided. Taken together, these findings expand our understanding of lay conceptions of humanness and provide researchers of humanness with a wider range of validated stimuli to probe the boundaries of humanity.
Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: a quantitative review of taxometric research
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 23-09-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291711001966
Abstract: Taxometric research methods were developed by Paul Meehl and colleagues to distinguish between categorical and dimensional models of latent variables. We have conducted a comprehensive review of published taxometric research that included 177 articles, 311 distinct findings and a combined s le of 533 377 participants. Multilevel logistic regression analyses have examined the methodological and substantive variables associated with taxonic (categorical) findings. Although 38.9% of findings were taxonic, these findings were much less frequent in more recent and methodologically stronger studies, and in those reporting comparative fit indices based on simulated comparison data. When these and other possible confounds were statistically controlled, the true prevalence of taxonic findings was estimated at 14%. The domains of normal personality, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, externalizing disorders, and personality disorders (PDs) other than schizotypal yielded little persuasive evidence of taxa. Promising but still not definitive evidence of psychological taxa was confined to the domains of schizotypy, substance use disorders and autism. This review indicates that most latent variables of interest to psychiatrists and personality and clinical psychologists are dimensional, and that many influential taxonic findings of early taxometric research are likely to be spurious.
A Taxometric Study of Borderline Personality Disorder.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-2003
Seat Up or Down?
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Date: 2012
Introduction to Personality and Intelligence
Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Date: 2007
Ill-defined: Concepts of mental health and illness are becoming broader, looser, and more benign
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 14-02-2022
DOI: 10.1177/10398562221077898
Abstract: We argue that mental health-related concepts have become degraded within professional circles and in the wider community. We identify three trends: concept creep, the rise of broad umbrella concepts (e.g. distress and trauma), and the conflation of mental health with well-being, which marginalises serious mental illness. We speculate on the causes of these trends, including cultural shifts towards greater sensitivity to harm and the rise of wellness industries. Contributing factors within psychiatry include overdiagnosis, dimensional models and transdiagnostic perspectives. These trends may lead to inflated demands on services from those at the milder end of the psychopathological spectrum. We set out seven measures that mental health professionals can take to resist trends towards broad concepts of mental illness and limit some of their adverse consequences.
Essentialist Beliefs About Mental Disorders
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Date: 12-2002
Our Flaws Are More Human Than Yours: Ingroup Bias in Humanizing Negative Characteristics
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 22-09-2012
Abstract: Four studies investigated whether people tend to see ingroup flaws as part of human nature (HN) to a greater degree than outgroup flaws. In Study 1, people preferentially ascribed high HN flaws to their ingroup relative to two outgroups. Study 2 demonstrated that flaws were rated higher on HN when attributed to the ingroup than when attributed to an outgroup, and no such difference occurred for positive traits. Study 3 replicated this humanizing ingroup flaws (HIF) effect and showed that it was (a) independent of desirability and (b) specific to the HN sense of humanness. Study 4 replicated the results of Study 3 and demonstrated that the HIF effect is lified under ingroup identity threat. Together, these findings show that people humanize ingroup flaws and preferentially ascribe high HN flaws to the ingroup. These ingroup humanizing biases may serve a group-protective function by mitigating ingroup flaws as “only human.”
The Nervous Bladder
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Date: 2012
The Irritable Bowel
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Date: 2012
Taxometric and related methods in relationships research
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1999
More human than others? A critique of Cypryańska et al. (2017)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-01-2017
DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2017.1282850
Abstract: Cypryańska and colleagues offer a critique of existing work on the self-humanizing effect and present some empirical findings motivated by their critique. In this commentary, I question their overly restrictive understanding of self-humanizing and argue that the phenomenon does not stand or fall on a definition based on a strict analogy to the better-than-average effect. I argue that defining self-humanizing exclusively in these terms is inappropriate: It fails to recognize the relationship between self-humanizing and self-enhancement, as well as the primary role of trait valence in comparative self-ratings. Finally, I observe that Cypryańska et al.'s empirical findings are highly consistent with past work rather than offering the deep challenge that the authors suppose.
Bell-Shaped Distribution of Personality Traits
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2020
The association of visuospatial working memory with dysthymic disorder in pre-pubertal children
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 17-07-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291709990365
Abstract: Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) deficits have not been investigated specifically in children with dysthymic disorder (DD), although they are associated with impairments in attention that commonly occur in DD. This study investigates VSWM impairment in children with DD. A cross-sectional study of VSWM in 6- to 12-year-old children with medication-naive DD ( n =26) compared to an age-, gender- and ‘performance IQ’ (PIQ)-matched healthy control group ( n =28) was completed. The DD group demonstrated impairment in VSWM, including impairment in the spatial span and strategy components of VSWM. Furthermore, the VSWM impairment remained after controlling for spatial span. Inattentive symptoms were significantly associated with the VSWM impairment. This study of children with DD found deficits in performance on VSWM tasks, suggesting that fronto-striatal–parietal neural networks that underlie processes of attention and the executive component of VSWM are dysfunctional in children with DD. These findings further our understanding of DD and suggest more specific interventions that might improve functioning.
Distinctive Disorders are Less Prevalent
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-1997
DOI: 10.2466/PR0.1997.81.1.160
Abstract: To test the hypothesis that nosologies are biased towards recognizing highly distinctive syndromes and therefore conflate those that are less distinctive, eight subjects judged the distinctiveness of 33 DSM-IV disorders and 20 rheumatic disorders. As predicted, judged distinctiveness was negatively correlated with prevalence for both sets of disorders.
The lay concept of childhood mental disorder
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S10578-004-6461-2
Abstract: The structure of lay people's concepts of childhood mental disorder was investigated in a questionnaire study and examined for convergence with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV). Eighty-four undergraduates who had no formal education in abnormal psychology rated 54 conditions--36 DSM-IV childhood disorders and 18 non-disorders--on features proposed in technical definitions of mental disorder. The lay concept of childhood mental disorder was narrower than the DSM-IV, although most conditions were perceived to warrant professional help. Three dimensions described beliefs about childhood psychopathology: social deviancy, harmful dysfunction, and harmful environment. Harmful dysfunction was related to mental disorder and help seeking judgments.
The Latent Structure of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Taxometric Analysis
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1080/J.1440-1614.2006.01863.X
Abstract: Objective: To test whether the latent structure of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is best understood as categorical or dimensional in s les of 1774 children (aged 6–12 years) and 1222 adolescents (aged 13–17 years) drawn from an Australian epidemiological study. Method: Two taxometric procedures (MAXEIG and MAMBAC) examined ADHD symptom measures assessed by diagnostic interview and parental ratings. Results: Consistent with behavioural genetic research, findings fail to support the view that a latent category underpins ADHD. Conclusions: ADHD is best modelled as a continuum among both children and adolescents, and no discrete dysfunction can therefore be assumed to cause it. The placement of the diagnostic threshold should therefore be decided on pragmatic grounds (e.g. impairment or need for treatment).
The Return of the Anal Character
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1037/A0025251
Abstract: The anal character is a central concept in the psychoanalytic theory of personality. It was originally described in the first decade of the 20th century, and quickly applied to the analysis of clinical cases, psychobiographies, and cultural phenomena. In midcentury a generation of psychoanalytically oriented psychologists found some evidence that anal traits cohere and that they are related to attitudes toward excreta. Subsequently, the concept of the anal character lost currency as studies failed to support the psychoanalytic explanation of its origins and enthusiasm for psychoanalysis dwindled. However, although the concept might seem to have met its demise, it has resurfaced under different names as a erse assortment of characteristics that have inspired active research programs. These characteristics—authoritarianism, conscientiousness, detail focus, disgust sensitivity, hoarding, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, perfectionism, and Type A—have a rarely remarked family resemblance that the anal character illuminates. I argue that the anal character has not so much been consigned to the scrap heap of bad ideas, but has been recycled into several smaller but better ones.
Prejudice and schizophrenia: A review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-05-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0447.2006.00824.X
Abstract: Many anti-stigma programmes use the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach. This review evaluates the effectiveness of this approach in relation to schizophrenia. The academic literature was searched, via PsycINFO and MEDLINE, to identify peer-reviewed studies addressing whether public espousal of a biogenetic paradigm has increased over time, and whether biogenetic causal beliefs and diagnostic labelling are associated with less negative attitudes. The public, internationally, continues to prefer psychosocial to biogenetic explanations and treatments for schizophrenia. Biogenetic causal theories and diagnostic labelling as 'illness', are both positively related to perceptions of dangerousness and unpredictability, and to fear and desire for social distance. An evidence-based approach to reducing discrimination would seek a range of alternatives to the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach, based on enhanced understanding, from multi-disciplinary research, of the causes of prejudice.
Reasoning about human enhancement: Towards a folk psychological model of human nature and human identity
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-2211-1.CH010
Abstract: Advances in bioscience and biotechnology move faster than our conceptual and ethical understanding of them. These advances may ultimately change human nature and our understanding of what it means to be human. Early attempts to understand the consequences of these advances were marred by overly thin conceptions of human nature and human identity. In particular, the precise meaning of these concepts was rarely explicated and arguments about whether enhanced humans would be superhumanized or dehumanized lacked clarity. The development of more complex models of humanness and human identity may facilitate deeper insights into the consequences of enhancement while findings from the emerging science of human nature are incorporated into our understanding of what it means to be human.
Evidence for an Association Between Women and Nature: An Analysis of Media Images and Mental Representations
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 03-2011
Introduction To The Taxometric Method
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 11-01-2013
The Social Psychology of Morality
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 29-01-2016
Is unemployment benefit stigma related to poverty, payment receipt, or lack of employment? A vignette experiment about Australian views
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-05-2022
DOI: 10.1111/ASAP.12313
Abstract: The present study sought to better understand the extent to which negative perceptions of people who receive unemployment benefits is due to their poverty status, their unemployment, and/or their receipt of income support payments. We sought to differentiate these three factors in a vignette‐based experiment drawing on a large Australian general population s le ( N = 778). Participants rated the personality and capability of two fictional characters. The key experimental manipulation of employment status and benefit receipt was embedded in description of other characteristics. Participants rated vignette characters who received unemployment benefits less favorably on personality (conscientiousness, emotional stability, agreeableness), competence, and warmth than characters described as having a job, as being poor, or as not having a job but without mention of receiving benefits. There was a gradient in the strength of negative assessments across these conditions, but only warmth, conscientiousness and employability distinguished between in iduals receiving unemployment benefits and in iduals without a job but no reference to benefit receipt. This study provides new insights showing that receiving benefits due to unemployment contributes to negative perceptions over and above the effects of poverty or being unemployed.
More Human Than Others, but Not Always Better
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-04-2013
Abstract: Research has shown that people perceive themselves as more human than the average person, independent of their tendencies to self-enhance. This self-humanizing (SHN) effect has been examined in comparisons of the self with fictional or average others, but not with actual others such as a real, though unfamiliar, classmate or a friend. In Study 1, European Australian and Japanese undergraduates compared themselves with either an unfamiliar classmate or average university students to examine their tendencies for SHN. SHN was consistently found across the two comparisons and across the two cultures. Study 2 extended the findings by examining self-other comparisons involving close friend or unfamiliar peer among Australian, Japanese, and Korean undergraduates. As predicted, SHN was obtained in every culture, and SHN effect was greater in East Asia than in Australia. In contrast, self-enhancement was weak and inconsistent across s les and comparisons. The findings extend the current theory of SHN, indicating that the effect is robust and present even in comparisons involving in iduated actual others.
Direct and conceptual replications of the taxometric analysis of Type A Behavior
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1037/PSPP0000195
Abstract: We present direct and conceptual replications of the influential taxometric analysis of Type A Behavior (TAB Strube, 1989), which reported evidence for the latent typology of the construct. Study 1, the direct replication (N = 2,373), duplicated s ling and methodological procedures of the original study, but results showed that the item indicators used in the original study lacked sufficient validity to unambiguously determine latent structure. Using improved factorial subscale indicators to further test the question, multiple taxometric procedures, in combination with parallel analyses of simulated data, failed to replicate the original typological finding. Study 2, the conceptual replication, tested the latent structure of the wider construct of TAB using the s le from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (N = 2,254), which contains responses to the three most widely used self-report measures of TAB: the Jenkins Activity Survey, Bortner scale, and Framingham scale. Factorial subscale indicators were derived from the measures and submitted to multiple taxometric procedures. Results of Study 2 converged with those of Study 1, providing clear evidence of latent dimensional structure. Overall, results suggest there is no evidence for the type in TAB. Findings imply that theoretical models of TAB, assessment practices, and data analytic procedures that assume a typology should be replaced by dimensional models, factorial subscale measures, and corresponding statistical approaches. Specific subscale measures that tap multiple Big Five trait domains, and show evidence of predictive utility, are also recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
The Relationships among Leader Psychological Capital, Team Psychological Capital and Team Outcomes
Publisher: Academy of Management
Date: 2013
Concept Creep: Psychology's Expanding Concepts of Harm and Pathology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2016
What is a mental disorder? Evaluating the lay concept of Mental Ill Health in the United States
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-04-2023
DOI: 10.1186/S12888-023-04680-5
Abstract: How “mental disorder” should be defined has been the focus of extensive theoretical and philosophical debate, but how the concept is understood by laypeople has received much less attention. The study aimed to examine the content (distinctive features and inclusiveness) of these concepts, their degree of correspondence to the DSM-5 definition, and whether alternative concept labels (“mental disorder”, “mental illness”, “mental health problem”, “psychological issue”) have similar or different meanings. We investigated concepts of mental disorder in a nationally representative s le of 600 U.S. residents. Subsets of participants made judgments about vignettes describing people with 37 DSM-5 disorders and 24 non-DSM phenomena including neurological conditions, character flaws, bad habits, and culture-specific syndromes. Findings indicated that concepts of mental disorder were primarily based on judgments that a condition is associated with emotional distress and impairment, and that it is rare and aberrant. Disorder judgments were only weakly associated with the DSM-5: many DSM-5 conditions were not judged to be disorders and many non-DSM conditions were so judged. “Mental disorder”, “mental illness”, and “mental health problem” were effectively identical in meaning, but “psychological issue” was somewhat more inclusive, capturing a broader range of conditions. These findings clarify important issues surrounding how laypeople conceptualize mental disorder. Our findings point to some significant points of disagreement between professional and public understandings of disorder, while also establishing that laypeople’s concepts of mental disorder are systematic and structured.
Personality Disorders as Emergent Interpersonal Syndromes: Psychopathic Personality as a Case Example
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1521/PEDI.2019.33.5.577
Abstract: Personality disorders have long been bedeviled by a host of conceptual and methodological quandaries. Starting from the assumption that personality disorders are inherently interpersonal conditions that reflect folk concepts of social impairment, the authors contend that a subset of personality disorders, rather than traditional syndromes, are emergent interpersonal syndromes (EISs): interpersonally malignant configurations (statistical interactions) of distinct personality dimensions that may be only modestly, weakly, or even negatively correlated. Preliminary support for this perspective derives from a surprising source, namely, largely forgotten research on the intercorrelations among the subscales of select MMPI/MMPI-2 clinical scales. Using psychopathic personality as a case ex le, the authors offer provisional evidence for the EIS hypothesis from four lines of research and delineate its implications for personality disorder theory, research, and classification. Conceptualizing some personality disorders as EISs elucidates long-standing quandaries and controversies in the psychopathology literature and affords fruitful avenues for future investigation.
Prejudice and dehumanization
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 12-01-2012
Has Psychology Become More Positive? Trends in Language Use in Article Abstracts
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 30-05-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FPSYG.2022.870549
Abstract: The positive psychology movement, launched near the start of the twenty-first century, aimed to shift the focus of psychology away from misery, conflict, and pathology toward happiness, human flourishing, and wellbeing. However, there have been few attempts to gauge whether psychology as a whole has become more positive in its focus. This study tested this possibility by examining a corpus of 829,701 abstracts from articles published in 875 psychology journals between 1970 and 2017. Positivity was indexed by the positive emotion dictionary using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count tool and a newly constructed positive character dictionary. Both indices showed a steep rise through the study period, with the positive character index's rise occurring since 2000. A Negative Emotion index also rose linearly over the study period, suggesting that the rise in positive emotion might reflect in part a general increase in affective or evaluative language use. While there appears to have been an increase in psychology's positivity, that increase is complex, non-linear, and the degree to which it can be ascribed to positive psychology remains uncertain.
Mental representation of social relationships: Dimensions, laws, or categories?
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 1994
Do shamans violate notions of humanness?
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X17002060
Abstract: Singh proposes that shamans violate notions of humanness in patterned ways that signal supernatural capacities. I argue that his account, based on a notion of humanness that contrasts humans with non-human animals, does not capture people's understandings of supernatural beings. Shamanic behavior may simply violate human norms in unstructured, improvised ways rather than contrast with a coherent concept of humanness.
The Psychology of Eating Animals
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-2014
Abstract: Most people both eat animals and care about animals. Research has begun to examine the psychological processes that allow people to negotiate this “meat paradox.” To understand the psychology of eating animals, we examine characteristics of the eaters (people), the eaten (animals), and the eating (the behavior). People who value masculinity, enjoy meat and do not see it as a moral issue, and find dominance and inequality acceptable are most likely to consume animals. Perceiving animals as highly dissimilar to humans and as lacking mental attributes, such as the capacity for pain, also supports meat-eating. In addition to these beliefs, values, and perceptions, the act of eating meat triggers psychological processes that regulate negative emotions associated with eating animals. We conclude by discussing the implications of this research for understanding the psychology of morality.
Confusing one person with another: What errors reveal about the elementary forms of social relations.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 1991
Is schizotypy taxonic? Response to
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
The ‘side effects’ of medicalization: A meta-analytic review of how biogenetic explanations affect stigma
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.CPR.2013.06.002
Abstract: Reducing stigma is crucial for facilitating recovery from psychological problems. Viewing these problems biomedically may reduce the tendency to blame affected persons, but critics have cautioned that it could also increase other facets of stigma. We report on the first meta-analytic review of the effects of biogenetic explanations on stigma. A comprehensive search yielded 28 eligible experimental studies. Four separate meta-analyses (Ns=1207-3469) assessed the effects of biogenetic explanations on blame, perceived dangerousness, social distance, and prognostic pessimism. We found that biogenetic explanations reduce blame (Hedges g=-0.324) but induce pessimism (Hedges g=0.263). We also found that biogenetic explanations increase endorsement of the stereotype that people with psychological problems are dangerous (Hedges g=0.198), although this result could reflect publication bias. Finally, we found that biogenetic explanations do not typically affect social distance. Promoting biogenetic explanations to alleviate blame may induce pessimism and set the stage for self-fulfilling prophecies that could h er recovery from psychological problems.
Impact,H, and Authorship
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2012
The latent structure of schizotypy: I. Premorbid indicators of a taxon of individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1995
Lay conceptions of mental disorder: The folk psychiatry model
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2007
Explanation and interpretation: An invitation to experimental semiotics.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1037/H0091295
Dehumanization and the lack of social connection
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2021.08.013
Abstract: Dehumanization is traditionally considered in the context of intergroup conflict. An emerging body of research examines how it also occurs in interpersonal relationships and is associated with social exclusion and disconnection rather than conflict. This article examines how humanness implicates social relatedness, how social distance fosters perceptions of others as less human than the self, and how dehumanizing perceptions undermine close relationships. It then explores how experiences of social exclusion lead people to see themselves and their rejecters as less human, how the belief that one is dehumanized by others promotes rejection of others, and how positive social contact may reduce dehumanization. Finally, it discusses how feeling lonely or socially connected sometimes leads people to anthropomorphize nonhumans and other times leads them to dehumanize people.
Commentary on the 2020 update of the KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in chronic kidney disease
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-02-2022
DOI: 10.1111/NEP.14025
Prudence: Aristotelian perspectives on practical reason
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1991
Motivated inquiry: ideology shapes responses to the Christian Porter rape allegation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-05-2022
Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Meta-Scientific Considerations
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 19-05-2020
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science, from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can employ to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective on how to optimize new research in the pandemic’s wake. As this pandemic is inherently a social phenomenon—an event that hinges upon human-to-human contact—we focus on socially relevant subfields of psychology. We highlight specific psychological phenomena that have likely shifted due to the pandemic and discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations of conducting research on these phenomena. Following this discussion, we evaluate meta-scientific issues that have been lified by the pandemic. We aim to demonstrate how theoretically grounded views on the COVID-19 pandemic can help make psychological science stronger—not weaker—in its wake.
Blaming, praising and protecting our humanity: The implications of everyday dehumanization for judgments of moral status
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-04-2011
Diagnostic inflation in the DSM: A meta-analysis of changes in the stringency of psychiatric diagnosis from DSM-III to DSM-5
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2020
Excluded from humanity: The dehumanizing effects of social ostracism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
Relationship Patterns Associated with Dimensions of Vulnerability to Psychopathology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2005
Lay Expectations of Mental Disorder: A Test of the Folk Psychiatry Model
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2005
The Many Roles of Dehumanization in Genocide
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 21-11-2019
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190685942.003.0005
Abstract: In genocide studies, dehumanization is commonly understood as a preparatory step on the path to mass killing. On this understanding, the perpetrator’s propaganda explicitly likens victims to animals, and these dehumanizing metaphors enable violence. The author argues that the role of dehumanization in genocide is considerably broader and more multifaceted than this account suggests. Subtle forms of dehumanization precede the tactical use of explicit animal metaphors, and dehumanizing metaphors are not always expressed in language or invariably animalistic in content. Dehumanization not only is a prelude to violence but also facilitates violent acts in the present and justifies and minimizes violence after it has been committed. Finally, an account that posits dehumanization as a stage of the genocidal process fails to recognize that some aspects of genocidal violence do not require the dehumanization of victims.
Human Natures: Psychological Essentialism in Thinking about Differences between People
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-04-2008
The latent structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a taxometric study
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1002/DA.20387
Abstract: There is increasing consensus that obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are heterogeneous clinical phenomena that should be assessed, diagnosed, and treated from a multidimensional perspective. However, it remains unclear whether the heterogeneous OC symptoms represent discrete taxonomic entities. In this study, the categorical versus dimensional nature of OC symptoms and associated cognitions was examined in a large undiagnosed s le using taxometric methods. Six potential OC symptoms (washing, checking, obsessing, neutralizing, ordering, and hoarding) and three potential OC-related cognitions (responsibility/threat estimation, perfectionism/certainty, and importance of thoughts/control of thoughts) were examined using the MAXimum EIGenvalue and mean above minus below a cut procedures. Findings were largely consistent with dimensional models of the latent structure of all OC symptoms and cognitions with the exception of hoarding. The implications of these findings for the clinical assessment and diagnosis of OC symptoms and obsessive-compulsive disorder are discussed.
Meta-Milgram: An Empirical Synthesis of the Obedience Experiments
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 04-04-2014
Altruism is a primary impulse, not a discipline
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2002
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X02220051
Abstract: Intertemporal bargaining theory based on the hyperbolic discounting of expected rewards accounts for how choosing in categories increases self-control, without postulating, as Rachlin does, the additional rewardingness of patterns per se. However, altruism does not seem to be based on self-control, but on the primary rewardingness of vicarious experience. We describe a mechanism that integrates vicarious experience with other goods of limited availability.
Relations between personality and depressive symptoms: A multimeasure study of dependency, autonomy, and related constructs
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2001
DOI: 10.1002/JCLP.1061
Abstract: Seventy-four patients seeking treatment for major depression completed four measures of dependent and autonomous personality and two measures of depressive symptomatology. Relationships among the personality measures were investigated by principal-components analysis, enabling systematic comparison of their composition. Relationships between personality components and symptom dimensions were examined to clarify specific associations that have been proposed but inconsistently obtained in previous research. Neither dependency nor autonomy were unitary constructs, and alternative measures had substantial differences in composition. Some support for symptom specificity was obtained. Dependency and autonomy have distinctive associations with depressive symptoms, but their correspondence to unitary personality dimensions and the equivalence of their alternative scales cannot be assumed.
Intergroup Metaphors
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 27-07-2017
DOI: 10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190228613.013.432
Abstract: Intergroup metaphors represent human groups as nonhuman entities, such as animals, objects, plants, or forces of nature. These metaphors are abundant, erse in meanings, and frequently but not invariably derogatory. Intergroup metaphors may be explicitly represented in language or implicitly represented as nonconscious mental associations. Research and theory on dehumanization offer a useful perspective on these metaphors, and show that likening outgroups to animals is a particularly common phenomenon. Frequently, groups are metaphorically compared to disgusting or degrading animals during times of conflict, but people also tend to view members of outgroups as subtly more animal-like or primitive than their own group even in the absence of conflict. Depending on the use of intergroup metaphors in the contexts of race, gender, social class, immigration, mental illness, and terrorism, intergroup metaphors can have damaging consequences for intergroup relations. Metaphors that represent some people as subhuman entities can diminish empathy and compassion for their suffering. Metaphors that represent certain groups as bestial or diabolical can enable violence, including support for harsh treatment by the state. Some metaphors not only promote violence and discrimination but also help people to legitimize violent behavior and injustice after the fact. Metaphors therefore offer an intriguing insight into the nature of intergroup relations, and how these relations are colored not only by positive or negative attitudes but also by dehumanizing perceptions.
Subhuman, Inhuman, and Superhuman: Contrasting Humans with Nonhumans in Three Cultures
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Date: 04-2008
Universal biases in self‐perception: Better and more human than average
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2010
Acceptability of Plant-Based Diets for People with Chronic Kidney Disease: Perspectives of Renal Dietitians
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-01-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14010216
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the perspective of renal dietitians regarding plant-based diets for chronic kidney disease (CKD) management and evaluate the acceptability of a hypothetical plant-based dietary prescription aiming for the consumption of 30 unique plant foods per week. This study used an exploratory mixed methods design. Forty-six renal dietitians participated in either an online survey (n = 35) or an in-depth interview (n = 11). Dietitians perceived that plant-based diets could address multiple clinical concerns relevant to CKD. Forty percent of survey respondents reported the hypothetical dietary prescription was realistic for people with CKD, 34.3% were unsure, and 25.7% perceived it as unrealistic. Strengths of the hypothetical prescription included shifting the focus to whole foods and using practical resources like recipes. Limited staffing, time, and follow-up opportunities with patients, as well as differing nutrition philosophies were the most commonly reported challenges to implementation while a supportive multidisciplinary team was identified as an important enabler. To increase patient acceptance of plant-based dietary approaches, education about plant food benefits was recommended, as was implementing small, incremental dietary changes. Successful implementation of plant-based diets is perceived to require frequent patient contact and ongoing education and support by a dietitian. Buy-in from the multidisciplinary team was also considered imperative.
Taxometric Evidence for the Dimensional Structure of Cluster-C, Paranoid, and Borderline Personality Disorders
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1521/PEDI.2009.23.6.606
Abstract: Despite a lively debate about the dimensional vs. categorical nature of Personality Disorders (PDs), direct empirical tests of the underlying structure are missing for most PDs. Taxometrics can be used to investigate whether latent structures are categorical or dimensional. We investigated the latent structure underlying Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive, Depressive, Paranoid, and Borderline PD by means of three types of taxometric analyses. SCID-II based DSM-IV PD criterion scores from 1,816 patients from Mental Health and Forensic Institutes, and 63 nonpatients, were analyzed with three types of taxometric analyses. MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L-MODE taxometric analyses were applied on multiple criteria sets, constituted both on theoretical grounds and randomly. Assumptions for taxometric analyses were generally met. All but two of the 78 taxometric analyses indicated greater evidence for a latent dimensional structure, with better fit of empirical data to dimensional than to taxonic simulations mean Comparative Curve Fit Index (CCFI) = .23, SD = .09. Only two analyses yielded ambiguous evidence (CCFI in the .40-.60 range) and none indicated taxonic structure.
Quality, quantity, and impact in academic publication
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1002/EJSP.727
The essence of essentialism?
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X13003750
Abstract: As an account of the cognitive processes that support psychological essentialism, the inherence heuristic clarifies the basis of in idual differences in essentialist thinking, and how they are associated with prejudice. It also illuminates the contextual variability of social essentialism, and where its conceptual boundaries should be drawn.
More confident, less formal: stylistic changes in academic psychology writing from 1970 to 2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-09-2021
Individual differences in the expansiveness of mental disorder concepts: development and validation of concept breadth scales
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-10-2023
Assembling the elephant: Integrating perspectives in personality psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Twentieth century morality: The rise and fall of moral concepts from 1900 to 2007
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 27-02-2019
Visual search: Efficiency continuum or distinct processes?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2001
DOI: 10.3758/BF03196212
Abstract: Whether visual search involves two distinct processes--traditionally referred to as serial and parallel--or a single process operating on a continuum of efficiency or speed, is an issue with a long history in the study of attention. On the basis of the unimodality of search slope distributions in a very large data set, Wolfe (1998) argued for a continuum model. Reanalysis of this data set using statistical procedures more appropriate for adjudicating between continuous and discontinuous models supports the existence of two distinct processes.
Dehumanization and Social Class
Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/A000159
Abstract: Three studies examined whether animality is a component of low-SES stereotypes. In Study 1a–c, the content of “white trash” (USA), “chav” (UK), and “bogan” (Australia) stereotypes was found to be highly consistent, and in every culture it correlated positively with the stereotype content of apes. In Studies 2a and 2b, a within-subjects approach replicated this effect and revealed that it did not rely on derogatory labels or was reducible to ingroup favoritism or system justification concerns. In Study 3, the “bogan” stereotype was associated with ape, rat, and dog stereotypes independently of established stereotype content dimensions (warmth, competence, and morality). By implication, stereotypes of low-SES people picture them as primitive, bestial, and incompletely human.
The dimensional view of personality disorders: a review of the taxometric evidence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2003
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00208-8
Abstract: The dimensional view of personality disorders (PDs) represents these conditions as extreme variants of normal personality continua. This widely held view underpins efforts to characterize PDs in terms of established systems of personality description and to overhaul classification of PDs along dimensional lines. A review of 21 taxometric studies of PDs and related variables calls an unqualified version of this view into question. Analyses of the three PDs investigated to date strongly support taxonic (i.e., categorical or discontinuous) models. Implications for the conceptualization and classification of PDs are drawn.
Essentialist Thinking about Depression: Evidence for Polarized Beliefs
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2002
DOI: 10.2466/PR0.2002.91.3F.1253
Abstract: Mixture modeling of 309 undergraduates' beliefs about the nature of depression yielded two polarized latent classes—those who held essentialist beliefs and those who did not—consistent with the view that essentialist thinking is a distinct cognitive mode.
The effects of Aboriginal tertiary students' perceived experiences of racism and of cultural resilience on educational engagement
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 14-12-2022
Abstract: Racism pervasively impacts the lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and is a substantial barrier to accessing, engaging and succeeding within secondary education. Cultural resilience and support have been identified as critical to Aboriginal success within racist institutions. However, research examining experiences of racism and cultural resilience among Aboriginal tertiary students is limited. This study explored the relationship between racism, cultural resilience, and educational engagement and academic outcomes in a s le of these students (N = 63). We proposed that higher perceived racism would be associated with lower engagement and academic outcomes. The study also developed a new measure of Aboriginal tertiary students’ experience of racism during their studies, which demonstrated good reliability and validity. Experiencing racism was associated with perceiving a less supportive learning environment, and with lower learning outcomes, developmental outcomes and overall student satisfaction.
Worth the Weight
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-02-2013
Abstract: Although the negative ramifications of others objectifying the female body are well established, little research has examined whether certain portrayals of women are more susceptible to being objectified. The present study sought to examine the effect of two target characteristics—body size and clothing style—on objectification. One hundred and ninety-one Australian undergraduate participants (95 female M age = 19.35 years) viewed either an image of an overweight woman or a thin woman, who was either dressed in plain clothes or lingerie. Participants then completed three tasks measuring their objectification of the woman to include attributions of mind, attributions of moral status, and a dot probe task assessing attention towards the target’s body relative to the face. Results indicate that overweight women, as well as those dressed in plain clothing, were attributed more agentic mental states and moral value, as well as elicited less of the objectifying gaze, than thin targets and those wearing lingerie. These findings suggest that contrary to popular opinion, there may be unforeseen benefits of being overweight.
Bias in psychopathology research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2006
The cultural dynamics of concept creep.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 09-2021
DOI: 10.1037/AMP0000847
Abstract: Emerging methods for studying cultural dynamics allow researchers to investigate cultural change with newfound rigor. One change that has recently attracted the attention of social commentators is "concept creep," the semantic inflation of harm-related concepts such as trauma, bullying, and prejudice. In theory, concept creep is driven distally by several recent cultural and societal trends, but psychology also plays a proximal role in developing and disseminating expansionary concepts of harm. However, there have been few systematic attempts to document concept creep and none to explore factors that influence it. The present work reviews concept creep from the perspective of cultural dynamics and lays out a conceptual framework for exploring processes implicated in it. Illustrative analyses are presented that apply computational linguistic methods to very large text corpora, including a new corpus of psychology article abstracts. They demonstrate that harm has risen steeply in prominence both in psychology and in the wider culture in recent decades, and that harm-related concepts have inflated their meanings over this period. The analyses also provide evidence of dynamic relationships between the prominence and semantic breadth of harm-related concepts, and between psychology and the culture at large. Implications are drawn for theory and research on concept creep. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The Psychology of Group Perception
Publisher: Psychology Press
Date: 02-08-2004
Dimensions over categories: a meta-analysis of taxometric research
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-06-2020
DOI: 10.1017/S003329172000183X
Abstract: Taxometric procedures have been used extensively to investigate whether in idual differences in personality and psychopathology are latently dimensional or categorical (‘taxonic’). We report the first meta-analysis of taxometric research, examining 317 findings drawn from 183 articles that employed an index of the comparative fit of observed data to dimensional and taxonic data simulations. Findings supporting dimensional models outnumbered those supporting taxonic models five to one. There were systematic differences among 17 construct domains in support for the two models, but psychopathology was no more likely to generate taxonic findings than normal variation (i.e. in idual differences in personality, response styles, gender, and sexuality). No content domain showed aggregate support for the taxonic model. Six variables – alcohol use disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, problem gambling, autism, suicide risk, and pedophilia – emerged as the most plausible taxon candidates based on a preponderance of independently replicated findings. We also compared the 317 meta-analyzed findings to 185 additional taxometric findings from 96 articles that did not employ the comparative fit index. Studies that used the index were 4.88 times more likely to generate dimensional findings than those that did not after controlling for construct domain, implying that many taxonic findings obtained before the popularization of simulation-based techniques are spurious. The meta-analytic findings support the conclusion that the great majority of psychological differences between people are latently continuous, and that psychopathology is no exception.
Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2021
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective on how to optimize new research in the pandemic’s wake. Because this pandemic is inherently a social phenomenon—an event that hinges on human-to-human contact—we focus on socially relevant subfields of psychology. We highlight specific psychological phenomena that have likely shifted as a result of the pandemic and discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations of conducting research on these phenomena. After this discussion, we evaluate metascientific issues that have been lified by the pandemic. We aim to demonstrate how theoretically grounded views on the COVID-19 pandemic can help make psychological science stronger—not weaker—in its wake.
Does team psychological capital predict team outcomes at work?
Publisher: International Journal of Wellbeing
Date: 31-01-2020
Motivational orientations and psychiatric stigma: Social motives influence how causal explanations relate to stigmatizing attitudes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Evidence that male sexual orientation is a matter of degree.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 1997
How does it feel to be treated like an object? Direct and indirect effects of exposure to sexual objectification on women's emotions in daily life
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 06-2019
DOI: 10.1037/PSPA0000161
Abstract: Exposure to sexual objectification is an everyday experience for many women, yet little is known about its emotional consequences. Fredrickson and Roberts' (1997) objectification theory proposed a within-person process, wherein exposure to sexual objectification causes women to adopt a third-person perspective on their bodies, labeled
Negative affect and hindsight bias
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1995
Lay conceptions of mental disorder: Introduction to the special issue
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2007
Detecting Latent Taxa: Monte Carlo Comparison of Taxometric, Mixture Model, and Clustering Procedures
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2000
Abstract: A Monte Carlo evaluation of four procedures for detecting taxonicity was conducted using artificial data sets that were either taxonic or nontaxonic. The data sets were analyzed using two of Meehl's taxometric procedures, MAXCOV and MAMBAC, Ward's method for cluster analysis in concert with the cubic clustering criterion and a latent variable mixture modeling technique. Performance of the taxometric procedures and latent variable mixture modeling were clearly superior to that of cluster analysis in detecting taxonicity. Applied researchers are urged to select from the better procedures and to perform consistency tests.
Psychology in the Bathroom
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Date: 2012
Bite-Size Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-2010
Abstract: Critics have argued that publishing in psychology must become quicker and leaner. In response, some journals have adopted short article formats alongside regular articles. The citation impact of these formats was compared in a study of 1,735 articles published in Psychological Science, Cognition, and the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology over a 6-year period. Short articles received fewer citations on average but more citations on a per-page basis. They were only slightly less likely to have high impact. Short articles appear to garner scientific influence more efficiently than standard articles, supporting calls for their widespread adoption.
Biogenetic Explanations of Mental Disorder
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2015
Abstract: Biogenetic explanations of mental disorder are increasingly prominent. However, they have decidedly mixed implications for how affected persons are perceived. We review evidence of these mixed blessings from three perspectives: how people with mental disorders are viewed by the public, by themselves, and by clinicians. Although biogenetic explanations may soften public stigma by diminishing blame, they increase it by inducing pessimism, avoidance, and the belief that affected people are dangerous and unpredictable. These explanations may also induce pessimism and helplessness among affected people and reduce the empathy their treating clinicians feel for them. We interpret these findings in light of social psychology research on essentialist and mechanistic thinking.
Thirsty for H2O? Multiple essences and psychological essentialism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2003
Inclusiveness of the Concept of Mental Disorder and Differences in Help-Seeking Between Asian and White Americans
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 30-07-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FPSYG.2021.699750
Abstract: Ethnic and racial group differences in help-seeking are a barrier to the effective and equitable delivery of mental health services. Asian American populations demonstrate relatively low levels of help-seeking. Explanations for this effect typically point to elevated levels of stigma in these populations. An alternative explanation is that low help-seeking might also reflect holding a relatively circumscribed concept of mental disorder. In iduals and groups with less inclusive concepts of disorder may be less likely to identify problems as appropriate for mental health treatment. This study aimed to test whether group differences in the breadth of the mental disorder concept account for group differences in help-seeking attitudes. A s le of 212 American participants (102 Asian Americans and 110 White Americans) were assessed on personal stigma, help-seeking attitudes, and mental disorder concept breadth. Mediation analyses examined whether stigma and concept breadth mediated group differences in attitudes. Compared to White Americans, Asian Americans reported higher levels of stigma and narrower concepts of mental disorder, both of which were associated with less positive help-seeking attitudes. Stigma and concept breadth both partially mediated the group difference in attitudes. Theoretical and practical implications for mental health promotion and culturally sensitive clinical practices are explored.
Folk Conceptions of Humanness
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 26-08-2011
Abstract: The present research explores cultural understandings of what it means to be human. We used open-ended responses to examine whether the most culturally salient aspects of humanness are captured by two theoretical dimensions: human uniqueness (HU) and human nature (HN). Australians, Italians, and Chinese ( N = 315) showed differences in the characteristics considered human and in the emphasis placed on HU and HN. These findings contribute to developing cross-cultural folk psychological models of humanness.
Bell-Shaped Distribution of Personality Traits
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
The Social Psychology of Dehumanization
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 25-02-2021
Attitudes Towards Asylum Seekers: The Australian Experience
Publisher: Springer US
Date: 09-11-2011
iObjectify: Self‐ and other‐objectification on Grindr, a geosocial networking application designed for men who have sex with men
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-01-2018
DOI: 10.1002/EJSP.2350
What makes an article influential? Predicting impact in social and personality psychology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-05-2008
The rise and rise of social psychology in Asia: A bibliometric analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-08-2010
Subtyping major depression: A taxometric analysis.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-1994
The lay concept of “mental disorder” among American undergraduates
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1002/JCLP.1158
Abstract: Lay concepts of "mental disorder" were investigated in a pilot study of beliefs about 68 conditions, 47 of which corresponded to DSM-IV mental disorders. Undergraduates who had no formal education in abnormal psychology rated the conditions on features proposed in technical definitions of "mental disorder" and judged whether the conditions were mental disorders. The features composed three dimensions-social deviancy, harmful dysfunction, and peculiarity-the last two of which were strongly and independently associated with judgments of mental disorder (R = 0.83). Lay and DSM-IV understandings of "mental disorder" showed moderate convergence.
Subtyping major depression: a taxometric analysis.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1994
Dehumanization: Beyond the Intergroup to the Interpersonal
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 30-10-2023
The Taxon Concept is Not Taxonic: Response to Grove (2008)
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.2466/PR0.104.3.784-786
Abstract: In 2008, Grove proposed that there is a binary distinction between taxonic and nontaxonic latent variables, although causal structures which do not produce sharp category boundaries have long been recognized by Meehl and others. I argue that this position is incoherent. As soon as one admits causal mechanisms which do not yield dichotomous outcomes and acknowledges data structures which have intermediate category membership, the taxon concept becomes nontaxonic. This position does not imply that determining something to be taxonic is arbitrary but suggests that one should not make strong inferences about causation (e.g., specific etiology) on the basis of taxometric research findings.
Freudian Slip? The Changing Cultural Fortunes of Psychoanalytic Concepts
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 28-06-2019
Dehumanization of cyclists predicts self-reported aggressive behaviour toward them: A pilot study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
More human than you: Attributing humanness to self and others.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.937
Abstract: People typically evaluate their in-groups more favorably than out-groups and themselves more favorably than others. Research on infrahumanization also suggests a preferential attribution of the "human essence" to in-groups, independent of in-group favoritism. The authors propose a corresponding phenomenon in interpersonal comparisons: People attribute greater humanness to themselves than to others, independent of self-enhancement. Study 1 and a pilot study demonstrated 2 distinct understandings of humanness--traits representing human nature and those that are uniquely human--and showed that only the former traits are understood as inhering essences. In Study 2, participants rated themselves higher than their peers on human nature traits but not on uniquely human traits, independent of self-enhancement. Study 3 replicated this "self-humanization" effect and indicated that it is partially mediated by attribution of greater depth to self versus others. Study 4 replicated the effect experimentally. Thus, people perceive themselves to be more essentially human than others.
Is the future more or less human? Differing views of humanness in the posthumanism debate
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-05-2009
Immigration from the perspective of hosts and immigrants: Roles of psychological essentialism and social identity
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-05-2008
The mental health impacts of climate change: Findings from a Pacific Island atoll nation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
Psychological essentialism and stereotype endorsement
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2006
Biogenetic explanations and stigma: A meta-analytic review of associations among laypeople
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2013.07.017
Abstract: The stigma and social rejection faced by people with a mental disorder constitute a major barrier to their well-being and recovery. Medicalization has been welcomed as a strategy to reduce blame and stigma, although critics have cautioned that attributing mental disorders to biogenetic causes may have unintended side effects that could exacerbate prejudice and rejection. The present study presents a quantitative synthesis of the literature on relationships between biogenetic explanations for mental disorders and three key elements of stigma, namely blame, perceptions of dangerousness, and social distance. A comprehensive search yielded 25 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Separate meta-analyses (Ns = 4278-23,816) were conducted for the three stigma types, and assessed the consistency of effects across subgroups of studies involving different types of biogenetic explanations, mental disorders, and s les. We found that people who hold biogenetic explanations for mental disorders tend to blame affected persons less for their problems (r = -0.19), but perceive them as more dangerous (r = 0.09) and desire more distance from them (r = 0.05). The negative association with blame was significant for schizophrenia, belief in genetic causation, and in student s les. The positive association with dangerousness was significant for all disorders, belief in general biogenetic causation, and in community s les. The positive association with social distance was significant for schizophrenia, beliefs in neurochemical and general biogenetic causation, and in community s les. Nevertheless, across all analyses, biogenetic explanations were only weakly related to stigma. We conclude that biogenetic explanations for mental disorders confer mixed blessings for stigma.
TC4D DISTRESS, EXPRESSED EMOTION, AND NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES OF CAREGIVING: A COMPARISON BETWEEN PARENTS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS AND PARENTS OF THOSE AT ‘ULTRA’ HIGH RISK
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2006
The semantic inflation of trauma in psychology
Publisher: University of Warsaw
Date: 20-02-2023
Abstract: Trauma is an increasingly prominent concept in psychology and society at large. According to the theory of concept creep, it is one of several harm-related concepts that have undergone semantic inflation in recent decades, expanding to encompass new kinds of phenomena (horizontal expansion) and less severe phenomena (vertical expansion). Previous research has demonstrated that "trauma" has come to be used in a widening range of semantic contexts, implying horizontal expansion, but has not investigated vertical expansion. The present study developed a methodology for evaluating vertical expansion and implemented it using an English-language corpus of 825,628 scientific psychology article abstracts from 1970 to 2017. Findings indicate that "trauma" has come to be used in less severe contexts, and this trend may be linked to its rising frequency of use. These findings support the predictions of the concept creep theory and provide a new method for investigating the language dynamics of harm-related concepts.
Distressing encounters in the context of climate change: Idioms of distress, determinants, and responses to distress in Tuvalu
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-05-2019
Abstract: Across the globe there is a critical need for culturally informed and locally valid approaches to mental health assessment and intervention, particularly among disadvantaged and marginalized populations. To be optimally effective, such approaches must be informed by a sound understanding of locally relevant idioms of distress and its determinants, including those caused or exacerbated by global power disparities and structural inequities. Climate change, arising due to anthropogenic sources located predominantly in industrialized nations, is one potential determinant of distress having disproportionate adverse impacts on already marginalized populations. The present study formed part of a broader project examining the intersections of culture, climate change, and distress in the Polynesian nation of Tuvalu – a focal point of global concern over the human costs of climate change. The study explored determinants and idioms of distress and culturally prescribed responses to coping with distress. Results are based on fieldwork conducted in 2015 entailing semi-structured interviews with 16 key informants and 23 lay residents of Funafuti atoll, recruited using maximal variation purposive s ling. Findings are examined in consideration of the unfolding impacts of climate change and the threat it portends for the future, both of which were identified as salient determinants of distress, in keeping with theorized relationships between climate change and mental health. The study underscores the necessity of attending to the relationships between global forces, local cultures, and in idual experiences of distress, as efforts to provide access to culturally informed social and mental health services expand globally.
Operationalism
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-01-2015
DOI: 10.1002/9781118625392.WBECP008
Abstract: Operationalism is a philosophical position that argues that concepts should be defined using explicit operations or procedures. It underlies the currently dominant approach to psychiatric classification. Beginning with DSM‐III , psychiatric diagnoses are made on the basis of strict rules applied to explicit behavioral criteria. Operationalism has been controversial in the mental health professions because, according to its critics, it distorts our understanding of mental disorders and may not have delivered the benefits for diagnostic reliability and validity that it promised.
Seven Clarifications on the Psychology of Dehumanization
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 20-11-2020
The Creeping Concept of Trauma
Publisher: Project MUSE
Date: 09-2020
The Latent Structure of Mental Disorders: A Taxometric Update on the Categorical vs Dimensional Debate
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 08-2007
Relational tendencies associated with broad personality dimensions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2004
Abstract: Out-patients (N = 76) completed measures of interpersonal motives and construals derived from relational models theory and a five-factor model personality questionnaire. A broader range of associations between personality dimensions and relational tendencies was obtained than interpersonal circle theorists propose, with dimensions other than extraversion and agreeableness having distinctive relational correlates. The interpersonal domain of personality may therefore be somewhat broader than many mainstream personality theorists suppose.
Rationality and Resoluteness. Review of Rationality and Dynamic Choice: Foundational Explorations, by Edward F. McClennen.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1993
Predisplacement and Postdisplacement Factors Associated With Mental Health of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 03-08-2005
Abstract: The global refugee crisis requires that researchers, policymakers, and clinicians comprehend the magnitude of the psychological consequences of forced displacement and the factors that moderate them. To date, no empirical synthesis of research on these issues has been undertaken. To meta-analytically establish the extent of compromised mental health among refugees (including internally displaced persons, asylum seekers, and stateless persons) using a worldwide study s le. Potential moderators of mental health outcomes were examined, including enduring contextual variables (eg, postdisplacement accommodation and economic opportunity) and refugee characteristics. Published studies (1959-2002) were obtained using broad searches of computerized databases (PsycINFO and PILOTS), manual searches of reference lists, and interviews with prominent authors. Studies were selected if they investigated a refugee group and at least 1 nonrefugee comparison group and reported 1 or more quantitative group comparison on measures of psychopathology. Fifty-six reports met inclusion criteria (4.4% of identified reports), yielding 59 independent comparisons and including 67,294 participants (22,221 refugees and 45,073 nonrefugees). Data on study and report characteristics, study participant characteristics, and statistical outcomes were extracted using a coding manual and subjected to blind recoding, which indicated high reliability. Methodological quality information was coded to assess potential sources of bias. Effect size estimates for the refugee-nonrefugee comparisons were averaged across psychopathology measures within studies and weighted by s le size. The weighted mean effect size was 0.41 (SD, 0.02 range, -1.36 to 2.91 [SE, 0.01]), indicating that refugees had moderately poorer outcomes. Postdisplacement conditions moderated mental health outcomes. Worse outcomes were observed for refugees living in institutional accommodation, experiencing restricted economic opportunity, displaced internally within their own country, repatriated to a country they had previously fled, or whose initiating conflict was unresolved. Refugees who were older, more educated, and female and who had higher predisplacement socioeconomic status and rural residence also had worse outcomes. Methodological differences between studies affected effect sizes. The sociopolitical context of the refugee experience is associated with refugee mental health. Humanitarian efforts that improve these conditions are likely to have positive impacts.
Elevated renal resistive index is independently predicted by older age, but not by the presence of chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2022
DOI: 10.1111/IMJ.15542
Abstract: Renal resistive index (RRI), which reflects intrarenal arterial impedance, is routinely measured when undertaking renal Doppler ultrasonography (RDU). Increased RRI has been suggested to reflect renal parenchymal disease and imply risk of kidney disease progression. But this has been disputed and extra‐renal haemodynamic factors rather than intra‐renal factors have been proposed to determine RRI. To investigate the relationship between elevated RRI and presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and examine whether elevated RRI at baseline is associated with decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on follow up. This retrospective observational study examined the association of elevated RRI ( .7) with the presence of CKD (eGFR 60 mL/min for months), demographic and clinical factors in multivariable models. We also examined the effect of elevated RRI on eGFR decline on follow up using mixed models. Of the 346 patients undergoing RDU (median age 69.7 years 46.2% male), 180 had elevated RRI. There was a strong inverse association between RRI and eGFR at baseline, 1 and 2 years (rho = −0.53, −0.51, −0.53, all P 001). Elevated RRI was independently predicted by older age (odds ratio 3.29 95% confidence interval 2.25–4.8 P 0.001) and diabetes (odds ratio 2.65 95% confidence interval 1.21–5.80 P = 0.015), but not CKD using multivariate logistic regression. Decline of eGFR was not different between RRI categories on follow up. Elevated RRI was predicted by older age and diabetes, but not by the presence of CKD. Baseline RRI was not associated with eGFR decline.
Psychotherapy
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 16-05-2019
The Lay Concept of ‘Mental Disorder’: A Cross-Cultural Study
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2001
DOI: 10.1177/136346150103800303
Abstract: Lay concepts of ‘mental disorder’ were investigated in three countries (U.S.A., Romania and Brazil). Participants judged whether a s le of conditions – some falling inside and some outside the borders defined by DSM-IV – were mental disorders, and rated them on features invoked in professional understandings of ‘mental disorder.’ The concept of mental disorder was considerably more inclusive and convergent with the DSM-IV in the American s le than in the Brazilian s le, and disorder judgments showed only moderate agreement across cultures. Several features of the concept were culturally distinctive, amounting to a more ‘internalist’ or intrapsychic understanding in the American s le.
Cultural differences in perceived coherence of the self and ingroup: A Japan-Australia comparison
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-08-2014
DOI: 10.1111/AJSP.12090
Envy and jealousy as discrete emotions: A taxometric analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF02251889
Personality Disorders as Social Categories
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-1997
Physical activity and exercise recommendations for people receiving dialysis: A scoping review
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-04-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0267290
Abstract: Remaining physically active is important to patients undertaking dialysis, however, clinical recommendations regarding exercise type, timing, intensity, and safety precautions vary. The purpose of this scoping review was to analyse and summarise recommendations for physical activity and exercise for people undertaking dialysis and identify areas that require further research or clarification. A scoping review of literature from five bibliographic databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus) was conducted. Eligible articles included consensus guidelines, position statements, reviews, or clinical practice guidelines that included specific physical activity and exercise recommendations for people undertaking dialysis. Key search terms included "kidney disease" OR "kidney failure" OR "chronic kidney disease" OR "end stage kidney disease" AND guideline* OR consensus OR "position statement" OR prescription OR statement AND exercise OR "physical activity". Hand searching for relevant articles in all first twenty quartile 1 journals listed on SCImago under ‘medicine—nephrology’ and ‘physical therapy, sports therapy and rehabilitation’ using the terms ‘exercise and dialysis’ was undertaken. Finally, home pages of key societies and professional organisations in the field of sports medicine and nephrology were searched. The systematic search strategy identified 19 articles met the inclusion criteria. Two were specific to pediatric dialysis and three to peritoneal dialysis. Whilst many publications provided recommendations on aerobic exercise, progressive resistance training and flexibility, few provided explicit guidance. Recommendations for the intensity, duration and frequency of aerobic and resistance training varied. Discrepancies or gaps in guidance about precautions, contraindications, termination criteria, progression, and access site precautions were also apparent. Future guidelines should include specific guidance regarding physical activity, safety precautions, and timing and intensity of exercise for in iduals who undertake dialysis. Collaborative multidisciplinary guideline development and appropriate exercise counselling may lead to increased participation in physical activity and exercise and facilitate better patient outcomes.
The Neuroscientification of Psychology: The Rising Prevalence of Neuroscientific Concepts in Psychology From 1965 to 2016
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 20-07-2022
Abstract: The apparent convergence of psychology and brain science has been the subject of both celebration and critique, but it has never been systematically charted. We examined historical trends in the representation of neuroscientific concepts in a corpus of 798,402 psychology journal articles published over the past half century, from 1965 to 2016. A dictionary of 522 uniquely neuroscience-related terms was developed, and the percentage of article abstracts in which at least one term appeared was calculated for each year. This percentage grew from 9.15% to 16.45% over the study period, whereas the percentage containing a subset of 199 terms containing the prefix “neur-” rose much more steeply, from 2.30% to 10.06%. From the mid-1970s, the growing representation of neuroscience in psychology was linear. Proportions were highest among journals covering neuropsychology and physiological psychology and behavioral neuroscience, lowest in those covering social psychology and developmental and educational psychology, and intermediate in those covering experimental and cognitive psychology and clinical psychology. The steepest rises were found in social and clinical psychology journals. Changes in the most salient neuroscientific terms revealed historical shifts in technology, topic, and anatomical focus, which may contribute to our understanding of relationships among mind, brain, and behavior.
A Critique of the Methods and Conclusions in the Patient Outcome Research Team (PORT) Report on Psychological Treatments for Schizophrenia
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Date: 03-2003
DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.31.1.191.21927
Abstract: The schizophrenia Patient Outcome Research Team (PORT Lehman and Steinwachs, 1998), a policy paper on the treatment of schizophrenia sponsored by the United States government Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, has minimized the efficacy and utility of psychological treatments for schizophrenia and concluded that some treatments like psychoanalytic psychotherapy are contraindicated and harmful. A critical review of Recommendations 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 (those addressing the efficacy of psychological treatments) was undertaken. The purpose of this critique was to describe the threats to validity inherent in the PORT report's design and to demonstrate how those threats make the relevant recommendations specious. In addition, empirical evidence from meta-analytic reviews is described to show that, indeed, psychological treatments for schizophrenia are efficacious. Limitations of the available evidence and suggestions for a PORT revision are discussed.
Empathy, culture and self‐humanising: Empathising reduces the attribution of greater humanness to the self more in Japan than Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-04-2015
DOI: 10.1002/IJOP.12164
Abstract: People tend to ascribe greater humanness to themselves than to others. Previous research has indicated that this "self-humanising" bias is independent of self-enhancement and robust across cultures. The present study examined the possible role of empathy in reducing this bias in Japan (N = 80) and Australia (N = 80). Results showed that unlike Australians, Japanese participants who recalled personal experiences of empathising with others were less likely to self-humanise than those in a neutral condition. The effect of the empathy manipulation was not observed in Australia. The findings suggest that empathy may reduce self-focus and enable perceivers to appreciate the full humanness of others, but this effect may be culturally contingent.
Attributing and denying humanness to others
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-06-2008
Hyperbolic Discounting
Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Date: 2007
Are essentialist beliefs associated with prejudice?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2002
Abstract: Gordon Allport (1954) proposed that belief in group essences is one aspect of the prejudiced personality, alongside a rigid, dichotomous and ambiguity-intolerant cognitive style. We examined whether essentialist beliefs-beliefs that a social category has a fixed, inherent, identity-defining nature-are indeed associated in this fashion with prejudice towards black people, women and gay men. Allport's claim, which is mirrored by many contemporary social theorists, received partial support but had to be qualified in important respects. Essence-related beliefs were associated strongly with anti-gay attitudes but only weakly with sexism and racism, and they did not reflect a cognitive style that was consistent across stigmatized categories. When associations with prejudice were obtained, only a few specific beliefs were involved, and some anti-essentialist beliefs were associated with anti-gay attitudes. Nevertheless, the powerful association that essence-related beliefs had with anti-gay attitudes was independent of established prejudice-related traits, indicating that they have a significant role to play in the psychology of prejudice.
Forced displacement in Yugoslavia: A meta-analysis of psychological consequences and their moderators
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2001
Essentialist beliefs about social categories
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2000
Abstract: This study examines beliefs about the ontological status of social categories, asking whether their members are understood to share fixed, inhering essences or natures. Forty social categories were rated on nine elements of essentialism. These elements formed two independent dimensions, representing the degrees to which categories are understood as natural kinds and as coherent entities with inhering cores ('entitativity' or reification), respectively. Reification was negatively associated with categories' evaluative status, especially among those categories understood to be natural kinds. Essentialism is not a unitary syndrome of social beliefs, and is not monolithically associated with devaluation and prejudice, but it illuminates several aspects of social categorization.
Predicting high risk sexual behaviour in heterosexual and homosexual men: the roles of impulsivity and sensation seeking
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2001
Humanness, dehumanization, and moral psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1037/13091-011
Lifestyle Interventions, Kidney Disease Progression, and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Attributing aberrant emotionality to others
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1075/CEB.4.08HAS
The Enduring Appeal of Psychosocial Explanations of Physical Illness
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2018
The Origins of Lay Theories: The Case of Essentialist Beliefs
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2017
Validation of a Phosphorus Food Frequency Questionnaire in Patients with Kidney Failure Undertaking Dialysis
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 31-03-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15071711
Abstract: Nutritional guidelines recommended limiting dietary phosphorus as part of phosphorus management in patients with kidney failure. Currently, there is no validated phosphorus food frequency questionnaire (P-FFQ) to easily capture this nutrient intake. An FFQ of this type would facilitate efficient screening of dietary sources of phosphorus and assist in developing a patient-centered treatment plan. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a P-FFQ by comparing it with the 24 hr multi-pass recall. Fifty participants (66% male, age 70 ± 13.3 years) with kidney failure undertaking dialysis were recruited from hospital nephrology outpatient departments. All participants completed the P-FFQ and 24 hr multi-pass recalls with assistance from a renal dietitian and then analysed using nutrient analysis software. Bland–Altman analyses were used to determine the agreement between P-FFQ and mean phosphorus intake from three 24 hr multi-pass recalls. Mean phosphorous intake was 1262 ± 400 mg as determined by the 24 hr multi pass recalls and 1220 ± 348 mg as determined by the P-FFQ. There was a moderate correlation between the P-FFQ and 24 hr multi pass recall (r = 0.62, p = 0.37) with a mean difference of 42 mg (95% limits of agreement: 685 mg −601 mg, p = 0.373) between the two methods. The precision of the P-FFQ was 3.33%, indicating suitability as an alternative to the 24 hr multi pass recall technique. These findings indicate that the P-FFQ is a valid, accurate, and precise tool for assessing sources of dietary phosphorus in people with kidney failure undertaking dialysis and could be used as a tool to help identify potentially problematic areas of dietary intake in those who may have a high serum phosphate.
Possible research area bias in the Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) draft journal rankings
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2010
Objectification leads to depersonalization: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-05-2010
DOI: 10.1002/EJSP.755
Genetic essentialism, neuroessentialism, and stigma: Commentary on dar-nimrod and heine (2011)
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 09-2011
DOI: 10.1037/A0022386
Abstract: Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011) presented a masterfully broad review of the implications of genetic essentialism for understandings of human ersity. This commentary clarifies the reasons that essentialist thinking has problematic social consequences and links genetic forms of essentialism to those invoking neural essences. The mounting evidence that these forms of essentialist thinking contribute to the stigma of mental disorder is reviewed. Genetic and neuroessentialisms influence media portrayals of scientific research and distort how they are interpreted by laypeople. The common thread of these essentialisms is their tendency to deepen social isions and promote forms of social segregation.
The Implicit Structure of Positive Characteristics
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-2004
Abstract: The implicit structure of positive character traits was examined in two studies of 190 and 100 undergraduates. Participants judged the pairwise covariation or semantic similarity of 42 positive characteristics using a sorting or a rating task. Characteristics were drawn from a new classification of strengths and virtues, the Five-Factor Model, and a taxonomy of values. Participants showed consistent patterns of perceived association among the characteristics across the study conditions. Multidimensional scaling yielded three consistent dimensions underlying these judgments (“warmth vs. self-control,” “vivacity vs. decency,” and “wisdom vs. power”). Cluster analyses yielded six consistent groupings—“self-control,” “love,” “wisdom,” “drive,” “vivacity,” and “collaboration”—that corresponded only moderately to the virtue classification. All three taxonomies were systematically related to this implicit structure, but none captured it satisfactorily on its own. Revisions to positive psychology’s classification of strengths are proposed.
Attributing Human Uniqueness and Human Nature to Cultural Groups: Distinct Forms of Subtle Dehumanization
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 21-10-2009
Abstract: Research on subtle dehumanization has focused on the attribution of human uniqueness to groups (infrahumanization), but has not examined another sense of humanness, human nature. Additionally, research has not extended far beyond Western cultures to examine the universality of these forms of dehumanization. Hence, the attribution of both forms of humanness was examined in three cross-cultural studies. Anglo-Australian and ethnic Chinese attributed values and traits (Study 1, N = 200) and emotions (Study 2, N = 151) to Australian and Chinese groups, and rated these characteristics on human uniqueness and human nature. Both studies found evidence of complementary attributions of humanness for Australians, who denied Chinese human nature but attributed them with greater human uniqueness. Chinese denied Australians human uniqueness, but their attributions of human nature varied for traits, values, and emotions. Study 3 ( N = 54) demonstrated similar forms of dehumanization using an implicit method. These results and their implications for dehumanization and prejudice suggest the need to broaden investigation and theory to encompass both forms of humanness, and examine the attribution of both lesser and greater humanness to outgroups.
Morality, Mind, and Humanness
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2012
Understanding the Relationship between Attribute-Based and Metaphor-Based Dehumanization
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 21-10-2009
Abstract: Previous research has adopted two distinct approaches to the study of dehumanization. One has focused on the denial of human attributes to groups (attribute-based dehumanization) and the other on the likening of group members to nonhumans (metaphor-based dehumanization). The relationship between these two approaches has yet to be examined. The current studies seek to clarify this relationship by integrating the two approaches. Using Haslam and colleagues’ (Haslam, 2006 Haslam, Loughnan, Kashima & Bain, 2008) model of dehumanization, we examined whether attribute-based dehumanization leads to metaphor-based dehumanization, and vice versa. In Study 1 participants read about a novel group that was described either as lacking one type of humanness or as being like a nonhuman. In Study 2 a concrete learning task taught participants that a novel group lacked a specific type of humanness. In both studies, participants explicitly learned to dehumanize the group and inferred the corresponding type of attribute- or metaphor-based perception (e.g. perceived a group as animal-like after learning that it lacked uniquely human attributes, and vice versa). Implicitly, however, participants were able to directly learn but not robustly infer the corresponding type of dehumanization. We suggest that the relationship between the two types of dehumanization can be understood using cognitive models of metaphor-making.
Predicting Long-Term Citation Impact of Articles in Social and Personality Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.2466/PR0.106.3.891-900
Abstract: The citation impact of a comprehensive s le of articles published in social and personality psychology journals in 1998 was evaluated. Potential predictors of the 10-yr. citation impact of 1,580 articles from 37 journals were investigated, including number of authors, number of references, journal impact factor, author nationality, and article length, using linear regression. The impact factor of the journal in which articles appeared was the primary predictor of the citations that they accrued, accounting for 30% of the total variance. Articles with greater length, more references, and more authors were cited relatively often, although the citation advantage of longer articles was not proportionate to their length. A citation advantage was also enjoyed by authors from the United States of America, Canada, and the United Kingdom. 37% of the variance in the total number of citations was accounted for by the study variables.
The structure of mental health research: Networks of influence among psychiatry and clinical psychology journals
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291711000821
Abstract: Psychiatry and clinical psychology are the two dominant disciplines in mental health research, but the structure of scientific influence and information flow within and between them has never been mapped. Citations among 96 of the highest impact psychiatry and clinical psychology journals were examined, based on 10 052 articles published in 2008. Network analysis explored patterns of influence between journal clusters. Psychiatry journals tended to have greater influence than clinical psychology journals, and their influence was asymmetrical: clinical psychology journals cited psychiatry journals at a much higher rate than the reverse. Eight journal clusters were found, most dominated by a single discipline. Their citation network revealed an influential central cluster of ‘core psychiatry’ journals that had close affinities with a ‘psychopharmacology’ cluster. A group of ‘core clinical psychology’ journals was linked to a ‘behavior therapy’ cluster but both were subordinate to psychiatry journals. Clinical psychology journals were less integrated than psychiatry journals, and ‘health psychology/behavioral medicine’ and ‘neuropsychology’ clusters were relatively peripheral to the network. Scientific publication in the mental health field is largely organized along disciplinary lines, and is to some degree hierarchical, with clinical psychology journals tending to be structurally subordinate to psychiatry journals.
Categories of social relationship
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1994
DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90077-9
Abstract: The study of social relationships lies at the heart of the social sciences, but our understanding of the cognitive structures that support them has received little attention. This paper develops an account of the form and content of these structures, arguing that social relationships are represented by a small number of categories, rather than by dimensions as proposed by others. Taxometric analyses demonstrated that categories proposed by Fiske (1991) are truly discrete, controverting dimensional representation and one possible form of prototype structure. The categories appear to combine in the specification of actually existing social relationships, and are more informative, or "basic", then colloquial relationship categories.
Harm inflation: Making sense of concept creep
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2020
ESSENTIALIST THINKING ABOUT DEPRESSION: EVIDENCE FOR POLARIZED BELIEFS
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2002
Essentialism versus Nominalism
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-01-2015
DOI: 10.1002/9781118625392.WBECP058
Abstract: Essentialism is the philosophical position that concepts are underpinned by fixed, identity‐determining essences. It is often contrasted with nominalism, the view that concepts are mental constructions that reflect social and linguistic conventions. This contrast is fundamental to several debates in clinical psychology, notably whether the concept of “mental disorder” should be understood in an essentialist way, whether particular disorders represent essence‐based “natural kinds,” and whether essentialist thinking about mental disorders among laypeople is linked to mental illness stigma. The implications of the essentialism versus nominalism distinction within these three domains are reviewed.
Concept Creep and Psychiatrization
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 16-12-2021
Abstract: Some aspects of psychiatrization can be understood as forms of concept creep, the progressive expansion of concepts of harm. This article compares the two concepts and explores how concept creep sheds light on psychiatrization. We argue that although psychiatrization is in some respects a broader concept than concept creep, addressing institutional and societal dimensions of the expanding reach of psychiatry in addition to conceptual change, concept creep is broader in other respects, viewing the expansion of psychiatric concepts as ex les of the broadening of a more extensive range of harm-related concepts. A concept creep perspective on psychiatrization clarifies the different forms of expansion it involves, the centrality of harm to it, its benefits as well as its costs, its variations across in iduals and groups, and the drivers of psychiatrization in the general public and in fields beyond psychiatry.
Expressed emotion, attributions, utility beliefs, and distress in parents of young people with first episode psychosis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2006.08.004
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between expressed emotion (EE), attributions of control, beliefs about the utility of EE behaviors, and distress in parents of young people with first episode psychosis. Fifty-three parents completed self-report measures of EE, attributions of patient and parent control over the psychotic illness, and beliefs about the utility of EE behaviors in controlling the patient's symptomatology. Measures of parental distress and parental assessment of patient symptomatology were also completed. Parents high on criticism EE were more likely to make attributions that the psychotic illness was controllable by the young person, and to endorse the potential utility of person-focused criticism (i.e., telling the patient about the parents' dissatisfaction and frustration with them as a person) in controlling the patient's symptoms. Beliefs in the utility of person-focused criticism and self-sacrifice were significantly associated with distress, but attributions that the illness was controllable by the patient or the parent were not. Beliefs about the utility of criticism may play an important role in EE among parents of young people with first episode psychosis, and may provide further direction for interventions designed for this group.
The Roles of Dehumanization and Moral Outrage in Retributive Justice
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-04-2013
Categorical Versus Dimensional Models of Mental Disorder: The Taxometric Evidence
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1080/J.1440-1614.2003.01258.X
Abstract: Objective: To review studies of the categorical versus dimensional status of mental disorders that employ taxometric methodology. Method: A comprehensive qualitative review of all published taxometric studies of psychopathology. Results: Categorical and dimensional models each receive well-replicated support for some groups of mental disorders. Studies favour categorical models for melancholia, eating disorders, pathological dissociation, and schizotypal and antisocial personality disorders. Dimensional models tend to be favoured for the broad neurotic spectrum – general depression, generalized anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder – and for borderline personality disorder. Conclusions: Taxometric research clarifies the latent structure of psychopathology in ways that have implications for the classification, assessment, explanation and conceptualization of mental disorder
Afterimages of savages: Implicit associations between primitives, animals and children
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2010
When Sex Doesn't Sell: Using Sexualized Images of Women Reduces Support for Ethical Campaigns
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 18-12-2013
“Schizophrenia” in the Australian print and online news media
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2013
What's so crummy 'bout peace, love, and understanding?
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 20-11-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X12001227
Abstract: The target article challenges standard approaches to prejudice reduction, warning that they may inure people to inequality and deflect them from seeking collective solutions to it. I argue that the collective action approach has its own risks and limitations and that standard contact and common identity approaches may complement rather than work against it.
Associations between diet quality and anxiety and depressive disorders: A systematic review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2023
Mental representation of social relationships: dimensions, laws, or categories?
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1994
Confusing one person with another: what errors reveal about the elementary forms of social relations.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1991
Broad concepts of sexism predict polarized moral judgments of victims and perpetrators
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
Evaluation of the SUCCESS Health Literacy App for Australian Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease: Protocol for a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 31-08-2022
DOI: 10.2196/39909
Abstract: We developed a smartphone app—the SUCCESS (Supporting Culturally and Linguistically Diverse CKD Patients to Engage in Shared Decision-Making Successfully) app—to support Australian adults with kidney failure undertaking dialysis to actively participate in self-management and decision-making. The content of the SUCCESS app was informed by a theoretical model of health literacy that recognizes the importance of reducing the complexity of health information as well as providing skills necessary to access, understand, and act on this information. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of the SUCCESS app intervention. We designed a multicenter pragmatic randomized controlled trial to compare the SUCCESS app plus usual care (intervention) to usual care alone (control). A total of 384 participants receiving in-center or home-based hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis will be recruited from six local health districts in the Greater Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia. To avoid intervention contamination, a pragmatic randomization approach will be used for participants undergoing in-center dialysis, in which randomization will be based on the days they receive hemodialysis and by center (ie, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday or Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday). Participants undergoing home-based dialysis will be in idually randomized centrally using simple randomization and two stratification factors: language spoken at home and research site. Consenting participants will be invited to use the SUCCESS app for 12 months. The primary endpoints, which will be assessed after 3, 6, and 12 months of app usage, are health literacy skills, evaluated using the Health Literacy Questionnaire decision self-efficacy, evaluated using the Decision Self-Efficacy Scale and rates of unscheduled health encounters. Secondary outcomes include patient-reported outcomes (ie, quality of life, evaluated with the 5-level EQ-5D knowledge confidence health behavior and self-management) and clinical outcomes (ie, symptom burden, evaluated with the Palliative care Outcome Scale–Renal nutritional status, evaluated with the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment and intradialytic weight gain). App engagement will be determined via app analytics. All analyses will be undertaken using an intention-to-treat approach comparing the intervention and usual care arms. The study has been approved by Nepean Blue Mountains Human Research Ethics Committee (2020/ETH00910) and recruitment has begun at nine sites. We expect to finalize data collection by 2023 and publish the manuscript by 2024. Enhancing health literacy skills for patients undergoing hemodialysis is an important endeavor, given the association between poor health literacy and poor health outcomes, especially among culturally erse groups. The findings from this trial will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at conferences, and updates will be shared with partners, including participating local health districts, Kidney Health Australia, and consumers. The SUCCESS app will continue to be available to all participants following trial completion. Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12621000235808 www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380754& isReview=true DERR1-10.2196/39909
Taxometric Analysis of Fuzzy Categories: A Monte Carlo Study
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-2002
DOI: 10.2466/PR0.2002.90.2.401
Abstract: A small Monte Carlo study examined the performance of a form of taxometric analysis (the MAXCOV procedure) with fuzzy data sets. These combine taxonic (categorical) and nontaxonic (continuous) features, containing a subset of cases with intermediate degrees of category membership. Fuzzy data sets tended to yield taxonic findings on plot inspection and two popular consistency tests, even when the degree of fuzziness, i.e., the proportion of intermediate cases, was large. These results suggest that fuzzy categories represent a source of pseudotaxonic inferences, if “taxon” is understood in the usual binary, “either-or” fashion. This in turn implies that dichotomous causes cannot be confidently inferred when taxometric analyses yield apparently taxonic findings.
On Social Structures: Differences of Degree or of Kind?
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 06-1997
DOI: 10.1086/204629
Does Understanding Behavior Make It Seem Normal?
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 15-12-2010
Abstract: According to recent research, abnormal behavior appears normal to the extent it is understood. Cultural differences in frameworks for making sense of abnormality suggest there may be variations in this “reasoning fallacy.” In light of evidence that people from Western cultures psychologize abnormality to a greater extent than people from East Asian cultures, the effect of understanding on perceptions of abnormality was predicted to differ across cultures. Results of a cross-cultural questionnaire study indicated that understanding made behavior seem normal to European Australians ( n = 51), consistent with the reasoning fallacy. For Singaporeans ( n = 51), however, understanding did not influence the extent to which behavior was normalized and made abnormal behavior more stigmatizing. Cultural variations in the effect of understanding were attributed to the differential salience of deviance frameworks, which are grounded in culturally specific conceptions of the person.
Early-career scientific achievement and patterns of authorship: The mixed blessings of publication leadership and collaboration
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2009
Categorical versus dimensional structure of autism spectrum disorder: A multi‐method investigation
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-02-2023
DOI: 10.1002/JCV2.12142
Abstract: A key question for any psychopathological diagnosis is whether the condition is continuous or discontinuous with typical variation. The primary objective of this study was to use a multi‐method approach to examine the broad latent categorical versus dimensional structure of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Data were aggregated across seven independent s les of participants with ASD, other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), and non‐ASD/NDD controls (aggregate N s = 512–16,755 ages 1.5–22). Scores from four distinct phenotype measures formed composite “indicators” of the latent ASD construct. The primary indicator set included eye gaze metrics from seven distinct social stimulus paradigms. Logistic regressions were used to combine gaze metrics within/across paradigms, and derived predicted probabilities served as indicator values. Secondary indicator sets were constructed from clinical observation and parent‐report measures of ASD symptoms. Indicator sets were submitted to taxometric‐ and latent class analyses. Across all indicator sets and analytic methods, there was strong support for categorical structure corresponding closely to ASD diagnosis. Consistent with notions of substantial phenotypic heterogeneity, the ASD category had a wide range of symptom severity. Despite the examination of a large s le with a wide range of IQs in both genders, males and children with lower IQ were over‐represented in the ASD category, similar to observations in diagnosed cases. Our findings provide strong support for categorical structure corresponding closely to ASD diagnosis. The present results bolster the use of well‐diagnosed and representative ASD groups within etiologic and clinical research, motivating the ongoing search for major drivers of the ASD phenotype. Despite the categorical structure of ASD, quantitative symptom measurements appear more useful for examining relationships with other factors.
The Latent Structure of Schizotypy: I. Premorbid Indicators of a Taxon of Individuals at Risk for Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 02-1995
Humanness and Dehumanization
Publisher: Psychology Press
Date: 30-10-2013
Subtyping obsessive-compulsive disorder: A taxometric analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
Social Cognition Is Thinking About Relationships
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-1996
Factor Structure of Social Relationships: An Examination of Relational Models and Resource Exchange Theories
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-1995
Abstract: Although several accounts of elementary relational forms have been proposed, little empirical research has attempted to test, refine and compare them. Such research can strengthen claims that there are relational universals, and can provide a unifying framework and conceptual currency for further study. In the present study, the factor structure of 500 social relationships s led from 50 undergraduate subjects was examined using items representing relational forms proposed by Fiske (1991) and Foa & Foa (1974). The results are interpreted in light of their implications for the internal organization of the two theories, the interrelations of the two theories, and the relations of both theories to common dimensions of social relationships. It is argued that theories of the basic forms of social relationship must be revised in light of the empirical associations of their elements, and that the time is now ripe for confirmatory tests of these forms.
Dehumanization: A new perspective
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2007
Hate, dehumanization, and “hate”.
Publisher: American Psychological Association
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1037/0000180-002
Psychological Essentialism, Implicit Theories, and Intergroup Relations
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2006
Abstract: Research on implicit person theories shows that beliefs about the malleability of human attributes have important implications for social cognition, interpersonal behavior, and intergroup relations. We argue that these implications can be understood within the framework of psychological essentialism, which extends work on implicit theories in promising directions. We review evidence that immutability beliefs covary with a broader set of essentialist beliefs, and that these essentialist beliefs are associated with stereotyping and prejudice. We then present recent studies indicating that associations between implicit person theories and stereotyping may be explained in terms of essentialist beliefs, implying a significant role for these beliefs in the psychology of group perception. Finally, we propose ways in which research and theory on essentialist beliefs might clarify and advance research on implicit person theories.
Entitativity Perceptions of Individuals and Groups across Cultures
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-01-2018
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199348541.003.0011
Abstract: Cross-cultural differences in social perceptions pose an intriguing puzzle. East Asians, in contrast to Westerners, tend to have the view that in iduals lack coherent and thematically consistent characteristics and, therefore, are likely to exhibit cross-situationally inconsistent actions and reactions. This tendency is explained in terms of naïve dialecticism. However, from a different domain of perception, East Asians perceive groups as possessing more coherent and thematically consistent characteristics than ascribed by Westerners. Does this apparent contradiction mean that, unlike in idual selves, groups are not dialectically construed by East Asians? One way to reconcile these findings is to say that naïve dialecticism is domain-specific—East Asian dialecticism applies to in iduals, but not to groups. Another is to consider in idualism–collectivism and argue that East Asians perceive groups as more entitative because they are collectivistic, and Westerners perceive in iduals as more entitative because they are in idualistic. Pros and cons for these explanations are examined in this chapter and future research directions are suggested.
Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder a Pathology of the Human Disposition to Perform Socially Meaningful Rituals? Evidence of Similar Content
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-1997
DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199704000-00001
Abstract: This study investigated the theory that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a pathology of the human disposition to perform culturally meaningful social rituals. We tested the hypothesis that the same actions and thoughts that are ego-dystonic in OCD are valued when they are appropriately performed in socially legitimated rituals. Two coders analyzed ethnographic descriptions of rituals, work, and another activity in each of 52 cultures. The coders recorded the presence or absence of 49 features of OCD and 19 features of other psychopathologies. The features of OCD were more likely to be present and occurred more frequently in rituals than in either control rituals also contained more erse kinds of OCD features. The features of other psychopathologies were less likely to be present and were less numerous in rituals than the features of OCD. Analysis of variance showed that OCD features discriminate between rituals and controls better than the features of other psychopathologies. These results suggest that there could be a psychological mechanism that operates normally in rituals, which can lead to OCD when it becomes hyperactivated.
Folk theory of social change
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-11-2009
Correlates of hair cortisol concentrations in disadvantaged young children
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-11-2019
DOI: 10.1002/SMI.2842
Abstract: Children from highly disadvantaged families tend to experience worse health, educational, and job outcomes than less disadvantaged peers. However, the mechanisms underlying these relationships remain to be explicated. In particular, few studies have investigated the relationships between the psychosocial influences that children are exposed to early in life and longer term cortisol output. This study aims to contribute to the literature by exploring how disadvantaged young children's experiences of family adversity, and parenting and family functioning, are related to their long-term cortisol levels. A s le of 60 children (26 males, mean = 4.25 years, SD = 1.68) and their mothers (mean = 34.18 years, SD = 7.11) from a low-income population took part in a single assessment. Mothers completed questionnaires on the family environment, parenting practices, and child behaviour. Children provided a hair s le for cortisol assay and anthropometric measures. A parsimonious multivariate regression model (including potential predictors identified by a selection algorithm) was used to investigate the correlates of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in children. Higher levels of social exclusion, being male, and younger age were each associated with higher HCC. Maternal nurturing and emotion coaching were associated with lower HCC. Findings suggest that chronic stress may underlie relationships between adversity and its long-term effects and that HCC offers a promising method for examining chronic stress in children and evaluating interventions by which it can be ameliorated.
Scholarly productivity and citation impact of academic psychologists in Group of Eight universities
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1111/AJPY.12142
Multivariate statistical methods in the classification of affective disorders
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-1999
Science of mind and behaviour or allied health profession? Changes in the organisational location of psychology in Australian universities
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-02-2023
Essentialist Beliefs About Homosexuality: Structure and Implications for Prejudice
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-2006
Abstract: The structure of beliefs about the nature of homosexuality, and their association with antigay attitudes, were examined in three studies (Ns = 309, 487, and 216). Contrary to previous research, three dimensions were obtained: the belief that homosexuality is biologically based, immutable, and fixed early in life the belief that it is cross-culturally and historically universal and the belief that it constitutes a discrete, entitative type with defining features. Study 1 supported a three-factor structure for essentialist beliefs about male homosexuality. Study 2 replicated this structure with confirmatory factor analysis, extended it to beliefs about lesbianism, showed that all three dimensions predicted antigay attitudes, and demonstrated that essentialist beliefs mediate associations between prejudice and gender, ethnicity, and religiosity. Study 3 replicated the belief structure and mediation effects in a community s le and showed that essentialist beliefs predict antigay prejudice independently of right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and political conservatism.
Recent research on dehumanization
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Evidence that male sexual orientation is a matter of degree.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1997
Broadened Concepts of Harm Appear Less Serious
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-03-2022
DOI: 10.1177/19485506221076692
Abstract: Harm-related concepts have progressively broadened their meanings to include less severe phenomena, but the implications of this expansion are unclear. Across five studies involving 1,819 American participants recruited on MTurk or Prolific, we manipulated whether participants learned about marginal, prototypical (severe), or mixed ex les of workplace bullying (Studies 1 and 3a), trauma (Studies 2 and 3b), or sexual harassment (Study 4). We hypothesized that exposure to marginal ex les of a concept would lead participants to view the harm associated with it as less serious than those exposed to prototypical ex les ( trivialization hypothesis). We also predicted that mixing marginal ex les with prototypical ex les would disproportionately reduce perceived seriousness ( threshold shift hypothesis). All studies supported the trivialization hypothesis, but threshold shift was not consistently supported. Our findings suggest that broadened concepts of harm may dilute the perceived severity and urgency of the harms they identify.
Kittens, Pigs, Rats, and Apes
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 08-11-2019
Folk Taxonomies Versus Official Taxonomies
Publisher: Project MUSE
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1353/PPP.0.0131
Genetic factors and shared environment contribute equally to objective singing ability
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
Body image and eating disturbance among south Asian‐American women: The role of racial teasing
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-05-2003
DOI: 10.1002/EAT.10170
Abstract: Acculturation and loss of ethnic identification have been proposed as risk factors for eating and body image disturbance among women of color. This study investigated whether being teased about racial or ethnic features might also play a role in these disturbances in minority women. One hundred twenty-two college women of South Asian descent completed questionnaire measures of disturbed eating behavior, body image dissatisfaction, distress, self-esteem, acculturation, ethnic identification, and racial teasing. History of hurtful racial teasing, but not acculturation or ethnic disidentification, was associated with disturbed eating and body image, even after controlling for distress, self-esteem, and body mass. The psychological impact of racial teasing may be a potent but neglected source of eating and body image disturbance among minority women.
Optimising health care for people living with chronic kidney disease: Health‐professional perspectives
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-01-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JORC.12409
Abstract: People with chronic kidney disease are often multimorbid and have complex psychosocial needs. For health professionals to deliver holistic, person‐centred care to in iduals and their carers living with this multifaceted disease, they are required to communicate complex information and problem solve in a multifactorial health and disease context. To explore the perspectives and experiences of tertiary care multidisciplinary team members and primary care providers of health care to people with chronic kidney disease identify opportunities to innovate and improve the coordinated delivery of health services. The qualitative study design used purposive s ling to recruit 39 health professionals, working in the primary and tertiary sector in a regional Australian health district. Participants included general practitioners, renal and general practice nurses, dietitians, nephrologists and social workers. The data were collected through semistructured interviews and analysed using a relativist ontological position and directed content analysis approach. Analysis of interviews was undertaken by three independent researchers and key themes were derived via consensus. A common goal to deliver person‐centred in idualised care was evident among health care professionals. However a deficit in shared understanding of the disease within and between disciplines was identified. The complex nature of chronic kidney disease requires up‐skilling of health professionals to ensure patient education is targeted to in idual health contexts and motivates self‐management. Improved communication and comprehension might best be achieved across disciplines with an integrated approach to delivery of primary health care to in iduals living with early‐stage kidney disease.
Humanizing the Self: Moderators of the Attribution of Lesser Humanness to Others
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2007
Abstract: Three studies investigated moderators of the tendency to attribute greater humanness to the self than to others, an interpersonal counterpart of outgroup infra-humanization. Study 1 demonstrated that this self-humanizing effect is reduced when the other is the focus of comparison. Study 2 showed that the effect is reduced when the other is in iduated. Study 3 indicated that empathy does not moderate self-humanizing: Self-humanizing failed to correlate negatively with dispositional empathy or perspective-taking. Study 3 also indicated that abstract construal moderates the self-humanizing effect using a temporal comparison. Participants rated their future self, but not their past self, as less human than their present self. Studies 1 and 3 also showed that self-humanizing is greater for undesirable traits: People may view their failings as “only human.” All findings were distinct from those attributable to self-enhancement. Self-humanizing may reflect a combination of egocentrism, focalism, abstract representation of others, and motivated processes.
Cute Little Things
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-08-2015
Abstract: In two studies, we examined the impact of sexualization of prepubescent girls on college students’ perceptions of girls’ mental capacity and moral standing. Previous research has shown that women depicted in sexualized and other body-focused ways are perceived as lacking mental capacities and moral standing these perceptions reduce concern about them when they are victimized. However, no other research to date has examined whether the same effects hold for young girls. Study 1 demonstrated that college students attributed lower mental capacity and lower moral status to girls dressed in revealing attire in the same way, and to the same degree, as they viewed sexually mature women. In Study 2, we replicated this finding and found that objectifying perceptions are associated with less sympathetic responses to girls in a bullying scenario. Participants showed less care that sexually objectified girls had been harmed, less favorable attitudes towards helping them, and a greater belief that the girls were responsible for being victimized. Taken together, these findings suggest that the potentially damaging manifestations and consequences of objectification are manifest before girls reach womanhood. We suggest recommendations for reducing the sexualization of young girls. Additional online materials for this article are available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ’ s website at upplemental
Anal Expulsive/Anal Retentive Personality
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
Book Review: Human Evolutionary Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2005
Experiencing Dehumanization: Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Everyday Dehumanization
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2011
Anal Expulsive/Anal Retentive Personality
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2020
Psychological Essentialism and Attention Allocation: Preferences for Stereotype-Consistent Versus Stereotype-Inconsistent Information
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2007
Robustness of Taxometric Analysis with Skewed Indicators: II. A Monte Carlo Study of the Maxcov Procedure
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-1996
DOI: 10.2466/PR0.1996.79.3.1035
Abstract: A small Monte Carlo study was conducted to determine whether MAXCOV analysis, a taxometric method for testing between discrete (“taxonic”) and continuous models of latent variables, is robust when indicators of the latent variable are skewed. Analysis of constructed data sets containing three levels of skew indicated that the MAXCOV procedure is unlikely to yield spurious findings of taxonicity even when skewness is considerable. However, care must be taken to distinguish low base-rate taxonic variables from skewed nontaxonic variables.
Review-Essay : A Grammar of Social Relations
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-1995
Anal Stage
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2020
The Discreteness of Emotion Concepts: Categorical Structure in the Affective Circumplex
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-1995
DOI: 10.1177/01461672952110002
Abstract: Emotion concepts might be mentally represented as continuous dimensions or as discrete, bounded categories. One account that subscribes to the first possibility proposes that emotion concepts are distributed more or less continuously around the perimeter of a circumplex defined on bipolar dimensions of pleasure and arousal. Using an analogue of categorical perception methodology, this study demonstrated a number of category boundaries that mark out discrete segments of the circumplex. The discriminability of emotion concepts was relatively weak within segments and relatively strong across adjacent segments. Furthermore, empirically derived dimensions additional to pleasure and arousal discriminated the same segments.
The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2010.05.043
Abstract: People enjoy eating meat but disapprove of harming animals. One resolution to this conflict is to withdraw moral concern from animals and deny their capacity to suffer. To test this possibility, we asked participants to eat dried beef or dried nuts and then indicate their moral concern for animals and judge the moral status and mental states of a cow. Eating meat reduced the perceived obligation to show moral concern for animals in general and the perceived moral status of the cow. It also indirectly reduced the ascription of mental states necessary to experience suffering. People may escape the conflict between enjoying meat and concern for animal welfare by perceiving animals as unworthy and unfeeling.
Beastly: What Makes Animal Metaphors Offensive?
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 15-06-2011
Abstract: Animal metaphors convey a wide range of meanings, from insulting slurs to expressions of love. Two studies examined factors contributing to the offensiveness of these metaphors. Study 1 examined 40 common metaphors, finding that their meanings were erse but centered on depravity, disagreeableness, and stupidity. Their offensiveness was predicted by the revulsion felt toward the animal and by the dehumanizing view of the target that it implied. Study 2 examined contextual factors in metaphor use, finding that the offensiveness of animal metaphors varies with the tone of their expression and the gender and in-group/out-group status of their targets. These variations influence offensiveness by altering the extent to which the target is ascribed animalistic properties.
Taxonicity of adolescent melancholia: a categorical or dimensional construct?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3956(02)00011-0
Abstract: A taxometric analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis that the latent structure of melancholia in adolescents is categorical. Two taxometric procedures were used: Mean Above Minus Below a Cut (MAMBAC) and Maximum Covariance (MAXCOV) analyses. Participants were 378 adolescents presenting for a depression evaluation. Indicators of melancholia were constructed using items from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (K-SADS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The indicators of melancholia were consistent with a categorical latent variable. The findings suggest that the latent structure of melancholia in adolescents is similar to its previously identified categorical structure in adults. Implications for clinical research are discussed.
Negative emotion and nonacceptance of emotion in daily life.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2022
DOI: 10.1037/EMO0000898
Abstract: Nonacceptance of emotion is consistently linked with increased levels of psychopathology and diminished well-being. Research has found that negative emotion and nonacceptance of emotion are positively associated cross-sectionally but has yet to directly investigate temporal associations between these constructs. Given that negative emotions are frequently the target of negative thoughts and other emotions, and that acceptance of emotion is associated with prospective decreases in negative emotion, we hypothesized that the temporal relation between negative emotion and nonacceptance of emotion is bidirectional. The present study examined the association between these variables during people's daily lives using an experience s ling methodology. Multilevel modeling was used for all analyses, including hierarchical generalized linear modeling and log-normal hurdle modeling. A total of 187 women from the United States and Australia reported negative emotion and nonacceptance of emotion 14 times a day for 5 days. Negative emotion and nonacceptance of emotion were positively associated contemporaneously. Across time, nonacceptance of emotion was prospectively and positively associated with the intensity of negative emotion independent of immediately prior negative emotion, and negative emotion intensity was prospectively and positively associated with nonacceptance of emotion independent of immediately prior nonacceptance. Results support a bidirectional model of negative emotion and nonacceptance of emotion wherein each variable predicts increases in the other across time. Our findings elucidate how in iduals fall into maladaptive emotional patterns that are difficult to break and could possibly pave the way to the development and maintenance of psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Myopia and Personality: The Genes in Myopia (GEM) Personality Study
Publisher: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)
Date: 03-2008
DOI: 10.1167/IOVS.07-0930
Abstract: A long-held view among the medical and broader community is that people who are short-sighted (myopic persons) have distinctive personality characteristics such as introversion and conscientiousness. However, existing research on this question is flawed, and its findings are inconsistent. The authors therefore aimed to determine whether myopia and personality are associated. The authors examined twins recruited through the Australian Twin Registry and a clinical-based family s le through a proband from a Melbourne Excimer Laser Clinic. There was no relation between family members and twins recruited in our study. Each in idual underwent a full eye examination, completed a standard medical and general questionnaire, and was administered a five-factor model International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) inventory (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism). Myopia was defined as worse than or equal to -0.50 (DS) spherical equivalent in the eye with the least refractive error. Data from 633 in idual twins aged 18 to 83 years (mean, 53.04 years) and 278 family members aged 11 to 90 years (mean, 49.84 years) were analyzed. Prevalence of myopia was 35.7% for twins and 47.6% for family members. Mean spherical equivalent was +0.13 DS (95% CI, +/-0.16) for twins and -1.13 DS (95% CI, +/-0.25) for family members. Correlation and regression results for personality for both s le cohorts after multivariate analysis did not support the view that myopic persons are introverted or conscientious however, there was a significant but small association between myopia and Agreeableness (r = 0.08, P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis with age, sex, education, and the five personality factors entered as predictors, Openness was the only significant personality predictor of myopia in both s les. This is the first multivariate study to assess links between personality and myopia using the IPIP. The long-held view that myopic persons are introverted and conscientious may reflect intelligence-related stereotypes rather than real correlations. Furthermore, the predictive characteristic of intellect, subsumed in Openness, appeared to be representative of a previously reported link between intellective abilities (IQ) and myopia rather than personality and myopia.
Bugs and Brains, the Gut and Mental Health Study: a mixed-methods study investigating microbiota composition and function in anxiety, depression and irritable bowel syndrome
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2020-043221
Abstract: Research has highlighted relationships between the micro-organisms that inhabit our gastrointestinal tract (oral and gut microbiota) with host mood and gastrointestinal functioning. Mental health disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders co-occur at high rates, although the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. The Bugs and Brains Study aims to investigate complex relationships between anxiety/depression and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in two ways. First, its primary component will compare the gut and oral microbiota in females with anxiety/depression and/or IBS relative to controls, and investigate underlying physiological, endocrine and immune factors, as well as associations with diet and psychosocial factors. In an ancillary component, the study will also investigate gastrointestinal and mental health symptoms in a larger s le, and explore relationships with diet, exercise, oral health, substance use, medical history, early life adversity and psychosocial factors. The Bugs and Brains Study aims to recruit 160 females to the primary component: (1) 40 controls (2) 40 participants with a depressive/anxiety disorder, but no IBS (3) 40 participants with IBS, but no depressive/anxiety disorder and (4) 40 participants with both depressive/anxiety disorder and IBS. Participation is completed within 1 month, and involves comprehensive questionnaires, anthropometrics, a diagnostic clinical interview, collection of two saliva s les, and stool, urine and hair s les. This study aims to use a systems biology approach to characterise oral and gut microbial composition and function using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and nuclear MR spectroscopy. As part of the ancillary component, it will collect questionnaire data from 1000 participants aged 18–40 years, capturing mental health, gastrointestinal health, oral health, diet and psychosocial factors. Approval was granted by the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee (#1749221). All participants voluntarily provided informed consent. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences.
Relational models theory: A confirmatory factor analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1999
The persistence of welfare stigma: Does the passing of time and subsequent employment moderate the negative perceptions associated with unemployment benefit receipt?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-06-2019
DOI: 10.1111/JASP.12616
Relational Models Theory
Publisher: Psychology Press
Date: 22-09-2004
Identifying Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia: Contemporary Challenges for Integrated, Large-scale Investigations
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 24-05-2014
Neuroscientific explanations and the stigma of mental disorder: a meta-analytic study.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-11-2018
Suicidal Ideation and Distress Among Immigrant Adolescents: The Role of Acculturation, Life Stress, and Social Support
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-05-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S10964-009-9415-Y
Abstract: Acculturative stress and social support play important roles in suicide-related phenomena among adolescent immigrants. To examine their contributions, measures of acculturative and general life stress and a measure of multiple sources of social support were used to predict psychological distress and suicidal ideation among Korean-born high school students residing in the US. Korean students who were sojourning without both parents were compared to Korean students who immigrated with both parents, Korean students who remained in Korea, and American high school students in the US (total N = 227 56.8% female). The sojourning group reported higher levels of life stress, distress, psychological symptoms, and suicidal ideation than the other groups. Within the two acculturating groups, levels of distress, symptoms, and suicidal ideation were associated with life stress, lack of parental support, and not living with both parents. The findings have important implications for suicide prevention among immigrant adolescents, and imply that parental support is particularly protective.
Trends of research productivity across author gender and research fields: A multidisciplinary and multi-country observational study
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-08-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0271998
Abstract: Bibliographic properties of more than 75 million scholarly articles, are examined and trends in overall research productivity are analysed as a function of research field (over the period of 1970–2020) and author gender (over the period of 2006–2020). Potential disruptive effects of the Covid-19 pandemic are also investigated. Over the last decade (2010–2020), the annual number of publications have invariably increased every year with the largest relative increase in a single year happening in 2019 (more than 6% relative growth). But this momentum was interrupted in 2020. Trends show that Environmental Sciences and Engineering Environmental have been the fastest growing research fields. The disruption in patterns of scholarly publication due to the Covid-19 pandemic was unevenly distributed across fields, with Computer Science, Engineering and Social Science enduring the most notable declines. The overall trends of male and female productivity indicate that, in terms of absolute number of publications, the gender gap does not seem to be closing in any country. The trends in absolute gap between male and female authors is either parallel (e.g., Canada, Australia, England, USA) or widening (e.g., majority of countries, particularly Middle Eastern countries). In terms of the ratio of female to male productivity, however, the gap is narrowing almost invariably, though at markedly different rates across countries. While some countries are nearing a ratio of .7 and are well on track for a 0.9 female to male productivity ratio, our estimates show that certain countries (particularly across the Middle East) will not reach such targets within the next 100 years. Without interventional policies, a significant gap will continue to exist in such countries. The decrease or increase in research productivity during the first year of the pandemic, in contrast to trends established before 2020, was generally parallel for male and female authors. There has been no substantial gender difference in the disruption due to the pandemic. However, opposite trends were found in a few cases. It was observed that, in some countries (e.g., The Netherlands, The United States and Germany), male productivity has been more negatively affected by the pandemic. Overall, female research productivity seems to have been more resilient to the disruptive effect of Covid-19 pandemic, although the momentum of female researchers has been negatively affected in a comparable manner to that of males.
Big Five traits mediate associations between values and subjective well-being
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Testing the latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric study of combat veterans
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1002/JTS.20073
Abstract: Since the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) first appeared in the psychiatric nomenclature in 1980, considerable debate has revolved around the nature of the condition. Specifically, is PTSD best conceptualized as one end of a continuum of human response to traumatic stress or does it represent a discontinuous latent category? Two taxometric procedures were used to investigate this issue in a random community s le of 692 Australian combat veterans, using structured interview and self-report instruments to assess PTSD symptomatology. Findings favored a dimensional model of PTSD, consistent with previous taxometric work on treatment-seeking s les (A. Ruscio, Ruscio, & Keane, 2002). Implications are drawn for the conceptualization, etiology, and assessment of PTSD.
Economic Inequality Is Linked to Biased Self-Perception
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-09-2011
Abstract: People’s self-perception biases often lead them to see themselves as better than the average person (a phenomenon known as self-enhancement). This bias varies across cultures, and variations are typically explained using cultural variables, such as in idualism versus collectivism. We propose that socioeconomic differences among societies—specifically, relative levels of economic inequality—play an important but unrecognized role in how people evaluate themselves. Evidence for self-enhancement was found in 15 erse nations, but the magnitude of the bias varied. Greater self-enhancement was found in societies with more income inequality, and income inequality predicted cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement better than did in idualism/collectivism. These results indicate that macrosocial differences in the distribution of economic goods are linked to microsocial processes of perceiving the self.
Pathogenic language in psychiatric practice and how to combat it
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 17-06-2020
Abstract: Psychiatrists are susceptible intermittently to use dehumanising terms in their clinical practice, which arguably harm patients and their families. Our goal is to shed light on this unwelcome phenomenon and to develop the means to combat it. We have examined journal articles, books on the history of psychiatry, and educational material devised for psychiatric patients, for evidence of what we have called ‘pathogenic language’. We have also sought colleagues’ reflections on the subject. We have identified several terms that are ostensibly pathogenic, tried to illuminate their intrinsic features and devised guidelines to stem their use. Psychiatrists have the potential to harm patients and their families by using pathogenic language when communicating with them. We conclude that meticulous attention to this risk, coupled with appropriate ethically based and educational strategies, can contribute to the eradication of pathogenic language and prevent its recurrence.
Beliefs about personality change and continuity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2007
Abstracts & Reviews : Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies by Brent Berlin. 1992. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-1995
The structure of social substitutions: a test of relational models theory
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1997
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199711/12)27:6<725::AID-EJSP832>3.0.CO;2-A
Book review: Perplexing prophet: a biography of Reginald Ellery
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2015
Dissonance reduction in nonhuman animals: Implications for cognitive dissonance theory
Publisher: WellBeing International Publications
Date: 2017
Implicit relationship prototypes: Investigating five theories of the cognitive organization of social relationships
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1992
Detection of a latent taxon of individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 29-09-1995
Twitter misogyny associated with Hillary Clinton increased throughout the 2016 U.S. election campaign
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-023-31620-W
Abstract: Online misogyny has become a fixture in female politicians’ lives. Backlash theory suggests that it may represent a threat response prompted by female politicians’ counterstereotypical, power-seeking behaviors. We investigated this hypothesis by analyzing Twitter references to Hillary Clinton before, during, and after her presidential c aign. We collected a corpus of over 9 million tweets from 2014 to 2018 that referred to Hillary Clinton, and employed an interrupted time series analysis on the relative frequency of misogynistic language within the corpus. Prior to 2015, the level of misogyny associated with Clinton decreased over time, but this trend reversed when she announced her presidential c aign. During the c aign, misogyny steadily increased and only plateaued after the election, when the threat of her electoral success had subsided. These findings are consistent with the notion that online misogyny towards female political nominees is a form of backlash prompted by their ambition for power in the political arena.
Essentialist Beliefs about Personality and Their Implications
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2004
Abstract: Two studies examine implicit theories about the nature of personality characteristics, asking whether they are understood as underlying essences. Consistent with the hypothesis, essentialist beliefs about personality formed a coherent and replicable set. Personality characteristics differed systematically in the extent to which they were judged to be discrete, biologically based, immutable, informative, consistent across situations, and deeply inherent within the person. In Study 1, the extent to which characteristics were essentialized was positively associated with their perceived desirability, prevalence, and emotionality. In Study 2, essentialized characteristics were judged to be particularly important for defining people’s identity, for forming impressions of people, and for communicating about a third person. The findings indicate that people understand some personality attributes in an essentialist fashion, that these attributes are taken to be valued elements of a shared human nature, and that they are particularly central to social identity and judgment.
Robustness of Taxometric Analysis with Skewed Indicators: I. a Monte Carlo Study of the Mambac Procedure
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-1996
DOI: 10.2466/PR0.1996.79.1.243
Abstract: A small Monte Carlo study was conducted to determine whether Meehl and Yonce's (1994) MAMBAC procedure—a taxometric method for testing between discrete and continuous models of latent variables—is robust when the latent variable and its manifest indicators are skewed Analysis of constructed data sets containing three levels of skew indicated that the MAMBAC procedure is highly unlikely to yield spurious findings of discreteness (“taxonicity”) even when skewness is considerable. MAMBAC appears to be a robust and promising addition to the family of taxometric procedures.
Creeping Forward
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2016
Relational to the Core
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-2011
Abstract: The authors investigated how different cultures understand what it means to be human, focusing on whether people essentialize human nature and conceptualize it in accordance with the culture’s dominant form of self-construal. Seventy-nine European Australian, 76 Japanese, and 97 Korean university students were asked to rate a set of personality traits on humanness, essentialism, in idualism, collectivism, and relationism. There was substantial cross-cultural agreement in conceptualization of meanings of humanness. Two proposed dimensions of humanness were distinguished in each culture, the traits understood to compose each dimension were consistent, and traits believed to compose human nature were essentialized in all s les. Relationism was the primary predictor of human nature across cultures.
Evaluation of Semantic Change of Harm-Related Concepts in Psychology
Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.18653/V1/W19-4704
Don't mind meat? the denial of mind to animals used for human consumption
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-10-2012
Abstract: Many people like eating meat, but most are reluctant to harm things that have minds. The current three studies show that this dissonance motivates people to deny minds to animals. Study 1 demonstrates that animals considered appropriate for human consumption are ascribed diminished mental capacities. Study 2 shows that meat eaters are motivated to deny minds to food animals when they are reminded of the link between meat and animal suffering. Finally, Study 3 provides direct support for our dissonance hypothesis, showing that expectations regarding the immediate consumption of meat increase mind denial. Moreover, this mind denial in turn reduces negative affect associated with dissonance. The findings highlight the role of dissonance reduction in facilitating the practice of meat eating and protecting cultural commitments.
Beyond Mars and Venus: The role of gender essentialism in support for gender inequality and backlash
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 24-07-2018
Dog people and cat people differ on dominance-related traits
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2015
Sexual objectification in women's daily lives: A smartphone ecological momentary assessment study.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2017
DOI: 10.1111/BJSO.12152
Abstract: Sexual objectification, particularly of young women, is highly prevalent in modern industrialized societies. Although there is plenty of experimental and cross-sectional research on objectification, prospective studies investigating the prevalence and psychological impact of objectifying events in daily life are scarce. We used ecological momentary assessment to track the occurrence of objectifying events over 1 week in the daily lives of young women (N = 81). Participants reported being targeted by a sexually objectifying event - most often the objectifying gaze - approximately once every 2 days and reported witnessing sexual objectification of others approximately 1.35 times per day. Further, multilevel linear regression analyses showed that being targeted by sexual objectification was associated with a substantial increase in state self-objectification. Overall, in idual differences had little impact in moderating these effects.
Symptom networks and psychiatric categories
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X10000774
Abstract: The network approach to psychiatric phenomena has the potential to clarify and enhance psychiatric diagnosis and classification. However, its generally well-justified anti-essentialism views psychiatric disorders as invariably fuzzy and arbitrary, and overlooks the likelihood that the domain includes some latent categories. Network models misrepresent these categories, and fail to recognize that some comorbidity may represent valid co-occurrence of discrete conditions.
Psychopathy as an Emergent Interpersonal Syndrome: Further Reflections and Future Directions
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1521/PEDI.2019.33.5.645
Abstract: In our article (Lilienfeld et al., 2019), we hypothesized that psychopathy and some other personality disorders are emergent interpersonal syndromes (EISs): interpersonally malignant configurations of distinct personality subdimensions. We respond to three commentaries by distinguished scholars who raise provocative challenges to our arguments and intriguing suggestions for future research. We clarify the role of folk concepts in our understanding of psychopathy, offer further suggestions for testing our interactional hypotheses, consider the role of boldness in motivational accounts of psychopathy, and discuss future directions for incorporating developmental considerations and the role of victims in our EIS account. We are optimistic that this account will prove to be of heuristic value, and should encourage researchers and theoreticians to explore alternative models of psychopathy and other personality disorders.
Humanising medical practice: the role of empathy
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 10-2007
Development and validation of the Harm Concept Breadth Scale: Assessing individual differences in harm inflation
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 18-08-2020
Feeling down? A systematic review of the gut microbiota in anxiety/depression and irritable bowel syndrome
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Related Organisations
Related Funding Activities
Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0345795
Start Date: 2003
End Date: 12-2007
Amount: $98,500.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0771200
Start Date: 2008
End Date: 12-2011
Amount: $353,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP120102231
Start Date: 04-2012
End Date: 09-2015
Amount: $339,446.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP140104527
Start Date: 03-2014
End Date: 12-2017
Amount: $280,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP210103984
Start Date: 2021
End Date: 12-2024
Amount: $360,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0450518
Start Date: 03-2004
End Date: 12-2009
Amount: $605,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP150103053
Start Date: 2015
End Date: 05-2018
Amount: $210,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP1095323
Start Date: 2010
End Date: 12-2013
Amount: $347,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP170104948
Start Date: 03-2017
End Date: 12-2020
Amount: $318,500.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity