ORCID Profile
0000-0002-6124-8515
Current Organisation
Flinders University
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In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Psychology | Central Nervous System | Biological Psychology (Neuropsychology, Psychopharmacology, | Learning, Memory, Cognition And Language | Sensory Processes, Perception And Performance | Forensic Psychology | Neurosciences
Behavioural and cognitive sciences | Law enforcement | Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Treatments (e.g. chemicals, antibiotics) | Biological sciences |
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1990
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-03-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-10-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-014-2297-1
Abstract: Face identity recognition has widely been shown to be impaired in in iduals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this study we examined the influence of inversion on face recognition in 26 adults with ASD and 33 age and IQ matched controls. Participants completed a recognition test comprising upright and inverted faces. Participants with ASD performed worse than controls on the recognition task but did not show an advantage for inverted face recognition. Both groups directed more visual attention to the eye than the mouth region and gaze patterns were not found to be associated with recognition performance. These results provide evidence of a normal effect of inversion on face recognition in adults with ASD.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-07-2018
Abstract: Brewer, Young, and Barnett reported a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of a new adult theory of mind measure (A-ToM) with a s le of high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) adults. Although correlations with existing theory of mind (ToM) instruments (i.e., the Strange Stories the Frith- Happé animations) were reported, relationships with independent putative indicators of ToM development such as social–behavioral and interpersonal proficiencies were not examined. Here, we provide convergent validity data by examining the relations between A-ToM performance, and the social–behavioral skills and interpersonal relationships of ASD adults with IQs exceeding 85. ToM predicted interpersonal relationship quality via the mediating variable, social–behavioral skills, providing evidence of convergent validity for the A-ToM. Alternative models of the relationship between the three variables are described, as are the challenges associated with the interpretation of self-report social and interpersonal functioning measures.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-06-2022
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-02-2018
Abstract: While autism spectrum disorder screening tools provide a useful resource for practitioners, the reality is they are underused. The justifications often provided include the time required for administration and the training involved. A brief tool with good psychometric properties that require minimal training is required. This study examined the development and the psychometric properties of a brief version of the Autism Detection in Early Childhood. The data showed the potential of the brief version of Autism Detection in Early Childhood for screening children age 12–36 months. Our dataset comprised 106 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition autism spectrum disorder, 86 non-typical development and 78 typical development participants age 12–36 months. Analyses comparing autism spectrum disorder and non-typical development groups supported the use of five critical items (i.e. response to name, social smiling, gaze switch, response to verbal command and use of gestures) to form the brief version Autism Detection in Early Childhood. The brief version of Autism Detection in Early Childhood’s optimal cutoff score of 4 had sensitivity of 0.81, specificity of 0.78, positive predictive value of 0.81 and negative predictive value of 0.78. However, the results would need to be viewed as preliminary given the nature of the study s le and the findings might not be generalisable to s les with higher levels of cognitive functioning.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 22-08-2023
DOI: 10.1177/13623613231190682
Abstract: Little is currently known about the autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related difficulties of females narrowly below the ASD diagnostic threshold and whether the disorder conceptualisation should be broadened to capture their presentations. We extracted fine-grained information from the assessment reports of 222 children who were either diagnosed with ASD ( n = 156) or not diagnosed despite many ASD traits ( n = 78). Females were less likely than males to meet Criterion B3 (restricted interests), and this was especially the case for subclinical (non-ASD) females. Non-ASD females lacked sufficient atypicality for diagnosis in several key domains, particularly Criterion A1 (social-emotional reciprocity). Evidence of sex/gender 1 -specific restricted interests and stereotypical behaviours was found. Many behaviours differed in the extent to which they predicted the ASD diagnostic result for males and females, perhaps suggesting that sex/gender influences how ASD-related behaviours are perceived. We discuss these findings in the context of underdiagnosis of ASD in females and propose adjustments to assessment protocols. Most research about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in females has looked at autistic features in people who have already received diagnoses. Because our understanding of ASD has been shaped by the difficulties of males, females may experience different difficulties and may not meet the criteria for diagnosis because of a skewed concept of ASD. We extracted detailed information from the assessment reports of 222 children who were either diagnosed with ASD (156 children) or not diagnosed despite many ASD traits (78 children). Females were less likely to have restricted interests, especially females who did not receive an ASD diagnosis. Females who did not receive an ASD diagnosis tended to show more ability in social and emotional reciprocity than what would qualify them for a diagnosis. We also found sex-/gender-specific profiles of body use and speech mannerisms. Many behaviours were more closely linked with an ASD diagnosis for males and others for females, suggesting that behaviours may be interpreted differently depending on the child’s sex/gender. We discuss implications for assessing females for ASD in the context of this evidence.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-03-2022
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.2713
Abstract: Emotion recognition difficulties are considered to contribute to social‐communicative problems for autistic in iduals. Prior research has been dominated by a focus on forced‐choice recognition response accuracy for static face presentations of basic emotions, often involving small s les. Using free‐report and multiple‐choice response formats, we compared emotion recognition in IQ‐matched autistic ( N = 63) and nonautistic ( N = 67) adult s les using 12 face emotion stimuli presented in three different stimulus formats (static, dynamic, social) that varied the degree of accompanying contextual information. Percent agreement with normative recognition responses (usually labeled “recognition accuracy”) was slightly lower for autistic adults. Both groups displayed marked inter‐in idual variability and, although there was considerable overlap between groups, a very small subset of autistic in iduals recorded lower percent agreement than any of the nonautistic s le. Overall, autistic in iduals were significantly slower to respond and less confident. Although stimulus type, response format, and emotion affected percent agreement, latency and confidence, their interactions with group were nonsignificant and the associated effect sizes extremely small. The findings challenge notions that autistic adults have core deficits in emotion recognition and are more likely than nonautistic adults to be overwhelmed by increasingly dynamic or complex emotion stimuli and to experience difficulties recognizing specific emotions. Suggested research priorities include clarifying whether longer recognition latencies reflect fundamental processing limitations or adjustable strategic influences, probing age‐related changes in emotion recognition across adulthood, and identifying the links between difficulties highlighted by traditional emotion recognition paradigms and real‐world social functioning. It is generally considered that autistic in iduals are less accurate than nonautistic in iduals at recognizing other people's facial emotions. Using a wide array of emotions presented in various contexts, this study suggests that autistic in iduals are, on average, only slightly less accurate but at the same time somewhat slower when classifying others' emotions. However, there was considerable overlap between the two groups, and great variability between in iduals. The differences between groups prevailed regardless of how stimuli were presented, the response required or the particular emotion.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-01-2022
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 14-04-2021
DOI: 10.1093/HCR/HQAB002
Abstract: According to expectancy violations theory, displays of behavior considered “unusual” during an interaction will trigger scrutiny of an in idual. Such scrutiny may be detrimental in forensic contexts, where deception detection is emphasized. Autistic in iduals, in particular, may be scrutinized unfavorably given unusual nonverbal behavior associated with the condition. Across two experiments using between-subjects’ designs, participants (overall N = 3,342) watched a scripted police-suspect interrogation, randomized to view the suspect display autism-related behaviors or none of those behaviors. Autistic behavior biased evaluations of deception and guilt as a function of violating in idual behavioral expectations, regardless of whether decisive or ambiguous evidence framed the suspect as guilty or innocent. Promisingly, however, providing an autism information card attenuated such evaluations. Our research extends expectancy violations theory, advances understanding of determinants of forensic judgments, highlights important applied implications for nonverbal behavior displays in the justice system and recommends methods to protect against bias.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-07-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-11-2014
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.1428
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorders are a set of neurodevelopmental disorders that are highly hereditable. Increased genomic instability has been observed in other heritable paediatric neurobiological disorders therefore, the aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that DNA damage is increased in children with autism and that B vitamin status may explain variations in genome integrity between autistic and normal children. We compared 35 children with autism, 27 of their siblings without autism and 25 age- and gender-matched community controls for genomic stability using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-cyt) assay, B vitamins and homocysteine, as well as autism-related behaviours. It was found that there were no differences in CBMN-cyt biomarkers between the three groups. Vitamin B2 was significantly raised in children with autism and their siblings compared with controls (P = 0.027 and P = 0.016 respectively) but there was no difference in other B vitamins or homocysteine. In conclusion, although replication using a larger cohort is needed, it appears unlikely that genomic instability is a feature of the aetiology of autism. We cannot rule out in utero effects or other types of DNA damage not measured by the CBMN-cyt assay.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-03-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-014-2102-1
Abstract: This study evaluated the predictive validity of the Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC Young, Autism detection in early childhood: ADEC. Australian Council of Educational Research, Camberwell, VIC 2007) and a well-established screening tool, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS Schopler et al. The childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles 1988), for long term outcomes of children with ASD engaged in an early intervention program. Participants were 55 children (44 male, 11 female) aged 19–42 months (M = 33.5, SD = 5.6) at initial assessment who were followed up 2 and 6 years after their initial assessment. The ADEC and the CARS performed similarly when predicting long term outcomes such as clinical diagnostic outcome and overall adaptive functioning level. However, only the ADEC score was significantly correlated with ASD symptom severity at the 6-year follow up. Although these findings need to be replicated with additional and larger s les, this study extends our understanding of the psychometric properties of both the ADEC and the CARS.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.3109/13547500903183962
Abstract: An autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis is based on clinical behaviours as there are no validated biological diagnostic tools. Indolyl-3-acryloylglycine (IAG) is a chemical produced by gut microflora and there are conflicting reports as to whether urinary levels are elevated in children with ASD compared with controls. Urinary IAG levels in morning urine s les were statistically significantly higher in children with ASD whose caregivers reported the presence of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance than children with ASD without chronic GI disturbance. Urinary IAG, however, was not statistically significantly higher in children with ASD, compared with siblings or unrelated controls without ASD.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-05-2022
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 31-01-2022
DOI: 10.1177/07342829211067128
Abstract: Evaluations of early screening tests for autism commonly rely on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and comparisons of area under the curve (AUC). Whether AUC differs significantly from chance or between test items is not always assessed. Two recent and independent evaluations of the Brief Autism Detection in Early Childhood (BADEC) constructed a short-form by selecting the five items with the highest AUC values, leading to inconsistencies regarding appropriate item content (Nah et al., 2018 Nevill et al., 2019). Using significance testing to compare AUC values for each test item from each dataset, we demonstrate which items justify inclusion in the BADEC, which items can be ruled out, and highlight key factors influencing AUC significance testing outcomes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-03-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-021-04963-4
Abstract: We hypothesized that autistic adults may be erroneously judged as deceptive or lacking credibility due to demonstrating unexpected and atypical behaviors. Thirty autistic and 29 neurotypical in iduals participated in video-recorded interviews, and we measured their demonstration of gaze aversion, repetitive body movements, literal interpretation of figurative language, poor reciprocity, and flat affect. Participants ( N = 1410) viewed one of these videos and rated their perception of the in idual’s truthfulness or credibility. The hypothesis was partially supported, with autistic in iduals perceived as more deceptive and less credible than neurotypical in iduals when telling the truth. However, this relationship was not influenced by the presence of any of the target behaviors, but instead, by the in idual’s overall presentation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-09-2021
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 10-12-2020
DOI: 10.3389/FNEUR.2020.594381
Abstract: Early identification of autism, followed by appropriate intervention, has the potential to improve outcomes for autistic in iduals. Numerous screening instruments have been developed for children under 3 years of age. Level 1 screeners are used in large-scale screening to detect at-risk children in the general population Level 2 screeners are concerned with distinguishing children with signs of autism from those with other developmental problems. The focus here is evaluation of Level 2 screeners. However, given the contributions of Level 1 screeners and the necessity to understand how they might interface with Level 2 screeners, we briefly review Level 1 screeners and consider instrument characteristics and system variables that may constrain their effectiveness. The examination of Level 2 screeners focuses on five instruments associated with published evaluations in peer-reviewed journals. Key criteria encompass the traditional indices of test integrity such as test reliability (inter-rater, test-retest) and construct validity, including concurrent and predictive validity, sensitivity (SE), and specificity (SP). These evaluations reveal limitations, including inadequate s le sizes, reliability issues, and limited involvement of independent researchers. Also lacking are comparative test evaluations under standardized conditions, hindering interpretation of differences in discriminative performance across instruments. Practical considerations constraining the use of such instruments—such as the requirements for training in test administration and test administration time—are canvassed. Published Level 2 screener short forms are reviewed and, as a consequence of that evaluation, future directions for assessing the discriminative capacity of items and measures are suggested. Suggested priorities for future research include targeting large and erse s les to permit robust appraisals of Level 2 items and scales across the 12–36 month age range, a greater focus on precise operationalization of items and response coding to enhance reliability, ongoing exploration of potentially discriminating items at the younger end of the targeted age range, and trying to unravel the complexities of developmental trajectories in autistic infants. Finally, we emphasize the importance of understanding how screening efficacy is dependent on clinicians' and researchers' ability not only to develop screening tests but also to negotiate the complex organizational systems within which screening procedures must be implemented.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-05-2023
DOI: 10.1177/13623613231167226
Abstract: The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) is a purported theory of mind measure and one that reliably differentiates autistic and non-autistic in iduals. However, concerns have been raised about the validity of the measure, with some researchers suggesting that the multiple-choice format of the RMET makes it susceptible to the undue influence of compensatory strategies and verbal ability. We compared the performance of autistic ( N = 70) and non-autistic ( N = 71) adults on the 10-item multiple-choice RMET to that of a free-report version of the RMET. Both the autistic and non-autistic groups performed much better on the multiple-choice than the free-report RMET, suggesting that the multiple-choice format enables the use of additional strategies. Although verbal IQ was correlated with both multiple-choice and free-report RMET performance, controlling for verbal IQ did not undermine the ability of either version to discriminate autistic and non-autistic participants. Both RMET formats also demonstrated convergent validity with a well-validated adult measure of theory of mind. The multiple-choice RMET is, however, much simpler to administer and score. Recognizing and understanding the perspectives of others—also called theory of mind—is important for effective communication. Studies have found that some autistic in iduals have greater difficulty with theory of mind compared to non-autistic in iduals. One purported theory of mind measure is the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). This test presents participants with photographs of pairs of eyes and asks them to identify the emotion displayed by each pair of eyes from four choices. Some researchers have argued that the multiple-choice format of the RMET may not be an accurate measure of theory of mind, as participants could simply be guessing or using a process of elimination to select the correct answer. Participants may also be disadvantaged if they are not familiar with the specific emotion words used in the multiple-choice answers. We examined whether a free-report (open-ended) format RMET would be a more valid measure of theory of mind than the multiple-choice RMET. Autistic and non-autistic adults performed better on the multiple-choice RMET than the free-report RMET. However, both versions successfully differentiated autistic and non-autistic adults, irrespective of their level of verbal ability. Performance on both versions was also correlated with another well-validated adult measure of theory of mind. Thus, the RMET’s multiple-choice format does not, of itself, appear to underpin its ability to differentiate autistic and non-autistic adults.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-09-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-006-0160-8
Abstract: The behaviours of infants were observed using home videos, in an attempt to identify social difficulties characteristic of infants with autistic disorder. Three groups of infants were analysed: 15 infants who had later been diagnosed with autism, 15 infants who had a developmental or language delay, and 15 typically developing infants. Social behaviours were coded using both quantitative and qualitative measures. The principal discriminating items between the groups were found to be 'peer interest', 'gaze aversion', 'anticipatory postures', and 'proto-declarative showing'. The results suggest that these children later diagnosed with autism are clinically distinct from their peers before the age of two years, and that there are clearly observable behaviours which are important predictors of autistic disorder in pre-verbal children.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1996
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1037/A0034472
Abstract: The Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC Young, 2007) was developed as a Level 2 clinician-administered autistic disorder (AD) screening tool that was time-efficient, suitable for children under 3 years, easy to administer, and suitable for persons with minimal training and experience with AD. A best estimate clinical Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev. DSM-IV-TR American Psychiatric Association, 2000) diagnosis of AD was made for 70 children using all available information and assessment results, except for the ADEC data. A screening study compared these children on the ADEC with 57 children with other developmental disorders and 64 typically developing children. Results indicated high internal consistency (α = .91). Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability of the ADEC were also adequate. ADEC scores reliably discriminated different diagnostic groups after controlling for nonverbal IQ and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite scores. Construct validity (using exploratory factor analysis) and concurrent validity using performance on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al., 2000), the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Le Couteur, Lord, & Rutter, 2003), and DSM-IV-TR criteria were also demonstrated. Signal detection analysis identified the optimal ADEC cutoff score, with the ADEC identifying all children who had an AD (N = 70, sensitivity = 1.0) but overincluding children with other disabilities (N = 13, specificity ranging from .74 to .90). Together, the reliability and validity data indicate that the ADEC has potential to be established as a suitable and efficient screening tool for infants with AD.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-05-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-09-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-013-1927-3
Abstract: A number of changes were made to pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) in the recently released diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (APA, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA, 2013). Of the 210 participants in the present study who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for a PDD [i.e., autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)], only 57.1% met DSM-5 criteria (specificity = 1.0) for autism spectrum disorder when criteria were applied concurrently during diagnostic assessment. High-functioning in iduals (i.e., Asperger's disorder and PDD-NOS) were less likely to meet DSM-5 criteria than those with autistic disorder. A failure to satisfy all three criteria in the social-communication domain was the most common reason for exclusion (39%). The implications of these results are discussed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-06-2023
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.2965
Abstract: Although the ability of autistic adults to recognize others' emotions has been extensively studied, less attention has been given to how they respond to these emotions. We examined two aspects of autistic and non‐autistic adults' responsiveness to the emotional expressions of non‐autistic actors: their perspectives on the appropriate way of responding to others' emotions and their awareness of others' perceptions of the likely appropriateness of such responses. Autistic ( N = 63) and non‐autistic ( N = 67) adult s les viewed videos of 74 dyadic social interactions displaying different ex les of 12 emotions expressed by one actor in response to the behavior of the other. After each video, participants (a) nominated the emotion expressed by the first actor, (b) offered their perspective on what would constitute an appropriate empathic response by the second actor, and (c) indicated their confidence in that response. Although the autistic group provided fewer appropriate empathic responses—operationalized via a panel's interpretations of normative responses—than the non‐autistic group, within‐group variability was marked, and the effect was weak and largely confined to basic emotions. Autistic in iduals were, however, considerably less confident in their responses. Examination of the relationships between confidence in and the appropriateness of empathic responses provided no indication in either group of reliable discrimination of appropriate from inappropriate empathic responses or finely tuned metacognitive awareness of variations in appropriateness. In sum, autistic adults' perspectives on the appropriate empathic reactions to non‐autistic adults' emotions were not unilaterally or markedly different to those of non‐autistic adults.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2010
Abstract: A Spanish translation of the Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC-SP) was administered to 115 children aged 15—73 months in Mexico. In Phase 1, children with Autistic Disorder (AD), a non-Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) diagnosis or typical development were assessed with the ADEC-SP by a clinician blind to the child’s diagnostic status. In Phase 2, a referred s le of children was assessed with the ADEC-SP, Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Autism Diagnostic Interview — Revised (ADI-R) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV), and typically developing children were assessed with the ADEC-SP and CARS. Psychometric properties relating to validity and reliability were addressed. Sensitivity and specificity levels for the ADEC-SP ranged from .79—.94 and .88—1.00 respectively. In a subgroup of toddlers aged 19 to 36 months the ADEC-SP correctly identified 17 of the 18 children with a diagnosis of a PDD, and no child without a PDD diagnosis was misdiagnosed. The ADEC-SP shows promise as a Level 2 screening instrument for use in Mexico.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1989
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-11-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-013-1999-0
Abstract: Deficits in emotion recognition and social interaction characterize in iduals with Asperger's Disorder (AS). Moreover they also appear to be less able to accurately use confidence to gauge their emotion recognition accuracy (i.e., metacognitive monitoring). The aim of this study was to extend this finding by considering both monitoring and control processes in emotion recognition among adults with AS. Those with AS were found to have difficulties acting on the basis of their metacognitive monitoring despite showing no deficits in their ability to discriminate accurate from inaccurate decisions. It is suggested that adults with AS have difficulties interacting socially because they are less able to assess when they are making accurate emotion recognition decisions despite having the capability to do so.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-07-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-021-05212-4
Abstract: Although people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are not more likely to commit crimes, they are overrepresented in the criminal justice system as reported by Howlin (Autism and Asperger syndrome: Preparing for adulthood, Routledge, 2004). This may, in part, be due to unfavourable interactions with the criminal judiciary. Evidence suggests the autistic population are perceived unfavourably in adjudicative proceedings resulting in harsher penalties. The present study explores whether ASD offenders (ASD-O) receive longer sentences compared to national sentencing data. Sentencing data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) were used to compare ASD-O with similar offences. ASD-O attracted longer sentences across all offence classifications. Inferential analyses indicated sexual assault sentences were significantly higher in the ASD-O s le. No significant differences were found for murder, manslaughter, and assault.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 27-11-2020
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between experimentally manipulated sleep duration and mood in adolescents. Thirty-four adolescents (20 male), aged 15–17 years, lived in a sleep laboratory for 10 days and 9 nights. They were allocated to one of three sleep “doses” for five consecutive nights for 5, 7.5, or 10 h sleep opportunity per night. Two baseline nights and two recovery nights entailed 10 h sleep opportunity per night. Mood was measured every 3 h during wake using unipolar visual analogue scales measuring the mood states “depressed,” “afraid,” “angry,” “confused,” “anxious,” “happy,” and “energetic.” Mixed models analyses with post hoc comparisons revealed that participants in the 5-h group, but not the 7.5- or 10-h groups, reported being significantly more depressed, angry, and confused during sleep restriction than at baseline. Adolescents were significantly less happy and energetic during sleep restricted to 5 h and significantly less energetic during sleep restricted to 7.5 h. When adolescents had 10 h sleep opportunities their happiness significantly increased. No statistically significant effects of sleep restriction were found for fear or anxiety, although small-to-moderate effects of sleep restricted to 5 or 7.5 h were found. Two nights of recovery sleep was not sufficient to recover from increased negative mood states for the 5-h group, although recovery occurred for positive mood states. Given the prevalence of insufficient sleep and the rising incidence of mood disorders and dysregulation in adolescents, these findings highlight the importance of sufficient sleep to mitigate these risks.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-05-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-011-1283-0
Abstract: Research has shown that in iduals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have difficulties recognising emotions from facial expressions. Since eye contact is important for accurate emotion recognition, and in iduals with ASD tend to avoid eye contact, this tendency for gaze aversion has been proposed as an explanation for the emotion recognition deficit. This explanation was investigated using a newly developed emotion and mental state recognition task. In iduals with Asperger's Syndrome were less accurate at recognising emotions and mental states, but did not show evidence of gaze avoidance compared to in iduals without Asperger's Syndrome. This suggests that the way in iduals with Asperger's Syndrome look at faces cannot account for the difficulty they have recognising expressions.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 26-05-2014
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERU219
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-10-2022
DOI: 10.1177/13623613221125564
Abstract: Difficulties in reading others' minds make it difficult to anticipate their future behaviour. It has often been argued that such difficulties contribute to autistic in iduals becoming enmeshed in criminal activity. However, supportive scientific evidence is virtually non-existent. We compared the ability of groups of autistic and non-autistic adults of similar intellectual ability to detect dodgy or suspicious behaviour across a wide range of scenarios. Although the autistic group performed more poorly than the non-autistic group on an established measure of mindreading, there were no group differences in the ability to detect dodginess. Nor did we find any evidence that detecting dodgy behaviour was associated with the degree of autistic traits reported by in idual participants. However, when we combined the two groups, difficulty reading the minds of others was indeed associated with poorer detection of dodginess, thus highlighting a characteristic of in iduals that may well increase the likelihood of becoming involved in crime or exploited for autistic and non-autistic in iduals alike.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-08-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-011-1328-4
Abstract: Data from two groups of children who were randomly allocated to those groups showed that the ability of children with ASD to identify and label basic and complex facial expressions following a 3-week home based DVD intervention significantly improved when viewing The Transporters DVD. Improvements in emotion recognition appear related to the content of the DVD as participants in a control group who observed an alternate DVD showed no such improvement. Although social behaviour improved significantly as a result of watching The Transporters, a significant improvement in social behaviour was however, also observed in the Thomas the Tank Engine condition suggesting the unique content of The Transporters DVD was not pivotal to the improvement of social behaviour in general.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2011
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.214
Abstract: Although face recognition deficits in in iduals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), including Asperger syndrome (AS), are widely acknowledged, the empirical evidence is mixed. This in part reflects the failure to use standardized and psychometrically sound tests. We contrasted standardized face recognition scores on the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) for 34 in iduals with AS with those for 42, IQ-matched non-ASD in iduals, and age-standardized scores from a large Australian cohort. We also examined the influence of IQ, autistic traits, and negative affect on face recognition performance. Overall, participants with AS performed significantly worse on the CFMT than the non-ASD participants and when evaluated against standardized test norms. However, while 24% of participants with AS presented with severe face recognition impairment (>2 SDs below the mean), many in iduals performed at or above the typical level for their age: 53% scored within +/- 1 SD of the mean and 9% demonstrated superior performance (>1 SD above the mean). Regression analysis provided no evidence that IQ, autistic traits, or negative affect significantly influenced face recognition: diagnostic group membership was the only significant predictor of face recognition performance. In sum, face recognition performance in ASD is on a continuum, but with average levels significantly below non-ASD levels of performance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-06-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S10802-014-9881-X
Abstract: In the absence of intellectual impairment autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed both less and later in females. This study used clinician and teacher report to explore sex differences in the behavioural presentation of 69 girls and 69 boys all diagnosed with high-functioning ASD. Evidence from DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 are presented. Sex differences in teacher concerns were also explored. While no sex differences were found in the broad social criteria presented in the DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5, numerous differences were evident in how boys and girls came to meet each criterion. For ex le, girls were more likely to show an ability to integrate non-verbal and verbal behaviours, maintain a reciprocal conversation, and be able to initiate, but not maintain friendships. Moreover, girls presented with both less and different restricted interests. Teachers also reported substantially fewer concerns for girls than boys, including for externalising behaviours and social skills. Results suggest girls with ASD may present with a surface-level 'look' different from the 'classic' presentation of ASD, and present as less impaired when in a school setting. Consequently, results provide insight in to why the disorder may be more difficult to detect in cognitively-able girls.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2006
Abstract: The present study investigated the relationship between social comparison processes and depressive symptoms in 36 participants (34 males and two females) aged 10 to 16 years with Asperger syndrome. Participants completed the Social Comparison Scale and the Children’s Depression Inventory. Depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with the SCS ( r = 0.52, p = 0.001), specifically perceived group membership ( r = 0.56, p 0.001). A regression analysis revealed that perceived group membership significantly and independently predicted depression scores (β= 0.56, p = 0.002). It is suggested social comparison is a salient factor related to depressive symptoms in this group, and interventions involving adolescents with AS should therefore address this factor.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-06-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-021-05166-7
Abstract: Autistic adults often experience difficulties in taking the perspective of others, potentially undermining their social interactions. We evaluated a quick, forced-choice version of the Adult Theory of Mind (A-ToM) test, which was designed to assess such difficulties and comprehensively evaluated by Brewer et al. (2017). The forced-choice version (the A-ToM-Q) demonstrated discriminant, concurrent, convergent and ergent validity using s les of autistic ( N = 96) and non-autistic adults ( N = 75). It can be administered in a few minutes and machine-scored, involves minimal training and facilitates large-scale, live, or web-based testing. It permits measurement of response latency and self-awareness, with response characteristics on both measures enhancing understanding of the nature and extent of perspective taking difficulties in autistic in iduals.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-08-2012
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.1246
Abstract: In iduals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically show impairment on face recognition tasks. Performance has usually been assessed using overt, explicit recognition tasks. Here, a complementary method involving eye tracking was used to examine implicit face recognition in participants with ASD and in an intelligence quotient-matched non-ASD control group. Differences in eye movement indices between target and foil faces were used as an indicator of implicit face recognition. Explicit face recognition was assessed using old-new discrimination and reaction time measures. Stimuli were faces of studied (target) or unfamiliar (foil) persons. Target images at test were either identical to the images presented at study or altered by changing the lighting, pose, or by masking with visual noise. Participants with ASD performed worse than controls on the explicit recognition task. Eye movement-based measures, however, indicated that implicit recognition may not be affected to the same degree as explicit recognition. Autism Res 2012, 5: 363-379. © 2012 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-11-2009
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1037/A0038320
Abstract: Despite the importance of theory of mind (ToM) for typical development, there remain 2 key issues affecting our ability to draw robust conclusions. One is the continued focus on false belief as the sole measure of ToM. The second is the lack of empirically validated measures of ToM as a broad construct. Our key aim was to examine the validity and reliability of the 5-item ToM scale (Peterson, Wellman, & Liu, 2005). In particular, we extended on previous research of this scale by assessing its scalability and validity for use with children from 2 years of age. Sixty-eight typically developing children (aged 24 to 61 months) were assessed on the scale's 5 tasks, along with a sixth Sally-Anne false-belief task. Our data replicated the scalability of the 5 tasks for a Rasch-but not Guttman-scale. Guttman analysis showed that a 4-item scale may be more suitable for this age range. Further, the tasks showed good internal consistency and validity for use with children as young as 2 years of age. Overall, the measure provides a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of ToM, and in particular, the longitudinal assessment of this ability as a construct.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1111/AP.12223
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2007
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between abilities to initiate and respond to joint attention and symptoms of autism that have, and have not, been theoretically linked to joint attention. Participants were 51 boys and five girls with autistic disorder, aged between 2 years and 6 years 5 months. Measures of joint attention behaviours, language, social relating, and stereotypical behaviour were administered during a single assessment. As predicted, the correlations between joint attention and the two behaviours theoretically linked to joint attention (i.e. social relating and language) were significantly stronger than those between joint attention and the behaviour not theoretically linked (i.e. stereotypical behaviour). While causation cannot be inferred from this study, these results support the suggestion that difficulties with joint attention behaviours commonly found among children with autism are linked to language and social relating, beyond what might be expected simply due to their co-occurrence as symptoms.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2003
DOI: 10.1177/1362361303007002002
Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify early behavioural abnormalities in children later diagnosed with autistic disorder. Accurate identification of such deficits has implications for early diagnosis, intervention and prognosis. The parents of 153 children with autistic disorder completed a questionnaire asking them to describe early childhood behaviours of concern and to recall the age of onset. Core deficit-linked behaviours were then identified and the ontogeny of their development was noted. Behaviour categories were: (1) gross motor difficulties, (2) social awareness and play deficits, (3) language and communication difficulties, and (4) unusual preoccupations. The findings supported the notion that the nature and prevalence of these deficits depend on age. Consistent with past research, there was a significant interval between parents first noticing abnormalities and the making of a definitive diagnosis. The implications for this delay are discussed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-12-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-017-3427-3
Abstract: Although depression and anxiety are the most common comorbidities in in iduals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), descriptive data for their prevalence among autistic adults are limited. This study provides descriptive data for a cohort of 155 autistic adults (mean age = 27.1 years, SD = 11.9) of average IQ on the short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and the Mini Social Phobia Inventory. Also included were 79 non-ASD participants (mean age = 26.2, SD = 10.2) who completed the mini-SPIN. A substantial percentage (39-46%) of autistic adults scored within the 'Moderate' to 'Extremely Severe' range on the DASS-21. The DASS-21 would be a valuable rapid screening device for these comorbid conditions in autistic adults.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 25-02-2015
Abstract: In the absence of intellectual impairment, girls are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder significantly less and later than boys. This study explored potential reasons for why autism spectrum disorder may be more difficult to identify in girls, based on carer concerns during the pre-diagnosis period. Carers of 92 boys and 60 girls diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder from school age completed an online survey addressing concerns regarding the child’s development during the pre-school years (pre-diagnosis). Significant sex differences were evident in key early concerns, as well as the strategies used to navigate pre-school social situations, and the types of restricted interests. Findings suggest, from carer perspective, that girls who went on to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder presented differently when compared to boys, providing insight into why the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder may be more difficult to make with cognitively able girls.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 10-2021
Abstract: Verbal intelligence—which relates to memory performance, abstract reasoning, and g—is often important to account for within psychological research. However, the time demands and financial costs associated with researcher-administered testing using valid measures of intelligence limit researchers’ ability to include such measures within their research. To address this issue, we examined the convergent validity of two tests of verbal intelligence that could be self-administered online with the well-validated Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence–Second Edition (WASI-II). An undergraduate s le of participants (N = 104) completed the Self-Administered Verbal IQ Test (SA-VIQT), with a subsection (n = 64) completing the Self-Administered Full Scale IQ Test (SA-FSIQT), both made available online by Open-Source Psychometrics Project. Additionally, all participants were administered the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) of WASI-II by a trained researcher, with a subsection administered the full WASI-II including the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) (n = 72). Both online tests demonstrated convergent validity with the WASI-II. While the online tests may only deliver a crude indicator of verbal intelligence, they provide researchers the opportunity for statistical control or screening of participants across large s les in an efficient manner not possible when using researcher-administered testing methods.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-05-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-008-0583-5
Abstract: Mothers of children aged 2-12 years completed an exhaustive questionnaire assessing feeding and eating behaviors for both themselves and their children with autism, and typically developing siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (where available), or typically developing children with no sibling with a disability. Results indicate that children with autism were only marginally more likely to exhibit picky eating behavior (overall style) than their siblings or matched typically developing children. Rates of ritualistic feeding behaviors were equivalent in all groups of children although children with autism were more likely to be currently exhibiting problematic eating and feeding behaviors. The implications of these results for the treatment of feeding difficulties exhibited by children with autism will be discussed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF02179286
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2021
DOI: 10.1002/JPPR.1745
Abstract: Use of psychotropic medicines such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytics is common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) however, very little is known about medicine use in adults with ASD. This pilot project aimed to describe medicines use in Australian adults with ASD. We conducted a retrospective analysis of mental health care plan records for adults with a confirmed diagnosis of ASD from a single metropolitan psychology practice. One hundred and twenty one of the 168 participants (72%) were taking at least one medicine. Fifty‐nine of the 168 persons whose care plans were reviewed (35%) were taking an antidepressant, the most frequently prescribed psychotropic medicine. Twenty‐three (14%) were prescribed a medicine for airways disease, most commonly salbutamol. Antipsychotics were used by 11% and anxiolytic/hypnotics by 10%. The most commonly used antidepressants were sertraline and escitalopram (21 and 19% of antidepressant users, respectively). The most commonly used antipsychotics were quetiapine and risperidone (32% and 27%, respectively). This pilot project has highlighted that use of psychotropic medicines is common in adults with ASD.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-02-2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-08-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12887-022-03507-8
Abstract: Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), natural to breast milk, is essential for neonatal development, but lacking from standard infant formulas. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of MFGM supplementation in formula for infants 0 to 12 months. In a prospective, multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial, healthy term infants were randomized to a standard formula (SF, n = 104) or an MFGM-enriched formula (MF, n = 108) for 6 months and a corresponding follow-on formula until 12 months. Exclusively breast-fed infants ( n = 206) were recruited as the reference group (BFR). Tolerance and safety events were recorded continuously. Anthropometric measurements were assessed at enrolment, 42 days and 4, 6, 8 and 12 months. Infants ( n = 375) completed the study with average dropout of 20%. Stool frequency, color, and consistency between SF and MF were not significantly different throughout, except the incidence of loose stools in MF at 6 months being lower than for SF (odds ratio 0.216, P 0.05) and the frequency of green-colored stools at 12 months being higher in MF (CI 95%, odds ratio 8.92, P 0.05). The BFR had a higher frequency of golden stools and lower rate of green stools (4–6 months) than the two formula-fed groups ( P 0.05). SF displayed more diarrhoea (4.8%) than MF (1%) and BFR (1%) at the 8-month visit ( P 0.05). BFR (0–1%) had significantly less ( P 0.05) lower respiratory infections than MF (4.6–6.5%) and SF (2.9–5.8%) at 6- and 8-months, respectively. Formula intake, frequency of spit-up/vomiting or poor sleep were similar between SF and MF. Growth rate (g/day) was similar at 4, 6, 8 and 12 months between the 3 groups, but growth rate for BFR was significantly higher than for SF and MF at 42 days (95% CI, P = 0.001). MFGM-enriched formula was safe and well-tolerated in healthy term infants between 0 and 12 months, and total incidences of adverse events were similar to that for the SF group. A few differences in formula tolerance were observed, however these differences were not in any way related to poor growth.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2004
DOI: 10.1080/13554790490495140
Abstract: Snyder and Mitchell (1999) have argued that the extraordinary skills of savants, including mathematics and drawing, are within us all but cannot normally be accessed without some form of brain damage. It has also been argued that such skills can be made accessible to normal people by switching off part of their brain artificially using magnetic pulses (Carter, 1999). Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to interrupt the function of the frontotemporal lobe, a region of the brain implicated in the development of savant skills (Miller et al., 1996,1998), we tested this hypothesis. Here we show that savant-type skills improved in 5 out of 17 participants during the period of stimulation. The enhanced skills included declarative memory, drawing, mathematics, and calendar calculating. In addition to overall improvement being observed, striking improvements in in idual performance on various tasks were also seen.
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 30-12-2015
Abstract: Drought and salinity are the major threats to crop productivity at a worldwide scale. A fundamental portion of the plant response to these environmental stresses occurs at the cell membrane, where the molecular machinery to preserve cell turgor and the appropriate balance of intracellular ions is found. The C2-domain ABA-related (CAR) family of proteins contributes to these processes by delivering the regulatory proteins controlling this machinery from other cell compartments to the cell membrane. Our analysis provides an explanation on how CAR proteins specifically reach a particular membrane place to develop their function and trigger the plant defense mechanism against stress.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-04-2022
DOI: 10.1002/ACP.3942
Abstract: Behaviors such as gaze aversion and repetitive movements are commonly believed to be signs of deception and low credibility however, they may also be characteristic of in iduals with developmental or mental health conditions. We examined the effect of five behaviors that are common among autistic in iduals—gaze aversion, repetitive movements, misinterpretation of figurative language, monologues, and flat affect—on observers' evaluations of deception and credibility. This study focused on judgments made in everyday social situations which contrasts with most previous studies which have examined such judgments in contexts (e.g., legal proceedings) where they are of primary importance. In three experiments, we presented participants with video segments of in iduals being interviewed about biographical information and participants then indicated their perception of the in iduals' truthfulness and credibility. Overall, in iduals were perceived as more deceptive and less credible when they displayed autistic behaviors than when they did not however, the effect sizes detected were weak.
Publisher: AOTA Press
Date: 09-2015
Abstract: OBJECTIVE. To measure upper-extremity and gross motor skill development in infants with and without risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD. Data were coded retrospectively from 39 infants who participated in longitudinal structured early developmental assessments. Twenty-five infants were at high risk for ASD, and the remaining 14 infants were classified as low risk. Upper-extremity and motor skill development were coded at ages 2, 4, and 6 mo. Five infants went on to receive an ASD diagnosis at age 2–4 yr. RESULTS. Infants at high risk for ASD demonstrated fewer midline behaviors with the upper extremities and delayed motor skill development than the low-risk group. Differences in motor skills were most apparent at age 4 mo. CONCLUSION. Early monitoring for motor delay in infants at high risk for ASD is warranted. Midline control and play with the upper extremities and overall motor skill development are possible assessment and therapeutic targets.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-07-2022
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.2781
Abstract: Emotion recognition difficulties are considered to contribute to social-communicative problems for autistic in iduals and awareness of such difficulties may be critical for the identification and pursuit of strategies that will mitigate their adverse effects. We examined metacognitive awareness of face emotion recognition responses in autistic (N = 63) and non-autistic (N = 67) adults across (a) static, dynamic and social face emotion stimuli, (b) free- and forced-report response formats, and (c) four different sets of the six "basic" and six "complex" emotions. Within-in idual relationships between recognition accuracy and post-recognition confidence provided no indication that autistic in iduals were poorer at discriminating correct from incorrect recognition responses than non-autistic in iduals, although both groups exhibited marked inter-in idual variability. Although the autistic group was less accurate and slower to recognize emotions, confidence-accuracy calibration analyses provided no evidence of reduced sensitivity on their part to fluctuations in their emotion recognition performance. Across variations in stimulus type, response format and emotion, increases in accuracy were associated with progressively higher confidence, with similar calibration curves for both groups. Calibration curves for both groups were, however, characterized by overconfidence at the higher confidence levels (i.e., overall accuracy less than the average confidence level), with the non-autistic group contributing more decisions with 90%-100% confidence. Comparisons of slow and fast responders provided no evidence of a "hard-easy" effect-the tendency to exhibit overconfidence during hard tasks and underconfidence during easy tasks-suggesting that autistic in iduals' slower recognition responding may reflect a strategic difference rather than a processing speed limitation. LAY SUMMARY: It is generally considered that autistic in iduals may have difficulty recognizing other people's facial emotions. However, little is known about their awareness of any emotion recognition difficulties they may experience. This study indicates that, although there is considerable in idual variability, autistic adults were as sensitive to variations in the accuracy of their recognition of others' emotions as their non-autistic peers.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-06-2010
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.145
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that presents in the first three years of life. Currently, diagnosis of ASD is based on its behavioural manifestations, as laboratory diagnostic tests do not exist. Creatine deficiency syndrome (CDS) is one form of inborn error of metabolism where affected in iduals have similar clinical features to in iduals with ASD. Abnormal urinary creatine (CR) and guanidinoacetate (GAA) levels have been reported as biomarkers of CDS. We hypothesized that screening for abnormal levels of urinary CR and GAA in children with ASD may assist in identifying a subgroup of ASD in iduals who can be managed with dietary interventions. Morning urine s les were collected from children with and without autism and analyzed for CR and GAA levels. Results showed there was no statistically significant difference in urinary CR:creatinine and GAA:creatinine between the children with ASD and sibling or unrelated controls. In conclusion, routine screening for abnormal urinary CR and GAA could be considered in ASD diagnostic protocols however, in iduals positive for CDS are likely to be rare in an ASD cohort.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-07-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-03-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-019-03968-4
Abstract: We examined whether perspective taking (or Theory of Mind) deficits that characterize autistic in iduals predict whether they have trouble extricating themselves from situations in which police officers erroneously suspect them of a crime. Autistic and typically developing adults listened to scenarios in which they were placed in situations where the police erroneously believe they had been involved in crime. Each scenario contained critical information that, if recognized and provided to the police, would confirm non-involvement in the crime. Autistic adults performed markedly worse than controls on perspective taking measures and the extrication task. Verbal IQ and memory performance accounted for significant variance in extrication performance, and perspective taking explained an additional and significant 15% of variance in extrication performance.
Start Date: 2019
End Date: 2022
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2004
End Date: 2004
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2008
End Date: 2008
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2019
End Date: 10-2024
Amount: $412,543.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2008
End Date: 12-2008
Amount: $120,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 03-2004
End Date: 12-2004
Amount: $129,485.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity