ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4238-7237
Current Organisations
University of Nottingham
,
University of New South Wales
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Genomics | Bioinformatics | Genetics
Publisher: The American Association of Immunologists
Date: 15-06-2012
Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22-nt small RNAs that are important regulators of mRNA turnover and translation. Recent studies have shown the importance of the miRNA pathway in HIV-1 infection, particularly in maintaining latency. Our initial in vitro studies demonstrated that HIV-1–infected HUT78 cells expressed significantly higher IL-10 levels compared with uninfected cultures. IL-10 plays an important role in the dysregulated cytotoxic T cell response to HIV-1, and in silico algorithms suggested that let-7 miRNAs target IL10 mRNA. In a time course experiment, we demonstrated that let-7 miRNAs fall rapidly following HIV-1 infection in HUT78 cells with concomitant rises in IL-10. To show a direct link between let-7 and IL-10, forced overexpression of let-7 miRNAs resulted in significantly reduced IL-10 levels, whereas inhibition of the function of these miRNAs increased IL-10. To demonstrate the relevance of these results, we focused our attention on CD4+ T cells from uninfected healthy controls, chronic HIV-1–infected patients, and long-term nonprogressors. We characterized miRNA changes in CD4+ T cells from these three groups and demonstrated that let-7 miRNAs were highly expressed in CD4+ T cells from healthy controls and let-7 miRNAs were significantly decreased in chronic HIV-1 infected compared with both healthy controls and long-term nonprogressors. We describe a novel mechanism whereby IL-10 levels can be potentially modulated by changes to let-7 miRNAs. In HIV-1 infection, the decrease in let-7 miRNAs may result in an increase in IL-10 from CD4+ T cells and provide the virus with an important survival advantage by manipulating the host immune response.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 24-08-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-11-2011
DOI: 10.1093/NAR/GKR891
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-08-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-10-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S00285-011-0468-7
Abstract: Stochastic phenomena in gene regulatory networks can be modelled by the chemical master equation for gene products such as mRNA and proteins. If some of these elements are present in significantly higher amounts than the rest, or if some of the reactions between these elements are substantially faster than others, it is often possible to reduce the master equation to a simpler problem using asymptotic methods. We present ex les of such a procedure and analyse the relationship between the reduced models and the original.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1038/MTNA.2014.67
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 09-11-2017
DOI: 10.1101/211466
Abstract: Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is unique amongst endogenous (inherited) retroviruses in that its incorporation to the host genome is still active, providing an opportunity to study what drives this fundamental process in vertebrate genome evolution. Animals in the southern part of the natural range of koalas were previously thought to be either virus free or to have only exogenous variants of KoRV with low rates of KoRV induced disease. In contrast, animals in the northern part of their range universally have both endogenous and exogenous KoRV with very high rates of KoRV induced disease such as lymphoma. This paper uses a combination of sequencing technologies, Illumina RNA sequencing of “southern” (south Australian) and “northern” (SE QLD) koalas and CRISPR enrichment and nanopore sequencing of DNA of “southern” (South Australian and Victorian animals) to retrieve full length loci and intregration sites of KoRV variants. We demonstrate that koalas that tested negative to the KoRV pol gene qPCR, used to detect replication competent KoRV, are not in fact KoRV free but harbour defective, presumably endogenous, “RecKoRV” variants that are not fixed between animals. This indicates that these populations have historically been exposed to KoRV and raises questions as to whether these variants have arisen by chance or whether they provide a protective effect from the infectious forms of KoRV. This latter explanation would offer the intriguing prospect of being able to monitor and selectively breed for disease resistance to protect the wild koala population from KoRV induced disease.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1038/MTNA.2015.31
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 05-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.28.538769
Abstract: 2. Repeat spill over of SARS-CoV-2 into new hosts has highlighted the critical role of cross species transmission of coronaviruses and establishment of new reservoirs of virus in pandemic and epizootic spread of coronaviruses. Species particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 spill-over include Mustelidae (mink, ferrets and related animals) and cricetid rodents (hamsters and related animals). These predispositions led us to screen British wildlife with sarbecovirus specific qPCR and pan coronavirus PCR assays for SARS-CoV-2 using s les collected during the human pandemic to establish if widespread spill-over was occurring. Fourteen wildlife species (n=402) were tested, including : 2 Red Foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), 101 Badgers ( Meles meles ), 2 wild American Mink ( Neovison vison ), 41 Pine Marten ( Martes martes ), 2 Weasels ( Mustela nivalis ), 7 Stoats ( Mustela erminea ), 108 Water Voles ( Arvicola hibius ), 39 Bank voles ( Myodes glareolous ), 10 Field Voles ( Microtus agrestis ), 15 Wood Mice ( Apodemus sylvaticus ), 1 Common Shrew ( Sorex aranaeus ), 2 Pygmy Shrews ( Sorex minutus ), 2 Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus ) and 75 Eurasian Otters ( Lutra lutra ). No cases of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in any animals, however a novel minacovirus related to mink and ferret alphacoronaviruses was detected in stoats recently introduced to the Orkney Islands. This group of viruses is of interest due to pathogenicity in ferrets. The impact of this virus on the health of stoat populations remains to be established.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-01-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S11538-013-9811-Z
Abstract: Hybrid models for gene expression combine stochastic and deterministic representations of the underlying biophysical mechanisms. According to one of the simplest hybrid formalisms, protein molecules are produced in randomly occurring bursts of a randomly distributed size while they are degraded deterministically. Here, we use this particular formalism to study two key regulatory motifs-the autoregulation loop and the toggle switch. The distribution of burst times is determined and used as a basis for the development of exact simulation algorithms for gene expression dynamics. For the autoregulation loop, the simulations are compared to an analytic solution of a master equation. Simulations of the toggle switch reveal a number of qualitatively distinct scenarios with implications for the modelling of cell-fate selection.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 16-09-2015
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 14-06-2023
DOI: 10.1099/JGV.0.001859
Abstract: Horseshoe bats are the natural hosts of the Sarbecovirus subgenus that includes SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV- 2. Despite the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is still little known about the underlying epidemiology and virology of sarbecoviruses in their natural hosts, leaving large gaps in our pandemic preparedness. Here we describe the results of PCR testing for sarbecoviruses in the two horseshoe bat species ( Rhinolophus hipposideros and R. ferrumequinum ) present in Great Britain, collected in 2021–22 during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic. One hundred and ninety seven R. hipposideros s les from 33 roost sites and 277 R . ferrumequinum s les from 20 roost sites were tested. No coronaviruses were detected in any s les from R. ferrumequinum whereas 44 and 56 % of in idual and pooled (respectively) faecal s les from R. hipposideros across multiple roost sites tested positive in a sarbecovirus-specific qPCR. Full genome sequences were generated from three of the positive s les (and partial genomes from two more) using Illumina RNAseq on unenriched s les. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the obtained sequences belong to the same monophyletic clade, with % similarity to previously-reported European isolates from R. hipposideros . The sequences differed in the presence or absence of accessory genes ORF 7b, 9b and 10. All lacked the furin cleavage site of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene and are therefore unlikely to be infective for humans. These results demonstrate a lack, or at least low incidence, of SARS-CoV-2 spill over from humans to susceptible GB bats, and confirm that sarbecovirus infection is widespread in R. hipposideros . Despite frequently sharing roost sites with R. ferrumequinum , no evidence of cross-species transmission was found.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 07-12-2016
DOI: 10.3390/GENES7120119
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.23.12852-12864.2003
Abstract: The induction of apoptosis or programmed cell death in virus-infected cells is an important antiviral defense mechanism of the host, and some herpesviruses have evolved strategies to modulate apoptosis in order to enhance their survival and spread. In this study, we examined the ability of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) to induce apoptosis in primary human dorsal root ganglion neurons and primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). Three independent methods (annexin V, TUNEL [terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling] staining, and electron microscopy) were used to assess apoptosis in these cells on days 1, 2, and 4 postinoculation. By all three methods, apoptosis was readily detected in VZV-infected HFFs. In stark contrast, apoptosis was not detected during productive VZV infection of neurons. The low-passage clinical isolate Schenke and the tissue culture-adapted ROka strain both induced apoptosis in HFFs but not in neurons, suggesting that this cell-type-specific apoptotic phenotype was not VZV strain specific. These data show that the regulation of apoptosis differs markedly between HFFs and neurons during productive VZV infection. Inhibition of apoptosis during infection of neurons may play a significant role in the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation of latent infection by promoting survival of these postmitotic cells.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 14-02-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528476
Abstract: Horseshoe bats are the natural hosts of the Sarbecovirus subgenus that includes SARS-CoV-1 and 2. Despite the devastating impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is still little known about the underlying epidemiology and virology of sarbecoviruses in their natural hosts, leaving large gaps in our pandemic preparedness. Here we describe the results of PCR testing for sarbecoviruses in the two horseshoe bat species ( Rhinolophus hipposideros and R. ferrumequinum ) present in Great Britain, collected in 2021-22 during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic. One hundred and ninety seven R. hipposideros s les from 33 roost sites and 277 R. ferremequinum s les from 20 roost sites were tested. No coronaviruses were detected in any s les from R. ferrumequinum whereas 44% and 56% of in idual and pooled (respectively) faecal s les from R. hipposideros across multiple roost sites tested positive in a sarbecovirus-specific qPCR. Full genome sequences were generated from three of the positive s les (and partial genomes from two more) using Illumina RNAseq on unenriched s les. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the obtained sequences belong to the same monophyletic clade, with % similarity, as previously reported European isolates from R. hipposideros . The sequences differed in the presence or absence of accessory genes ORF 7b, 9b and 10. All lacked the furin cleavage site of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene and are therefore unlikely to be infective for humans. These results demonstrate a lack, or at least low incidence, of SARS-CoV-2 spill over from humans to susceptible GB bats, and confirm that sarbecovirus infection is widespread in R. hipposideros . Despite frequently sharing roost sites with R. ferrumequinum , no evidence of cross-species transmission was found.
Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
Date: 2015
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-02-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-023-36503-2
Abstract: Grass pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) is a rich source of protein cultivated as an insurance crop in Ethiopia, Eritrea, India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Its resilience to both drought and flooding makes it a promising crop for ensuring food security in a changing climate. The lack of genetic resources and the crop’s association with the disease neurolathyrism have limited the cultivation of grass pea. Here, we present an annotated, long read-based assembly of the 6.5 Gbp L. sativus genome. Using this genome sequence, we have elucidated the biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of the neurotoxin, β-L-oxalyl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (β-L-ODAP). The final reaction of the pathway depends on an interaction between L. sativus acyl-activating enzyme 3 (LsAAE3) and a BAHD-acyltransferase (LsBOS) that form a metabolon activated by CoA to produce β-L-ODAP. This provides valuable insight into the best approaches for developing varieties which produce substantially less toxin.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-06-2022
DOI: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS14071352
Abstract: Our understanding of HIV infection has greatly advanced since the discovery of the virus in 1983. Treatment options have improved the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS, turning it from a fatal disease into a chronic, manageable infection. Despite all this progress, a cure remains elusive. A major barrier to attaining an HIV cure is the presence of the latent viral reservoir, which is established early in infection and persists for the lifetime of the host, even during prolonged anti-viral therapy. Different cure strategies are currently being explored to eliminate or suppress this reservoir. Several studies have shown that a functional cure may be achieved by preventing infection and also inhibiting reactivation of the virus from the latent reservoir. Here, we briefly describe the main HIV cure strategies, focussing on the use of RNA therapeutics, including small interfering RNA (siRNA) to maintain HIV permanently in a state of super latency, and CRISPR gRNA to excise the latent reservoir. A challenge with progressing RNA therapeutics to the clinic is achieving effective delivery into the host cell. This review covers recent nanotechnological strategies for siRNA delivery using liposomes, N-acetylgalactosamine conjugation, inorganic nanoparticles and polymer-based nanocapsules. We further discuss the opportunities and challenges of those strategies for HIV treatment.
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1515/BMC.2010.021
Abstract: Transcriptional regulation by small RNA molecules, including small interfering RNA and microRNA, has emerged as an important gene expression modulator. The regulatory pathways controlling gene expression, post-transcriptional gene silencing and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) have been demonstrated in yeast, plants and more recently in human cells. In this review, we discuss the currents models of transcriptional regulation and the main components of the RNA-induced silencing complex and RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex machinery, as well as confounding off-target effects and gene activation. We also discuss RNA-mediated TGS within the NF-κB motif of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 5′ long tandem repeat promoter region and the associated epigenetic modifications. Finally, we outline the current RNA interference (RNAi) delivery methods and describe the current status of human trials investigating potential RNAi therapeutics for several human diseases.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-06-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S00285-011-0433-5
Abstract: Gene expression at the single-cell level incorporates reaction mechanisms which are intrinsically stochastic as they involve molecular species present at low copy numbers. The dynamics of these mechanisms can be described quantitatively using stochastic master-equation modelling in this paper we study a generic gene-expression model of this kind which explicitly includes the representations of the processes of transcription and translation. For this model we determine the generating function of the steady-state distribution of mRNA and protein counts and characterise the underlying probability law using a combination of analytic, asymptotic and numerical approaches, finding that the distribution may assume a number of qualitatively distinct forms. The results of the analysis are suitable for comparison with single-molecule resolution gene-expression data emerging from recent experimental studies.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 15-03-2010
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02151-09
Abstract: Ebola virus (EBOV) cellular attachment and entry is initiated by the envelope glycoprotein (GP) on the virion surface. Entry of this virus is pH dependent and associated with the cleavage of GP by proteases, including cathepsin L (CatL) and/or CatB, in the endosome or cell membrane. Here, we characterize the product of CatL cleavage of Zaire EBOV GP (ZEBOV-GP) and evaluate its relevance to entry. A stabilized recombinant form of the EBOV GP trimer was generated using a trimerization domain linked to a cleavable histidine tag. This trimer was purified to homogeneity and cleaved with CatL. Characterization of the trimeric product by N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry revealed three cleavage fragments, with masses of 23, 19, and 4 kDa. Structure-assisted modeling of the cathepsin L-cleaved ZEBOV-GP revealed that cleavage removes a glycosylated glycan cap and mucin-like domain (MUC domain) and exposes the conserved core residues implicated in receptor binding. The CatL-cleaved ZEBOV-GP intermediate bound with high affinity to a neutralizing antibody, KZ52, and also elicited neutralizing antibodies, supporting the notion that the processed intermediate is required for viral entry. Together, these data suggest that CatL cleavage of EBOV GP exposes its receptor-binding domain, thereby facilitating access to a putative cellular receptor in steps that lead to membrane fusion.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-05-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS15245
Abstract: Lambda interferons ( IFNL , IFN-λ) are pro-inflammatory cytokines important in acute and chronic viral infection. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs12979860 and rs8099917 within the IFNL gene locus predict hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance, as well as inflammation and fibrosis progression in viral and non-viral liver disease. The underlying mechanism, however, is not defined. Here we show that the rs12979860 CC genotype correlates with increased hepatic metallothionein expression through increased systemic zinc levels. Zinc interferes with IFN-λ3 binding to IFNL receptor 1 (IFNLR1), resulting in decreased antiviral activity and increased viral replication (HCV, influenza) in vitro . HCV patients with high zinc levels have low hepatocyte antiviral and inflammatory gene expression and high viral loads, confirming the inhibitory role of zinc in vivo . We provide the first evidence that zinc can act as a potent and specific inhibitor of IFN-λ3 signalling and highlight its potential as a target of therapeutic intervention for IFN-λ3-mediated chronic disease.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 15-01-2006
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.80.2.1025-1031.2006
Abstract: Virus-encoded modulation of apoptosis may serve as a mechanism to enhance cell survival and virus persistence. The impact of productive varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection on apoptosis appears to be cell type specific, as infected human sensory neurons are resistant to apoptosis, yet human fibroblasts readily become apoptotic. We sought to identify the viral gene product(s) responsible for this antiapoptotic phenotype in primary human sensory neurons. Treatment with phosphonoacetic acid to inhibit viral DNA replication and late-phase gene expression did not alter the antiapoptotic phenotype, implicating immediate-early (IE) or early genes or a virion component. Compared to the parental VZV strain (rOKA), a recombinant virus unable to express one copy of the diploid IE gene ORF63 (rOkaΔORF63) demonstrated a significant induction of apoptosis in infected neurons, as determined by three methods: annexin V staining, deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end label staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, neurons transfected with a plasmid expressing ORF63 resisted apoptosis induced by nerve growth factor withdrawal. These results show that ORF63 can suppress apoptosis of neurons and provide the first identification of a VZV gene encoding an antiapoptotic function. As ORF63 is expressed in neurons during both productive and latent infection, it may play a significant role in viral pathogenesis by promoting neuron survival during primary and reactivated infections.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-02-2022
DOI: 10.3390/IJMS23052408
Abstract: Since December 2019, a pandemic of COVID-19 disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread across the globe. At present, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued emergency approval for the use of some antiviral drugs. However, these drugs still have limitations in the specific treatment of COVID-19, and as such, new treatment strategies urgently need to be developed. RNA-interference-based gene therapy provides a tractable target for antiviral treatment. Ensuring cell-specific targeted delivery is important to the success of gene therapy. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNAs) to specific tissues or organs of the human body could play a crucial role in the specific therapy of severe respiratory infections, such as COVID-19. In this review, we describe a variety of novel nanocarriers, such as lipid NPs, star polymer NPs, and glycogen NPs, and summarize the pre-clinical/clinical progress of these nanoparticle platforms in siRNA delivery. We also discuss the application of various NP-capsulated siRNA as therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection, the challenges with targeting these therapeutics to local delivery in the lung, and various inhalation devices used for therapeutic administration. We also discuss currently available animal models that are used for preclinical assessment of RNA-interference-based gene therapy. Advances in this field have the potential for antiviral treatments of COVID-19 disease and could be adapted to treat a range of respiratory diseases.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-10-2018
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 24-10-2006
Abstract: The remarkable infectivity and virulence of the 1918 influenza virus resulted in an unprecedented pandemic, raising the question of whether it is possible to develop protective immunity to this virus and whether immune evasion may have contributed to its spread. Here, we report that the highly lethal 1918 virus is susceptible to immune protection by a preventive vaccine, and we define its mechanism of action. Immunization with plasmid expression vectors encoding hemagglutinin (HA) elicited potent CD4 and CD8 cellular responses as well as neutralizing antibodies. Antibody specificity and titer were defined by a microneutralization and a pseudotype assay that could assess antibody specificity without the need for high-level biocontainment. This pseudotype inhibition assay can define evolving serotypes of influenza viruses and facilitate the development of immune sera and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that may help contain pandemic influenza. Notably, mice vaccinated with 1918 HA plasmid DNAs showed complete protection to lethal challenge. T cell depletion had no effect on immunity, but passive transfer of purified IgG from anti-H1(1918) immunized mice provided protective immunity for naïve mice challenged with infectious 1918 virus. Thus, humoral immunity directed at the viral HA can protect against the 1918 pandemic virus.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1038/MTNA.2013.64
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 28-06-2022
DOI: 10.1099/JGV.0.001749
Abstract: Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is unique amongst endogenous (inherited) retroviruses in that its incorporation to the host genome is still active, providing an opportunity to study what drives this fundamental process in vertebrate genome evolution. Animals in the southern part of the natural range of koalas were previously thought to be either virus-free or to have only exogenous variants of KoRV with low rates of KoRV-induced disease. In contrast, animals in the northern part of their range universally have both endogenous and exogenous KoRV with very high rates of KoRV-induced disease such as lymphoma. In this study we use a combination of sequencing technologies, Illumina RNA sequencing of ‘southern’ (south Australian) and ‘northern’ (SE QLD) koalas and CRISPR enrichment and nanopore sequencing of DNA of ‘southern’ (South Australian and Victorian animals) to retrieve full-length loci and intregration sites of KoRV variants. We demonstrate that koalas that tested negative to the KoRV pol gene qPCR, used to detect replication-competent KoRV, are not in fact KoRV-free but harbour defective, presumably endogenous, ‘RecKoRV’ variants that are not fixed between animals. This indicates that these populations have historically been exposed to KoRV and raises questions as to whether these variants have arisen by chance or whether they provide a protective effect from the infectious forms of KoRV. This latter explanation would offer the intriguing prospect of being able to monitor and selectively breed for disease resistance to protect the wild koala population from KoRV-induced disease.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1038/MTM.2016.66
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2007
DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.SC01D01S1
Abstract: Controlled differentiation of pluripotential cells takes place routinely and with great success in developing vertebrate embryos. It therefore makes sense to take note of how this is achieved and use this knowledge to control the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). An added advantage is that the differentiated cells resulting from this process in embryos have proven functionality and longevity. This unit reviews what is known about the embryonic signals that drive differentiation in one of the most informative of the vertebrate animal models of development, the hibian Xenopus laevis . It summarizes their identities and the extent to which their activities are dose‐dependent. The unit details what is known about the transcription factor responses to these signals, describing the networks of interactions that they generate. It then discusses the target genes of these transcription factors, the effectors of the differentiated state. Finally, how these same developmental programs operate during germ layer formation in the context of ESC differentiation is summarized. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 1:1D.1.1‐1D.1.22. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Start Date: 2017
End Date: 2019
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 2019
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 12-2019
Amount: $419,500.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity