ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1209-9234
Current Organisation
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
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Structural Chemistry | Nanotechnology | Chemical Spectroscopy | Physical Chemistry (Incl. Structural)
Biological sciences | Chemical sciences | Physical sciences |
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 04-12-2015
Abstract: Multimodal spectroscopic imaging resolved controversies on biochemical changes associated with cerebral malaria pathology.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 28-07-1983
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1990
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1987
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1989
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2018.08.043
Abstract: We discuss 15 years (2000-2015) of daily-integrated PM
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2007.03.018
Abstract: We have measured high precision lead isotopes in PM(2.5) particulates from a highly-trafficked site (Mascot) and rural site (Richmond) in the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia to compare with isotopic data from total suspended particulates (TSP) from other sites in the Sydney Basin and evaluate relationships with source fingerprints obtained from multi-element PM(2.5) data. The isotopic data for the period 1998 to 2004 show seasonal peaks and troughs that are more pronounced in the rural site for the PM(2.5).s les but are consistent with the TSP. The Self Organising Map (SOM) method has been applied to the multi-element PM(2.5) data to evaluate its use in obtaining fingerprints for comparison with standard statistical procedures (ANSTO model). As seasonal effects are also significant for the multi-element data, the SOM modelling is reported as site and season dependent. At the Mascot site, the ANSTO model exhibits decreasing (206)Pb/(204)Pb ratios with increasing contributions of fingerprints for "secondary smoke" (industry), "soil", "smoke" and "seaspray". Similar patterns were shown by SOM winter fingerprints for both sites. At the rural site, there are large isotopic variations but for the majority of s les these are not associated with increased contributions from the main sources with the ANSTO model. For two winter s ling times, there are increased contributions from "secondary industry", "smoke", "soil" and seaspray with one time having a source or sources of Pb similar to that of Mascot. The only positive relationship between increasing (206)Pb/(204)Pb ratio and source contributions is found at the rural site using the SOM summer fingerprints, both of which show a significant contribution from sulphur. Several of the fingerprints using either model have significant contributions from black carbon (BC) and/or sulphur (S) that probably derive from diesel fuels and industrial sources. Increased contributions from sources with the SOM summer fingerprints could explain the summer-time peaks in isotopic ratio at both sites and, at the rural site, be associated with meteorological influences. Nevertheless, the SOM results indicate that there are multiple overlapping 'weak' sources.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 27-04-1992
DOI: 10.1063/1.107094
Abstract: The hydrogen plasma erosion and abrasive wear resistance of glassy carbon implanted with tungsten has been studied as a function of ion dose. It was found that the onset of hydrogen plasma erosion inhibition occurred at a dose of ∼6.5×1015 ion/cm2. In addition, the tungsten implanted material exhibits an increase in wear resistance similar in magnitude to that obtained with nitrogen and other nonmetallic ions. Carbon ion implantation does not significantly inhibit erosion in a hydrogen plasma. Hence, the resistance to such erosion observed with tungsten implanted glassy carbon is believed to be due to a chemical effect specific to certain metallic ions. In contrast, increased wear resistance is a defect driven effect not specific to the ion used.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1995
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-02-2008
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1035
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-02-2008
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1033
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1995
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-12-1992
DOI: 10.1063/1.351919
Abstract: The composition, distribution, and chemical bonding of tungsten-implanted glassy carbon have been studied for ion doses between 3.5×1014 and 1.5×1017 ions/cm2. The implantations were performed using a metal-vapor vacuum arc ion source which for an extraction potential of 20 kV yields a mean implant energy of 60 keV. The implanted layer was examined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and Auger profiling spectroscopy. In addition, volume effects were assessed by measuring the step height between implanted and unimplanted regions. It has been established that the implanted tungsten is bonded in a carbidic configuration. This is in agreement with thermodynamic data which favors carbide formation rather than separate phases of metallic tungsten and graphitic carbon. For the highest dose studied, 1.5×1017 ions/cm2, the tungsten distribution was found to be nearly constant near the surface followed by a decrease at larger depths. For ion doses up to 3.6×1016 ions/cm2, the maximum tungsten distribution was found to occur at a depth 300±100 Å and the implanted and retained doses were found to be equal. For tungsten ion doses between 7.35×1014 and 1×1016 ions/cm2, the implanted region was found to be compacted by 300±100 Å. The latter is attributed to an irradiation-induced densification of glassy carbon from 1.5 to 2.1 g/cm3. This compaction effect is also found to occur upon C+ (30 keV) implantation for ion doses between 3×1016 and 1.3×1017 ions/cm2. In this case the implanted layer was compacted by 400±100 Å. For higher tungsten doses, a steep increase in compaction of the tungsten implanted layer was observed. This is attributed to chemical and sputtering effects.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1986
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2004
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1155/2012/431297
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 12-2008
DOI: 10.1029/2008GB003240
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 05-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1997
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-09-2013
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.2517
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 28-06-1981
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1981
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 11-1986
DOI: 10.1063/1.337767
Abstract: AuGe-Ni is widely used for the fabrication of ohmic contacts to n-GaAs. The alloying behavior of evaporated AuGe-Ni alloyed by furnace and scanning electron beam (SEB) is characterized by Rutherford backscattering with 2-MeV 4He+ ions. The redistribution and diffusion of constitutents involved in the ohmic contact formation is studied by comparing the experimental spectrum with theoretically computed spectra. The studies show that SEB-alloyed contacts undergo less redistribution of contact constituents compared with furnace-alloyed contacts. It is established that the penetration depth of Au for furnace-alloyed contacts increases with metallization thickness, whereas for SEB-alloyed contacts the penetration depth is independent of metallization thickness.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2008.05.039
Abstract: Over the past decade, member states of the Regional Co-operation Agreement (RCA), an intergovernmental agreement for the East Asia and Pacific region under the auspices of the IAEA with the assistance of international organizations and financial institutions such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, have started to set in place policies and legislation for air pollution abatement. To support planning and evaluate the effectiveness of control programs, data are needed that characterizes urban air quality. The focus of this measurement program describe in this report is on size segregated particulate air pollution. Such airborne particulate matter can have a significant impact on human health and urban visibility. These data provide the input to receptor models that may permit the mitigation of these impacts by identification and quantitative apportionment of the particle sources. The aim of this report is to provide an overview of the measurements of concentrations and composition of particulate air pollution in two size fractions across the participating countries. For many of the large cities in this region, the measured particulate matter concentrations are greater than air quality standards or guidelines that have been adopted in developed countries.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1982
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1986
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/EN10134
Abstract: Environmental contextMineral dust aerosol is both an efficient scatterer of solar radiation, potentially cooling the planet, and a moderate absorber, potentially warming it: the exact balance is both uncertain, and geographically variable. Australian desert soils are noticeably more reddish than most Northern Hemisphere deserts, most probably a result of enhanced iron mineralogy. This paper contains results from a field c aign designed to increase our understanding of the chemistry of Australian mineral dust aerosol, especially in relation to iron and salt. AbstractAustralia is the dominant source of mineral dust aerosol in the Southern Hemisphere, yet the physical, chemical and optical properties of this aerosol remain poorly understood. Four sets of size-resolved aerosol s les were collected at a site on the edge of the Lake Eyre Basin (LEB), in the south-east dust transport pathway. Back trajectory analysis shows that three s les were sourced from the LEB (one during a rare winter dust storm), and one from coastal regions to the south. All s les were subjected to both ion beam analysis and ion chromatography. A Fe/Al ratio of 0.9 was found, consistent with results from our other c aigns to sites in the LEB, significantly higher than typical Northern Hemisphere values (~0.45–0.6). This confirms the iron-rich character of central Australian soils. Clear evidence of marine advection in the fourth s le was also found, and evidence of chloride depletion by nitric acid in two s les.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1990
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1984
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1981
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2001
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 09-1987
DOI: 10.1063/1.339555
Abstract: A scanned electron beam was used to diffuse tin in GaAs from doped emulsions. Rutherford backscattering method was used to investigate the results of the diffusion. The diffusion was greatly enhanced by capping the emulsion with evaporated silicon dioxide.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2003
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 12-2002
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.3109/03093640903476802
Abstract: Orthoses are commonly prescribed for the management of spasticity but their neurophysiologic effect on spasticity remains unsubstantiated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three tone-reducing devices (dynamic foot orthosis, muscle stretch, and orthokinetic compression garment) on soleus muscle reflex excitability while standing in patients with spasticity following stroke. A repeated measures intervention study was conducted on 13 patients with stroke selected from a s le of convenience. A custom-made dynamic foot orthosis, a range of motion walker to stretch the soleus muscle and class 1 and class 2 orthokinetic compression garments were assessed using the ratio of maximum Hoffmann reflex litude to maximum M-response litude (Hmax:Mmax) to determine their effect on soleus muscle reflex excitability. Only 10 subjects were able to complete the testing. There were no significant treatment effects for the interventions (F=1.208, df=3.232, p=0.328) however, when analyzed subject-by-subject, two subjects responded to the dynamic foot orthosis and one of those two subjects also responded to the class 1 orthokinetic compression garment. Overall, the results demonstrated that the tone-reducing devices had no significant effect on soleus reflex excitability suggesting that these tone-reducing orthotic devices have no significant neurophysiologic effect on spasticity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1987
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1993
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/EN11056
Abstract: Environmental contextFine particles affect air quality locally, regionally and globally. Determining the sources of fine particle is therefore critical for developing strategies to reduce their adverse effects. Advanced data analysis techniques were used to determine the sources of fine particles at two sites, providing information for future pollution reduction strategies not only at the study sites but in other areas of the world as well. AbstractIn this study, s les of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) collected at two sites in the south-east Queensland region, a suburban (Rocklea) and a roadside site (South Brisbane), were analysed for H, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb and black carbon (BC). S les were collected during 2007–10 at the Rocklea site and 2009–10 at the South Brisbane site. The receptor model Positive Matrix Factorisation was used to analyse the s les. The sources identified included secondary sulfate, motor vehicles, soil, sea salt and biomass burning. Conditional probability function analysis was used to determine the most likely directions of the sources. Future air quality control strategies may focus on the particular sources identified in the analysis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1995
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 14-10-1984
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1981
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1986
Publisher: AIP
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1063/1.2436197
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1988
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 02-07-2010
Abstract: Abstract. Mineral dust is one of the major components of the world's aerosol mix, having a number of impacts within the Earth system. However, the climate forcing impact of mineral dust is currently poorly constrained, with even its sign uncertain. As Australian deserts are more reddish than those in the Northern Hemisphere, it is important to better understand the physical, chemical and optical properties of this important aerosol. We have investigated the properties of Australian desert dust at a site in SW Queensland, which is strongly influenced by both dust and biomass burning aerosol. Three years of ground-based monitoring of spectral optical thickness has provided a statistical picture of gross aerosol properties. The aerosol optical depth data showed a clear though moderate seasonal cycle with an annual mean of 0.06 ± 0.03. The Angstrom coefficient showed a stronger cycle, indicating the influence of the winter-spring burning season in Australia's north. AERONET size distributions showed a generally bimodal character, with the coarse mode assumed to be mineral dust, and the fine mode a mixture of fine dust, biomass burning and marine biogenic material. In November 2006 we undertook a field c aign which collected 4 sets of size-resolved aerosol s les for laboratory analysis – ion beam analysis and ion chromatography. Ion beam analysis was used to determine the elemental composition of all filter s les, although elemental ratios were considered the most reliable output. Scatter plots showed that Fe, Al and Ti were well correlated with Si, and Co reasonably well correlated with Si, with the Fe/Al ratio somewhat higher than values reported from Northern Hemisphere sites (as expected). Scatter plots for Ca, Mn and K against Si showed clear evidence of a second population, which in some cases could be identified with a particular s le day or size fraction. These data may be used to attempt to build a signature of soil in this region of the Australian interior. Ion chromatography was used to quantify water soluble ions for 2 of our s le sets, complementing the picture provided by ion beam analysis. The strong similarities between the MSA and SO42− size distributions argue strongly for a marine origin of much of the SO42−. The similarity of the Na+, Cl− and Mg2+ size distributions also argue for a marine contribution. Further, we believe that both NO3− and NH4+ are the result of surface reactions with appropriate gases.
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.706-709.2869
Abstract: The intrinsic n-type (II-VI) semiconductor ZnO may become ferromagnetic at room temperature, by small additions of magnetic ions, resulting in what is called a Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (DMS). The potential application of DMS in spintronic devices of is driving the research effort to dope magnetic elements into this semiconductors with a depth distribution as uniform as possible. The doping levels and the depth distribution of dopants are critical parameters for the magnetic properties of this material and the possible clustering of dopants can play a significant negative role in its macroscopic magnetic properties. Thin ZnO (0001) films of between 100nm and 500nm, grown on c-Al 2 O 3 by MOCVD were implanted with Co, Eu and Co+Eu by ion irradiation at low energies. In order to improve the depth distribution of dopants, the ion implantation was carried out through a number of appropriately chosen range foils. The results show an increase in the level of dopant homogeneity throughout the entire thickness of the film, and a ferromagnetic behavior above room temperature for Zn 0.96 Co 0.04 O, Zn 0.96 Eu 0.04 O and Zn 0.92 Co 0.04 Eu 0.04 O.
Publisher: Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research
Date: 2015
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.638-642.2962
Abstract: Modification of electric and magnetic properties of ZnO thin films was achieved by low energy Eu ion irradiation. The desired doping levels as well as the depth distribution of the dopant was controlled by the ion energy and the ion flux, following a simulated interaction between the doping ion and the host ZnO matrix of epitaxial ZnO (0001) films of approximatelly 200nm, grown on c-Al2O3 by PLD. The properties of the doped ZnO film depend in a critical way on the homogeneity of the doped ions throughout the entire film. The doping levels and the depth distribution of dopants were measured by elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). The results show a uniform depth distribution of Eu, as well as some level of Al diffusion from the substrate and the presence of some low levels of H, N and O. PACS code: 68.49Sf 74.78Bz
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1980
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2000
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1984
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1442-9071.2010.02278.X
Abstract: To report on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the major causes of vision loss and blindness in Aboriginals in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia between 1995 and 2007. Aboriginals (>16 years old) diagnosed with diabetes or eye problems from 11 communities in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia were examined annually from 1995 to 2007. Data collected from prospective clinical examination included visual acuity (VA), causes of vision loss, and whether DR was present. Severity of DR was graded according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study modified Airlie House grading system. A total of 920 Aboriginals underwent 1331 examinations over the study period. There were 246 eyes with vision loss (best-corrected VA < 6/12) in 159 Aboriginals, of whom five were bilaterally blind. The four major known causes of vision loss were cataract (n = 53, 30.1%), DR (n = 44, 25.0%), uncorrected refractive error (n = 31, 17.6%) and trauma (n = 19, 10.8%). Aboriginals who had diabetes were far more likely to have vision loss (odds ratio = 8.5, 95% confidence interval 5.7-12.6, P < 0.0001). Of the 329 Aboriginals with diabetes, 82 (24.9%) had DR, and 32 (9.7%) had vision-threatening retinopathy. Of those with diabetes, 94 (42.5%) returned for follow-up examination on an average of 3.2 visits with a median time between visits of 2 years. The four major causes of vision loss in Aboriginals from the Eastern Goldfields are largely preventable and/or readily treated. DR and other diabetes-related eye conditions are a major cause of vision loss in Aboriginals, representing a significant health challenge for health services and clinicians into the future.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1986
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 09-1980
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1986
Publisher: Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1987
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1996
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.MARINE.010908.163727
Abstract: Atmospheric inputs of iron to the open ocean are hypothesized to modulate ocean biogeochemistry. This review presents an integration of available observations of atmospheric iron and iron deposition, and also covers bioavailable iron distributions. Methods for estimating temporal variability in ocean deposition over the recent past are reviewed. Desert dust iron is estimated to represent 95% of the global atmospheric iron cycle, and combustion sources of iron are responsible for the remaining 5%. Humans may be significantly perturbing desert dust (up to 50%). The sources of bioavailable iron are less well understood than those of iron, partly because we do not know what speciation of the iron is bioavailable. Bioavailable iron can derive from atmospheric processing of relatively insoluble desert dust iron or from direct emissions of soluble iron from combustion sources. These results imply that humans could be substantially impacting iron and bioavailable iron deposition to ocean regions, but there are large uncertainties in our understanding.
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-03-1995
DOI: 10.1063/1.358770
Abstract: CoSi2 exhibits the features of low resistivity and stability at elevated temperatures which make it interesting to employ for metallization on GaAs. The interfacial reactions in GaAs s les with thin film overlayers of Si and Co [Si(220 nm)/Co(50 nm)/(〈100〉-GaAs)] were studied using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and mass and energy dispersive recoil spectrometry. S les were vacuum furnace annealed for time periods between 1 and 8 h at temperatures ranging from 300 to 700 °C. It was found that a CoSi2 layer formed without observable reaction with the substrate at 500 °C and above. The excess Si (Si/Co atomic ratio of 2.41) remained near the surface as elemental Si and as SiO2 for the 500 and 600 °C annealings. For the 700 °C annealing the excess near-surface Si was not observed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF01244430
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1990
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1981
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1111
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-11-2008
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1112
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 14-08-1980
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.5094/APR.2013.001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1983
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 14-09-1985
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1986
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.5094/APR.2011.016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1996
Publisher: Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research
Date: 2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1980
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1994
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 12-2003
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1039/C0AN00269K
Abstract: Understanding biochemical mechanisms and changes associated with disease conditions and, therefore, development of improved clinical treatments, is relying increasingly on various biochemical mapping and imaging techniques on tissue sections. However, it is essential to be able to ascertain whether the s ling used provides the full biochemical information relevant to the disease and is free from artefacts. A multi-modal micro-spectroscopic approach, including FTIR imaging and PIXE elemental mapping, has been used to study the molecular and elemental profile within cryofixed and formalin-fixed murine brain tissue sections. The results provide strong evidence that amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, phosphates, proteins and ions, such as Cl(-) and K(+), leach from tissue sections into the aqueous fixative medium during formalin fixation of the sections. Large changes in the concentrations and distributions of most of these components are also observed by washing in PBS even for short periods. The most likely source of the chemical species lost during fixation is the extra-cellular and intra-cellular fluid of tissues. The results highlight that, at best, analysis of formalin-fixed tissues gives only part of the complete biochemical "picture" of a tissue s le. Further, this investigation has highlighted that significant lipid peroxidation/oxidation may occur during formalin fixation and that the use of standard histological fixation reagents can result in significant and differential metal contamination of different regions of tissue sections. While a consistent and reproducible fixation method may be suitable for diagnostic purposes, the findings of this study strongly question the use of formalin fixation prior to spectroscopic studies of the molecular and elemental composition of biological s les, if the primary purpose is mechanistic studies of disease pathogenesis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1995
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1987
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.5094/APR.2011.023
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.5094/APR.2011.020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1990
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 30-10-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00571-4
Abstract: PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 microm) s les of Brisbane air were collected and fractionated into six size fractions ( 2.7-microm size fraction, with the < 0.5-microm size fraction also contributes 41% of the aerosol mass. The composition of the 1.3-microm aerosols. The aerosol mass and concentrations of chemical components related to human activities show a bimodal size-distribution pattern, with most of the mass in the accumulation range ( 2.7-microm fractions, while the organics and vehicular exhausts factors explain almost all the aerosol mass in the < 0.61-microm fractions.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1995
DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(94)00659-9
Abstract: To determine whether the quality of ionizing radiation is critical for activation of a radiation-specific DNA binding protein. We have previously shown that after exposing Epstein Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cells to ionizing radiation, a specific DNA binding factor appears in the nucleus apparently as a result of translocation from the cytoplasm. This protein binds to a number of different genomic sequences and a consensus motif has been identified. Because the protein was not activated by UV light, it was of interest whether high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation was capable of activation. We describe here the activation of a specific DNA binding protein by high LET neutron radiation. The protein binds a region adjacent to and overlapping with the distal repeat within a 179 base-pair fragment of the well-characterized Simian Virus (SV40) bidirectional promoter/enhancer element. The appearance of the DNA binding activity was dose dependent and reached a maximum level by 90 min postirradiation. A reduction in DNA binding activity was evident at later times after irradiation. The specific nature of this response and the rapidity of activation may indicate a pivotal role for this protein in repair or in some other aspect of the cellular response to radiation damage.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1981
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1983
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1986
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 05-08-2004
DOI: 10.1029/2003JD003569
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1985
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1071/EN12194
Abstract: Environmental context Atmospheric aerosols may either scatter or absorb solar radiation, potentially cooling or warming the planet. The warming–cooling effects of aerosols are determined by their optical properties, which depend on chemical composition. To better predict aerosol effects we need a good understanding of aerosol chemistry across a wide size range and geographic area. We report results of a study designed to increase understanding of the chemical composition of fine and coarse aerosols in Sydney. Abstract Between November 2002 and December 2003 s les of PM2.5 and PM10 (particulate matter less than 2.5- and 10-μm aerodynamic diameter) aerosols were collected at four sites in the Sydney Basin in order to determine the spatial and seasonal variation of size-resolved aerosol chemical composition in the Sydney region and relate this to aerosol optical properties. Accelerator-based ion beam analysis was used to determine the elemental composition and black carbon (BC) was determined using the laser integrating plate method. Aerosol species were determined by multiplying a marker element by a factor based on molecular weight ratios. Mass concentrations at the rural sites were lower than at the urban sites with an average PM2.5/PM10 mass ratio of 0.5–0.6 for all sites although at the urban sites it was 0.2–0.25 in summer. For all sites BC was the dominant element, followed by Na. For the urban sites this was followed by Cl suggesting sea salt and then the soil elements Al and Si. For the rural sites the soil elements Al, Si and Ca were more important than Cl, which was found to decrease away from the coast. Analysis of aerosol species shows that BC accounts for a larger portion of PM2.5 than PM10 and sea salt and sulfate levels are higher in summer than in winter.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1980
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1071/EN14090
Abstract: Environmental context Long-term exposure to fine particle air pollution has significant implications for human health. At a mixed urban–industrial site in Newcastle, Australia, we identified contributions from in idual industrial aerosol sources in addition to the more common aerosol sources such as soil, sea and smoke. These results are significant for the assessment and management of fine particulate air pollution in the Newcastle air shed. Abstract A long-term, large dataset approach combining standard accelerator-based ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques with positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis to determine the sources and trends of fine particle pollution in the Newcastle NSW, Australia is discussed. Over 1500 s les of particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5µm (PM2.5) were collected between February 1998 and December 2013 and analysed using IBA techniques to obtain the concentration of 22 different elements from hydrogen to lead. The PM2.5 15-year average mass at the s ling site was 8.11µgm–3. Statistical PMF analysis was applied to this large dataset to quantitatively determine nine source fingerprints soil, secondary sulfate, sea, smoke, industrial processes (specifically related to calcium, manganese and iron) and two different automobile sources. Significant step-like reductions of 98, 79 and 69%, over and above regular seasonal variations, were clearly observed in the industrial-Mn, industrial-Fe and automobile sources during this time period. These trends showed excellent correlation with the cessation of large industrial operations in the local area and clearly demonstrate the advantage of long-term aerosol analysis for monitoring and managing fine particle air pollution sources on a local scale.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
Location: Australia
Start Date: 01-2004
End Date: 12-2003
Amount: $10,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
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