Publication
Neuromotor repertoires in infants exposed to maternal COVID-19 during pregnancy: a cohort study
Publisher:
BMJ
Date:
2023
DOI:
10.1136/BMJOPEN-2022-069194
Abstract: To evaluate neuromotor repertoires and developmental milestones in infants exposed to antenatal COVID-19. Longitudinal cohort study. Hospital-based study in Los Angeles, USA and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil between March 2020 and December 2021. Infants born to mothers with COVID-19 during pregnancy and prepandemic control infants from the Graz University Database. General movement assessment (GMA) videos between 3 and 5 months post-term age were collected and clinical assessments/developmental milestones evaluated at 6–8 months of age. Cases were matched by gestational age, gender and post-term age to prepandemic neurotypical unexposed controls from the database. Motor Optimality Scores Revised (MOS-R) at 3–5 months. Presence of developmental delay (DD) at 6–8 months. 239 infants were enrolled 124 cases (83 in the USA/41 in Brazil) and 115 controls. GMA was assessed in 115 cases and 115 controls 25% were preterm. Median MOS-R in cases was 23 (IQR 21–24, range 9–28) vs 25 (IQR 24–26, range 20–28) in controls, p .001. Sixteen infants (14%) had MOS-R scores vs zero controls, p .001. At 6–8 months, 13 of 109 case infants (12%) failed to attain developmental milestones all 115 control infants had normal development. The timing of maternal infection in pregnancy (first, second or third trimester) or COVID-19 disease severity (NIH categories asymptomatic, mild/moderate or severe/critical) was not associated with suboptimal MOS-R or DD. Maternal fever in pregnancy was associated with DD (OR 3.7 95% CI 1.12 to 12.60) but not suboptimal MOS-R (OR 0.25 95% CI 0.04 to 0.96). Compared with prepandemic controls, infants exposed to antenatal COVID-19 more frequently had suboptimal neuromotor development.