ORCID Profile
0000-0001-8705-5802
Current Organisation
The University of Newcastle
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 11-2015
Abstract: To develop and evaluate a multifactorial model based on landing performance to estimate injury risk for surfing athletes. Five measures were collected from 78 competitive surfing athletes and used to create a model to serve as a screening tool for landing tasks and potential injury risk. In the second part of the study, the model was evaluated using junior surfing athletes (n = 32) with a longitudinal follow-up of their injuries over 26 wk. Two models were compared based on the collected data, and magnitude-based inferences were applied to determine the likelihood of differences between injured and noninjured groups. The study resulted in a model based on 5 measures—ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion, isometric midthigh-pull lower-body strength, time to stabilization during a drop-and-stick (DS) landing, relative peak force during a DS landing, and frontal-plane DS-landing video analysis—for male and female professional surfers and male and female junior surfers. Evaluation of the model showed that a scaled probability score was more likely to detect injuries in junior surfing athletes and reported a correlation of r = .66, P = .001, with a model of equal variable importance. The injured (n = 7) surfers had a lower probability score (0.18 ± 0.16) than the noninjured group (n = 25, 0.36 ± 0.15), with 98% likelihood, Cohen d = 1.04. The proposed model seems sensitive and easy to implement and interpret. Further research is recommended to show full validity for potential adaptations for other sports.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-09-2016
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1088164
Abstract: This study aimed to describe the impact forces, accelerations and ankle range of motion in five different landing tasks that are used in training and testing for competitive surfing athletes, to assist coaches in the prescription of landing task progression and monitoring training load. Eleven competitive surfing athletes aged 24 ± 7 years participated, and inertial motion sensors were fixed to the anterior aspect of the feet, mid-tibial shafts, sacrum and eighth thoracic vertebrae on these athletes. Three tasks were performed landing on force plates and two tasks in a modified gymnastics set-up used for land-based aerial training. Peak landing force, resultant peak acceleration and front and rear side ankle dorsiflexion ranges of motion during landing were determined. The peak acceleration was approximately 50% higher when performing aerial training using a mini-tr oline and landing on a soft-density foam board, compared to a similar landing off a 50 cm box. Furthermore, the ankle ranges of motion during the gymnastic type landings were significantly lower than the other landing types (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.001), for front and rear sides, respectively. Conclusively, increased task complexity and specificity of the sport increased the tibial peak acceleration, indicating greater training load.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1260/1747-9541.10.5.899
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate two different resistance-training interventions (unstable or stable) on strength, power, and sensorimotor abilities in adolescent surfers. Ten competitive female and male high school surfers were assessed before and after each of 2 × 7-week training intervention, using a within-subjects cross-over study design. Results for strength revealed no condition-by-time interaction or main effect for condition. However, there was a significant main effect for time, with significant strength gains post-training. There was a significant condition-by-time interaction for power exhibited as a significant decrease from pre- to post-training in the unstable condition, while the stable condition approached significant improvement. These results suggest that unstable and stable resistance training are both effective in developing strength in previously untrained competitive surfers, but with little effect on sensorimotor abilities. However, unstable training is inferior for the development of lower body power in this population.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1260/1747-9541.10.5.911
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether any significant associations were present between lower-body strength and power, and the performance of turning and aerial manoeuvres in elite surfing athletes. Eighteen competitive male surfers performed a battery of physical tests (countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP)) during a single session, in addition to having their performance of turning and aerial manoeuvres ranked from highest to lowest. Significant associations were identified between turning manoeuvre ranking and peak force in the CMJ, SJ and IMTP (ϱ=−0.737, p .01 ϱ=−0.856, p .01 ϱ=−0.683, p .01, respectively), as well as, peak velocity and jump height in the CMJ (ϱ=−0.560, p=0.02 ϱ=−0.529, p=0.02, respectively). No significant associations were identified between aerial manoeuvre ranking and any strength and power variables. These results suggest that surfing athletes that exhibit greater lower-body isometric and dynamic strength, and power also perform higher scoring turning manoeuvres during wave riding.
Publisher: Bowling Green State University Libraries
Date: 02-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-02-2018
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1443747
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of aerial manoeuvres on scoring in professional surfing. 23,631 waves were analysed for the number and types of aerial manoeuvres performed from the 2014, 2015 and 2016 Men's World Ch ionship Tour. Additionally, the awarded score, timing and order of the aerial was also analysed. Descriptive statistics and Two Way ANOVA's were performed with Sidak Multiple Comparisons Post Hoc analysis. Results were a significantly higher score being awarded (P ≤ 0.0001) when including an aerial in competition across all three seasons. In 2015 surfers were awarded a significantly larger score when performing an air reverse, compared to 2014 (P = 0.0002) and 2016 (P = 0.0057). Surfers were also awarded a higher score for the full rotation aerial in 2015 compared to 2014 (P = 0.0177). In 2015 surfers performing forehand aerials were awarded a greater score than in 2016 (P = 0.0113). The timing of the aerial and score awarded was significantly greater in 2015 as opposed to 2014 when the aerial was their final manoeuvre (P < 0.0001) and when surfers timed the aerial performance early within the heat (P = 0.0027). If a surfer incorporates an aerial manoeuvre during competition, generally speaking, they will be awarded a significantly higher score.
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 28-04-2017
DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010071
Abstract: Surfing is a high skill sport that requires a considerable amount of time in a variety of ocean conditions to help develop the fundamental techniques. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of detraining on strength, power, and sensorimotor ability in adolescent surfers. Nineteen adolescent surfers (13.8 A 1.7 y, 53.6 A 10.8 kg and 165.1 A 8.9 cm) participated in four weeks of detraining (surfing participation maintained but resistance training ceased) following seven weeks of periodized resistance training. Maximal isometric strength, power, and sensorimotor ability pre-test results were determined from the conclusion (post-test) of the first seven-week training block while post-test results were measured at the start (pre-test) of a second seven-week training block. Four weeks of detraining significantly decreased the following variables: Vertical jump height by -5.26%, (p=0.037, d = 0.40), vertical jump peak velocity by -3.73% (p=0.001, d = 0.51), isometric strength by -5.5%, (p=0.012, d = 0.22), and relative isometric strength by -7.27% (p=0.003, d = 0.47). Furthermore, sensorimotor ability worsened, with a significant increase of 61.36% (p=0.004, d = 1.01), indicating that athletes took longer to stabilize from a dynamic landing task. This demonstrates that surfing, in the absence of resistance training, is not a sufficient training stimulus to maintain physical characteristics. Adolescent surfers with a relatively low training age should avoid cessation of resistance training and strive to maintain consistent resistance training in conjunction with surf training in order to avoid negative decrements in physical characteristics that are associated with surfing performance.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 07-2016
Abstract: To identify whether there are any significant differences in the lower-body muscle structure and countermovement-jump (CMJ) and squat-jump (SJ) performance between stronger and weaker surfing athletes. Twenty elite male surfers had their lower-body muscle structure assessed with ultrasonography and completed a series of lower-body strength and jump tests including isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), CMJ, and SJ. Athletes were separated into stronger (n = 10) and weaker (n = 10) groups based on IMTP performance. Large significant differences were identified between the groups for vastus lateralis (VL) thickness ( P = .02, ES = 1.22) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) pennation angle ( P = .01, ES = 1.20), and a large nonsignificant difference was identified in LG thickness ( P = .08, ES = 0.89). Furthermore, significant differences were present between the groups for peak force, relative peak force, and jump height in the CMJ and SJ ( P .01−.05, ES = 0.90−1.47) and eccentric peak velocity, as well as vertical displacement of the center of mass during the CMJ ( P .01, ES = 1.40−1.41). Stronger surfing athletes in this study had greater VL and LG thickness and LG pennation angle. These muscle structures may explain their better performance in the CMJ and SJ. A unique finding in this study was that the stronger group appeared to better use their strength and muscle structure for braking as they had significantly higher eccentric peak velocity and vertical displacement during the CMJ. This enhanced eccentric phase may have resulted in a greater production and subsequent utilization of stored elastic strain energy that led to the significantly better CMJ performance in the stronger group.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002659
Abstract: Farley, ORL, Secomb, JL, Raymond, ER, Lundgren, LE, Ferrier, BK, Abbiss, CR, and Sheppard, JM. Workloads of competitive surfing: work-to-relief ratios, surf-break demands, and updated analysis. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2939–2948, 2018—The study provides an in-depth descriptive and quantitative time-motion analysis of competitive surfing, using Global Positioning System (GPS) units and video synchronization, which serves to extend upon the results of Farley, Harris, and Kilding (Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26, 7 [2012]). In addition, comparisons between locations and surfers competing in the same heats were performed. Global Positioning System and video data were collected from 41 male competitive surfers (23.2 ± 6.1 years, 71 ± 10.3 kg, 177.2 ± 6.4 cm) participating in 3 professional domestic surfing events, with competitive heats of 20-minute duration. Fifty data sets were analyzed across the 3 competitions, with velocities and distances covered, proportion of time spent performing various surfing activities, and total work-to-relief ratio determined. Results revealed surfers paddled 44% of the total time, followed by stationary periods (42%). Surfers performed at a significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) higher work-to-relief ratio (1.7:1) at the beach-break (an exposed beach) compared with point-break 1 and 2 (waves breaking around a rocky point). Point-breaks 1 and 2 had longer continuous durations of paddling, with significantly longer rides at point-break 1 over the beach-break ( p ≤ 0.01) and point-break 2 ( p ≤ 0.01). The average maximal speed (24.8 km·h −1 ) from point-break 2 was significantly faster than point-break 1 ( p ≤ 0.01) and beach-break ( p ≤ 0.05). This information should influence surfing drills and conditioning methods to prepare these athletes for the disparate demands, such as training for a point-break competition involving longer durations of continuous paddling and short, high-intensity workloads for a beach-break.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001428
Abstract: Parsonage, JR, Secomb, JL, Tran, TT, Farley, ORL, Nimphius, S, Lundgren, L, and Sheppard, JM. Gender differences in physical performance characteristics of elite surfers. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2417–2422, 2017—The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the gender differences in physical performance characteristics of elite surfers. Twenty competitive female surfers (CFS) and 20 competitive male surfers (CMS) performed a battery of physical performance tests: squat jump (SJ), isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), 15-m sprint paddle, and 400-m endurance paddle during a single testing session. All performance measures were significantly different between CFS and CMS ( p 0.01). Specifically, CMS produced greater peak force production (28.5%) and jumped higher (27.7%) in the SJ and produced greater normalized peak force during the IMTP (18.9%) compared with CFS. For paddling performance, CMS were faster over 5, 10, and 15 m (12.4%, 9.7%, and 10.9%), possessed a higher peak paddling velocity (11.3%), and recorded faster paddle times over 400 m (11.8%). The results of this study suggest that CMS exhibit superior physical performance characteristics than CFS, in relation to both the lower and upper body. Strength and conditioning practitioners should therefore implement a structured and periodized program to facilitate strength qualities that underpin surfing performance for all participants, but as highlighted in the current investigation, female surfers may have a greater window for adaptation and therefore vast benefit of targeting their underdeveloped physical qualities.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 28-09-2017
Abstract: Although previous research has investigated the training-specific adaptations to training in adults, there is a paucity of research aimed at investigating these adaptations in adolescent athletes. As such, adolescent athletes’ training-specific adaptations from three different training interventions were investigated in this study. Sixteen adolescent athletes participated in this study, whereby eight performed both training interventions and eight the non-training control. Pre- and post-testing was performed for each intervention with the testing battery: ultrasonography of the vastus lateralis and lateral gastrocnemius, countermovement jump, squat jump, and isometric mid-thigh pull. The resistance training group had large significant increases in isometric mid-thigh pull relative peak force ( p 0.01, g = 0.85 (−0.01, 1.71)) and vastus lateralis fascicle length ( p = 0.04, g = 0.94 (0.07, 1.80)). The gymnastics and plyometric group demonstrated large significant changes in vastus lateralis pennation angle ( p = 0.03, g = −0.94 (−1.81, −0.08)) and fascicle length ( p = 0.03, g = 1.07 (0.19, 1.95)), and moderate significant increases in lateral gastrocnemius thickness ( p = 0.01, g = 0.63 (−0.21, 1.47)) and eccentric leg stiffness ( p = 0.03, g = 0.60 (−0.24, 1.44)). No significant changes were observed for any variables in the non-training group. The resistance training evoked increases in lower-body force producing capabilities, whereas the gymnastics and plyometric training evoked changes in muscle structure and inherent muscle qualities.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-09-2019
Abstract: This study investigated the correlations with anthropometry, upper extremity strength, and surfboard paddling performance in recreational and competitive surfers. Twenty-nine recreational and competitive male surfers were assessed for height, mass, relative arm span, relative seated height, relative biacromial width, and skinfolds (Sum7). The upper extremity strength variables assessed were the relative 1RM pull up and 1RM dip. The surfboard paddling variables assessed were a 15 m sprint-paddling test and a 400 m endurance-paddling water-based test. Pearson correlation analysis and independent t-tests were used to compare differences between groups and determine the significant correlations between variables. Sum7 and relative arm span were correlated with speed in all paddling efforts meanwhile the sprint-paddling ability was correlated with the upper extremity strength. Significant differences between competitive and recreational surfers exist in relative arm span and endurance paddle performance. The strong relationships between the physical variables can be used by sports coaches and support staff to influence talent identification, training, and nutrition programs.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001364
Abstract: Farley, ORL, Secomb, JL, Parsonage, JR, Lundgren, LE, Abbiss, CR, and Sheppard, JM. Five weeks of sprint and high-intensity interval training improves paddling performance in adolescent surfers. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2446–2452, 2016—The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of sprint interval training (SIT 10 seconds) and high-intensity interval training (HIT 30 seconds) on surfing athletes paddling performance (400-m time trial and repeat-sprint paddle performance). Twenty-four competitive adolescent surfers (19 male, 5 female age = 14.4 ± 1.3 years, mass: 50.1 ± 10.7 kg, and stature: 159.9 ± 10.3 cm) were assigned to perform either 5 weeks of SIT and HIT. Participants completed a repeated-sprint paddle ability test (RSPT, 15-m surfboard sprint paddle initiated every 40 seconds × 10 bouts) and 400-m endurance surfboard paddle time trial before and after training. High-intensity interval training decreased the total time to complete the 400 m by 15.8 ± 16.1 seconds ( p = 0.03), and SIT decreased the total time to complete the RSPT by 6.5 ± 4.3 seconds ( p = 0.02). Fatigue index during the RSPT (first—slowest effort) was lower after HIT and SIT ( p ≤ 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). There were no significant differences in performance changes in the 400 m (total time) and RSPT (total time, fastest 15 m time, and peak velocity) between HIT and SIT. Our study indicates that HIT and SIT may be implemented to the training program of surfers to improve aerobic and repeat-sprint paddle ability, both of which are identified as key aspects of the sport. In addition, these findings indicate that 400-m paddle and RSPT can discriminate between aerobic and anaerobic training adaptations, with aerobic gains likely from HIT and anaerobic gains from SIT.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2014
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 2015
Abstract: To provide a descriptive and quantitative time–motion analysis of surfing training with the use of global positioning system (GPS) and heart-rate (HR) technology. Fifteen male surfing athletes (22.1 ± 3.9 y, 175.4 ± 6.4 cm, 72.5 ± 7.7 kg) performed a 2-h surfing training session, wearing both a GPS unit and an HR monitor. An in idual digital video recording was taken of the entire surfing duration. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to determine any effects of time on the physical and physiological measures. Participants covered 6293.2 ± 1826.1 m during the 2-h surfing training session and recorded measures of average speed, HR average , and HR peak as 52.4 ± 15.2 m/min, 128 ± 13 beats/min, and 171 ± 12 beats/min, respectively. Furthermore, the relative mean times spent performing paddling, sprint paddling to catch waves, stationary, wave riding, and recovery of the surfboard were 42.6% ± 9.9%, 4.1% ± 1.2%, 52.8% ± 12.4%, 2.5% ± 1.9%, and 2.1% ± 1.7%, respectively. The results demonstrate that a 2-h surfing training session is performed at a lower intensity than competitive heats. This is likely due to the onset of fatigue and a pacing strategy used by participants. Furthermore, surfing training sessions do not appear to appropriately condition surfers for competitive events. As a result, coaches working with surfing athletes should consider altering training sessions to incorporate repeated-effort sprint paddling to more effectively physically prepare surfers for competitive events.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001483
Abstract: Coyne, JOC, Tran, TT, Secomb, JL, Lundgren, LE, Farley, ORL, Newton, RU, and Sheppard, JM. Maximal strength training improves surfboard sprint and endurance paddling performance in competitive and recreational surfers. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 244–253, 2017—Upper-body (UB) strength has very high correlations with faster surfboard paddling speeds. However, there is no research examining the effects of improving UB strength has on surfboard paddling ability. This study aimed to determine the influence that improvements in UB closed–kinetic chain maximal strength have on surfboard paddling in both competitive and recreational surfers. Seventeen competitive and recreational male surfers (29.7 ± 7.7 years, 177.4 ± 7.4 cm, 76.7 ± 9.9 kg) participated in a repeated-measures, parallel control study design. Anthropometry 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint and 400-m endurance surfboard paddling tests along with pull-up and dip 1 repetition maximum strength tests were assessed pre- and postintervention. Subjects in the training group performed 5 weeks of maximal strength training in the pull-up and dip. Differences between the training and control groups were examined postintervention. The training group increased their speed over the 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint, whereas the control group became slower ( d = 0.71, 0.51, and 0.4, respectively). The training group also displayed faster endurance paddling performance compared with the control group ( d = 0.72). Short-term exposure to maximal strength training elicits improvements in paddling performance measures. However, the magnitude of performance increases seems to be dependent on initial strength levels with differential responses between strong and weaker athletes. Although a longer maximal strength training period may have produced more significant paddling improvements in stronger subjects, practitioners are unlikely to have any more than 5 weeks in an uninterrupted block with competitive surfing athletes. This study reveals that a “threshold” level of maximal strength that if possessed, short-term maximal strength training may only provide little improvement in paddling performance.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 14-12-2023
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004420
Abstract: Secomb, JL, Kelly, M, and Dascombe, BJ. Hip strength profiling of ice hockey athletes across various joint-specific angles: monitoring and injury implications. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): e422–e429, 2023—The purpose of this research was to compare the hip adduction and abduction relative strength, adduction-to-abduction strength ratio (ADD:ABD), and interlimb asymmetries of ice hockey athletes between the typically used bilateral position and 3 unilateral positions in joint-specific angles (0°, 25°, and 50° of hip abduction) relevant to an ice hockey stride. A secondary purpose was to explore any relationships between these measures and hip and groin noncontact injuries, and self-reported pain and disability. Twenty-five semiprofessional male ice hockey athletes (26.7 ± 6.7 years) were assessed for hip abduction range of motion (ROM), hip adduction and abduction relative strength, and completed the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) questionnaire. Within-subjects repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant effect for the assessment position for adduction ( F 1,24 = 52.4, p 0.01) and abduction relative strength ( F 1,24 = 152.1, p 0.01), ADD:ABD ( F 1,24 = 38.9, p 0.01), and the interlimb asymmetries for each of these variables ( F 1,24 = 9.8–12.3 p 0.01), with large strength differences observed between the bilateral assessment and all unilateral assessment positions for adduction and abduction relative strength. In addition, 4 athletes experienced a noncontact hip or groin injury within 1 month after testing, and when compared with the rest of the cohort ( n = 21) with Welch's t -tests, demonstrated significantly reduced hip abduction ROM (mean difference [MD] = −8.4 ± 2.5° p 0.01), sport subscale score for the HAGOS questionnaire (MD = −33.9 ± 7.1 p 0.01), and a decline in hip adduction relative strength in the unilateral position of 50° compared with the position of 25° hip abduction (MD = −13.4 ± 3.8 p = 0.04). These results suggest that practitioners working with ice hockey athletes may benefit from profiling hip strength in these unilateral joint-specific angle positions because they provide an evidence base to determine the hip strength needs of ice hockey athletes in positions associated with skating performance and noncontact hip and groin injury mechanisms (between 25° and 50° of hip abduction).
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 04-2015
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a drop-and-stick (DS) test method and to assess dynamic postural control in senior elite (SE), junior elite (JE), and junior development (JD) surfers. Nine SE, 22 JE, and 17 JD competitive surfers participated in a single testing session. The athletes completed 5 drop-and-stick trials barefoot from a predetermined box height (0.5 m). The lowest and highest time-to-stabilization (TTS) trials were discarded, and the average of the remaining trials was used for analysis. The SE group demonstrated excellent single-measures repeatability (ICC = .90) for TTS, whereas the JE and JD demonstrated good single-measures repeatability (ICC .82 and .88, respectively). In regard to relative peak landing force (rPLF), SE demonstrated poor single-measures reliability compared with JE and JD groups. Furthermore, TTS for the SE (0.69 ± 0.13 s) group was significantly ( P = .04) lower than the JD (0.85 ± 0.25 s). There were no significant ( P = .41) differences in the TTS between SE (0.69 ± 0.13 s) and JE (0.75 ± 0.16 s) groups or between the JE and JD groups ( P = .09). rPLF for the SE (2.7 ± 0.4 body mass BM) group was significantly lower than the JE (3.8 ± 1.3 BM) and JD (4.0 ± 1.1 BM), with no significant ( P = .63) difference between the JE and JD groups. A possible benchmark approach for practitioners would be to use TTS and rPLF as a qualitative measure of dynamic postural control using a reference scale to discriminate among groups.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2015
Abstract: To determine whether a previously validated performance-testing protocol for competitive surfers is able to differentiate between Australian elite junior surfers selected (S) to the national team and those not selected (NS). Thirty-two elite male competitive junior surfers were ided into 2 groups (S = 16, NS = 16). Their age, height, body mass, sum of 7 skinfolds, and lean-body-mass ratio (mean ± SD) were 16.17 ± 1.26 y, 173.40 ± 5.30 cm, 62.35 ± 7.40 kg, 41.74 ± 10.82 mm, 1.54 ± 0.35 for the S athletes and 16.13 ± 1.02 y, 170.56 ± 6.6 cm, 61.46 ± 10.10 kg, 49.25 ± 13.04 mm, 1.31 ± 0.30 for the NS athletes. Power (countermovement jump [CMJ]), strength (isometric midthigh pull), 15-m sprint paddling, and 400-m endurance paddling were measured. There were significant ( P ≤ .05) differences between the S and NS athletes for relative vertical-jump peak force ( P = .01, d = 0.9) CMJ height ( P = .01, d = 0.9) time to 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint paddle sprint paddle peak velocity ( P = .03, d = 0.8 PV) time to 400 m ( P = .04, d = 0.7) and endurance paddling velocity ( P = .05, d = 0.7). All performance variables, particularly CMJ height time to 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint paddle sprint paddle PV time to 400 m and endurance paddling velocity, can effectively discriminate between S and NS competitive surfers, and this may be important for athlete profiling and training-program design.
No related grants have been discovered for Josh Secomb.