ORCID Profile
0000-0002-9990-8830
Current Organisation
La Trobe University
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-07-2013
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-05-2021
Abstract: Thirty-four elite male professional rugby union players from the New Zealand Super Rugby ch ionship completed dietary intakes via the Snap-N-Send method during a seven-day competition week. Mean seven-day absolute energy intake was significantly higher for forwards (4606 ± 719 kcal·day−1) compared to backs (3761 ± 618 kcal·day−1 p 0.01 d = 1.26). Forwards demonstrated significantly higher mean seven-day absolute macronutrient intakes compared to backs (p 0.03 d = 0.86–1.58), but no significant differences were observed for mean seven-day relative carbohydrate (3.5 ± 0.8 vs. 3.7 ± 0.7 g·kg·day−1), protein (2.5 ± 0.4 vs. 2.4 ± 0.5 g·kg·day−1), and fat (1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.5 g·kg·day−1) intakes. Both forwards and backs reported their highest energy (5223 ± 864 vs. 4694 ± 784 kcal·day−1) and carbohydrate (4.4 ± 1.2 vs. 5.1 ± 1.0 g·kg·day−1) intakes on game day, with ≈62% of total calories being consumed prior to kick-off. Mean pre-game meal composition for all players was 1.4 ± 0.5 g·kg−1 carbohydrate, 0.8 ± 0.2 g·kg−1 protein, and 0.5 ± 0.2 g·kg−1 fat. Players fell short of daily sports nutrition guidelines for carbohydrate and appeared to “eat to intensity” by increasing or decreasing energy and carbohydrate intake based on the training load. Despite recommendations and continued education, many rugby players select what would be considered a “lower” carbohydrate intake. Although these intakes appear adequate to be a professional RU player, further research is required to determine optimal dietary intakes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-01-2018
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-11-2021
DOI: 10.1177/19417381211056078
Abstract: Identifying key variables that predict sleep quality in youth athletes allows practitioners to monitor the most parsimonious set of variables that can improve athlete buy-in and compliance for athlete self-report measurement. Translating these findings into a decision-making tool could facilitate practitioner willingness to monitor sleep in athletes. Key predictor variables, identified by feature reduction techniques, will lead to higher predictive accuracy in determining youth athletes with poor sleep quality. Cross-sectional study. Level 3. A group (N = 115) of elite youth athletes completed questionnaires consisting of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and questions on sport participation, training, sleep environment, and sleep hygiene habits. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used for feature reduction and to select factors to train a feature-reduced sleep quality classification model. These were compared with a classification model utilizing the full feature set. Sport type, training before 8 am, training hours per week, presleep computer usage, presleep texting or calling, prebedtime reading, and during-sleep time checks on digital devices were identified as variables of greatest influence on sleep quality and used for the reduced feature set modeling. The reduced feature set model performed better (area under the curve, 0.80 sensitivity, 0.57 specificity, 0.80) than the full feature set models in classifying youth athlete sleep quality. The findings of our study highlight that sleep quality of elite youth athletes is best predicted by specific sport participation, training, and sleep hygiene habits. Education and interventions around the training and sleep hygiene factors that were identified to most influence the sleep quality of youth athletes could be prioritized to optimize their sleep characteristics. The developed sleep quality nomogram may be useful as a decision-making tool to improve sleep monitoring practice among practitioners.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-03-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-12-2017
DOI: 10.3390/JFMK2040048
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-07-2021
Publisher: La Trobe
Date: 2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-04-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S40798-021-00319-5
Abstract: In a randomised, counterbalanced, crossover design, eight men with type 1 diabetes (T1D mean ± SD age, 27.6 ± 11.4 years) reduced insulin (INS) by 50% of their normal dose or consumed carbohydrates equivalent to 1 g of carbohydrate per kilogramme of their body weight without the usual insulin bolus (CARBS) over two sessions, held a week apart. Each session included standardised meals, a 45-min treadmill walk at 7.24 km h −1 and a 6-min walk test (6MWT). Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), blood glucose, ketone and lactate measures were taken before, during and immediately after the aerobic exercise. The distance covered in metres and the predicted VO 2 max (mL kg −1 min −1 ) were also calculated for the 6MWT. Participants completing the INS intervention spent more time in normoglycaemia (242 ± 135 min vs 88 ± 132 min P 0.01) and less time in hyperglycaemia (41 ± 95 min vs 154 ± 125 min P = 0.01) as compared to the CARBS intervention. Mild hypoglycaemia occurred in two participants during INS and no participants during CARBS. Furthermore, there was no significant difference for blood lactate, ketone, RPE, distance covered and predicted VO 2 max between interventions. Based on this pilot study, INS intervention appears to be the best approach for maintaining blood glucose levels in those with T1D during aerobic exercise, though this does need evaluation in other groups, including women, children and those with suboptimal glycaemic control. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12619001397101p . Registered 09 September 2019.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-07-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.PTSP.2016.12.004
Abstract: Tissue compression and partial vascular occlusion using band flossing results in re-perfusion of blood to the muscle tissue that may ultimately increase range of motion (ROM) and reduce risk of injury. However, the effect of band flossing on ankle ROM and jump performance is yet to be evaluated. In a crossover design, participants performed a number of tests pre and post the application of a floss band to one ankle (FLOSS), with the contralateral ankle acting as the control (CON). University laboratory. 52 recreational athletes (29 male/23 female). Pre and post measures included a weight-bearing lunge test (WLBT), ankle dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF) ROM, and single leg vertical jump height and velocity. FLOSS resulted in significant enhancements in all test measures pre to post (p 0.05). All pre to post changes were associated with small effect sizes for FLOSS compared to CON. Floss bands applied to the ankle increase dorsiflexion and plantarflexion ROM and improve single-leg jump performance in recreational athletes. The results from this study suggest that floss bands may be used for injury prevention and athletic performance.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 02-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-05-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JSR.13393
Abstract: Sleep is vital in influencing effective training adaptations in the military. This study aimed to assess the relationship between sleep and changes in physical performance over 6 weeks of military training. A total of 22 officer‐trainees (age: 24 ± 5 years) from the New Zealand Defence Force were used for this prospective cohort study. Participants wore wrist‐actigraphs to monitor sleep, completed subjective wellbeing questionnaires weekly, and were tested for: 2.4‐km run time‐trial, maximum press‐up and curl‐ups before and after 6 weeks of training. Average sleep duration was calculated over 36 nights (6:10 ± 0:28 hr:min), and sleep duration at the mid‐point (6:15 hr:min) was used to stratify the trainees into two quantile groups (UNDERS: 5:51 ± 0:29 hr:min, n = 11) and (OVERS: 6:27 ± 0:09 hr:min, n = 11). There were no significant group × time interactions for 2.4‐km run, press‐ups or curl‐ups ( p .05) however, small effects were observed in favour of OVERS for 2.4‐km run (59.8 versus 44.9 s d = 0.26) and press‐ups (4.7 versus 3.2 reps d = 0.45). Subjective wellbeing scores resulted in a significant group × time interaction ( p .05), with large effect sizes in favour of the OVERS group for Fatigue in Week 1 ( d = 0.90) and Week 3 ( d = 0.87), and Soreness in Week 3 ( d = 1.09) and Week 4 ( d = 0.95). Sleeping more than 6:15 hr:min per night over 6 weeks was associated with small benefits to aspects of physical performance, and moderate to large benefits on subjective wellbeing measures when compared with sleeping 6:15 hr:min.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-09-2019
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 26-10-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-11-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-05-2019
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-12-2020
DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000617
Abstract: Aspiring and established strength and conditioning professionals are increasingly seeking opportunities to further their knowledge to gain a competitive advantage within the highly competitive profession. Postgraduate degree programs in the discipline are therefore becoming a popular option for academic institutions to meet the demands of the workforce and marketplace. The purpose of this article is to bring together experienced practitioners and applied academics to offer considerations for the prospective strength and conditioning postgraduate student. Furthermore, this piece can be considered by academics that are responsible for the development of such programs. Future students are encouraged to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses, current and intended career trajectory, and work-life circumstances. Students' needs and wants, industry demands, and teaching and learning processes must be well understood by academics responsible for developing these programs. Finally, factors such as coursework and research content, authentic teaching and learning tasks, professional practice, and accreditation requirements represent key considerations of a successful postgraduate strength and conditioning program.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 10-2022
Abstract: Purpose: Information from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) provide the ability to identify the sleep disturbances experienced by athletes and their associated athlete-specific challenges that cause these disturbances. However, determining the appropriate support strategy to optimize the sleep habits and characteristics of large groups of athletes can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. The purpose of this study was to characterize the sleep profiles of elite athletes to optimize sleep-support strategies and present a novel R package, AthSlpBehaviouR , to aid practitioners with athlete sleep monitoring and support efforts. Methods: PSQI and ASBQ data were collected from a cohort of 412 elite athletes across 27 sports through an electronic survey. A k -means cluster analysis was employed to characterize the unique sleep-characteristic typologies based on PSQI and ASBQ component scores. Results: Three unique clusters were identified and qualitatively labeled based on the z scores of the PSQI components and ASBQ components: cluster 1, “high-priority poor overall sleep characteristics + behavioral-focused support” cluster 2, “medium-priority, sleep disturbances + routine/environment-focused support” and cluster 3, “low-priority acceptable sleep characteristics + general support.” Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the practical utility of an unsupervised learning approach to perform clustering on questionnaire data to inform athlete sleep-support recommendations. Practitioners can consider using the AthSlpBehaviouR package to adopt a similar approach in athlete sleep screening and support provision.
Publisher: MedCrave Group, LLC
Date: 25-05-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-03-2019
DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1588287
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of acute night-time blue-light exposure through electronic device use on sleep quality/quantity, exercise motivation and perceived exertion during exercise the following day. In a randomised, crossover design, 14 participants read a book on an iPad (light) or a hard-copy book (control) one hour before bedtime. Small but not significant differences in perceived sleep quality and quantity and measured sleep efficiency were found between light and control trials, suggesting that sleep may be negatively affected following one night of electronic device use. This did not impact motivation to exercise or perceived exertion during exercise the following day.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2019
Publisher: The Journal of Sport and Exercise Science
Date: 2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-06-2020
Abstract: This study explored the physical and fitness characteristics of elite professional rugby union players and examined the relationships between these characteristics within forwards and backs. Thirty-nine elite professional rugby union players from the New Zealand Super Rugby Ch ionship participated in this study. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry alongside anthropometrics. Fitness characteristics included various strength, power, speed, and aerobic fitness measures. Forwards were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) taller and heavier than backs, and possessed greater lean mass, fat mass, fat percentage, bone mass, and skinfolds. Forwards demonstrated greater strength and absolute power measures than backs (p = 0.02), but were slower and possessed less aerobic fitness (p ≤ 0.01). Skinfolds demonstrated very large correlations with relative power (r = −0.84) and speed (r = 0.75) measures within forwards, while backs demonstrated large correlations between skinfolds and aerobic fitness (r = −0.54). Fat mass and fat percentage demonstrated very large correlations with speed (r = 0.71) and aerobic fitness (r = −0.70) measures within forwards. Skinfolds, fat mass, and fat percentage relate strongly to key fitness characteristics required for elite professional rugby union performance. In idual and positional monitoring is important due to the clear differences between positions.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-09-2022
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1973111
Abstract: To characterise physiological responses to competing in an international rugby sevens tournament played in hot/humid conditions, core temperature (T
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-11-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NU13124288
Abstract: The aim of this study was to perform a 12-month follow-up of health parameters after a 17-week lifestyle intervention in overweight airline pilots. A parallel-group (intervention and control) study was conducted amongst 72 overweight airline pilots (body mass index 25) over a 12-month period following the emergence of COVID-19. The intervention group (n = 35) received a personalized dietary, sleep, and physical activity program over a 17-week period. The control group (n = 37) received no intervention. Measurements for subjective health (physical activity, sleep quality and quantity, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-rated health) via an electronic survey, and objective measures of body mass and blood pressure were taken at baseline and at 12 months. Significant interactions for group × time from baseline to 12-months were found for all outcome measures (p 0.001). Body mass and mean arterial pressure significantly decreased in the intervention group when compared to the control group (p 0.001). Outcome measures for subjective health (physical activity, sleep quality and quantity, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-rated health) significantly increased in the intervention group when compared to the control group (p 0.001). Results provide preliminary evidence that a brief three-component healthy sleep, diet and physical activity intervention can elicit and sustain long-term improvements in body mass and blood pressure management, health behaviors, and perceived subjective health in pilots and may support quality of life during an unprecedented global pandemic.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-02-2023
DOI: 10.1111/JSR.13837
Abstract: The manipulation of light exposure in the evening has been shown to modulate sleep, and may be beneficial in a military setting where sleep is reported to be problematic. This study investigated the efficacy of low‐temperature lighting on objective sleep measures and physical performance in military trainees. Sixty‐four officer‐trainees (52 male/12 female, mean ± SD age: 25 ± 5 years) wore wrist‐actigraphs for 6 weeks during military training to quantify sleep metrics. Trainee 2.4‐km run time and upper‐body muscular‐endurance were assessed before and after the training course. Participants were randomly assigned to either: low‐temperature lighting (LOW, n = 19), standard‐temperature lighting with a placebo “sleep‐enhancing” device (PLA, n = 17), or standard‐temperature lighting (CON, n = 28) groups in their military barracks for the duration of the course. Repeated‐measures ANOVAs were run to identify significant differences with post hoc analyses and effect size calculations performed where indicated. No significant interaction effect was observed for the sleep metrics however, there was a significant effect of time for average sleep duration, and small benefits of LOW when compared with CON ( d = 0.41–0.44). A significant interaction was observed for the 2.4‐km run, with the improvement in LOW (Δ92.3 s) associated with a large improvement when compared with CON (Δ35.9 s p = 0.003 d = 0.95 ± 0.60), but not PLA (Δ68.6 s). Similarly, curl‐up improvement resulted in a moderate effect in favour of LOW (Δ14 repetitions) compared with CON (Δ6 p = 0.063 d = 0.68 ± 0.72). Chronic exposure to low‐temperature lighting was associated with benefits to aerobic fitness across a 6‐week training period, with minimal effects on sleep measures.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2009
Abstract: Several recent studies have reported substantial performance and physiological gains in well-trained endurance runners, swimmers, and cyclists following a period of high-intensity interval training (HIT). The aim of the current study was to compare traditional rowing training (CT) to HIT in well-trained rowers. Subjects included 5 male and 5 female rowers (mean ± SD age = 19 ± 2 y height = 176 ± 8 cm mass = 73.7 ± 9.8 kg Vo 2peak = 4.37 ± 1.08 L·min −1 ). Baseline testing included a 2000-m time trial and a maximal exercise test to determine Vo 2peak , 4-min all-out power, and 4 mmol·L −1 blood lactate threshold. Following baseline testing, rowers were randomly allocated to HIT or CT, which they performed seven times over a 4-wk period. The HIT involved 8 × 2.5-min intervals at 90% of the velocity maintained at Vo 2peak , with in idual recoveries returning to 70% of the subjects’ maximal heart rate between intervals. The CT intensity consisted of workloads corresponding to 2 and 3 mmol·L −1 blood lactate concentrations. On completion of HIT or CT, rowers repeated the testing performed at baseline and were then allocated to the alternative training program and completed a crossover trial. HIT produced greater improvements in 2000-m time (1.9 ± 0.9% mean ± SD), 2000-m power (5.8 ± 3.0%), and relative Vo 2peak (7.0 ± 6.4%) than CT. Four weeks of HIT improves 2000-m time-trial performance and relative Vo 2peak in competitive rowers, more than a traditional approach.
Publisher: SERDI
Date: 2017
Abstract: Objective: Improvements in exercise economy following dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation in young, athletic populations has been well documented, but little research has focused on whether these same benefits translate to elderly populations. Design: Participants completed two experimental trials in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Twenty-one elderly participants yr (10 male/11 female, mean ± SD age: 72 ± 6 yr). Intervention: Each trial consisted of participants ingesting a 70ml dose of either NO3- rich (NIT 5.0mmol.L-1) or NO3- depleted (PLA 0.003mmol.L-1) beetroot juice two hours prior to reporting to the laboratory. Measurements: On arrival at the laboratory, blood pressure was assessed followed by a five minute walking economy test on a treadmill (3km.h-1 and 1% gradient). VO2, heart rate and RPE were monitored during the walking test. Results: There were no significant differences (p 0.05) between NIT and PLA trials for any of the measured variables during the walking test. Furthermore, no differences were found for blood pressure between trials. All results were associated with trivial or unclear effect sizes. Conclusion: Despite recent reports of improved exercise economy in young, athletic populations following NO3- supplementation, the current study did not find any benefit to sub-maximal VO2, heart rate, perceived exertion or blood pressure in elderly participants when performing a 5-minute walk following NO3- supplementation.
Publisher: The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.7600/JSPFSM.66.73
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-04-2021
Abstract: Background: Preseason training optimises adaptations in the physical qualities required in rugby union athletes. Sleep can be compromised during periods of intensified training. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between sleep quantity and changes in physical performance over a preseason phase in professional rugby union athletes. Methods: Twenty-nine professional rugby union athletes (Mean ± SD, age: 23 ± 3 years) had their sleep duration monitored for 3 weeks using wrist actigraphy. Strength and speed were assessed at baseline and at week 3. Aerobic capacity and body composition were assessed at baseline, at week 3 and at week 5. Participants were stratified into 2 groups for analysis: h 30 min sleep per night (LOW, n = 15) and h 30 min sleep per night (HIGH, n = 14). Results: A significant group x time interaction was determined for aerobic capacity (p = 0.02, d = 1.25) at week 3 and for skinfolds at week 3 (p 0.01, d = 0.58) and at week 5 (p = 0.02, d = 0.92), in favour of the HIGH sleep group. No differences were evident between groups for strength or speed measures (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights that longer sleep duration during the preseason may assist in enhancing physical qualities including aerobic capacity and body composition in elite rugby union athletes.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 03-2018
Abstract: Mayo, Brad, Cory Miles, Stacy Sims, and Matthew Driller. The effect of resistance training in a hypoxic chamber on physical performance in elite rugby athletes. High Alt Med Biol 19:28-34, 2018.-Limited research suggests that muscle adaptations may be enhanced through resistance training in a hypoxic environment. Seventeen professional rugby union athletes (age [mean ± SD], 24 ± 3 years body mass, 98.7 ± 12.8 kg and height, 188.9 ± 7.9 cm), performed 12 resistance training sessions over a 3-week period. Participants were randomly ided into two groups: HYP (n = 8), where resistance training sessions were performed in an environmental chamber with O
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 17-03-2015
Publisher: Journal of Science and Cycling
Date: 31-12-2022
DOI: 10.28985/1322.JSC.13
Abstract: Triathletes often schedule intense training c s into their program to promote functional overreaching, although these periods pose a greater risk of illness or injury due to heightened training load. To mitigate this risk, triathletes may implement recovery strategies such as the use of compression garments. However, little is known about the influence of such garments during multi-day exercise periods. Ten highly-trained triathletes (6 male, 4 female, mean ± SD age 32 ± 8 y) completed a six-day intensive training block and were randomly assigned to one of two recovery groups donning lower body compression tights (COMP, n = 5) for at least 6 hours following the last training session each day, or no compression (CON, n = 5). Physical performance data (6s sprint, 30s sprint, 4-minute mean power cycling tests) was collected on Day 1 and Day 6 of the training c and subjective wellbeing monitoring was completed daily. There were no significant group x time interactions for any of the performance or perceptual measures (p 0.05). However, a large (d = -1.35) reduction in perceived stress was observed from Day 1 to Day 5 in COMP compared to CON and perceived muscle soreness was associated with significant main effects for group (p = 0.047) and time (p = 0.02), with COMP lower than CON on Day 4 and Day 6. Lower-body compression garments may reduce perceived stress and muscle soreness during an intense six-day triathlon training c , with minimal influence on physical performance.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-04-2022
Abstract: Background: The occupational demands of professional airline pilots such as shift work, work schedule irregularities, sleep disruption, fatigue, physical inactivity, and psychological stress may promote adverse outcomes to cardiometabolic health. This review investigates the prevalence of cardiometabolic health risk factors for airline pilots. Methods: An electronic search was conducted utilizing PubMed, MEDLINE (via OvidSP), CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, CENTRAL, and Web of Science for publications between 1990 and February 2022. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using two quality assessment tools for cross-sectional and clinical trial studies. The prevalence of physiological, behavioral, and psychological risk factors was reported using descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 48 studies derived from 20 different countries, reviewing a total pooled s le of 36,958 airline pilots. Compared with general population estimates, pilots had a similar prevalence for health risk factors, yet higher sleep duration, lower smoking and obesity rates, less physical activity, and a higher overall rate of body mass index . Conclusions: The research reported substantial prevalence % for overweight and obesity, insufficient physical activity, elevated fatigue, and regular alcohol intake among pilots. However, the heterogeneity in methodology and the lack of quality and quantity in the current literature limit the strength of conclusions that can be established. Enhanced monitoring and future research are essential to inform aviation health practices and policies (Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022308287).
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 29-05-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 07-2013
Abstract: To determine the reliability of a 30-s sprint cycle test on the Wattbike cycle ergometer. Over 3 consecutive weeks, 11 highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD age 31 ± 6 y, mass 74.6 ± 10.6 kg, height 180.5 ± 8.1cm) completed four 30-s maximal sprints on a Wattbike ergometer after a standardized warmup. The sprint test implemented a “rolling start” that consisted of a 60-s preload (at an intensity of 4.5 W/kg) before the 30-s maximal sprint. Variables determined across the duration of the sprint were peak power (W peak ), mean power (W mean ), W/kg, mean cadence (rpm), maximum heart rate (n = 10), and postexercise blood lactate. The average intraclass correlation coefficients between trials (2v1, 3v2, 4v3, 4v1) were W peak .97 (90%CI .94–.99), W mean .99 (90%CI .97–1.00), W/kg .96 (90%CI .91–.98), mean cadence .96 (90%CI .92–.99), maximum heart rate .99 (90%CI .97–.99), and postexercise blood lactate .94 (90%CI .87–.98). The average typical error of measurement (expressed as a CV% and absolute value between trials—2v1, 3v2, 4v3, 4v1) was W peak 4.9%, 52.7 W W mean 2.4%, 19.2 W W/kg 2.3%, 0.18 W/kg mean cadence 1.4%, 1.6 rpm maximum heart rate 0.9%, 1.6 beats/min and postexercise blood lactate 4.6%, 0.48 mmol/L. A 30-s sprint test on the Wattbike cycle ergometer is highly reproducible in trained cyclists.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 06-2023
Abstract: Introduction Actigraphy has been used widely in sleep research due to its non-invasive, cost-effective ability to monitor sleep. Traditionally, manually-scored actigraphy has been deemed the most appropriate in the research setting however, technological advances have seen the emergence of automatic-scoring wearable devices and software. Methods A total of 60-nights of sleep data from 20-healthy adult participants (10 male, 10 female, age: 26 ± 10 years) were collected while wearing two devices concomitantly. The objective was to compare an automatic-scoring device (Fatigue Science Readiband™ [AUTO]) and a manually-scored device (Micro Motionlogger® [MAN]) based on the Cole-Kripke method. Manual-scoring involved trained technicians scoring all 60-nights of sleep data. Sleep indices including total sleep time (TST), total time in bed (TIB), sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE), wake after sleep onset (WASO), wake episodes per night (WE), sleep onset time (SOT) and wake time (WT) were assessed between the two devices using mean differences, 95% levels of agreement, Pearson-correlation coefficients (r), and typical error of measurement (TEM) analysis. Results There were no significant differences between devices for any of the measured sleep variables (p ≥0.05). All sleep indices resulted in very-strong correlations (all r ≥0.84) between devices. A mean difference between devices of minutes for TST was associated with a TEM of 15.5 minute (95% CI =12.3 to 17.7 minutes). Conclusion Given there were no significant differences between devices in the current study, automatic-scoring actigraphy devices may provide a more practical and cost-effective alternative to manually-scored actigraphy in healthy populations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2018.06.010
Abstract: To assess the effect of wearing compression socks on immediate and subsequent 5km running time trials, with particular attention to the influences on physiological, perceptual and performance-based parameters. Counter-balanced cross-over experiment. Twelve male runners (mean±SD 5km run time 19:29±1:18min:s) each completed two experimental sessions. Sessions consisted of a standardised running warm-up, followed by a 5km time trial (TT1), a one hour recovery period, then a repeat of the warm-up and 5km time trial (TT2). One session required the use of sports compression socks during the first warm-up and time trial (COMP), while the other did not (CON). The decline in run performance in CON from TT1 to TT2 was moderate and significantly greater than that experienced by runners in COMP (9.6s, d=0.67, p<0.01). No difference was found between experimental conditions for oxygen consumption, blood lactate or calf volume (p=0.61, 0.54, 0.64, respectively). Perceptual measures of muscle soreness, fatigue and recovery were also similar between trials (p=0.56, 1.00 & 0.61, respectively). Wearing sports compression socks during high intensity running has a positive impact on subsequent running performance. The underlying mechanism of such performance enhancement remains unclear, but may relate to improved oxygen delivery, reduced muscle oscillation, superior running mechanics and athlete beliefs.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-10-2022
DOI: 10.1177/17479541221127516
Abstract: Athletes display differing sleep habits to non-athletic populations similarly, differences occur in sleep habits between athletes from different sports. There is currently limited research investigating the differences in sleep habits and behaviors between different levels of competition within the same sport. A total of 224 rugby union athletes (109 academy, 38 semi-professional, 84 professional) completed the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Professional athletes displayed a significantly longer self-reported sleep duration compared to semi-professional and academy athletes (7 h 52 min ± 51 min vs. 7 h 16 min ± 1 h 15 min vs. 7 h 19 min ± 1 h 12 min, p 0.01). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global scores revealed a significantly lower ( p = 0.04, d = 0.3) score for professional athletes (5.2 ± 2.5 AU) than academy athletes (6.0 ± 2.7 AU). In idual components of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index revealed significant differences ( p 0.05) between groups for sleep duration and daytime dysfunction. No significant differences ( p 0.05) were observed between levels of competition for the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire global score however, significant differences ( p 0.05) were observed for 6 of the 18 items. This study was the first to investigate sleep behaviors across multiple levels of competition in rugby union athletes. Professional athletes displayed longer sleep duration compared to semi-professional and academy level athletes. Additionally, results highlighted that differences exist between levels of competition for specific sleep behaviors. This study identified that sleep behaviors could be improved for all levels of rugby union athletes.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-05-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14091988
Abstract: (1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a three-component nutrition, sleep, and physical activity (PA) program on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and health behaviors in overweight airline pilots. (2) Methods: A parallel group study was conducted amongst 125 airline pilots. The intervention group participated in a 16-week personalized healthy eating, sleep hygiene, and PA program. Outcome measures of objective health (maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), body mass, skinfolds, girths, blood pressure, resting heart rate, push-ups, plank hold) and self-reported health (weekly PA, sleep quality and duration, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-rated health) were collected at baseline and post-intervention. The wait-list control completed the same assessments. (3) Results: Significant group main effects in favor of the intervention group were found for all outcome measures (p 0.001) except for weekly walking (p = 0.163). All objective health measures significantly improved in the intervention group when compared to the control group (p 0.001, d = 0.41–1.04). Self-report measures (moderate-to-vigorous PA, sleep quality and duration, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-rated health) significantly increased in the intervention group when compared to the control group (p 0.001, d = 1.00–2.69). (4) Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that a personalized 16-week healthy eating, PA, and sleep hygiene intervention can elicit significant short-term improvements in physical and mental health outcomes among overweight airline pilots. Further research is required to examine whether the observed effects are maintained longitudinally.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 19-10-2020
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 04-2018
Abstract: To examine the efficacy of intermittent sequential pneumatic compression (ISPC) on exercise recovery and subsequent performance, when implemented between a 20-min cycling bout (simulated scratch race) and a 4-min cycling test (simulated in idual pursuit), as experienced during an Omnium track cycling competition. Twenty-one (13 male and 8 female, mean [SD]: age = 36 [14] y) trained cyclists completed a familiarization trial followed by 2 experimental trials in a counterbalanced, cross-over design. Participants performed a fixed-intensity 20-min cycling bout on a Wattbike cycle ergometer, followed by a 30-min recovery period where ISPC recovery boots or passive recovery was implemented. At the conclusion of the recovery period, participants performed a 4-min maximal cycling bout (4-min time trial [TT]). Average power (watts) for the 4-min TT, blood lactate concentration, and perceived total quality recovery (TQR) during the recovery period were used to examine the influence of ISPC. There were no significant differences between trials for the 4-min TT (P = .08), with the effect deemed to be trivial (d = -0.08). There was an unclear effect (d [±90% confidence interval] = 0.26 [±0.78], P = .57) for ISPC vs passive recovery in the clearance of blood lactate during the recovery period. There was a small but not significant difference for perceived TQR in favor of ISPC (d [±90% confidence interval] = 0.27 [±0.27], P = .07). There was little additional benefit associated with the use of ISPC to enhance recovery and subsequent performance when used during the recovery period between 2 events in a simulated Omnium track cycling competition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-02-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S10286-017-0398-6
Abstract: This study aimed at examining the autonomic cardiovascular modulation in well-trained masters and young cyclists following high-intensity interval training (HIT). Nine masters (age 55.6 ± 5.0 years) and eight young cyclists (age 25.9 ± 3.0 years) completed a HIT protocol of 6 x 30 sec at 175% of peak power output, with 4.5-min' rest between efforts. Immediately following HIT, heart rate and R-R intervals were monitored for 30-min during passive supine recovery. Autonomic modulation was examined by i) heart rate recovery in the first 60-sec of recovery (HRR No significant between-group differences were observed for HRR Following high-intensity interval training, master cyclists demonstrated greater post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation compared to young cyclists, indicating that physical training at older ages has significant effects on autonomic function.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2014
Abstract: To determine the intraday and interday reliability of a 2 × 4-min performance test on a cycle ergometer (Wattbike) separated by 30 min of passive recovery (2 × 4MMP). Twelve highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD age = 20 ± 2 y, predicted VO 2max = 59.0 ± 3.6 mL · kg −1 · min −1 ) completed six 2 × 4MMP cycling tests on a Wattbike ergometer separated by 7 d. Mean power was measured to determine intraday (test 1 [T1] to test 2 [T2]) and interday reliability (weeks 1–6) over the repeated trials. The mean intraday reliabilities of the 2 × 4MMP test, as expressed by the typical error of measurement (TEM, W) and coefficient of variation (CV, %) over the 6 wk, were 10.0 W (95% confidence limits [CL] 8.2–11.8), and 2.6% (95%CL 2.1–3.1), respectively. The mean interday reliability TEM and CV for T1 over the 6 wk were 10.4 W (95%CL 8.7–13.3) and 2.7% (95%CL 2.3–3.5), respectively, and 11.7 W (95%CL 9.8–15.1) and 3.0% (95%CL 2.5–3.9) for T2. The testing protocol performed on a Wattbike cycle ergometer in the current study is reproducible in highly trained cyclists. The high intraday and interday reliability make it a reliable method for monitoring cycling performance and for investigating factors that affect performance in cycling events.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-01-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.PTSP.2016.05.006
Abstract: The current review and meta-analysis systematically investigated the effect of joint stabilizers on proprioception, postural stability, and neurological activity. Systematic identification of published literature was performed on online databases Scopus, PEDro, SportDiscus, and EMBASE, followed by a critical PEDro methodological quality appraisal. Data from the studies were extracted and summarized in a tabular format. Of 2954 records, 50 studies, involving 1443 participants met our inclusion criteria. In the included studies, 60% of studies reported significant enhancements (p 0.05) and 21% of studies reported no effects of joint stabilizers on proprioception and/or postural stability. Meta-analysis of pooled studies demonstrated beneficial effects of joint stabilizers on the knee (95% CI: 0.35°-0.61°) and ankle (at 10: 0.1°-0.65°) joint proprioception, and negligible effects on postural stability (-0.28°-0.19°). The pooled evidence suggests that application of joint stabilizers enhances joint proprioception and stability by not merely altering the mechanical stability of the underlying musculoskeletal structures but by also causing subtle changes in cerebral haemodynamics and musculoskeletal activation. These findings support clinical implications of joint stabilizers as a prophylactic and rehabilitation measure in modern sports and rehabilitation settings.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 10-2018
Abstract: Purpose : To assess the effect of match-day napping and duration of naps on perceptual and performance indices in elite female netball players over 2 consecutive netball seasons. Methods : A total of 14 elite female netball athletes (mean [SD] age = 23 [6] y) participated in an observational study over 26 competition matches. On each match day, athletes provided information on their napping habits and perceived energy levels, then performed 3 countermovement jumps 3 h:30 min prior to the start of the match. One hour after the match, subjective player performance ratings from the players and 2 members of the coaching staff were obtained. Naps were characterized into 3 conditions for analysis: no nap (NN), -min nap (SHORT), and ≥20-min nap (LONG). Results : A significant difference in peak jump velocity was observed between the SHORT and the NN condition in favor of the shorter nap (3.23 [0.26] and 3.07 [0.36] m·s −1 , respectively, d = 0.34, P .05). A moderate, significant difference ( d = 0.85 P .05) was observed for the coach rating of performance (out of 10) between the SHORT and the NN condition (7.2 [0.8] and 6.4 [0.9], respectively) in favor of SHORT. Conclusions : The findings from the study would suggest that a short nap ( min) on the day of competition can enhance jump velocity and improve subjective performance in elite netball players, as assessed by coaching staff.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2023
Abstract: Purpose : Although recommendations for effective heat acclimation (HA) strategies for many circumstances exist, best-practice HA protocols specific to elite female team-sport athletes are yet to be established. Therefore, the authors aimed to investigate the effectiveness and retention of a passive HA protocol integrated in a female Olympic rugby sevens team training program. Methods : Twelve elite female rugby sevens athletes undertook 10 days of passive HA across 2 training weeks. Tympanic temperature ( T Tymp ), sweat loss, heart rate, and repeated 6-second cycling sprint performance were assessed using a sport-specific heat stress test Pre-HA, after 3 days (Mid-HA), after 10 days (Post-HA), and 15 days post-HA (Decay). Results : Compared with Pre-HA, submaximal T Tymp was lower Mid-HA and Post-HA (both by −0.2 [0.7] °C d ≥ 0.71), while resting T Tymp was lower Post-HA (by −0.3 [0.2] °C d = 0.81). There were no differences in T Tymp at Decay compared with Pre-HA, nor were there any differences in heart rate or sweat loss at any time points. Mean peak 6-second power output improved Mid-HA and Post-HA (76 [36] W 75 [34] W, respectively d ≥ 0.45) compared with Pre-HA. The observed performance improvement persisted at Decay by 65 (45) W ( d = 0.41). Conclusions : Ten days of passive HA can elicit some thermoregulatory and performance benefits when integrated into a training program in elite female team-sport athletes. However, such a protocol does not provide a sufficient thermal impulse for thermoregulatory adaptations to be retained after 15 days with no further heat stimulus.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-02-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-017-0679-1
Abstract: The physical demands and combative nature of rugby lead to notable levels of muscle damage. In professional rugby, athletes only have a limited timeframe to recover following training sessions and competition. Through the implementation of recovery strategies, sport scientists, practitioners and coaches have sought to reduce the effect of fatigue and allow athletes to recover faster. Although some studies demonstrate that recovery strategies are extensively used by rugby athletes, the research remains equivocal concerning the efficacy of recovery strategies in rugby. Moreover, given the role of inflammation arising from muscle damage in the mediation of protein synthesis mechanisms, some considerations have been raised on the long-term effect of using certain recovery modalities that diminish inflammation. While some studies aimed to understand the effects of recovery modalities during the acute recovery phase (<48 h post-match), others investigated the effect of recovery modalities during a more prolonged timeframe (i.e. during a training week). Regarding the acute effectiveness of different recovery modalities, cold water immersion and contrast baths seem to provide a beneficial effect on creatine kinase clearance, neuromuscular performance and delayed onset of muscle soreness. There is support in the literature concerning the effect of compression garments on enhancing recovery from delayed onset of muscle soreness however, conflicting findings were observed for the restoration of neuromuscular function with the use of this strategy. Using a short-duration active recovery protocol seems to yield little benefit to recovery from rugby training or competition. Given that cold modalities may potentially affect muscle size adaptations from training, their inclusion should be treated with caution and perhaps restricted to certain periods where athlete readiness is more important than increases in muscle size.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-01-2023
Abstract: Technological advances in sleep monitoring have seen an explosion of devices used to gather important sleep metrics. These devices range from instrumented ‘smart pyjamas’ through to at-home polysomnography devices. Alongside these developments in sleep technologies, there have been concomitant increases in sleep monitoring in athletic populations, both in the research and in practical settings. The increase in sleep monitoring in sport is likely due to the increased knowledge of the importance of sleep in the recovery process and performance of an athlete, as well as the well-reported challenges that athletes can face with their sleep. This narrative review will discuss: (1) the importance of sleep to athletes (2) the various wearable tools and technologies being used to monitor sleep in the sport setting (3) the role that sleep tracking devices may play in gathering information about sleep (4) the reliability and validity of sleep tracking devices (5) the limitations and cautions associated with sleep trackers and, (6) the use of sleep trackers to guide behaviour change in athletes. We also provide some practical recommendations for practitioners working with athletes to ensure that the selection of such devices and technology will meet the goals and requirements of the athlete.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-05-2019
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1616900
Abstract: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of personalized sleep hygiene education on sleep indices in elite athletes. Nine elite male cricket players performed 3 weeks of baseline sleep monitoring (PRE), followed by group and in idualized sleep hygiene education and a further 3 weeks of sleep monitoring (POST). Subjective sleep questionnaires included the Athlete Sleep Behaviour Questionnaire (ASBQ), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Objective sleep indices were monitored via wrist actigraphy. There were significant improvements (p < 0.05) in two of the sleep questionnaires (ESS and PSQI) and in sleep efficiency (+5%), sleep latency (-29 min) and sleep onset variance (-28 min) following the intervention, all associated with
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-02-2018
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1439535
Abstract: Stress hormone and sleep differences in a competition versus training setting are yet to be evaluated in elite female team-sport athletes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate salivary cortisol and perceptual stress markers during competition and training and to determine the subsequent effects on sleep indices in elite female athletes. Ten elite female netball athletes (mean ± SD age: 23 ± 6 years) had their sleep monitored on three occasions following one netball competition match (MATCH), one netball match simulation session (TRAIN), and one rest day (CONTROL). Perceived stress values and salivary cortisol were collected immediately pre- (17:15 pm) and post-session (19:30 pm), and at 22:00 pm. Sleep monitoring was performed using wrist actigraphy assessing total time in bed, total sleep time (TST), efficiency (SE%), latency, sleep onset time and wake time. Cortisol levels were significantly higher (p < .01) immediately post MATCH compared with TRAIN and CONTROL (mean ± SD 0.700 ± 0.165, 0.178 ± 0.127 and 0.157 ± 0.178 μg/dL, respectively) and at 22:00 pm (0.155 ± 0.062, 0.077 ± 0.063, and 0.089 ± 0.083 μg/dL, respectively). There was a significant reduction in TST (-118 ± 112 min, p < .01) and SE (-7.7 ± 8.5%, p < .05) following MATCH vs. TRAIN. Salivary cortisol levels were significantly higher, and sleep quantity and quality were significantly reduced, following competition when compared to training and rest days.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-06-2022
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 25-08-2017
Abstract: The use of counter-movement jumps as a measure of neuromuscular performance in athletes has become common in the sport setting. Accurate methods of measuring jump parameters are often expensive, difficult to transport and require expert knowledge. A new smartphone application ( My Jump) claims to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing jump height but is yet to be evaluated by independent researchers. Sixty-one recreational athletes (30 male/31 female, mean ± SD age: 20 ± 4 years) each performed three counter-movement jumps (totalling 183 jumps) on a force plate following a standardised warm-up. All jumps were recorded using an iPhone 6 s and analysed for jump height (m) and flight time (s) using the My Jump application. Jumps were compared between a force plate and My Jump for validity with inter-scorer reliability also assessed. Results show that My Jump is valid (mean bias = 0.9 cm, r = 0.96) and reliable (typical error of estimate = 1.4 cm) for assessing jump performance in recreational athletes using an iPhone 6 s with a 240 Hz high-speed camera. My Jump is a cost-effective and easy-to-use alternative for measuring vertical jump performance without the need for specialist equipment or expertise.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.GAITPOST.2016.08.008
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of below-knee compression garments on proprioception accuracy under, information processing constraints designed to cause high or low conscious attention to the task. In a counterbalanced, single-blinded, crossover trial, 44 healthy participants (26 male/18 female) with a mean age of 22.7±6.9 years performed an active joint repositioning task using their nondominant and their dominant leg, with and without below-knee compression and with and without conducting a secondary task. Analysis of variance revealed no main effect of leg dominance and no interactions (p's>0.05). However, a main effect was evident for both compression (F The study is the first to evaluate the effects of a belowknee compression garment on knee proprioception under differential information processing constraints. We conclude that proprioception accuracy of the knee joint is significantly enhanced post application of below-knee compression garments and when a secondary task is conducted concurrently with active joint repositioning. The findings suggest that below-knee compression garments may improve proprioception of the knee, regardless of leg dominance, and that secondary tasks that direct attention away from proprioceptive judgments may also improve proprioception, regardless of the presence of compression. Clinical implications are discussed with respect to proprioception in modern.sports and rehabilitation settings.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 2021
Publisher: OMICS Publishing Group
Date: 2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-01-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2016
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-11-2021
DOI: 10.3390/APP112210658
Abstract: Combat sports have been practiced for millennia and today are predominant sports at the Olympic games, with international organizations that host world, continental and national ch ionships at amateur standard. There are also an increasing number of professional combat sports with global audiences. The growing popularity of professional combat sports and their importance at the Olympic games have led to an increase in scientific studies that characterize the physical, physiological, nutritional, biomechanical and training strategies of combat sports athletes. These studies characterize combat sports as high-intensity sports which require training strategies to develop the high-intensity capabilities of athletes. Therefore, the aim of this article is to (i) summarize the physiological demands of combat sports (ii) present the primary considerations required to program high-intensity conditioning for athletes (iii) define and present key high-intensity conditioning methods and (iv) provide guidance for scientists and coaches to help prepare athletes under common but differing circumstances.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-07-2022
Abstract: Background: Compression garments (CGs) are a popular tool that may act on physiological, physical, neuromuscular, biomechanical, and/or perceptual domains during exercise and recovery from exercise, with varying levels of efficacy. While previous reviews have focused on the effects of CGs during running, high-intensity exercise, and exercise recovery, a comprehensive systematic review that assesses the effectiveness of garment use both during and after exercise has not been recently conducted. Methods: A systematic search of the literature from the earliest record until May 2022 was performed based on the PRISMA-P guidelines for systematic reviews, using the online databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar. Results: 160 articles with 2530 total participants were included for analysis in the systematic review, comprised of 103 ‘during exercise’ studies, 42 ‘during recovery’ studies, and 15 combined design studies. Conclusions: During exercise, CGs have a limited effect on global measures of endurance performance but may improve some sport-specific variables (e.g., countermovement jump height). Most muscle proteins/metabolites are unchanged with the use of CGs during exercise, though measures of blood lactate tend to be lowered. CGs for recovery appear to have a positive benefit on subsequent bouts of endurance (e.g., cycling time trials) and resistance exercise (e.g., isokinetic dynamometry). CGs are associated with reductions in lactate dehydrogenase during recovery and are consistently associated with decreases in perceived muscle soreness following fatiguing exercise. This review may provide a useful point of reference for practitioners and researchers interested in the effect of CGs on particular outcome variables or exercise types.
Publisher: Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)
Date: 04-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-10-2023
DOI: 10.1111/JSR.14052
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.2147/NSS.S158598
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 11-2022
Abstract: Purpose : Leading a 4-km team pursuit (TP) requires high-intensity efforts above critical power (CP) that deplete riders’ finite work capacity (W′), whereas riders following in the aerodynamic draft may experience some recovery due to reduced power demands. This study aimed to determine how rider ability and CP and W′ measures impact TP performance and the extent to which W′ can reconstitute during recovery positions in a TP race. Methods : Three TP teams, each consisting of 4 males, completed in idual performance tests to determine their CP and W′. Teams were classified based on their performance level as international (INT), national (NAT), or regional (REG). Each team performed a TP on an indoor velodrome (INT: 3:49.9 NAT: 3:56.7 and REG: 4:05.4 min:s). Ergometer-based TP simulations with an open-ended interval to exhaustion were performed to measure in idual ability to reconstitute W′ at 25 to 100 W below CP. Results : The INT team possessed higher CP (407 [4] W) than both NAT (381 [13] W) and REG (376 [15] W) ( P .05), whereas W′ was similar between teams (INT: 27.2 [2.8] kJ NAT: 29.3 [2.4] kJ and REG: 28.8 [1.6] kJ P .05). The INT team expended 104% (5%) of their initial W′ during the TP and possessed faster rates of recovery than NAT and REG at 25 and 50 W below CP ( P .05). Conclusions : The CP and rate of W′ reconstitution have a greater impact on TP performance than W′ magnitude and can differentiate TP performance level.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-06-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-12-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JSR.13246
Abstract: Anecdotal reports suggest that the first night of sleep monitoring using a wrist‐actigraphy monitor may result in impaired sleep when compared to subsequent nights, due to increased levels of anxiety and awareness of being monitored. This phenomenon has been seen in sleep laboratories with polysomnographic monitoring. However, this is yet to be established for wrist actigraphy monitoring in the research literature. A total of 240 healthy adult participants (177 male, 63 female age range, 18–35 years) had their sleep monitored using wrist actigraphy over a period of five nights of ‘normal’ sleep (1,200 nights of data). Sleep variables including sleep latency, wake episodes, wake after sleep onset, awakenings per hour, time in bed, total sleep time and sleep efficiency % were evaluated across all nights of sleep. Comparisons were made using repeated measures ANOVAs, mean differences, range of mean differences, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cohen's d effect sizes. There were no significant differences between the first night and subsequent nights for any of the measured sleep variables ( p .05) and all differences were associated with trivial effect sizes ( d 0.2). ICCs ranged from 0.35 to 0.62 ( low to moderate ). Despite claims of impaired sleep during the first night of sleep monitoring, our results indicate that a familiarization period may not be necessary when monitoring sleep in healthy participants using wrist actigraphy. However, the response is highly in idual and further research is required to assess personality traits and responses to sleep monitoring.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-09-2023
Publisher: Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand
Date: 2019
Publisher: Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand
Date: 2019
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001307
Abstract: Borges, NR and Driller, MW. Wearable lactate threshold predicting device is valid and reliable in runners. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2212–2218, 2016—A commercially available device claiming to be the world's first wearable lactate threshold predicting device (WLT), using near-infrared LED technology, has entered the market. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of agreement between the WLT-derived lactate threshold workload and traditional methods of lactate threshold (LT) calculation and the interdevice and intradevice reliability of the WLT. Fourteen (7 male, 7 female mean ± SD age: 18–45 years, height: 169 ± 9 cm, mass: 67 ± 13 kg, V̇ o 2 max: 53 ± 9 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ) subjects ranging from recreationally active to highly trained athletes completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill. Blood lactate s les were taken at the end of each 3-minute stage during the test to determine lactate threshold using 5 traditional methods from blood lactate analysis which were then compared against the WLT predicted value. In a subset of the population ( n = 12), repeat trials were performed to determine both inter-reliability and intrareliability of the WLT device. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) found high to very high agreement between the WLT and traditional methods (ICC 0.80), with TEMs and mean differences ranging between 3.9–10.2% and 1.3–9.4%. Both interdevice and intradevice reliability resulted in highly reproducible and comparable results (CV 1.2%, TEM .2 km·h −1 , ICC 0.97). This study suggests that the WLT is a practical, reliable, and noninvasive tool for use in predicting LT in runners.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-10-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-06-2015
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1051596
Abstract: When firefighters work in hot conditions, altered immune and inflammatory responses may increase the risk of a cardiac event. The present study aimed to establish the time course of such responses. Forty-two urban firefighters completed a repeat work protocol in a heat chamber (100 ± 5°C). Changes to leukocytes, platelets, TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, LPS and CRP were evaluated immediately post-work and also after 1 and 24 h of rest. Increases in core temperatures were associated with significant increases in leukocytes, platelets and TNFα directly following work. Further, platelets continued to increase at 1 h (+31.2 ± 31.3 × 10(9) l, p < 0.01) and remained elevated at 24 h (+15.9 ± 19.6 × 10(9) l, p < 0.01). Sustained increases in leukocytes and platelets may increase the risk of cardiac events in firefighters when performing repeat work tasks in the heat. This is particularly relevant during multi-day deployments following natural disasters. Practitioner Summary: Firefighters regularly re-enter fire affected buildings or are redeployed to further operational tasks. Should work in the heat lead to sustained immune and inflammatory changes following extended rest periods, incident controllers should plan appropriate work/rest cycles to minimise these changes and any subsequent risks of cardiac events.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-09-2022
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2020
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003680
Abstract: Cranston, AW and Driller, MW. Investigating the use of an intermittent sequential pneumatic compression arm sleeve for recovery after upper-body exercise. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1548–1553, 2022—The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of an intermittent sequential pneumatic compression (ISPC) device placed on the arm after a fatiguing upper-body exercise circuit. Fifty resistance-trained athletes (37 males/13 females, mean ± SD age = 27 ± 4 years) performed 3 physical performance tests (grip strength dynamometer, single-arm medicine ball throw, and preacher bench bicep curls to failure) before and after exercise, following a 30-minute recovery period. During the recovery period, subjects were randomly assigned an experimental arm, which was placed in the ISPC device, and a control arm (no device). Subjects completed a perceptual muscle soreness rating through palpation of 4 muscle groups in the upper body at the same time points and also 24 hours after recovery. There was a statistically significant interaction between conditions for the single-arm medicine ball throw ( p 0.01) in favor of the ISPC after the recovery period however, the effect size was deemed trivial . There was a small but not statistically significant effect ( d = 0.22, p 0.05) for the bicep curls in favor of the ISPC and no significant difference for the grip strength ( d = 0.09, p 0.05). The perceptual muscle soreness scales resulted in significant differences between conditions immediately after and 24 hours after exercise across all muscle groups ( p 0.05), all in favor of the ISPC condition. This study supports the use of an upper-body ISPC device to reduce perceived muscle soreness for up to 24 hours after exercise, with negligible effects on physical performance when compared with a control trial.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1255/NIRN.1609
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-10-2018
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1398885
Abstract: This study examined agreement between self-perceived sleep and sleep estimated via activity monitors in professional rugby league athletes. 63 athletes, from three separate teams wore actigraphy monitors for 10.3 ± 3.9 days. During the monitoring period, ratings of perceived sleep quality (on a 1-5 and 1-10 Likert scale), and an estimate of sleep duration were recorded daily. Agreement between sleep estimated via activity monitors and self-perceived sleep was examined using mean bias, Pearson correlation (r) and typical error of the estimate (TEE). 641 nights of sleep were recorded, with a very large, positive correlation observed between sleep duration estimated via activity monitors and subjective sleep duration (r = 0.85), and a TEE of 48 minutes. Mean bias revealed subjective sleep duration overestimated sleep by an average of 19.8 minutes. The relationship between sleep efficiency estimated via activity monitors and self-perceived sleep quality on a 1-5 (r = 0.22) and 1-10 Likert scale (r = 0.28) was limited. The outcomes of this investigation support the use of subjective measures to monitor sleep duration in rugby league athletes when objective means are unavailable. However, practitioners should be aware of the tendency of athletes to overestimate sleep duration.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-03-2014
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.887790
Abstract: Currently, there is no enforcement of physical standards within Australian fire services post-recruitment, possibly leading to inappropriate fitness and body composition. This study evaluated the impacts of ageing on physical standards of Australian firefighters. Seventy-three firefighters from three different 10-year age groups [25-34 years (n = 27), 35-44 years (n = 27), 45-54 years (n = 19)] volunteered for physical testing using dual-energy X-ray analysis and existing fitness tests used for recruitment by an Australian fire service. Older (45-54 years) participants demonstrated significantly poorer physical standards compared with younger participants including cardiovascular fitness (p < 0.05), strength (p = 0.001) and simulated operational power testing tasks (p < 0.001). Age-related body composition changes were also observed independent of body mass index. Minimum recruitment standards and fitness programs need to account for age-related declines in physical capabilities to ensure that the minimum standard is maintained regardless of age.
Publisher: Institute of Lifestyle Medicine
Date: 28-02-2023
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-03-2022
DOI: 10.1177/14614448221083992
Abstract: Digital self-tracking devices increasingly inhabit everyday landscapes, yet many people abandon self-trackers not long after acquisition. Although research has examined why people discontinue these devices, less explores what actually happens when people unplug. This article addresses this gap by considering the embodied and habitual dimensions of self-tracking and discontinuance. We consider the potential for digital data – and their unanticipated affects – to linger within habitual practices even after the device is abandoned. We draw on the philosophies of Felix Ravaisson and Gilles Deleuze to understand habit as a capacity for change, rather than a performance of sameness. We trace how self-tracking prompts new embodiments that continue to unfold even after people disengage. In decentring the device as our object of attention, we trouble the logic that self-tracking simply ‘stops’ in its absence. This holds implications for theorizing human–digital relations and for how self-tracking health interventions are implemented and evaluated.
Publisher: La Trobe
Date: 2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-11-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-03-2022
Abstract: Background: Previous studies have shown that compression garments may aid recovery in acute settings however, less is known about the long-term use of compression garments (CG) for recovery. This study aimed to assess the influence of wearing CG on changes in physical performance, subjective soreness, and sleep quality over 6 weeks of military training. Methods: Fifty-five officer-trainees aged 24 ± 6 y from the New Zealand Defence Force participated in the current study. Twenty-seven participants wore CG every evening for 4–6 h, and twenty-eight wore standard military attire (CON) over a 6-week period. Subjective questionnaires (soreness and sleep quality) were completed weekly, and 2.4 km run time-trial, maximum press-ups, and curl-ups were tested before and after the 6 weeks of military training. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA indicated no significant group × time interactions for performance measures (p 0.05). However, there were small effects in favour of CG over CON for improvements in 2.4 km run times (d = −0.24) and press-ups (d = 0.36), respectively. Subjective soreness also resulted in no significant group × time interaction but displayed small to moderate effects for reduced soreness in favour of CG. Conclusions: Though not statistically significant, CG provided small to moderate benefits to muscle-soreness and small benefits to aspects of physical-performance over a 6-week military training regime.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000380
Abstract: COLD THERAPIES ARE WIDELY USED MODALITIES TO ENHANCE RECOVERY WITHIN AN ATHLETIC POPULATION IN ADDITION TO OTHER ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF RECOVERY. ALTHOUGH THE BENEFITS OF COLD THERAPIES ARE DOCUMENTED IN THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE, RECENT RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED SOME POTENTIAL HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SUCH MODALITIES AS WELL AS INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO SIMILAR PROTOCOLS. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE DIFFERENT PROTOCOL CHARACTERISTICS AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO RESPONSES OF COLD THERAPIES, PROVIDING PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON EXTERNAL FACTORS, SUCH AS THE PHASE OF THE SEASON, THE DENSITY OF THE WEEKLY SCHEDULE, AND THE ATHLETES' GOALS.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2013
Abstract: Recent research has reported performance improvements after chronic NaHCO 3 ingestion in conjunction with high-intensity interval training (HIT) in moderately trained athletes. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of altering plasma H + concentration during HIT through NaHCO 3 ingestion over 4 wk (2 HIT sessions/wk) in 12 Australian representative rowers ( M ± SD age 22 ± 3 yr, mass 76.4 ± 4.2 kg, VO 2peak 65.50 ± 2.74 ml · kg −1 · min −1 ). Baseline testing included a 2,000-m time trial and an incremental exercise test. After baseline testing, rowers were allocated to either a chronic NaHCO 3 (ALK) or placebo (PLA) group. Starting 90 min before each HIT session, subjects ingested a 0.3-g/kg body mass dose of NaHCO 3 or a placebo substance. Fingertip blood s les were taken throughout the study to analyze bicarbonate and pH levels. The ALK group did not produce any additional improvements in 2,000-m rowing performance time compared with PLA ( p .05). Magnitude-based inferential analysis indicated an unclear or trivial effect on 2,000-m power, 2,000-m time, peak power output, and power at 4 mmol/L lactate threshold in the ALK group compared with the PLA group. Although there was no difference between groups, during the study there was a significant mean (± SD ) 2,000-m power improvement in both the ALK and PLA groups of 17.8 ± 14.5 and 15.2 ± 18.3 W, respectively. In conclusion, despite overall improvements in rowing performance after 4 wk of HIT, the addition of chronic NaHCO 3 supplementation during the training period did not significantly enhance performance further.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-09-2015
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 05-2017
Abstract: To determine the effect of wearing compression socks between repeated running bouts on perceptual, physiological, and performance-based parameters. Twelve well-trained male runners (mean ± SD 5-km time 19:24 ± 1:19 [min:s]) recorded their perceptions of the efficacy of compression socks for recovery before completion of 2 experimental sessions. Each session consisted of two 5-km running time trials (TT1 and TT2) on a treadmill, with a 1-h recovery period between. In a randomized crossover design, 1 session required participants to wear compression socks during the recovery period, and no compression socks were worn between TTs in the other session (control). Running performance between TT1 and TT2 for runners wearing compression socks was similar between TTs (mean Δ 5.3 ± 20.7 s, d = 0.07, P = .20), whereas for control runners, performance significantly decreased in the second TT (mean Δ 15.9 ± 13.3 s, d = 0.19, P .01). When grouped by perception of efficacy for compression socks, participants with strong beliefs (n = 7) experienced improved subsequent running performance with compression socks (mean Δ –3.6 ± 19.2 s, d = 0.05, P = .32) compared with those with neutral or negative perceptions (n = 5 mean Δ 17.9 ± 17.0 s, d = 0.19, P = .04). Cross-sectional area of the calf and muscle soreness were significantly reduced during the recovery period with the use of compression socks ( P .01), whereas ratings of fatigue showed no difference between conditions. Wearing compression socks between repeated running bouts can aid recovery and subsequent performance. Furthermore, subsequent exercise performance may be even further enhanced when athletes believe in the efficacy of compression socks to assist in recovery between exercise bouts.
Publisher: Journal of Science and Cycling
Date: 31-12-2018
Abstract: Cycling events often include multiple races a day or racing over consecutive days. Congested competition schedules and increased training load have led to the implementation of recovery strategies with the goal of alleviating post-exercise fatigue and enhancing subsequent performance. This review aims to review the efficacy of recovery strategies used following different cycling events. Compression garments have been shown to improve subsequent 30s – 30min mean cycling power and 5-min max cycling power, while cold water immersion may improve 5-15s sprint cycling power output, 1-15min time trial (TT) total work performed and mean power output in hot and humid conditions. Cold water immersion was also more beneficial than active recovery at improving total work performed. Contrast water therapy could increase 15s – 15min TT work performed and sprint mean and peak power output. Similarly, active recovery has been shown to improve power measures and time to completion. Conversely, hot water immersion appears to be detrimental to sprint power output and TT power output over consecutive days. Thermoneutral water immersion appears beneficial for improving average cycling speed and time to completion during a 20-km TT, where humidification therapy and sports massage are beneficial at improving sprint and middle duration time trial performance. A combination of recovery strategies appear more beneficial than stand-alone strategies and various combinations should be explored further.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-12-2021
DOI: 10.3390/CLOCKSSLEEP4010001
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of sleep quantity and quality via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) on students’ academic achievement in their first year of university study. In this cross-sectional study, 193 students (102 female, 91 male, mean ± SD age = 19.3 ± 2.9 y) from an undergraduate Health degree in New Zealand completed the PSQI four weeks prior to the end of the semester in their first year of university study. Results from three core subjects in the first semester were averaged and correlations between the PSQI and academic success were evaluated using Spearman’s rho (ρ). The group were also trichotomized using a PSQI global score of ≤5 as the threshold for “good” sleepers (n = 62, 32%), a score of 5–8 for “moderate” sleepers (n = 63, 33%) and a score ≥8 to characterize “poor” sleepers (n = 68, 35%). Overall, students averaged 7 h 37 min of self-reported sleep duration with an average bedtime of 22:55 p.m. and wake time of 8:01 a.m. There was a significant, small inverse relationship between academic performance and bedtime (p = 0.03, ρ = −0.14), with those going to bed earlier having superior academic success. The trichotomized data demonstrated no significant differences in academic performance between students with poor, moderate and good sleep quality (p = 0.92). Later bedtimes were associated with lower academic performance in a group of first year university students. However, there were no other relationships observed between academic success and self-reported sleep quality or quantity as determined by the PSQI. Enhancing awareness of the impact of sleep timing on academic success should be prioritized and strategies to improve sleep hygiene should be promoted to university students.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 09-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
Abstract: To explore the prevalence and distribution of health risk factors in airline pilots and compare these with the general population. Health risk measures: age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, sleep, physical activity (PA) and fruit and vegetable intake (FV) were analysed to determine the prevalence and distribution of health risk. Obesity prevalence and BMI was lower in pilots (p=<0.001, -17.5%, d=-0.41, and p=<0.05, -1.8, d=-0.37, respectively), yet overall overweight and obesity prevalence did not differ between groups (p=0.20). No difference was observed between groups for hypertension (p=0.79, h=-0.01), yet a higher proportion of pilots were 'at risk' for hypertension (p=<0.001, h=-0.34). The general population had longer sleep duration (p=<0.001, d=0.12), achieved more total PA minutes (p=<0.001, d=0.75), and had a higher prevalence of positive self-rated health (p= 5 servings of FV daily (p=0.002, h=0.16). Pilots had lower obesity prevalence, higher FV, yet lower positive self-health ratings and total PA minutes, and shorter sleep duration overall. The results indicate notable health risk factor prevalence in airline pilots and the general population. Based on present findings, aviation health researchers should further examine targeted, cost-effective intervention methods for promoting healthy bodyweight, managing blood pressure, and enhancing health behaviours to mitigate the risks of occupational morbidity, medical conditions causing loss of licence, medical incapacity, and to support flight safety.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-12-2022
Abstract: Background: While iron deficiency is commonly discussed in populations of professional female athletes, less is known about highly trained, sub-elite female athletes (e.g., those winning international age-group competitions) who generally have less access to medical and allied health support. Methods: Thirteen non-professional highly trained female endurance athletes provided training diaries and completed a blood test, where iron markers of haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), C-reactive protein (Crp), serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin were assessed. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were also obtained. Participants were classified as iron deficient (ID) if serum ferritin was ug/L serum ferritin. Results: Six of the 13 females were classified as ID. Serum iron, ferritin, Hb, Hct, and ferrin were greater in the ID group (p 0.05). Crp resulted in large to very large correlations with serum iron (r = −0.72), serum ferritin (r = −0.66), and transferrin (r = 0.70). Conclusions: In this population of highly trained female athletes, 46% were diagnosed with sub-optimal iron levels, which could have lasting health effects and impair athletic performance. The need for more education and support in non-professional athletes regarding iron deficiency is strongly advised.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 10-2022
Abstract: To investigate effectiveness and retention of heat acclimation (HA) integrated within an elite rugby sevens team training program, 12 elite male rugby sevens athletes undertook 10 days of mixed active assive HA across 2 weeks of normal training. Physiological and performance variables were assessed using a sport-specific, repeated high-intensity heat-response test pre-HA after 5 days (mid-HA) and 10 days (post-HA) and 16 days post-HA (decay). Resting, submaximal, and end-exercise core temperatures were lower at mid-HA (≤−0.26 °C d ≥ −0.47), post-HA (≤−0.30 °C d ≥ −0.72), and decay (≤−0.29 °C d ≥ −0.56), compared to pre-HA. Sweat rate was greater at post-HA compared to pre-HA (0.3 ± 0.3 L·h −1 d = 0.63). Submaximal heart rate (HR) was lower at mid- (−9 ± 4 bpm d = −0.68) and post-HA (−11 ± 4 bpm d = −0.90) compared to pre-HA. Mean and peak 6 s power output improved at mid-HA (83 ± 52 W 112 ± 67 W d ≥ 0.47) and post-HA (125 ± 62 W 172 ± 85 W d ≥ 0.72) compared to pre-HA. Improvements in HR and performance persisted at decay ( d ≥ 0.66). The initial 5 days of mixed-methods HA elicited many typical HA adaptations, with an additional 5 days eliciting further thermoregulatory, sudomotor, and performance improvements. Adaptations were well retained after 16 days of normal training, without any further heat stimulus. The trial was retrospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12622000732785).
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-12-2014
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.990489
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to measure the interface pressure exerted by lower body sports compression garments, in order to assess the effect of garment type, size and posture in athletes. Twelve national-level boxers were fitted with sports compression garments (tights and leggings), each in three different sizes (undersized, recommended size and oversized). Interface pressure was assessed across six landmarks on the lower limb (ranging from medial malleolus to upper thigh) as athletes assumed sitting, standing and supine postures. Sports compression leggings exerted a significantly higher mean pressure than sports compression tights (P < 0.001). Oversized tights applied significantly less pressure than manufacturer-recommended size or undersized tights (P < 0.001), yet no significant differences were apparent between different-sized leggings. Standing posture resulted in significantly higher mean pressure application than a seated posture for both tights and leggings (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Pressure was different across landmarks, with analyses revealing a pressure profile that was neither strictly graduated nor progressive in nature. The pressure applied by sports compression garments is significantly affected by garment type, size and posture assumed by the wearer.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 10-2014
Abstract: Firefighters are exposed to hot environments, which results in elevated core temperatures. Rapidly reducing core temperatures will likely increase safety as firefighters are redeployed to subsequent operational tasks. This study investigated the effectiveness of cold-water immersion (CWI) and iced-slush ingestion (SLUSH) to cool firefighters post-incident. Seventy-four Australian firefighters (mean ± SD age: 38.9 ± 9.0 years) undertook a simulated search and rescue task in a heat chamber (105 ± 5 °C). Testing involved two 20-min work cycles separated by a 10-min rest period. Ambient temperature during recovery periods was 19.3 ± 2.7 °C. Participants were randomly assigned one of three 15-min cooling protocols: (i) CWI, 15 °C to umbilicus (ii) SLUSH, 7 g·kg −1 body weight or (iii) seated rest (CONT). Core temperature and strength were measured pre- and postsimulation and directly after cooling. Mean temperatures for all groups reached 38.9 ± 0.9 °C at the conclusion of the second work task. Both CWI and SLUSH delivered cooling rates in excess of CONT (0.093 and 0.092 compared with 0.058 °C·min −1 ) and reduced temperatures to baseline measurements within the 15-min cooling period. Grip strength was not negatively impacted by either SLUSH or CONT. CWI and SLUSH provide evidence-based alternatives to passive recovery and forearm immersion protocols currently adopted by many fire services. To maximise the likelihood of adoption, we recommend SLUSH ingestion as a practical and effective cooling strategy for post-incident cooling of firefighters in temperate regions.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 29-08-2023
Publisher: La Trobe
Date: 2020
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 27-08-2018
Abstract: earable fitness trackers are becoming increasingly affordable and accessible making them an alluring tool for mHealth interventions and strategies. Research to date has focused primarily on issues of efficacy, accuracy and acceptability with equivocal conclusions, yet little is known about how in iduals interpret and make sense of their personalized data in relationship to health. This knowledge could elaborate on existing understandings of user experience and enhance the design and implementation of mHealth initiatives involving self-tracking technology. he objective of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of how university students respond to and interpret personalized data generated by wearable activity-trackers in relation to health. ata were collected through four focus groups (N=26) with university students in New Zealand who voluntarily wore a Fitbit for 7 days for a separate research study. Focus group questions sought to explore how students engaged with and made sense of their digital data in relationship to health and physical activity and their perceptions of the value of the Fitbit. indings suggest wearing an activity tracker can prompt both positive and negative emotional responses that influence interpretation of data and have implications for behavior change. Results also show that data interpretation is highly dependent on contextual factors and that meanings of health are highly in idual. Participants suggested that the knowledge gained through self-tracking was not sufficient to prompt behavior change, and that further support around navigating barriers to physical activity was needed. cknowledging the emotional responses evoked by digital data may enhance the design of future mHealth initiatives involving self-tracking technologies. Providing guidance and support around data interpretation may also help maximize the usefulness of these technologies, as the meanings of health-related data appear to be contingent upon the context in which it is generated and interpreted.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-04-2022
DOI: 10.1177/17479541221084146
Abstract: Daytime napping on match-day is a strategy used by athletes to alleviate sleep debt or to avoid boredom. However, the utilization of pre-match napping and its effect on self-rated performance has not been evaluated in professional Rugby athletes. Over a 17-match season, 30 professional Rugby Union athletes (mean ± SD: 23 ± 3 y) completed a weekly questionnaire on their daytime napping practices on match day. Questions included whether they took a nap, the duration of nap, their mood state upon waking and, their perceived performance during the subsequent match. Additionally, three team coaches evaluated the match performance of each participant. Finally, each participant was asked a questionnaire focusing on their napping preferences and in idual habits of match-day napping at the conclusion of the season. Pre-match naps were used by 86% of athletes, with an average nap duration of 32 ± 19 min. A significantly greater number of naps were taken during away matches compared to home matches (60% vs. 40%, p 0.01). Of the athletes who napped, 86% chose to nap less than 4 h before kick-off. Furthermore, 87% of athletes who napped on match day reported believing naps helped their match performance. Additionally, the odds of an athlete rating their performance as “good” was increased 6.7 times if they napped and won the match. This study highlights that match-day naps are commonly used amongst professional Rugby Union athletes. The results suggest that taking naps before away matches may support self-rated performance amongst Rugby Union athletes.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-12-2022
Abstract: In professional rugby union, it is common for players to switch between catered and non-catered dietary environments throughout a season. However, little is known about the difference in dietary intake between these two settings. Twelve elite male professional rugby union players (28.3 ± 2.9 y, 188.9 ± 9.5 cm, 104.1 ± 13.3 kg) from the New Zealand Super Rugby Ch ionship completed seven-day photographic food diaries with two-way communication during two seven-day competition weeks in both catered and non-catered environments. While no significant differences were observed in relative carbohydrate intake, mean seven-day absolute energy intakes (5210 ± 674 vs. 4341 ± 654 kcal·day−1), relative protein (2.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day−1) and relative fat (2.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day−1) intakes were significantly higher in the catered compared to the non-catered environment (respectively) among forwards (n = 6). Backs (n = 6) presented non-significantly higher energy and macronutrient intakes within a catered compared to a non-catered environment. More similar dietary intakes were observed among backs regardless of the catering environment. Forwards may require more support and/or attention when transitioning between catered and non-catered environments to ensure that recommended dietary intakes are being achieved.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-06-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-04-2015
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-2020
Abstract: Purpose : Wearable physical activity monitors present new ethical considerations for researchers and research ethics boards. Best practice guidelines are needed for research involving wearable monitors and should consider how these devices may impact participants outside of the research context. This study examines the perceptions of university students who wore activity monitors for research purposes in order to inform such guidelines. Methods : Focus groups were held with university students who wore digital self-tracking devices for a study examining sleep and physical activity. Questions focused on motivations to wear a physical activity monitor for research, understandings of how personal digital data generated by self-tracking devices are used and accessed, and perceptions of privacy. Results : 83% of students trusted the research process and were motivated to contribute to scientific knowledge by wearing a digital tracking device. Most (83%) understood how their data were used and accessed for research purposes, but 79% were less clear on how data might be accessed and used by third parties. 79% of participants also agreed that different data carries different social and personal implications and thus should not be treated the same by researchers. Conclusions : Protocols for research involving wearable monitors should include briefing/debriefing sessions to clarify data privacy, storage, and use issues. Researchers should also consider how wearing these devices might prompt unexpected emotional and other responses and the social implications of use for participants. The concept of privacy requires further exploration in the context of digital data collection using commercial devices.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.PTSP.2017.08.081
Abstract: Previous results from our laboratory suggest that band flossing results in increased ankle range of motion (ROM) and jump performance 5-min following application. However, the time-course of such benefits is yet to be examined. Parallel group design. University laboratory. 69 recreational athletes (32 male/37 female). Participants performed a weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT), a counter-movement jump (CMJ) and a 15 m sprint test (SPRINT) pre and up to 45-min post application of a floss band to both ankles (FLOSS) or without flossing of the ankle joints (CON). There was a significant intervention × time interaction in favour of FLOSS when compared to CON for the WBLT (p 0.05) benefits were seen for FLOSS when compared to CON for CMJ force (mean ± 90%CI: 89 ± 101 N) and 15 m SPRINT times (-0.06 ± 0.04 s) at 45-min post. There is a trend towards a benefit for the use of floss bands applied to the ankle joint to improve ROM, jump and sprint performance in recreational athletes for up to 45-min following their application.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-01-2015
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.1001878
Abstract: Bromelain, a mixture of proteases obtained from pineapples, has been demonstrated to reduce exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation, enhancing recovery. This investigation aimed to establish if markers of muscle damage and testosterone were influenced by acute bromelain supplementation in competitive cyclists taking part in a six-day cycle stage race. Fifteen highly trained cyclists [age: 22, [Formula: see text] = 1.2 years, height: 1.79, [Formula: see text] = 0.01 m, body mass: 68.69, [Formula: see text] = 1.97 kg] were supplemented with either bromelain (1000 mg·day(-1)) (n = 8) or a placebo (n = 7) across six days of competitive racing in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Blood was collected from each cyclist on days one, three and six of racing and analysed for creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and testosterone. CK activity (P < 0.001, d = 17.4-18.8), LDH activity (P < 0.004, d = 0.5-2.5) and myoglobin concentration (P < 0.007, d = 3.4-4.8) were elevated from pre-race on days three and six of racing in both groups. Testosterone concentrations were significantly lower on the final day of racing (P = 0.03, d = 1.3) and there was a trend for bromelain to maintain testosterone concentrations across the race period (P = 0.05, d = 1.04-1.70) when compared to placebo. Fatigue rating was lower in the bromelain group on day four of racing (P = 0.01). Consecutive days of competitive cycling were associated with increased markers of muscle damage and a reduction in circulating testosterone across the race period. Bromelain supplementation reduced subjective feelings of fatigue and was associated with a trend to maintain testosterone concentration.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-09-2020
Abstract: This study explored the anthropometric and body composition characteristics of elite female rugby union players, comparing between and within different playing positions. Thirty elite female rugby union players (25.6 ± 4.3 y, 171.3 ± 7.7 cm, 83.5 ± 13.9 kg) from New Zealand participated in this study. Physical characteristics were assessed using anthropometric (height, body mass, skinfolds) and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) measures. Forwards were significantly taller (p 0.01 d = 1.34), heavier (p 0.01 d = 2.19), and possessed greater skinfolds (p 0.01 d = 1.02) than backs. Forwards also possessed significantly greater total (p 0.01 d = 1.83–2.25) and regional (p 0.01 d = 1.50–2.50) body composition measures compared to backs. Healthy bone mineral density values were observed in both forwards and backs, with significantly greater values observed at the arm (p 0.01 d = 0.92) and femoral neck (p = 0.04 d = 0.77) sites for forwards. Tight-five players were significantly heavier (p = 0.02 d = 1.41) and possessed significantly greater skinfolds (p 0.01 d = 0.97) than loose-forwards. Tight-five also possessed significantly greater total body composition measures (p 0.05 d = 0.97–1.77) and significantly greater trunk lean mass (p = 0.04 d = 1.14), trunk fat mass (p 0.01 d = 1.84), and arm fat mass (p = 0.02 d = 1.35) compared to loose-forwards. Specific programming and monitoring for forwards and backs, particularly within forward positional groups, appear important due to such physical characteristic differences.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 12-2013
Abstract: Beta-alanine may benefit short-duration, high-intensity exercise performance. The aim of this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was to examine the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on aspects of muscular performance in highly trained cyclists. Sixteen highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD age = 24 ± 7 yr mass = 70 ± 7kg VO 2max = 67 ± 4ml·kg −1 ·min– 1 ) supplemented with either beta-alanine ( n = 8, 65 mg·kg −1 BM) or a placebo ( n = 8 dextrose monohydrate) over 4 weeks. Pre- and postsupplementation cyclists performed a 4-minute maximal cycling test to measure average power and 30 reciprocal maximal isokinetic knee contractions at a fixed angular velocity of 180°·sec −1 to measure average power/repetition, total work done (TWD), and fatigue index (%). Blood pH, lactate (La − ) and bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) concentrations were measured preand postisokinetic testing at baseline and following the supplementation period. Beta-alanine supplementation was 44% likely to increase average power output during the 4-minute cycling time trial when compared with the placebo, although this was not statistically significant ( p = .25). Isokinetic average power/repetition was significantly increased post beta-alanine supplementation compared with placebo (beta-alanine: 6.8 ± 9.9W, placebo: –4.3 ± 9.5 W, p = .04, 85% likely benefit), while fatigue index was significantly reduced ( p = .03, 95% likely benefit). TWD was 89% likely to be improved following beta-alanine supplementation however, this was not statistically significant ( p = .09). There were no significant differences in blood pH, lactate, and HCO 3 − between groups ( p .05). Four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation resulted in worthwhile changes in time-trial performance and short-duration muscular force production in highly trained cyclists.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2020
Abstract: Context : Given the relatively novel technique of tissue flossing is currently lacking in the research literature despite some positive findings in preliminary studies, the modality clearly requires further research. Current evidence suggests that band flossing results in performance improvements and may also be an effective method in injury prevention. Objective : Previous research has shown that tissue flossing may result in increased ankle range of motion, jump, and sprinting performance in recreational athletes. The present study aims to extend on this research, within an elite athlete s le. Design : Counterbalanced, cross-over design with experimental and control trials, separated by 1 week. Setting : University laboratory. Participants: Fourteen professional male rugby union athletes (mean [SD]: age 23.9 [2.7] y). Intervention : Application of a floss band to both ankles (FLOSS) for 2 minutes or without flossing of the ankle joints (CON) on 2 separate occasions. Main Outcome Measures : A weight-bearing lunge test, a countermovement jump test, and a 20-m sprint test at pre and at 5 and 30 minutes post application of the floss band or control. Results : There were no statistically significant interactions between treatment (FLOSS/CON) and time for any of the measured variables ( P .05). Effect size analysis revealed small benefits for FLOSS in comparison with CON for countermovement performance 5 minutes post ( d = 0.28) and for 10-m ( d = −0.45) and 15-m ( d = −0.24) sprint time 30 minutes post. Conclusion : Findings from the current study suggest minimal benefits of tissue flossing when applied to the ankle joint in elite athletes for up to 30 minutes following their application.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-05-2023
Abstract: Daytime naps are used by elite athletes in both training and match-day settings. Currently, there are limited interventional studies on the efficacy of napping on physical performance in elite team-sport athletes. Therefore, the objective was to investigate the effect of a daytime nap (& hour) on afternoon performance of peak power, reaction time, self-reported wellness, and aerobic performance in professional rugby union athletes. A randomized cross-over design was carried out among 15 professional rugby union athletes. Athletes performed nap (NAP) and no nap (CON) conditions on two occasions, separated by 1 week. Baseline testing of reaction time, self-reported wellness, and a 6-second peak power test on a cycle ergometer were completed in the morning, followed by 2 × 45-minute training sessions, after which athletes completed the NAP or CON condition at 1200 hours. Following the nap period, baseline measures were retested in addition to a 30-minute fixed-intensity interval cycle and a 4-minute maximal effort cycling test. A significant group × time interaction was determined for 6-second peak power output (+157.6 W, p & 0.01, d = 1.53), perceived fatigue (−0.2 AU, p = 0.01, d = 0.37), and muscle soreness (−0.1 AU, p = 0.04, d = 0.75) in favor of the NAP condition. A significantly lower perceived exertion rating (−1.2 AU, p & 0.01, d = 1.72) was recorded for the fixed-intensity session in favor of NAP. This study highlights that utilizing daytime naps between training sessions on the same day improved afternoon peak power and lowered perceptions of fatigue, soreness, and exertion during afternoon training in professional rugby union athletes.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 05-2013
Abstract: Compression garments have been commonly used in a medical setting as a method to promote blood flow. Increases in blood flow during exercise may aid in the delivery of oxygen to the exercising muscles and, subsequently, enhance performance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of wearing lower body compression garments during a cycling test. Twelve highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD age 30 ± 6 y, mass 75.6 ± 5.8 kg, VO2peak 66.6 ± 3.4 mL · kg −1 · min −1 ) performed two 30-min cycling bouts on a cycle ergometer in a randomized, crossover design. During exercise, either full-length lower body compression garments (COMP) or above-knee cycling shorts (CON) were worn. Cycling bouts involved 15 min at a fixed workload (70% of VO2max power) followed by a 15-min time trial. Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (BL) were measured during the fixed-intensity component of the cycling bout to determine the physiological effect of the garments. Calf girth (CG), thigh girth (TG) and perceived soreness (PS) were measured preexercise and postexercise. COMP produced a trivial effect on mean power output (ES = .14) compared with CON (mean ± 95% CI 1.3 ±1.0). COMP was also associated with a lower HR during the fixed-workload section of the test (−2.6% ± 2.3%, ES = −.38). There were no differences between groups for BL, CG, TG, and PS. Wearing compression garments during cycling may result in trivial performance improvements of ~1% and may enhance oxygen delivery to the exercising muscles.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2007
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 07-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-12-2017
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 22-04-2020
DOI: 10.5194/PIAHS-382-297-2020
Abstract: Abstract. The assessment of the impact of mining-induced seismicity on the natural environment and infrastructure is often limited to the analysis of terrain surface vibrations. However, similar seismic phenomena, like earthquakes, may also imply dislocations and deformations of the rock mass. Such ground movements may occur in areas which are not directly under the influence of the mining. The study of the displacement field caused by mining-induced seismicity is usually carried out with the use of geodetic methods. Classical geodetic measurements provide discrete information about observed ground movements. As a result, they generally do not provide spatially and temporally relevant estimates of the total range and values of ground movements for specific periods of interest. Moreover, mining-induced seismicity causes a severe threat to buildings. That is why, regarding the complexity of the mechanism of occurrence of mining-induced seismicity and their impact on ground movements, this problem remains a substantial research issue. The presented research aimed to analyse the ground movements caused by mining-induced seismicity. The ground displacements were established based on data from Sentinel-1 satellites applying differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR). The results of the investigation in the copper mining area of the Lower Silesia region of Poland revealed that the observed subsidence caused by mining-induced seismicity usually has a shape of a regular ellipse. The radius of these ground movements does not exceed approximately 2–3 km from the mining-induced tremor's epicenter, and the total subsidence reaches ca. 10–20 cm. More than 50 % of the total subsidence is observed on the surface within a few days after the mining tremor occurrence. Furthermore, the deformations of the surface occur when the energy of mining-induced tremor reaches values of the order of 105 J or higher. The presented research can contribute to better identification and evaluation of the mechanism of the rock mass deformation process caused by mining-induced seismicity. In addition, the use of satellite radar interferometry improves the quality of monitoring of these dynamic phenomena significantly. The data retrieved using this method allow for quasi-continuous monitoring of the local subsidence bowls caused by mining-induced seismicity.
Publisher: Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand
Date: 2020
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2013
Abstract: To evaluate the effectiveness of different recovery strategies on repeat cycling performance where a short duration between exercise bouts is required. Eleven highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD age = 31 ± 6 y, mass = 74.6 ± 10.6 kg, height = 180.5 ± 8.1 cm) completed 4 trials each consisting of three 30-s maximal sprints (S1, S2, S3) on a cycle ergometer, separated by 20-min recovery periods. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, each trial involved subjects performing 1 of 4 recovery strategies: compression garments (COMP), electronic muscle stimulation (EMS), humidification therapy (HUM), and a passive control (CON). The sprint tests implemented a 60-s preload (at an intensity of 4.5 W/kg) before a 30-s maximal sprint. Mean power outputs (W) for the 3 sprints, in combination with perceived recovery and blood lactate concentration, were used to examine the effect of each recovery strategy. In CON, S2 and S3 were (mean ± SD) –2.1% ± 3.9% and –3.1% ± 4.2% lower than S1, respectively. Compared with CON, COMP resulted in a higher mean power output from S1 to S2 (mean ± 90%CL: 0.8% ± 1.2% possibly beneficial) and from S1 to S3 (1.2% ± 1.9% possibly beneficial), while HUM showed a higher mean power output from S1 to S3 (2.2% ± 2.5% likely beneficial) relative to CON. The authors suggest that both COMP and HUM may be effective strategies to enhance recovery between repeated sprint-cycling bouts separated by ~30 min.
Publisher: Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand
Date: 2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-02-2021
Publisher: Purdue University (bepress)
Date: 15-04-2014
Publisher: The Journal of Sport and Exercise Science
Date: 2017
No related grants have been discovered for Matthew Driller.