ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5147-145X
Current Organisations
University of Sydney
,
University of New South Wales
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Civil Engineering | Water And Sanitary Engineering | Membrane And Separation Technologies | Water Quality Engineering | Environmental Management | Environmental Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Environmental Science and Management | Environmental Engineering Modelling | Chemical Engineering | Organic Geochemistry | Microbial Ecology | Chemical Spectroscopy | Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience | Characterisation Of Macromolecules | Other Chemical Sciences | Environmental Biotechnology | Environmental Impact Assessment | Environmental Chemistry (incl. Atmospheric Chemistry) | Soil And Water Sciences Not Elsewhere Classified | Bioremediation | Hydrogeology | Quaternary Environments | Separation Science | Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry | Environmental Technologies | Environmental Engineering | Environmental Technologies | Other Instrumental Methods | Sustainable Agricultural Development | Crop and Pasture Nutrition | Environmental Chemistry (Incl. Atmospheric Chemistry) | Phycology | Water Treatment Processes |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Electricity, gas and water services and utilities | Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water for Urban and Industrial Use | Water services and utilities | Public health not elsewhere classified | Environmental Health | Environmental Lifecycle Assessment | Land and water management | Land and water management | Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water in Fresh, Ground and Surface Water Environments (excl. Urban and Industrial Use) | Waste management | Sustainability Indicators | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Farmland, Arable Cropland and Permanent Cropland Environments | Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change | Climate Variability (excl. Social Impacts) | Other | Processed food products and beverages not elsewhere classified | Water Services and Utilities | Management of Solid Waste from Plant Production | Urban and Industrial Water Management | Rehabilitation of Degraded Fresh, Ground and Surface Water Environments | Land and water management | Expanding Knowledge in the Environmental Sciences | Environmental health | Waste management and recycling
Related Links
Publications
Hypothetical scenario exercises to improve planning and readiness for drinking water quality management during extreme weather events
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2016.12.028
Abstract: Two hypothetical scenario exercises were designed and conducted to reflect the increasingly extreme weather-related challenges faced by water utilities as the global climate changes. The first event was based on an extreme flood scenario. The second scenario involved a combination of weather events, including a wild forest fire ('bushfire') followed by runoff due to significant rainfall. For each scenario, a panel of erse personnel from water utilities and relevant agencies (e.g. health departments) formed a hypothetical water utility and associated regulatory body to manage water quality following the simulated extreme weather event. A larger audience participated by asking questions and contributing key insights. Participants were confronted with unanticipated developments as the simulated scenarios unfolded, introduced by a facilitator. Participants were presented with information that may have challenged their conventional experiences regarding operational procedures in order to identify limitations in current procedures, assumptions, and readily available information. The process worked toward the identification of a list of specific key lessons for each event. At the conclusion of each simulation a facilitated discussion was used to establish key lessons of value to water utilities in preparing them for similar future extreme events.
Rejection of small and uncharged chemicals of emerging concern by reverse osmosis membranes: The role of free volume space within the active skin layer
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
Estimation of pharmaceutical residues in primary and secondary sewage sludge based on quantities of use and fugacity modelling
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 08-2002
Abstract: A general procedure was developed for estimating the concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in fresh primary and secondary sewage sludge. Prescribed quantities coupled with information on the various excretion ratios of 20 pharmaceuticals and 2 of their metabolites enabled prediction of the overall rates of excretion into Australian sewage. Fugacity modelling was applied to predict concentrations of these residues in fresh primary and secondary sludge. Predicted concentrations ranged from 10−3 - 884 μg/L in primary sludge and 10-4 - 36 μg/L in secondary sludge. Overall rates of removal to sludges ranged from 1-39%. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparison to analytical data.
Hazardous events in membrane bioreactors - Part 1: Impacts on key operational and bulk water quality parameters
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
New insights into the relationship between draw solution chemistry and trace organic rejection by forward osmosis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Modelling of pharmaceutical residues in Australian sewage by quantities of use and fugacity calculations
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2003.07.001
Abstract: A conceptual model is presented for determining which currently prescribed pharmaceutical compounds are most likely to be found in sewage, and for estimating their concentrations, both in raw sewage and after successive stages of secondary sewage treatment. A ranking of the "top-50" pharmaceutical compounds (by total mass dispensed) in Australia over the 1998 calendar year was prepared. Information on the excretion ratios and some metabolites of the pharmaceuticals enabled prediction of the overall rates of excretion into Australian sewage. Mass-balance and fugacity modelling, applied to sewage generation and to a sewage treatment plant, allowed calculation of predicted concentrations of the compounds in raw, primary and secondary treated sewage effluents. Twenty nine of the modelled pharmaceutical residuals were predicted to be present in raw sewage influent at concentrations of 1 microgl(-1) or greater. Twenty of the compounds were predicted to remain in secondary effluent at concentrations of 1 microgl(-1) or greater.
Role of wastewater treatment in covid-19 control
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 06-01-2021
Abstract: The International Water Association (IWA) initiated a Task Force in April 2020 to serve as a leadership team within IWA whose role is to keep abreast and communicate the emerging science, technology, and applications for understanding the impact and the ability to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and specifically designed for water professionals and industries. Expertise was nominated across the world with the purpose of collectively providing the water sector with knowledge products for the guidance on the control of COVID-19 and other viruses. This review paper developed by a working group of the IWA Task Force focuses on the control of COVID-19. The purpose of this review paper is to provide an understanding of existing knowledge with regards to COVID-19 and provide the necessary guidance of risk mitigation based on currently available knowledge of viruses in wastewater. This review paper considered various scenarios for both the developed world and the developing world and provided recommendations for managing risk. The review paper serves to pool the knowledge with regards to the pandemic and in relation to other viruses. The IWA Task Team envisage that this review paper provides the necessary guidance to the global response to the ongoing pandemic.
Presence and select determinants of organophosphate flame retardants in public swimming pools
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.06.085
Abstract: The occurrence of five organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) consisting of tributyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1.3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in swimming pools were investigated. Fifteen chlorinated public swimming pools were s led, including indoor pools, outdoor pools and spa pools. The analyses were carried out using isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All five PFRs were detected in swimming pool waters with concentrations ranging from 5-27ng/L (TNBP), 7-293ng/L (TCEP), 62-1180ng/L (TCIPP), 10-670ng/L (TDCIPP) and 8-132ng/L (TPHP). The concentrations of PFRs were generally higher in indoor swimming pools compared to outdoor swimming pools. In municipal water supplies, used to fill the swimming pools in three of the s ling locations, the five PFRs were all below the limit of quantifications, eliminating this as the source. Potential leaching of PFRs from commonly used swimming equipment, including newly purchased kickboards and swimsuits was investigated. These experiments revealed that PFRs leached from swimsuits, and may be a source of PFRs in swimming pools. A quantitative risk assessment revealed that the health risk to PFRs via swimming pools was generally low and below commonly applied health risk benchmarks.
Occurrence of trace organic contaminants in wastewater sludge and their removals by anaerobic digestion
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2015.12.080
Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in wastewater sludge and their removal during anaerobic digestion. The significant occurrence of 18 TrOCs in primary sludge was observed. These TrOCs occurred predominantly in the solid phase. Some of these TrOCs (e.g. paracetamol, caffeine, ibuprofen and triclosan) were also found at high concentrations (>10,000ng/L) in the aqueous phase. The overall removal of TrOCs (from both the aqueous and solid phase) by anaerobic digestion was governed by their molecular structure (e.g. the presence/absence of electron withdrawing/donating functional groups). While an increase in sludge retention time (SRT) of the digester resulted in a small but clearly discernible increase in basic biological performance (e.g. volatile solids removal and biogas production), the impact of SRT on TrOC removal was negligible. The lack of SRT influence on TrOC removal suggests that TrOCs were not the main substrate for anaerobic digestion.
Potable reuse of water
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C5EW90021B
Abstract: Guest editor Stuart Khan introduces the Potable Reuse of Water themed issue of Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology .
Biocatalytic metal–organic framework nanomotors for active water decontamination
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1039/D0CC06429G
Abstract: Biocatalytic metal–organic framework nanomotors for active removal of heavy metal ions and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in aqueous environments.
Effects of thermal pre-treatment and recuperative thickening on the fate of trace organic contaminants during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Comparison of reverse osmosis membrane fouling profiles from Australian water recycling plants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
Rejection of small solutes by reverse osmosis membranes for water reuse applications: A pilot-scale study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
Analysis of N-nitrosamines in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography-electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2012.05.032
Abstract: A method has been developed for the determination of eight N-nitrosamines in drinking water and treated municipal effluent. The method uses solid phase extraction (SPE), gas chromatography (GC) and analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) with electron ionization (EI). The target compounds are N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomethyethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosodiethylamine NDEA), N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBuA), N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMorph). The use of direct isotope analogues for isotope dilution analysis of all analytes ensures accurate quantification, accounting for analytical variabilities that may occur during s le processing, extraction and instrumental analysis. Method detection levels (MDLs) were determined to describe analyte concentrations sufficient to provide a signal with 99% certainty of detection. The established MDLs for all analytes were 0.4-4 ng L(-1) in a variety of aqueous matrices. S le matrices were observed to have only a minor impact on MDLs and the method validation confirmed satisfactory method stability over intra-day and inter-day analyses of tap water and tertiary treated effluent s les.
Application of Portable Fluorescence Spectrophotometry for Integrity Testing of Recycled Water Dual Distribution Systems
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1366/14-07513
Abstract: Water utilities supplying recycled water to households via a “third-pipe” or “dual reticulation” system have a need for a rapid, portable method to detect cross-connections within potable water reticulation networks. This study evaluates portable fluorimetry as a technique for cross-connection detection in the field. For the first time, an investigation of a full-scale dual reticulation water-recycling network has been carried out to identify cross-connections using a portable fluorimeter. We determined that this can be carried out with a 3 mL water s le, and unlike methods that are currently in use for cross-connection detection, can be achieved quickly without disruption to water flow or availability within the network. It was also revealed that fluorescence trigger values could be established with high levels of confidence by s ling less than 2.5% of the network. Fluorescence analysis was also able to uncover a single, real cross-connection event. As such, this paper is a fundamental demonstration of fluorescence as a reliable, highly portable technique for cross-connection detection within dual reticulation water recycling networks and further establishes the abilities of fluorescence devices as valuable field instruments for water quality monitoring.
Demonstrating ultra-filtration and reverse osmosis performance using size exclusion chromatography
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.423
Abstract: Advanced water treatment plants employing ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes are frequently implemented for the production of high-quality recycled water. It is important that process performance is able to be quantified and assessed to ensure it is fit for purpose. This research utilizes size exclusion chromatography with organic carbon, organic nitrogen and UV254 detection to determine the change in both DOC concentration and character through a UF/3 stage-RO pilot plant. It was determined that 97% of the influent DOC was removed on average to produce a water of less than 0.5 mg L−1 as C. The UF process removed more than half of the biopolymer fraction, equating to 4.5% DOC removal, while the RO process generally removed all DOC except a small proportion of the low MW humics and acids and low MW neutral fraction. While not changing significantly in concentration, the Stage 3 RO permeate typically contained low concentrations of humic fraction, indicating a change in character and therefore a change in rejection mechanism. Overall, it was determined that while TOC monitoring is important in advanced water treatment systems, improved understanding of the character of the TOC present lends greater insight into the assessment of process performance.
N-nitrosamine rejection by reverse osmosis: Effects of membrane exposure to chemical cleaning reagents
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
Multivariate experimental design provides insights for the optimisation of rechloramination conditions and water age to control disinfectant decay and disinfection by-product formation in treated drinking water
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.154324
Abstract: The stability of drinking water disinfectant residuals is known to be influenced by multiple variables. To evaluate the effects of various influencing variables on disinfectant stability, a multivariate analysis of chloramine decay and associated disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation was investigated in a series of bench-scale experiments. Of nine water quality variables previously identified, monochloramine dose, pH, and bromide concentration were selected as key water quality variables based on previous investigations and modelling. Co-effects of these key variables on monochloramine decay and formation of 33 halogenated and nitrogen-containing DBPs were investigated using response surface experimental design. Rechloramination conditions, including monochloramine dose, pH and bromide concentration, were optimised via a 3-factorial multivariate analysis of monochloramine stability in post-treatment drinking water. Effects of influencing variables on disinfectant decay and DBP formation were assessed and graphically presented as response surfaces with minimal experiments using Doehlert matrix experimental design compared to other multivariate experimental designs. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and N-nitrosamines were found to increase with water age, whereas opposite phenomenon was observed in the net production of haloacetonitriles (HANs). Increasing pH was found to stabilise monochloramine but it could cause DBP speciation to shift. Furthermore, increasing bromide concentration elevated Br-DBP formation. In bromide-containing water, pH = 7.8-8.0 should be considered as higher pH increases Br-THMs formations and lower pH increases formations of Br-HAAs and Br-HANs. However, water age or pH has insignificant impacts on DBP formation after significant monochloramine decay or at low initial monochloramine dose. These findings indicate that effective combined control measures to maintain monochloramine stability should include the application of high monochloramine dose (>1.5 mg-Cl
Deriving safe short-term chemical exposure values (STEV) for drinking water
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.YRTPH.2019.104545
Abstract: Small and brief exceedances of chemicals above their guideline values in drinking water are unlikely to cause an appreciable increased risk to human health. As a result, short-term exposure values (STEV) can be derived to help decide whether drinking water can still be supplied to consumers without adverse health risks. In this study, three approaches were applied to calculate and compare STEV for pesticides. The three approaches included basing a STEV on the acute reference dose (ARfD) (Approach 1), removing conventional attribution rates and uncertainty factors from current guideline values (Approach 2) and extrapolating 1 d and 7 d no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) from existing toxicity data using a log-linear regression (Approach 3). Despite being very different methods, the three approaches produced comparable STEV generally within an order of magnitude, which often overlapped with other existing short-term exposure values such as short-term no adverse response levels (SNARL) and health advisories (HA). The results show that adjusting the current guideline value using standard extrapolation factors (Approach 2) often produced the most conservative values. Approach 2 was then applied to two other chemical classes, disinfection by-products (DBPs) and cyanotoxins, demonstrating the wider applicability of the approach.
Modelling pathogen log10 reduction values achieved by activated sludge treatment using naïve and semi naïve Bayes network models
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2015.08.035
Abstract: Risk management for wastewater treatment and reuse have led to growing interest in understanding and optimising pathogen reduction during biological treatment processes. However, modelling pathogen reduction is often limited by poor characterization of the relationships between variables and incomplete knowledge of removal mechanisms. The aim of this paper was to assess the applicability of Bayesian belief network models to represent associations between pathogen reduction, and operating conditions and monitoring parameters and predict AS performance. Naïve Bayes and semi-naïve Bayes networks were constructed from an activated sludge dataset including operating and monitoring parameters, and removal efficiencies for two pathogens (native Giardia lamblia and seeded Cryptosporidium parvum) and five native microbial indicators (F-RNA bacteriophage, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, coliforms and enterococci). First we defined the Bayesian network structures for the two pathogen log10 reduction values (LRVs) class nodes discretized into two states (< and ≥ 1 LRV) using two different learning algorithms. Eight metrics, such as Prediction Accuracy (PA) and Area Under the receiver operating Curve (AUC), provided a comparison of model prediction performance, certainty and goodness of fit. This comparison was used to select the optimum models. The optimum Tree Augmented naïve models predicted removal efficiency with high AUC when all system parameters were used simultaneously (AUCs for C. parvum and G. lamblia LRVs of 0.95 and 0.87 respectively). However, metrics for in idual system parameters showed only the C. parvum model was reliable. By contrast in idual parameters for G. lamblia LRV prediction typically obtained low AUC scores (AUC < 0.81). Useful predictors for C. parvum LRV included solids retention time, turbidity and total coliform LRV. The methodology developed appears applicable for predicting pathogen removal efficiency in water treatment systems generally.
An anaerobic membrane bioreactor – membrane distillation hybrid system for energy recovery and water reuse: Removal performance of organic carbon, nutrients, and trace organic contaminants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.02.057
Abstract: In this study, a direct contact membrane distillation (MD) unit was integrated with an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) to simultaneously recover energy and produce high quality water for reuse from wastewater. Results show that AnMBR could produce 0.3-0.5L/g COD
Integrated Concepts in Water Recycling 2005 conference summary from the organising committee
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2006
Simultaneous determination of estrogenic and androgenic hormones in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2011.01.068
Abstract: A rapid gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analytical method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 7 estrogenic hormones (17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, estrone, mestranol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, levonorgestrel, estriol) and 5 androgenic hormones (testosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione) in aqueous matrices. This method is unique in its inclusion of all 12 of these estrogens and androgens and is of particular value due to its very short chromatographic run time of 15 min. The use of isotope dilution for all analytes ensures the accurate quantification, accounting for analytical variabilities that may be introduced during s le processing and instrumental analysis. Direct isotopically labelled analogues were used for 8 of the 12 hormones and satisfactory isotope standards were identified for the remaining 4 hormones. Method detection levels (MDLs) were determined to describe analyte concentrations sufficient to provide a signal with 99% certainty of detection. The established MDLs for most analytes were 1-5 ngL(-1) in a variety of aqueous matrices. However, slightly higher MDLs were observed for etiocholanolone, androstenedione, testosterone, levonorgestrel and dihydrotestosterone in some aqueous matrices. S le matrices were observed to have only a minor impact on MDLs and the method validation confirmed satisfactory method stability over intra-day and inter-day analyses of surface water and tertiary treated effluent s les.
Estimating human toxicity potential of land application of sewage sludge: the effect of modelling choices
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-08-2017
Chemical monitoring strategy for the assessment of advanced water treatment plant performance
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.2166/WS.2010.635
Abstract: A pilot-scale plant was employed to validate the performance of a proposed full-scale advanced water treatment plant (AWTP) in Sydney, Australia. The primary aim of this study was to develop a chemical monitoring program that can demonstrate proper plant operation resulting in the removal of priority chemical constituents in the product water. The feed water quality to the pilot plant was tertiary-treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The unit processes of the AWTP were comprised of an integrated membrane system (ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis) followed by final chlorination generating a water quality that does not present a source of human or environmental health concern. The chemical monitoring program was undertaken over 6 weeks during pilot plant operation and involved the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, steroidal hormones, industrial chemicals, pesticides, N-nitrosamines and halomethanes. The first phase consisted of baseline monitoring of target compounds to quantify influent concentrations in feed waters to the plant. This was followed by a period of validation monitoring utilising indicator chemicals and surrogate measures suitable to assess proper process performance at various stages of the AWTP. This effort was supported by challenge testing experiments to further validate removal of a series of indicator chemicals by reverse osmosis. This pilot-scale study demonstrated a simplified analytical approach that can be employed to assure proper operation of advanced water treatment processes and the absence of trace organic chemicals.
Removal of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and charged xenobiotic organic compounds from greywater using green wall media
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2023
Online fluorescence monitoring of RO fouling and integrity: Analysis of two contrasting recycled water schemes
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C5EW00090D
Abstract: Underperformance in RO membranes were detected using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Editorial Perspectives: what is “safe” drinking water, anyway?
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1039/C9EW90058F
Abstract: Stuart Khan and David Cwiertny provide the latest Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology ‘Editorial Perspective’ on how we define safe drinking water.
Fate and levels of steroid oestrogens and androgens in waste stabilisation ponds: Quantification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.950
Abstract: The capacity for removing wastewater-borne endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was investigated for two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) incorporating waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) as the principal treatment technology. S les were analysed for a number of steroidal oestrogens and androgens using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Removal efficiency for steroid androgens was high for both WWTPs (93–100%) but WSP treatment was observed to be less effective for removing steroid oestrogens, particularly oestriol.
Urban reuse and desalination
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 30-09-2011
A national survey of trace organic contaminants in Australian rivers
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2014
Abstract: Trace organic contaminant (TrOC) studies in Australia have, to date, focused on wastewater effluents, leaving a knowledge gap of their occurrence and risk in freshwater environments. This study measured 42 TrOCs including industrial compounds, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at 73 river sites across Australia quarterly for 1 yr. Trace organic contaminants were found in 92% of s les, with a median of three compounds detected per s le (maximum 18). The five most commonly detected TrOCs were the pharmaceuticals salicylic acid (82%, maximum = 1530 ng/L), paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen 45%, maximum = 7150 ng/L), and carbamazepine (27%, maximum = 682 ng/L), caffeine (65%, maximum = 3770 ng/L), and the flame retardant (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (44%, maximum = 184 ng/L). Pesticides were detected in 28% of the s les. To determine the risk posed by the detected TrOCs to the aquatic environment, hazard quotients were calculated by iding the maximum concentration detected for each compound by the predicted no-effect concentrations. Three of the 42 compounds monitored (the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole and the herbicide simazine) had a hazard quotient >1, suggesting that they may be causing adverse effects at the most polluted sites. A further 10 compounds had hazard quotients >0.1, indicating a potential risk these included four pharmaceuticals, three personal care products, and three pesticides. Most compounds had hazard quotients significantly <0.1. The number of TrOCs measured in this study was limited and further investigations are required to fully assess the risk posed by complex mixtures of TrOCs on exposed biota.
Fluorescence monitoring for cross-connection detection in water reuse systems: Australian case studies
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.795
Abstract: A rapid, highly sensitive method for detection of cross-connections between recycled and potable water in dual reticulation systems is required. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a monitoring tool at three Australian dual distribution (drinking and recycled water) systems. Weekly grab s les of recycled and potable water were obtained over 12 weeks at each site and analysed for fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, UV254, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), electrical conductivity and pH. Fluorescence EEM spectroscopy was able to differentiate between recycled and potable water at each site by monitoring the protein-like fluorescence at peak T—an excitation-emission wavelength pair of λex/em = 300/350 nm. While electrical conductivity was also able to distinguish between recycled and potable water, the differentiation was greatest when using fluorescence. For ex le, the peak T fluorescence in recycled water was up to 10 times that of potable water in comparison with electrical conductivity that had a maximum 5 times differentiation. Furthermore, by comparing the protein-like fluorescence at peak T and humic-like fluorescence at peak A (λex/em = 235/426 nm), the three different recycled water systems were able to be differentiated. Overall, fluorescence shows promise as a monitoring tool for detecting cross-connections.
The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2005
Applications of membrane bioreactors for water reclamation: Micropollutant removal, mechanisms and perspectives
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2018.08.121
Abstract: Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have attracted attention in water reclamation as a result of the recent technical advances and cost reduction in membranes. However, the increasing occurrence of micropollutants in wastewaters has posed new challenges. Therefore, we reviewed the current state of research to identify the outstanding needs in this field. In general, the fate of micropollutants in MBRs relates to sorption, biodegradation and membrane separation processes. Hydrophobic, nonionized micropollutants are favorable in sorption, and the biological degradation shows higher efficiency at relatively long SRTs (30-40 days) and HRTs (20-30 h), as a result of co-metabolism, metabolism and/or ion trapping. Although the membrane rejection rates for micropollutants are generally minor, final water quality can be improved via combination with other technologies. This review highlights the challenges and perspectives that should be addressed to facilitate the extended use of MBRs for the removal of micropollutants in water reclamation.
Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion of Emerging Contaminants
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-02-2014
Wastewater-based epidemiology predicts COVID-19-induced weekly new hospital admissions in over 150 USA counties
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-07-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-023-40305-X
Abstract: Although the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emergency status is easing, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect healthcare systems globally. It is crucial to have a reliable and population-wide prediction tool for estimating COVID-19-induced hospital admissions. We evaluated the feasibility of using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to predict COVID-19-induced weekly new hospitalizations in 159 counties across 45 states in the United States of America (USA), covering a population of nearly 100 million. Using county-level weekly wastewater surveillance data (over 20 months), WBE-based models were established through the random forest algorithm. WBE-based models accurately predicted the county-level weekly new admissions, allowing a preparation window of 1-4 weeks. In real applications, periodically updated WBE-based models showed good accuracy and transferability, with mean absolute error within 4-6 patients/100k population for upcoming weekly new hospitalization numbers. Our study demonstrated the potential of using WBE as an effective method to provide early warnings for healthcare systems.
Determination of six sulfonamide antibiotics, two metabolites and trimethoprim in wastewater by isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2011.12.053
Abstract: A highly sensitive method for the analysis of six sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole), two sulfonamide metabolites (N(4)-acetyl sulfamethazine and N(4)-acetyl sulfamethoxazole) and the commonly co-applied antibiotic trimethoprim was developed for the analysis of complex wastewater s les. The method involves solid phase extraction of filtered wastewater s les followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectral detection. Method detection limits were shown to be matrix-dependent but ranged between 0.2 and 0.4 ng/mL for ultrapure water, 0.4 and 0.7 ng/mL for tap water, 1.4 and 5.9 ng/mL for a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) mixed liquor, 0.7 and 1.7 ng/mL for biologically treated effluent and 0.5 and 1.5 ng/g dry weight for MBR activated sludge. An investigation of analytical matrix effects was undertaken, demonstrating the significant and largely unpredictable nature of signal suppression observed for variably complex matrices compared to an ultrapure water matrix. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for such matrix effects for accurate quantitation, as done in the presented method by isotope dilution. Comprehensive validation of calibration linearity, reproducibility, extraction recovery, limits of detection and quantification are also presented. Finally, wastewater s les from a variety of treatment stages in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant were analysed to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Stakeholder communications for successful water reuse operations
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2006
Enantiospecific fate of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2011.09.020
Abstract: The enantiospecific fate of three common pharmaceuticals was monitored in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The MBR was operated with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h and a mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of 8.6-10 g/L. Standard solutions of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen were dosed into the synthetic feed of the MBR. Influent and permeate s les were then collected for enantiospecific analysis. The in idual (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of the three pharmaceuticals were derivatised using a chiral derivatizing agent to form pairs of diastereomers, which could then be separated and analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Accurate quantitation of in idual enantiomers was undertaken by an isotope dilution process. By comparing the total concentration (as the sum of the two enantiomers) in the MBR influent and permeate, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen concentrations were observed to have been reduced as much as 99%, 43% and 68%, respectively. Furthermore, evidence of enantioselective biodegradation was observed for all three pharmaceuticals. (S)-Ibuprofen was shown to be preferentially degraded compared to (R)-ibuprofen with an average decrease in enantiomeric fraction (EF) from 0.52 to 0.39. In contrast, (R)-ketoprofen was preferentially degraded compared to (S)-ketoprofen with a relatively minor increase in EF from 0.52 to 0.63. The use of a relatively pure enantiomeric solution of (S)-naproxen resulted in a significant change in EF from 0.99 to 0.65. However, this experiment consistently revealed significantly increased concentrations of (R)-naproxen during MBR treatment. It is hypothesised that the source of this (R)-naproxen was the enantiomeric inversion of (S)-naproxen. Such enantiomeric inversion of chiral pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment processes has not previously been reported.
Chiral inversion of 2-arylpropionoic acid (2-APA) enantiomers during simulated biological wastewater treatment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2021.117871
Abstract: This study examined the removal and enantio‑specific fate of a suite of eleven chiral 2-arylpropionic acids (2-APAs) during biological wastewater treatment simulated in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). Using pure (R)- and (S)- enantiomers in the MBR influent, chiral inversion was determined through the increase in the concentration of the non-dominant enantiomer and changes in the enantiomeric fraction (EF) between the two enantiomers during the treatment process. Effective (>90%) and similar removal rates between (R)- and (S)- enantiomers were confirmed for eight 2-APAs. In this study, 2-APAs exhibited erse and distinctive chiral inversion behaviours: two 2-APAs showed (R→S) unidirectional inversion, three 2-APAs showed (S→R) unidirectional inversion, and six 2-APAs showed bidirectional inversion. This is the first study to report chiral inversion behaviours of a comprehensive suite of 2-APAs with a variety of functional groups substituted onto the aryl ring. A decrease in effluent EF over time was observed for two 2-APAs. This study shows that chiral inversion of 2-APAs varies significantly from compound to compound, despite the high similarity in their chemical structures.
Nutrient and trace organic contaminant removal from wastewater of a resort town: Comparison between a pilot and a full scale membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Investigating machine learning models to predict microbial activity during ozonation-biofiltration
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1039/D2EW00747A
Abstract: Continuous online monitoring of water treatment process performance is an essential step in ensuring reliable water quality outcomes.
Managing produced water from coal seam gas projects: Implications for an emerging industry in Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-03-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-015-4254-8
Abstract: This paper reviews the environmental problems, impacts and risks associated with the generation and disposal of produced water by the emerging coal seam gas (CSG) industry and how it may be relevant to Australia and similar physical settings. With only limited independent research on the potential environmental impacts of produced water, is it necessary for industry and government policy makers and regulators to draw upon the experiences of related endeavours such as mining and groundwater extraction accepting that the conclusions may not always be directly transferrable. CSG is widely touted in Australia as having the potential to provide significant economic and energy security benefits, yet the environmental and health policies and the planning and regulatory setting are yet to mature and are continuing to evolve amidst ongoing social and environmental concerns and political indecision. In this review, produced water has been defined as water that is brought to the land surface during the process of recovering methane gas from coal seams and includes water sourced from CSG wells as well as flowback water associated with drilling, hydraulic fracturing and gas extraction. A brief overview of produced water generation, its characteristics and environmental issues is provided. A review of past lessons and identification of potential risks, including disposal options, is included to assist in planning and management of this industry.
Determining key factors and challenges that affect the future of water reuse
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2012
Enantioselective analysis and fate of polycyclic musks in a water recycling plant in Sydney (Australia)
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 21-02-2014
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2014.095
Abstract: Synthetic polycyclic musks (PCMs) Galaxolide (HHCB), Tonalide (AHTN), Phantolide (AHDI), Traseolide (ATII) and Cashmeran (DPMI) are chiral chemicals that are commonly used in washing product industries as racemic mixtures. The major source of PCMs in municipal wastewater is from personal care and household products. Recent studies have shown that PCMs may enhance the relative toxicity of other environmental chemicals by inhibiting cellular xenobiotic defence systems. High sensitivity enantioselective analysis of these compounds enables improved characterisation of the environmental persistence and fate of PCMs, distinguishing between in idual enantiomers so that a more complete understanding of environmental risks tributed by in idual enantiomers may be obtained. Concentrations of PCMs through the various treatment stages of an advanced water recycling plant in Sydney were investigated to assess the removal of these chemicals. Average concentrations of HHCB, AHTN, AHDI, ATII and DPMI in influent were: 2,545, 301, 2, 5 and 33 ng L−1, respectively. In the final effluent, AHDI, ATII and DPMI were not detected, while HHCB and AHTN were still measured at concentrations of 21 and 2 ng L−1. No significant enantioselective transformation was detected during biological or advanced treatment processes.
Biological performance and trace organic contaminant removal by a side-stream ceramic nanofiltration membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Evaluation of effluent organic matter fouling in ultrafiltration treatment using advanced organic characterisation techniques
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
Influence of applied potential on treatment performance and clogging behaviour of hybrid constructed wetland-microbial electrochemical technologies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Effects of salinity on the removal of trace organic contaminants by membrane bioreactor treatment for water reuse
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-03-2013
Contemporary design, operation, and monitoring of potable reuse systems
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 14-08-2015
DOI: 10.2166/WRD.2014.148
Abstract: Water scarcity driven by population growth, lack of conventional supplies, and climate change impacts have resulted in increasing interest worldwide in drinking water augmentation using treated wastewater effluents. Potable reuse can occur indirect or direct, but is also practiced in many places as ‘de facto reuse’, where upstream wastewater discharge occurs to drinking water supplies. With this increasing recognition of potable reuse, there is very limited guidance and standardization for proper design and operation of potable reuse schemes that is protective of public health. This study provided guidance on contemporary approaches for the design, operation, and monitoring of potable reuse schemes, including source water characterization and source control approaches linking water quality treatment performance goals to health risks risk mitigation strategies including the design principles of multiple barriers for microbial and chemical contaminants assessing system reliability and fail-safe design approaches and, finally, monitoring strategies for process performance and compliance.
A flexible framework for assessing the sustainability of alternative water supply options
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Effects of sulphur on the performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor: Biological stability, trace organic contaminant removal, and membrane fouling
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2017.11.021
Abstract: This study investigated the impact of sulphur content on the performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) with an emphasis on the biological stability, contaminant removal, and membrane fouling. Removal of 38 trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) that are ubiquitously present in municipal wastewater by AnMBR was evaluated. Results show that basic biological performance of AnMBR regarding biomass growth and the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was not affected by sulphur addition when the influent COD/SO
Quantifying human exposure to contaminants for multiple-barrier water reuse systems
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.760
Abstract: Reliance upon advanced water treatment processes to provide safe drinking water from relatively compromised sources is rapidly increasing in Australia and other parts of the world. Advanced treatment processes such as reverse osmosis have the ability to provide very effective treatment for a wide range of chemicals when operated under optimal conditions. However, techniques are required to comprehensively validate the performance of these treatment processes in the field. This paper provides a discussion and demonstration of some effective statistical techniques for the assessment and description of advanced water treatment plant performance. New data is provided, focusing on disinfection byproducts including trihalomethanes and N-nitrosamines from a recent comprehensive quantitative exposure assessment for an advanced water recycling scheme in Australia.
Characterisation of reverse osmosis permeates from municipal recycled water systems using fluorescence spectroscopy: Implications for integrity monitoring
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
An assessment of endocrine activity in Australian rivers using chemical and in vitro analyses
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-07-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-014-3235-7
Abstract: Studies on endocrine disruption in Australia have mainly focused on wastewater effluents. Limited knowledge exists regarding the relative contribution of different potential sources of endocrine active compounds (EACs) to the aquatic environment (e.g., pesticide run-off, animal farming operations, urban stormwater, industrial inputs). In this study, 73 river sites across mainland Australia were s led quarterly for 1 year. Concentrations of 14 known EACs including natural and synthetic hormones and industrial compounds were quantified by chemical analysis. EACs were detected in 88 % of s les (250 of 285) with limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.05 to 20 ng/l. Bisphenol A (BPA LOQ = 20 ng/l) was the most frequently detected EAC (66 %) and its predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was exceeded 24 times. The most common hormone was estrone, detected in 28 % of s les (LOQ = 1 ng/l), and the PNEC was also exceeded 24 times. 17α-Ethinylestradiol (LOQ = 0.05 ng/l) was detected in 10 % of s les at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.17 ng/l. It was detected in many s les with no wastewater influence, and the PNEC was exceeded 13 times. In parallel to the chemical analysis, endocrine activity was assessed using a battery of CALUX bioassays. Estrogenic activity was detected in 19 % (53 of 285) of s les (LOQ = 0.1 ng/l 17β-estradiol equivalent EEQ). Seven s les exhibited estrogenic activity (1-6.5 ng/l EEQ) greater than the PNEC for 17β-estradiol. Anti-progestagenic activity was detected in 16 % of s les (LOQ = 8 ng/l mifepristone equivalents MifEQ), but the causative compounds are unknown. With several compounds and endocrine activity exceeding PNEC values, there is potential risk to the Australian freshwater ecosystems.
Seasonal variations in fate and removal of trace organic chemical contaminants while operating a full-scale membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2024
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.12.083
Abstract: Trace organic chemical (TrOC) contaminants are of concern for finished water from water recycling schemes because of their potential adverse environmental and public health effects. Understanding the impacts of seasonal variations on fate and removal of TrOCs is important for proper operation, risk assessment and management of treatment systems for water recycling such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Accordingly, this study investigated the fate and removal of a wide range of TrOCs through a full-scale MBR plant during summer and winter seasons. TrOCs included 12 steroidal hormones, 3 xeno-estrogens, 2 pesticides and 23 pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Seasonal differences in the mechanisms responsible for removing some of the TrOCs were evident. In particular the contribution of biotransformation and biomass adsorption to the overall removal of estrone, bisphenol A, 17β-estradiol and triclosan were consistently different between the two seasons. Substantially higher percentage removal via biotransformation was observed during the summer s ling period, which compensated for a reduction in removal attributed to biomass adsorption. The opposite was observed during winter, where the contribution of biotransformation to the overall removal of these TrOCs had decreased, which was offset by an improvement in biomass adsorption. The exact mechanisms responsible for this shift are unknown, however are likely to be temperature related as warmer temperatures can lower sorption efficiency, yet enhance biotransformation of these TrOCs.
Occurrence and bioconcentration of micropollutants in Silver Perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) in a reclaimed water reservoir
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.08.431
Abstract: This study examined the occurrence of 49 micropollutants in reclaimed water and Silver Perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) living in a reclaimed water reservoir. The numbers of micropollutants detected in reclaimed water, Silver Perch liver, and Silver Perch flesh were 20, 23, and 19, respectively. Concentrations of all micropollutants in reclaimed water, except benzotriazole, were well below the Australian Guideline for Recycled Water (AGRW) values for potable purposes. The concentration of benzotriazole in reclaimed water was 675 ± 130 ng/L while the AGRW value for this compound was 7 ng/L. Not all micropollutants detected in the water phase were identified in the Silver Perch flesh and liver tissues. Likewise, not all micropollutants detected in the Silver Perch flesh and liver were identified in the reclaimed water. In general, micropollutant concentrations in the liver were higher than in the flesh. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected at a trace level in reclaimed water well below the AGRW guideline value for potable purposes, but showed a high and medium bioconcentration factor in Silver Perch liver and flesh, respectively. In addition, the risk quotient for PFOS was medium and high when considering its concentration in Silver Perch liver and flesh, respectively. Results reported here highlight the need to evaluate multiple parameters for a comprehensive risk assessment. The results also single out PFOS as a notable contaminant of concern for further investigation.
The application of membrane bioreactors as decentralised systems for removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.884
Abstract: The concentrations of some important endocrine disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals after various stages of wastewater treatment were investigated. The endocrine disrupting chemicals included natural and synthetic estrogenic and androgenic steroids. The pharmaceuticals included a series of sulfonamide antibiotics and trimethoprim. The removal efficiency of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was investigated and compared with a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system. S les were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the MBR and CAS systems effectively removed steroidal estrogens and androgens, but only partially eliminated the target antibiotics from wastewater. The MBR was shown to be more effective than the CAS system which was possibly attributed to the high solid retention time and concentration of biosolids in the MBR. The results highlight the potential wider application of MBRs for the removal of trace chemical contaminants in wastewater and their potential for use as decentralised wastewater treatment systems.
Ozonation of N-Nitrosamines in the Reverse Osmosis Concentrate from Water Recycling Applications
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-03-2014
Fluorescence as a potential monitoring tool for recycled water systems: A review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2008.11.027
Abstract: A rapid, highly sensitive and selective detector is urgently required to detect contamination events in recycled water systems - for ex le, cross-connection events in dual reticulation pipes that recycle advanced treated sewage effluent - as existing technologies, including total organic carbon and conductivity monitoring, cannot always provide the sensitivity required. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been suggested as a potential monitoring tool given its high sensitivity and selectivity. A review of recent literature demonstrates that by monitoring the fluorescence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the ratios of humic-like (Peak C) and protein-like (Peak T) fluorescence peaks can be used to identify trace sewage contamination in river waters and estuaries, a situation analogous to contamination detection in recycled water systems. Additionally, strong correlations have been shown between Peak T and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in rivers, which is indicative of water impacted by microbial activity and therefore of sewage impacted systems. Hence, this review concludes that the sensitive detection of contamination events in recycled water systems may be achieved by monitoring Peak T and/or Peak C fluorescence. However, in such systems, effluent is treated to a high standard resulting in much lower DOM concentrations and the impact of these advanced treatment processes on Peaks T and C fluorescence is largely unknown and requires investigation. This review has highlighted that further work is also required to determine (a) the stability and distinctiveness of recycled water fluorescence in relation to the treatment processes utilised, (b) the impact of matrix effects, particularly the impact of oxidation, (c) calibration issues for online monitoring, and (d) the advanced data analytical techniques required, if any, to improve detection of contamination events.
Hazardous events in membrane bioreactors - Part 3: Impacts on microorganism log removal efficiencies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGT) distributions from soil to cave: Refining the speleothem paleothermometer
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Aerobic biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate by Dietzia aurantiaca J3 under sulfur-limiting conditions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.154587
Abstract: The polyfluorinated alkyl substance 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) has been detected in erse environments impacted by aqueous film-forming foams used for firefighting. In this study, a bacterial strain (J3) using 6:2 FTS as a sulfur source was isolated from landfill leachate previously exposed to polyfluoroalkyl substances in New South Wales, Australia. Strain J3 shares 99.9% similarity with the 16S rRNA gene of Dietzia aurantiaca CCUG 35676
Rejection of trace organic chemicals by a hollow fibre cellulose triacetate reverse osmosis membrane
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Application of a QWASI model to produce validated insights into the fate and transport of six emerging contaminants in a wastewater lagoon system
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
Characterising humic acid fouling of nanofiltration membranes using bisphenol A as a molecular indicator
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2008.06.005
Abstract: Fouling of nanofiltration (NF) membranes by humic acids was investigated using bisphenol A (BPA) as an indicator chemical to differentiate between various mechanisms that may lead to a change in solute rejection. Three commercially available NF membranes were investigated and an accelerated fouling condition was achieved with a foulant mixture containing humic acids in an electrolyte matrix. The effects of membrane fouling on the rejection of BPA were interpreted with respect to the membrane pore sizes and the fouling characteristics. Results reported here indicate that calcium concentration in the feed solution could be a major factor governing the humic acid fouling process. Moreover, a critical concentration of calcium in the feed solution was observed, at which membrane fouling was most severe. Membrane fouling characteristics were observed by their influence on BPA rejection. Such influence could result in either an increase or decrease in rejection of BPA by the three different membranes depending on the rejection mechanisms involved. It is hypothesized that these mechanisms could occur simultaneously and that the effects of each might not be easily distinguished. However, it was observed that their relative contribution was largely dependent upon membrane pore size. Pore blocking, which resulted in a considerable improvement in rejection, was prominent for the more open pore size TFC-SR2 membrane. In contrast, the cake-enhanced concentration polarisation effect was more severe for the tighter NF-270 and NF-90 membranes. For hydrophobic solutes such as BPA, the formation of the fouling layer could also interfere with the solute-membrane interaction, and therefore, exert considerable influence on the separation process.
Effects of membrane degradation on the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by NF/RO filtration processes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 15-09-2009
Impact of hazardous events on the removal of nutrients and trace organic contaminants by an anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactor receiving real wastewater
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals and microbial indicators by a decentralised membrane bioreactor for water reuse
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.2166/WRD.2012.010
Abstract: Submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have attracted a significant amount of interest for decentralised treatment systems due to their small footprint and ability to produce high quality effluent, which is favourable for water reuse applications. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the capacity of a full-scale decentralised MBR to eliminate 17 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and five indigenous microbial indicators. The results show that the MBR consistently achieved high removal of EDCs (& .5%). Only 2 of the 17 EDCs were detected in the MBR permeate, namely two-phenylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol. Measured log10 reduction values of vegetative bacterial indicators were in the range of 5–5.3 log10 units, and for clostridia, they were marginally lower at 4.6 log10 units. Removal of bacteriophage was in excess of 4.9 log10 units. This research shows that MBRs are a promising technology for decentralised water reuse applications.
Removal of trace organic chemical contaminants by a membrane bioreactor
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2012.374
Abstract: Emerging wastewater treatment processes such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have attracted a significant amount of interest internationally due to their ability to produce high quality effluent suitable for water recycling. It is therefore important that their efficiency in removing hazardous trace organic contaminants be assessed. Accordingly, this study investigated the removal of trace organic chemical contaminants through a full-scale, package MBR in New South Wales, Australia. This study was unique in the context of MBR research because it characterised the removal of 48 trace organic chemical contaminants, which included steroidal hormones, xenoestrogens, pesticides, caffeine, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results showed that the removal of most trace organic chemical contaminants through the MBR was high (above 90%). However, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, diazepam, diclofenac, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, omeprazole, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim were only partially removed through the MBR with the removal efficiencies of 24–68%. These are potential indicators for assessing MBR performance as these chemicals are usually sensitive to changes in the treatment systems. The trace organic chemical contaminants detected in the MBR permeate were 1 to 6 orders of magnitude lower than guideline values reported in the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling. The outcomes of this study enhanced our understanding of the levels and removal of trace organic contaminants by MBRs.
Occurrence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-12-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-015-5967-4
Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate the presence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in public swimming pools. Various types of public swimming pool water were analysed, taken from freshwater indoor swimming pools, outdoor swimming pools, spa pools and seawater swimming pools. Swimming pool water s les were analysed for 30 PPCPs using solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All PPCPs were below quantification limits in seawater pools. However, caffeine was detected in 12 chlorinated swimming pools at concentrations up to 1540 ng/L and ibuprofen was observed in 7 chlorinated pools at concentrations up to 83 ng/L. Caffeine and ibuprofen concentrations were below quantification limits in all fill water s les, eliminating this as their source in swimming pools. High variations in caffeine concentrations monitored throughout the day roughly reflect bather loads in swimming pools. Future monitoring of these compounds may assist in evaluating what portion of organic matter measured in swimming pools may come from human excretions.
Human risk assessment of organic contaminants in reclaimed wastewater used for irrigation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2006
Effects of caustic cleaning on pore size of nanofiltration membranes and their rejection of trace organic chemicals
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
Robust evaluation of performance monitoring options for ozone disinfection in water recycling using Bayesian analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2210
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2017.07.079
Abstract: Ozonation of wastewater has gained popularity because of its effectiveness in removing colour, UV absorbance, trace organic chemicals, and pathogens. Due to the rapid reaction of ozone with organic compounds, dissolved ozone is often not measurable and therefore, the common disinfection controlling parameter, concentration integrated over contact time (CT) cannot be obtained. In such cases, alternative parameters have been shown to be useful as surrogate measures for microbial removal including change in UV
Late Holocene climate anomaly concurrent with fire activity and ecosystem shifts in the eastern Australian Highlands
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Effects of salinity build-up on the performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor regarding basic water quality parameters and removal of trace organic contaminants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2016.05.075
Abstract: The effects of elevated inorganic salt concentration on anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treatment regarding basic biological performance and trace organic contaminant (TrOC) removal were investigated. A set of 33 TrOCs were selected to represent pharmaceuticals, steroids, and pesticides in municipal wastewater. Results show potential adverse effects of increase in the bioreactor salinity to 15g/L (as NaCl) on the performance of AnMBR with respect to chemical oxygen demand removal, biogas production, and the removal of most hydrophilic TrOCs. Furthermore, a decrease in biomass production was observed as salinity in the bioreactor increased. The removal of most hydrophobic TrOCs was high and was not significantly affected by salinity build-up in the bioreactor. The accumulation of a few persistent TrOCs in the sludge phase was observed, but such accumulation did not vary significantly as salinity in the bioreactor increased.
Sorption of emerging trace organic compounds onto wastewater sludge solids
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2011.03.056
Abstract: This work examined the sorption potential to wastewater primary- and activated-sludge solids for 34 emerging trace organic chemicals at environmentally relevant concentrations. These compounds represent a erse range of physical and chemical properties, such as hydrophobicity and charge state, and a erse range of classes, including steroidal hormones, pharmaceutically-active compounds, personal care products, and household chemicals. Solid-water partitioning coefficients (K(d)) were measured where 19 chemicals did not have previously reported values. Sludge solids were inactivated by a nonchemical lyophilization and dry-heat technique, which provided similar sorption behavior for recalcitrant compounds as compared to fresh activated-sludge. Sorption behavior was similar between primary- and activated-sludge solids from the same plant and between activated-sludge solids from two nitrified processes from different wastewater treatment systems. Positively-charged pharmaceutically-active compounds, amitriptyline, clozapine, verapamil, risperidone, and hydroxyzine, had the highest sorption potential, log K(d)=2.8-3.8 as compared to the neutral and negatively-charged chemicals. Sorption potentials correlated with a compound's hydrophobicity, however the higher sorption potentials observed for positively-charged compounds for a given log D(ow) indicate additional sorption mechanisms, such as electrostatic interactions, are important for these compounds. Previously published soil-based one-parameter models for predicting sorption from hydrophobicity (log K(ow)>2) can be used to predict sorption for emerging nonionic compounds to wastewater sludge solids.
ASSESSMENT OF TRACE ORGANIC CHEMICAL REMOVAL BY A MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY AND A YEAST SCREEN BIOASSAY
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1897/08-531.1
Abstract: A membrane bioreactor (MBR) was assessed for the removal of estrogens, androgens, and a selection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. The biomass and aqueous components of the MBR were investigated to determine whether removal was by biodegradation or by adsorption to the biomass. Removal was monitored using chemical analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as biological analysis using estrogenic and androgenic yeast assays. Results showed that the MBR was effective in removing the compounds of concern from raw influent with removal rates between 78 and 99%. Removal efficiencies were comparable or better than those reported for conventional activated sludge systems, which was attributed to the relatively high sludge retention time of the MBR. The biomass component showed significant concentrations of salicylic acid, triclosan, and 4-tert-octylphenol. Estrogenic and androgenic activity was also measured in the biomass. Estrone was identified as the main compound responsible for the estrogenic activity. It was concluded that the main removal pathway was biodegradation, but sorption to biomass may also be important, particularly for triclosan and 4-tert-octylphenol.
Managing water quality impacts from drought on drinking water supplies
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 07-11-2014
Water reuse: Achievements and future challenges
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2012
An Outdoor Aging Study to Investigate the Release of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Functional Textiles
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 25-02-2022
Fugacity modelling of the fate of micropollutants in aqueous systems — Uncertainty and sensitivity issues
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.134249
Abstract: The application of multimedia fugacity models is useful to facilitate understanding of the behaviour of emerging contaminants during wastewater treatment, as well as after their release to the environment. In this paper, twenty-two fugacity modelling applications (reported over 1995-2019) describing the distribution of organic micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants and surface water bodies were analysed in terms of model application and modelling strategy. Disparities and similarities in strategies including selection of micropollutants, data sources for internal and external model inputs, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, as well as model validation were discussed. This review confirmed that fugacity modelling is very applicable for providing qualitative predictions of the fate and removal of organic micropollutants in the various aqueous systems. However, it was also noted that there are issues related to the uncertainties and sensitivities of fugacity models such as the sources of model inputs and selection of default settings. The issues associated with the uncertainties in the investigated fugacity models are pointed out. Recommendations are given regarding the selection of the sources of model inputs, sensitivity analysis strategies and model validation methods. This review presents the challenges and opportunities for improving multimedia fugacity models, and so paves the way for future research in this field.
Fate of trace organic compounds during treatment by nanofiltration
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
A new chloramine recovery method in nitrifying water without “chlorine burn”
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2022
Are sewage treatment plants promoting antibiotic resistance?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-01-2011
Aggregating local, regional and global burden of disease impact assessment: detecting potential problem shifting in air quality policy making
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2017
Electrode dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation in microbial fuel cell integrated hybrid constructed wetlands: A new process
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.134248
Abstract: This study provides a new approach of electrode dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (electroanammox) in microbial fuel cell (MFC) integrated hybrid constructed wetlands (CWs). The study was carried out in three CWs, each with a horizontal flow (HF) followed by a vertical upflow (VUF). Two of the CWs were integrated with MFC, one was operated in closed circuit (CL) mode and the other in open circuit (OP) mode to determine the influence of electron transfer through an external electrical circuit. The initial nitrogen and carbon concentration were 40 mg/l and 880 mg/l respectively. The total nitrogen (TN), NH
Distinct enantiomeric signals of ibuprofen and naproxen in treated wastewater and sewer overflow
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-11-2014
DOI: 10.1002/CHIR.22258
Abstract: Ibuprofen and naproxen are commonly used members of a class of pharmaceuticals known as 2-arylpropionic acids (2-APAs). Both are chiral chemicals and can exist as either of two (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. Enantioselective analyses of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and from untreated sewage overflow reveal distinctly different enantiomeric fractions for both pharmaceuticals. The (S)-enantiomers of both were dominant in untreated sewage overflow, but the relative proportions of the (R)-enantiomers were shown to be increased in WWTP effluents. (R)-naproxen was below method detection limits (<1 ng.L(-1)) in sewage overflow, but measurable at higher concentrations in WWTP effluents. Accordingly, enantiomeric fractions (EF) for naproxen were consistently 1.0 in sewage overflow, but ranged from 0.7–0.9 in WWTP effluents. Ibuprofen EF ranged from 0.6–0.8 in sewage overflow and receiving waters, and was 0.5 in two WWTP effluents. Strong evidence is provided to indicate that chiral inversion of (S)-2-APAs to produce (R)-2-APAs may occur during wastewater treatment processes. It is concluded that this characterization of the enantiomeric fractions for ibuprofen and naproxen in particular effluents could facilitate the distinction of treated and untreated sources of pharmaceutical contamination in surface waters.
Integrated Concepts in Water Recycling 2005 conference summary from the organising committee
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2006
Chemical monitoring strategy for the assessment of advanced water treatment plant performance
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 02-2011
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2011.260
Abstract: A pilot-scale plant was employed to validate the performance of a proposed full-scale advanced water treatment plant (AWTP) in Sydney, Australia. The primary aim of this study was to develop a chemical monitoring program that can demonstrate proper plant operation resulting in the removal of priority chemical constituents in the product water. The feed water quality to the pilot plant was tertiary-treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The unit processes of the AWTP were comprised of an integrated membrane system (ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis) followed by final chlorination generating a water quality that does not present a source of human or environmental health concern. The chemical monitoring program was undertaken over 6 weeks during pilot plant operation and involved the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, steroidal hormones, industrial chemicals, pesticides, N-nitrosamines and halomethanes. The first phase consisted of baseline monitoring of target compounds to quantify influent concentrations in feed waters to the plant. This was followed by a period of validation monitoring utilising indicator chemicals and surrogate measures suitable to assess proper process performance at various stages of the AWTP. This effort was supported by challenge testing experiments to further validate removal of a series of indicator chemicals by reverse osmosis. This pilot-scale study demonstrated a simplified analytical approach that can be employed to assure proper operation of advanced water treatment processes and the absence of trace organic chemicals.
Removal of polycyclic musks by anaerobic membrane bioreactor: Biodegradation, biosorption, and enantioselectivity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2014.10.004
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for removing five polycyclic musks (PCMs), which are common active ingredients of personal care and household cleaning products. A laboratory scale AnMBR system was used in this investigation. Concentrations of the PCMs in both the liquid and biosolids phase were measured to conduct a mass balance analysis and elucidate their fate during AnMBR treatment. The AnMBR was effective for removing PCMs from the aqueous phase by a combination of biotransformation and sorption onto the biosolids. However, biotransformation was observed to be the dominant removal mechanism for all five PCMs. Enantioselective analysis of the PCMs in influent, effluent and biomass s les indicated that there was negligible enantioselectivity in the removal of these PCMs. Accordingly, all enantiomers of these PCMs can be expected to be removed by AnMBR with similar efficiency.
Assessment of wastewater and recycled water quality: A comparison of lines of evidence from invitro, invivo and chemical analyses
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2013.10.056
Abstract: We investigated water quality at an advanced water reclamation plant and three conventional wastewater treatment plants using an "ecotoxicity toolbox" consisting of three complementary analyses (chemical analysis, in vitro bioanalysis and in situ biological monitoring), with a focus on endocrine disruption. The in vitro bioassays were chosen to provide an appropriately wide coverage of biological effects relevant to managed aquifer recharge and environmental discharge of treated wastewater, and included bioassays for bacterial toxicity (Microtox), genotoxicity (umuC), photosynthesis inhibition (Max-I-PAM) and endocrine effects (E-SCREEN and AR-CALUX). Chemical analysis of hormones and pesticides using LCMSMS was performed in parallel to correlate standard analytical methods with the in vitro assessment. For two plants with surface water discharge into open drains, further field work was carried out to examine in situ effects using mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) as a bioindicator species for possible endocrine effects. The results show considerable cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, estrogenicity and androgenicity in raw sewage, all of which were significantly reduced by conventional wastewater treatment. No biological response was detected to RO water, suggesting that reverse osmosis is a significant barrier to biologically active compounds. Chemical analysis and in situ monitoring revealed trends consistent with the in vitro results: chemical analysis confirmed the removal trends observed by the bioanalytical tools, and in situ s ling did not reveal any evidence of endocrine disruption specifically due to discharge of treated wastewater (although other sources may be present). Biomarkers of exposure (in vitro) and effect (in vivo or in situ) are complementary and together provide information with a high level of ecological relevance. This study illustrates the utility of combining multiple lines of evidence in the assessment of water quality.
Formation of algal-derived nitrogenous disinfection by-products during chlorination and chloramination
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Cross-connection detection in Australian dual reticulation systems by monitoring inherent fluorescent organic matter
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2012
Enantiomeric fraction as an indicator of pharmaceutical biotransformation during wastewater treatment and in the environment - A review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1080/09593331003728022
Abstract: Enantioselective analysis of some pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment has the potential to reveal significant insights regarding the effectiveness of biotransformation processes. Furthermore, enantioselective analysis of chiral pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment may provide a useful historical record revealing the dominant source of (treated or untreated) wastewater contamination. This review of the recent scientific literature has identified only a handful of studies that have directly investigated these promising applications. However, a range of enantioselective analytical techniques are likely to be adaptable from those which have been developed within the pharmaceutical industry. These include direct enantioseparations of enantiomers on chiral stationary phases as well as indirect separations by achiral stationary phases after chiral derivatization to form pairs of physically distinguishable diastereomers. Further investigations of the patterns of enantiomeric fractionation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and environmental s les will provide an increasingly solid understanding of the relationship between biotransformation processes and the often overlooked parameter of enantiomeric fraction.
N-nitrosamine rejection by reverse osmosis membranes: A full-scale study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2013.07.035
Abstract: This study aims to provide longitudinal and spatial insights to the rejection of N-nitrosamines by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes during s ling c aigns at three full-scale water recycling plants. S les were collected at all in idual filtration stages as well as at a cool and a warm weather period to elucidate the impact of recovery and feed temperature on the rejection of N-nitrosamines. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was detected in all RO feed s les varying between 7 and 32 ng/L. Concentrations of most other N-nitrosamines in the feed solutions were determined to be lower than their detection limits (3-5 ng/L) but higher concentrations were detected in the feed after each filtration stage. As a notable exception, in one plant, N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) was observed at high concentrations in RO feed (177-475 ng/L) and permeate (34-76 ng/L). Overall rejection of NDMA among the three RO systems varied widely from 4 to 47%. Data presented here suggest that the feed temperature can influence rejection of NDMA. A considerable variation in NDMA rejection across the three RO stages (14-78%) was also observed. Overall NMOR rejections were consistently high ranging from 81 to 84%. On the other hand, overall rejection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) varied from negligible to 53%, which was considerably lower than values reported in previous laboratory-scale studies. A comparison between results reported here and the literature indicates that there can be some discrepancy in N-nitrosamine rejection data between laboratory- and full-scale studies probably due to differences in water recoveries and operating conditions (e.g. temperature, membrane fouling, and hydraulic conditions).
Validating the rejection of trace organic chemicals by reverse osmosis membranes using a pilot-scale system
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
Histopathology, vitellogenin and chemical body burden in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) sampled from six river sites receiving a gradient of stressors
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.10.148
Abstract: There are over 40,000 chemical compounds registered for use in Australia, and only a handful are monitored in the aquatic receiving environments. Their effects on fish species in Australia are largely unknown. Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were s led from six river sites in Southeast Queensland identified as at risk from a range of pollutants. The sites selected were downstream of a wastewater treatment plant discharge, a landfill, two agricultural areas, and two sites in undeveloped reaches within or downstream of protected lands (national parks). Vitellogenin analysis, histopathology of liver, kidney and gonads, morphology of the gonopodium, and chemical body burden were measured to characterize fish health. Concentrations of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in water were analyzed by in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis. Estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, anti-androgenic, progestagenic and anti-progestagenic activities and TrOCs were detected in multiple water s les. Several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), industrial compounds, pesticides and other endocrine active compounds were detected in fish carcasses at all sites, ranging from <4-4700ng/g wet weight, including the two undeveloped sites. While vitellogenin protein was slightly increased in fish from two of the six sites, the presence of micropollutants did not cause overt sexual endocrine disruption in mosquitofish (i.e., no abnormal gonads or gonopodia). A correlation between lipid accumulation in the liver with total body burden warrants further investigation to determine if exposure to low concentrations of TrOCs can affect fish health and increase stress on organs such as the liver and kidneys via other mechanisms, including disruption of non-sexual endocrine axes involved in lipid regulation and metabolism.
Discussion on “Potential discharge, attenuation and exposure risk of SARS-CoV-2 in natural water bodies receiving treated wastewater”
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-06-2021
Removal of trace organic contaminants by the forward osmosis process
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Key objectives for water reuse concepts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2008
Hazardous events in membrane bioreactors - Part 2: Impacts on removal of trace organic chemical contaminants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Case studies of the economic, environmental, and social impacts of direct potable reuse
Publisher: Water Environment Federation
Date: 2016
Chiral Inversion of 2-Arylpropionic Acid Enantiomers under Anaerobic Conditions
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 08-06-2022
Abstract: This work examined the chiral inversion of 2-arylpropionic acids (2-APAs) under anaerobic conditions and the associated microbial community. The anaerobic condition was simulated by two identical anaerobic digesters. Each digester was fed with the substrate containing 11 either pure (
Enantioselective analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in wastewater and environmental water samples
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2011.05.046
Abstract: A highly sensitive and reliable method for the enantioselective analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in wastewater and environmental water s les has been developed. These three pharmaceuticals are chiral molecules and the variable presence of their in idual (R)- and (S)-enantiomers is of increasing interest for environmental analysis. An indirect method for enantioseparation was achieved by the derivatization of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers to amide diastereomers using (R)-1-phenylethylamine ((R)-1-PEA). After initial solid phase extraction from aqueous s les, derivatization was undertaken at room temperature in less than 5 min. Optimum recovery and clean-up of the amide diastereomers from the derivatization solution was achieved by a second solid phase extraction step. Separation and detection of the in idual diastereomers was undertaken by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Excellent analyte separation and peak shapes were achieved for the derivatized (R)- and (S)-enantiomers for all three pharmaceuticals with peak resolution, R(s) is in the range of 2.87-4.02 for all diastereomer pairs. Furthermore, the calibration curves developed for the (S)-enantiomers revealed excellent linearity (r(2) ≥ 0.99) for all three compounds. Method detection limits were shown to be within the range of 0.2-3.3 ng L(-1) for in idual enantiomers in ultrapure water, drinking water, surface water and a synthetic wastewater. Finally, the method was shown to perform well on a real tertiary treated wastewater s le, revealing measurable concentrations of both (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of ibuprofen, naproxen and ketoprofen. Isotope dilution using racemic D(3)-ibuprofen, racemic D(3)-ketoprofen and racemic D(3)-naproxen was shown to be an essential aspect of this method for accurate quantification and enantiomeric fraction (EF) determination. This approach produced excellent reproducibility for EF determination of triplicate tertiary treated wastewater s les.
Removal of trace organics by anaerobic membrane bioreactors
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2013.11.026
Abstract: The biological removal of 38 trace organics (pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, personal care products and pesticides) was studied in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). This work presents complete information on the different removal mechanisms involved in the removal of trace organics in this process. In particular, it is focused on advanced characterization of the relative amount of TO accumulated within the fouling layers formed on the membranes. The results show that only 9 out of 38 compounds were removed by more than 90% while 23 compounds were removed by less than 50%. These compounds are therefore removed in an AnMBR biologically and partially adsorbed and retained by flocs and the deposition developed on the membranes, respectively. A total amount of 288 mg of trace organics was retained per m(2) of membrane, which were distributed along the different fouling layers. Among the trace organics analyzed, 17α-ethynylestradiol, estrone, octylphenol and bisphenol A were the most retained by the fouling layers. Among the fouling layers deposited on the membranes, the non-readily detachable layer has been identified as the main barrier for trace organics.
Urban potable reuse: contrasting perspectives of water industry professionals and elected politicians in Sydney, Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-09-2022
Development of a predictive framework to assess the removal of trace organic chemicals by anaerobic membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2015.04.034
Abstract: This study aims to develop a predictive framework to assess the removal and fate of trace organic chemicals (TrOCs) during wastewater treatment by anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). The fate of 27 TrOCs in both the liquid and sludge phases during AnMBR treatment was systematically investigated. The results demonstrate a relationship between hydrophobicity and specific molecular features of TrOCs and their removal efficiency. These molecular features include the presence of electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) or donating groups (EDGs), especially those containing nitrogen and sulphur. All seven hydrophobic contaminants were well removed (>70%) by AnMBR treatment. Most hydrophilic TrOCs containing EDGs were also well removed (>70%). In contrast, hydrophilic TrOCs containing EWGs were mostly poorly removed and could accumulate in the sludge phase. The removal of several nitrogen/sulphur bearing TrOCs (e.g., linuron and caffeine) by AnMBR was higher than that by aerobic treatment, possibly due to nitrogen or sulphur reducing bacteria.
Enhanced nanofiltration rejection of inorganic and organic compounds from a wastewater-reclamation plant's micro-filtered water using adsorption pre-treatment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters using amine-functionalized nanoporous carbon as a novel sorbent
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-12-2013
N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse - A critical review based on observations from laboratory-, pilot- and full-scale studies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
Enantiomeric analysis of polycyclic musks in water by chiral gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2013.06.006
Abstract: Galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), phantolide (AHDI), traseolide (ATII) and cashmeran (DPMI) are synthetic polycyclic musks (PCMs). They are all commonly used in fragrance industries as racemic mixtures. A sensitive and robust enantioselective analytical method was developed to facilitate measurement of these chemicals in wastewater and environmental s les. The method is based on gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Enantioseparation was assessed using four commercially available chiral capillary columns. Optimised resolution was achieved using a dual-column configuration of a chiral heptakis(2,3- di-O-methyl-6-O-t-butyl dimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin column combined with a (non-chiral) HP-5MS column. This configuration was demonstrated to be capable of effectively resolving all commercially manufactured enantiomers of these five PCMs. Method detection limits for single enantiomers in drinking water and surface water range between 1.01 and 2.39ngL(-1). Full validation of the application of this method in these aqueous matrices is provided.
One planet: one health. A call to support the initiative on a global science–policy body on chemicals and waste
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-03-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12302-022-00602-6
Abstract: The chemical pollution crisis severely threatens human and environmental health globally. To tackle this challenge the establishment of an overarching international science–policy body has recently been suggested. We strongly support this initiative based on the awareness that humanity has already likely left the safe operating space within planetary boundaries for novel entities including chemical pollution. Immediate action is essential and needs to be informed by sound scientific knowledge and data compiled and critically evaluated by an overarching science–policy interface body. Major challenges for such a body are (i) to foster global knowledge production on exposure, impacts and governance going beyond data-rich regions (e.g., Europe and North America), (ii) to cover the entirety of hazardous chemicals, mixtures and wastes, (iii) to follow a one-health perspective considering the risks posed by chemicals and waste on ecosystem and human health, and (iv) to strive for solution-oriented assessments based on systems thinking. Based on multiple evidence on urgent action on a global scale, we call scientists and practitioners to mobilize their scientific networks and to intensify science–policy interaction with national governments to support the negotiations on the establishment of an intergovernmental body based on scientific knowledge explaining the anticipated benefit for human and environmental health.
Continuous transformation of chiral pharmaceuticals in enzymatic membrane bioreactors for advanced wastewater treatment
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 20-06-2017
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2017.331
Abstract: This study demonstrates continuous enantiomeric inversion and further biotransformation of chiral profens including ibuprofen, naproxen and ketoprofen by an enzymatic membrane bioreactor (EMBR) dosed with laccase. The EMBR showed non-enantioselective transformations, with high and consistent transformation of both (R)- and (S)-ibuprofen (93 ± 6%, n= 10), but lower removals of both enantiomers of naproxen (46 ± 16%, n= 10) and ketoprofen (48 ± 17%, n= 10). Enantiomeric analysis revealed a bidirectional but uneven inversion of the profens, for ex le 14% inversion of (R)- to (S)- compared to 4% from (S)- to (R)-naproxen. With redox-mediator addition, the enzymatic chiral inversion of both (R)- and (S)-profens remained unchanged, although the overall conversion became enantioselective except for (S)-naproxen, the addition of redox mediator promoted the degradation of (R)-profens only.
Management of concentrated waste streams from high-pressure membrane water treatment systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-04-2009
Modelling the rejection of N-nitrosamines by a spiral-wound reverse osmosis system: Mathematical model development and validation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Probabilistic analysis of fluorescence signals for monitoring dual reticulation water recycling schemes
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.504
Abstract: Improved techniques are required for the detection of inadvertent cross-connections between recycled water and potable water systems in dual reticulation schemes. The aim of this research was to assess the potential for fluorescence spectroscopy to be developed as a tool to distinguish recycled water from potable water. Weekly grab s les of recycled and potable water were obtained over 12 weeks from within an Australian dual reticulation site and analysed for fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. Probabilistic techniques including distribution function fitting and Monte Carlo simulation were used to assess the ability to distinguish between recycled water and potable water s le pairs and the reliability of doing so. Fluorescence EEM spectroscopy was determined to be the most effective for the reliable differentiation by monitoring the protein-like fluorescence at peak T1—an excitation-emission wavelength pair of λex/em=300/350 nm. While EC could distinguish between recycled and potable water, it was shown to be less sensitive and less reliable than peak T1 fluorescence.
Chemical contaminants in feedlot wastes: Concentrations, effects and attenuation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2007.10.007
Abstract: Commercial feedlots for beef cattle finishing are potential sources of a range of trace chemicals which have human health or environmental significance. To ensure adequate protection of human and environmental health from exposure to these chemicals, the application of effective manure and effluent management practices is warranted. The Australian meat and livestock industry has adopted a proactive approach to the identification of best management practices. Accordingly, this review was undertaken to identify key chemical species that may require consideration in the development of guidelines for feedlot manure and effluent management practices in Australia. Important classes of trace chemicals identified include steroidal hormones, antibiotics, ectoparasiticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals and dioxins. These are described in terms of their likely sources, expected concentrations and public health or environmental significance based on international data and research. Androgenic hormones such as testosterone and trenbolone are significantly active in feedlot wastes, but they are poorly understood in terms of fate and environmental implications. The careful management of residues of antibiotics including virginiamycin, tylosin and oxytetracycline appears prudent in terms of minimising the risk of potential public health impacts from resistant strains of bacteria. Good management of ectoparasiticides including synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fluazuron, and amitraz is important for the prevention of potential ecological implications, particularly towards dung beetles. Very few of these in idual chemical contaminants have been thoroughly investigated in terms of concentrations, effects and attenuation in Australian feedlot wastes.
Towards more holistic environmental impact assessment: Hybridisation of life cycle assessment and quantitative risk assessment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
The fate of trace organic contaminants during anaerobic digestion of primary sludge: A pilot scale study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2018.02.040
Abstract: A pilot-scale study was conducted to investigate the fate of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) during anaerobic digestion of primary sludge. Of the 44 TrOCs monitored, 24 were detected in all primary sludge s les. Phase distribution of TrOCs was correlated well with their hydrophobicity (>67% mass in the solid phase when LogD > 1.5). The pilot-scale anaerobic digester achieved a steady performance with a specific methane yield of 0.39-0.92 L/gVS
Effects of feed solution characteristics on the rejection of N-nitrosamines by reverse osmosis membranes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Occurrence of ectoparasiticides in Australian beef cattle feedlot wastes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2012.11.018
Abstract: A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 6 ectoparasiticides - 2 synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin) and 4 macrocyclic lactones (abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin and eprinomectin) in biosolids. The method was used to investigate the occurrence of these ectoparasiticides in beef cattle feedlot wastes in Australia from 5 commercial feedlot operations which employ varying waste management practices. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin were not detected in any of the s les while abamectin, ivermectin, doramectin and eprinomectin were detected in some of the s les with concentrations ranging from 1 to 36 μg/kg dry weight (d.w.) freeze dried feedlot waste. Levels of macrocyclic lactones detected in the feedlot wastes varied and were dependent on s le type. The effect of seasonal variations and waste management practices were also investigated in this study.
Scenarios for urban water management futures: A systematic review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2022.118079
Abstract: Constantly changing and evolving social, economic, political, and environmental landscapes create new uncertainties in urban water supplies. These uncertainties surrounding urban water management have been captured using various scenario analysis techniques, which have been developed to envision plausible futures. Although past review papers have conducted broad reviews on water-related issues and water management generally, there has been a lack of attention to urban water management specifically. The growing uncertainty surrounding urban water management systems necessitates a focused review specifically aimed at the use of scenarios in urban water management. Using a comprehensive typology, a systematic review is presented to empirically investigate the necessary dimensions of urban water management scenario assessment. Urban water management scenario studies that exclusively employ qualitative methods, as well as urban water management studies that employ qualitative methods with quantitative techniques, are reviewed against the comprehensive typology. By aligning the reviewed scenarios with the dimensions in the typology, some important gaps in the current literature were identified. The need for: (i) transparency in scenario development and analysis processes, (ii) inclusion of surprises and extreme events, (iii) validation efforts and (iv) considering the impact phase of a scenario process. Recommendations are proposed to address the above gaps in current urban water scenarios literature, providing a path for future scenario analysis in urban water management.
Predicting fate of the contraceptive pill in wastewater treatment and discharge
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 10-2005
Abstract: The risk of endocrine disrupters to humans and wildlife is to date poorly understood, although evidence of effects is now widespread. In understanding the risk, an important step is the determination of the partitioning, as well as chemical and biochemical transformation, of compounds in the environment, the water cycle and the food chain. This is a complex task and this paper is a first step towards estimating some of these factors from a largely theoretical approach. A chemical fate model is used to predict the fate of the contraceptive drug 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The ex le of the contraceptive pill is chosen to follow the journey of the drug from human ingestion and excretion to treatment in a sewage treatment plant (STP) using fugacity-based fate models, followed by discharge into a receiving river and eventually into the estuary/sea. The model predicts how EE2 will partition into the different compartments during each stage of this journey and thereby infiltrate into the food chain. The results suggest that a person would have to ingest more than 30,000 portions of fish to consume an equivalent to a single average dose of the contraceptive pill. While this scenario is highly unlikely, the biochemical consequence of the contraceptive pill is greatly significant. Furthermore, there are many identified similarly estrogenic compounds in the environment while this study only considers one. Cumulative effects of such compounds as well as degradation into other potent compounds may be anticipated. An important message in this paper is the interrelation of wastewater effluent discharge and eventual human exposure of marginally degradable and lipophilic chemicals. While at present the main concerns regarding endocrine disrupters appear to be the fear of their occurrence in drinking water sources, it is clear that the domains of wastewater treatment and discharge, water supply and contamination of food should not be treated as separate issues. The model suggests that exposure from food (contaminated by effluent) may be much more significant than from drinking water.
Lessons and guidance for the management of safe drinking water during extreme weather events
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1039/C6EW00165C
Abstract: Extreme weather events have presented significant challenges to drinking water quality managers in Australia.
An evaluation of measurement techniques for algal-derived organic nitrogen
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2019.114998
Abstract: Algal-derived organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms in water supply systems contains dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) among other constituents. The DON and DOC are disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor compounds, and must be well characterised to facilitate effective removal, thus minimising DBP formation during disinfection. While DOC character has been studied extensively, DON analysis suffers from inaccuracies due to s le pre-treatment and instrument sensitivities. A liquid chromatography method that combines size exclusion chromatography with highly sensitive organic carbon and nitrogen detectors (LC-OCND) has been widely adopted for DOC analysis however, its potential for application for DON charactersation has been suggested as a viable alternative to existing DON characterisation techniquesnot been assessed despite its potential. Hence, the aim was to compare the effectiveness of conventional total dissolved N-dissolved inorganic N (TN-DIN), and LC-OCND methods for analysing DON in AOM. A suite of N-containing model compounds representative of DON and AOM extracted from Chlorella vulgaris CS-42/7 and Microcystis aeruginosa CS-555/1 were used to evaluate the techniques. The DON of both model compounds and AOM was first analysed using the conventional method and, then, via LC-OCND. It was observed that LC-OCND had a better precision for DON when TN contained more DIN. LC-OCND provided direct quantitative measurements for bulk and fractionated DON and DIN, with little interference caused by DIN. Additionally, LC-OCND provided information on MW distribution and protein content of the AOM. For ex le, LC-OCND results showed that M. aeruginosa AOM contained more HMW material than C. vulgaris AOM. However, as LC-OCND uses UV oxidation, it could not completely oxidise complex aromatic structures, and thus had a lower recovery for HMW model compounds and algal DON in comparison to the conventional method that used high temperature catalytic oxidation. Overall, it is advised that a combination of LC-OCND and TN analysis be used to provide a more detailed characterisation of N-containing AOM and other similar HMW aquatic NOM s les.
Wastewater-based epidemiology predicts COVID-19-induced hospital and ICU admission numbers in over 100 USA counties
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 15-12-2022
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2368434/V1
Abstract: With the ease of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emergency status globally, a population-wide low-cost prediction for COVID-19-induced hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission numbers is essential for healthcare systems. For the first time, we evaluated the feasibility of using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to predict COVID-19-induced hospitalization and ICU admission numbers in 102 counties across 42 states in the United States of America (USA), covering a population of nearly 60 million, through random forest models using the county-level weekly wastewater surveillance data (over 15 months). WBE-based models accurately predicted the admission numbers, allowing a preparation window of 5-28 days. In real applications, periodically updated WBE-based models showed good accuracy and transferability, with mean absolute error within 20 and 2 patients/100k population for upcoming hospitalization and ICU admission numbers in 28 days, respectively. Our study demonstrated the potential of using WBE as a cost-effective method to provide early warnings for healthcare systems.
Removal of hormones and pharmaceuticals in the advanced water recycling demonstration plant in Queensland, Australia
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 09-2004
Abstract: An advanced water recycling demonstration plant was employed to investigate the effectiveness of a number of treatment technologies in the removal of some residuals of commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals as well as natural and synthetic hormones found in sewage. Analysis of targeted compounds was carried out by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Initial tests were undertaken to determine the background concentrations of the analytes during various stages of treatment. Subsequent tests, undertaken by spiking with standard solutions of the target compounds provided further information on the removal efficiencies of some selected treatment modules. The results of the study indicate that while ozonation, microfiltration and nanofiltration were partially effective, treatment by reverse osmosis was the most universally successful in the removal of the target residuals. While significantly more data is required for a full evaluation, this initial investigation suggests that reverse osmosis may be an effective means of removing a wider range of pharmaceutically active residuals and hormones from treated sewage.
Effects of feed solution characteristics on the rejection of N-nitrosamines by reverse osmosis membranes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
Boron as a Surrogate for N-Nitrosodimethylamine Rejection by Reverse Osmosis Membranes in Potable Water Reuse Applications
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 29-05-2013
DOI: 10.1021/ES400732X
Abstract: The results of this study reveal a strong linear correlation (R(2) = 0.95) between the rejections of boron and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by six different reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, suggesting that boron can be used as a surrogate for NDMA rejection. This proposal is based on the premise that the rejection of both boric acid and NDMA is governed by steric hindrance and that they have similar molecular dimensions. The concept proposed here is shown to be valid at pH 8 or below where boron exists as the neutral boric acid species and NDMA is also a neutral solute. Observed changes in the rejections of these two species, as a function of permeate fluxes and feed solution temperatures, were also almost identical. Boron rejection increased from 21 to 79%, and the correlation coefficient of the linear regression between boron and NDMA rejections was 0.99 as the permeate flux increased from 5 to 60 L m(-2)h(-1). Similarly, a linear correlation between boron and NDMA rejections was observed as the feed solution temperature increased from 10 to 40 °C. This linear correlation was also validated in a tertiary treated effluent matrix.
Surface modification of nanofiltration membranes to improve the removal of organic micropollutants: Linking membrane characteristics to solute transmission
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Effects of membrane fouling on N-nitrosamine rejection by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Performance of a novel osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) system: Flux stability and removal of trace organics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2012.01.082
Abstract: Results reported here highlight the potential and several challenges in the development of a novel osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) process for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Following the initial gradual decline, a stable permeate flux value was obtained after approximately four days of continuous operation. There was evidence of continuous deterioration of biological activity of the OMBR system, possibly due to the build-up of salinity in the reactor. The removal of 25 out of 27 trace organic compounds with molecular weight higher than 266 g/mol was above 80% and was possibly governed by the interplay between physical separation of the FO membrane and biodegradation. In contrast, the removal efficiency values of the other 23 trace organic compounds with molecular weight less than 266 g/mol were very scattered. The removal efficiency of these low molecular weight compounds by OMBR treatment appears to depend mostly on biological degradation.
Removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals by a submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor (MPR)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
Is halogen content the most important factor in the removal of halogenated trace organics by MBR treatment?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2011.02.019
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between physicochemical properties (namely halogen content and hydrophobicity) of halogenated trace organics and their removal efficiencies by a laboratory scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) under stable operating conditions. The reported results demonstrated a combined effect of halogen content and hydrophobicity on the removal. Compounds with high halogen content (>0.3) were well removed (>85%) when they possessed high hydrophobicity (Log D>3.2), while those with lower Log D values were also well removed if they had low halogen content (<0.1). General indices such as the BIOWIN index (which is based on only biodegradation) or a more specific index such as the halogen content (which captures a chemical aspect) appeared insufficient to predict the removal efficiency of halogenated compounds in MBR. Experimental data confirmed that the ratio of halogen content and Log D, which incorporates two important physico-chemical properties, is comparatively more suitable.
Potable reuse: Which chemicals to be concerned about
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
Removal of N-nitrosamines by an aerobic membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2013.01.057
Abstract: This study investigated the fate of eight N-nitrosamines during membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment. The results suggest that biodegradation is mainly responsible for the removal of N-nitrosamines during MBR treatment. Other removal mechanisms were insignificant (e.g. adsorption to sludge) or not expected (e.g. photolysis and volatilization) given the experimental conditions and physicochemical properties of the N-nitrosamines studied here. N-nitrosamine removal efficiencies were from 24% to 94%, depending on their molecular properties. High removal of N-nitrosamines such as N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine could be explained by the presence of strong electron donating functional groups (EDG) in their structure. In contrast, N-nitrosomorpholine possessing the weak EDG morpholine was persistent to biodegradation. The removal efficiency of N-nitrosomorpholine was 24% and was the lowest amongst all N-nitrosamines investigated in this study.
Planning for direct potable reuse: Operational aspects of an integrated drinking water system
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2016
Characterisation of carbonyl byproducts of drinking water ozonation
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.2166/WS.2007.149
Abstract: Ozone treatment of drinking waters has been applied for a range of purposes including taste and odour control, inactivation of protozoan parasites, degradation of cyanotoxins, ‘enhanced coagulation’, ‘enhanced biodegradation’ and oxidative degradation of recalcitrant organics. Molecular ozone reacts at unsaturated sites of natural organic matter (NOM) to produce smaller oxygenated molecules including carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. The elucidation of the nature and precise identity of these ozonation by-products is hindered by two complicating factors. The first is the inherent aqueous solubility of many of these compounds, which renders their efficient extraction from water difficult to achieve. Second is the lack of established identity of specific potential by-products, which complicates targeted analytical approaches. To address these challenges, we have approached the task of by-product identification by methods involving aqueous functional group-specific derivatisation reactions. A range of carbonyl byproducts were identified during laboratory-scale testing. These ranged in size from formaldehyde up to 7-carbon species with multiple carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups.
Effect of mixed liquor pH on the removal of trace organic contaminants in a membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2009.09.082
Abstract: Experiments were conducted over approximately 7 months to investigate the effects of mixed liquor pH (between pH 5 and 9) on the removal of trace organics by a submerged MBR system. Removal efficiencies of ionisable trace organics (sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and diclofenac) were strongly pH dependent. However, the underlying removal mechanisms are different for ionisable and non-ionisable compounds. High removal efficiencies of these ionisable trace organics at pH 5 could possibly be attributed to their speciation behaviour. At this pH, these compounds exist predominantly in their hydrophobic form. Consequently, they could readily adsorb to the activated sludge, resulting in higher removal efficiency in comparison to under less acidic conditions in the reactor. Removal efficiencies of the two non-ionisable compounds bisphenol A and carbamazepine were relatively independent of the mixed liquor pH. Results reported here suggest an apparent connection between physicochemical properties of the compounds and their removal efficiencies by MBRs.
Fate of trace organic contaminants in oxic-settling-anoxic (OSA) process applied for biosolids reduction during wastewater treatment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2017.02.053
Abstract: This study investigated the fate of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in an oxic-settling-anoxic (OSA) process consisting of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with external aerobic/anoxic and anoxic reactors. OSA did not negatively affect TrOC removal of the SBR. Generally, low TrOC removal was observed under anoxic and low substrate conditions, implicating the role of co-metabolism in TrOC biodegradation. Several TrOCs that were recalcitrant in the SBR (e.g., benzotriazole) were biodegraded in the external aerobic/anoxic reactor. Some hydrophobic TrOCs (e.g., triclosan) were desorbed in the anoxic reactor possibly due to loss of sorption sites through volatile solids destruction. In OSA, the sludge was discharged from the aerobic/anoxic reactor which contained lower concentration of TrOCs (e.g., triclosan and triclocarban) than that of the control aerobic digester, suggesting that OSA can also help to reduce TrOC concentration in residual biosolids.
Management of water quality in Chile: key aspects for improvement
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-02-2021
Removal of organic matter from wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate using granular activated carbon and anion exchange resin adsorbent columns in sequence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Chemical contaminants in swimming pools: Occurrence, implications and control
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2014.11.012
Abstract: A range of trace chemical contaminants have been reported to occur in swimming pools. Current disinfection practices and monitoring of swimming pool water quality are aimed at preventing the spread of microbial infections and diseases. However, disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when the disinfectants used react with organic and inorganic matter in the pool. Additional chemicals may be present in swimming pools originating from anthropogenic sources (bodily excretions, lotions, cosmetics, etc.) or from the source water used where trace chemicals may already be present. DBPs have been the most widely investigated trace chemical contaminants, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halobenzoquinones (HBQs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), N-nitrosamines, nitrite, nitrates and chloramines. The presence and concentrations of these chemical contaminants are dependent upon several factors including the types of pools, types of disinfectants used, disinfectant dosages, bather loads, temperature and pH of swimming pool waters. Chemical constituents of personal care products (PCPs) such as parabens and ultraviolet (UV) filters from sunscreens have also been reported. By-products from reactions of these chemicals with disinfectants and UV irradiation have been reported and some may be more toxic than their parent compounds. There is evidence to suggest that exposure to some of these chemicals may lead to health risks. This paper provides a detailed review of various chemical contaminants reported in swimming pools. The concentrations of chemicals present in swimming pools may also provide an alternative indicator to swimming pool water quality, providing insights to contamination sources. Alternative treatment methods such as activated carbon filtration and advanced oxidation processes may be beneficial in improving swimming pool water quality.
The rapidly growing role of UV-AOPs in the production of safe drinking water
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1039/C8EW90033G
Abstract: Guest editors Stuart Khan, Graham Gagnon, Michael Templeton and Dionysios (Dion) Dionysiou introduce the Ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) themed issue of Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology .
Combining MBR and NF/RO membrane filtration for the removal of trace organics in indirect potable water reuse applications
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
Assessing burden of disease as disability adjusted life years in life cycle assessment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.05.017
Abstract: Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) have been used to quantify endpoint indicators of the human burden of disease in life cycle assessment (LCA). The purpose of this paper was to examine the current use of DALYs in LCA, and also to consider whether DALYs as used in LCA have the potential to be compatible with DALYs as used in quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to facilitate direct comparison of the results of the two approaches. A literature review of current usage of DALYs in LCA was undertaken. Two prominent methods were identified: ReCiPe 2008 and LIME2. The methods and assumptions used in their calculations were then critically reviewed. The assumptions used for the derivation of characterization factors in DALYs were found to be considerably different between LCA methods. In many cases, transparency of these calculations and assumptions is lacking. Furthermore, global average DALY values are often used in these calculations, but may not be applicable for impact categories where the local factors play a significant role. The concept of DALYs seems beneficial since it enables direct comparison and aggregation of different health impacts. However, given the different assumptions used in each LCA method, it is important that LCA practitioners are aware of the differences and select the appropriate method for the focus of their study. When applying DALYs as a common metric between LCA and QRA, understanding the background information on how DALYs were derived is crucial to ensure the consistency of DALYs used in LCA and QRA for resulting DALYs to be comparable and to minimize any double counting of effects.
Virus removal by ultrafiltration: Understanding long-term performance change by application of Bayesian analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2017.05.057
Abstract: Ultrafiltration is an effective barrier to waterborne pathogens including viruses. Challenge testing is commonly used to test the inherent reliability of such systems. Performance validation seeks to demonstrate the adequate reliability of the treatment system. Appropriate and rigorous data analysis is an essential aspect of validation testing. In this study we used Bayesian analysis to assess the performance of a full-scale ultrafiltration system which was validated and revalidated after five years of operation. A hierarchical Bayesian model was used to analyse a number of similar ultrafiltration membrane skids working in parallel during the two validation periods. This approach enhanced our ability to obtain accurate estimations of performance variability, especially when the s le size of some system skids was limited. This methodology enabled the quantitative estimation of uncertainty in the performance parameters and generation of predictive distributions incorporating those uncertainties. The results indicated that there was a decrease in the mean skid performance after five years of operation of approximately 1 log reduction value (LRV). Interestingly, variability in the LRV also reduced, with standard deviations from the revalidation data being decreased by a mean 0.37 LRV compared with the original validation data. The model was also useful in comparing the operating performance of the various parallel skids within the same year. Evidence of differences was obtained in 2015 for one of the membrane skids. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis of validation data provides robust estimations of performance and the incorporation of probabilistic analysis which is increasingly important for comprehensive quantitative risk assessment purposes.
Minimizing errors in RT-PCR detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for wastewater surveillance
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Bayesian belief network modelling of chlorine disinfection for human pathogenic viruses in municipal wastewater
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2016.11.008
Abstract: Chlorine disinfection of biologically treated wastewater is practiced in many locations prior to environmental discharge or beneficial reuse. The effectiveness of chlorine disinfection processes may be influenced by several factors, such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, organic carbon concentration, and suspended solids. We investigated the use of Bayesian multilayer perceptron (BMLP) models as efficient and practical tools for compiling and analysing free chlorine and monochloramine virus disinfection performance as a multivariate problem. Corresponding to their relative susceptibility, Adenovirus 2 was used to assess disinfection by monochloramine and Coxsackievirus B5 was used for free chlorine. A BMLP model was constructed to relate key disinfection conditions (CT, pH, turbidity) to observed Log Reduction Values (LRVs) for these viruses at constant temperature. The models proved to be valuable for incorporating uncertainty in the chlor(am)ination performance estimation and interpolating between operating conditions. Various types of queries could be performed with this model including the identification of target CT for a particular combination of LRV, pH and turbidity. Similarly, it was possible to derive achievable LRVs for combinations of CT, pH and turbidity. These queries yielded probability density functions for the target variable reflecting the uncertainty in the model parameters and variability of the input variables. The disinfection efficacy was greatly impacted by pH and to a lesser extent by turbidity for both types of disinfections. Non-linear relationships were observed between pH and target CT, and turbidity and target CT, with compound effects on target CT also evidenced. This work demonstrated that the use of BMLP models had considerable ability to improve the resolution and understanding of the multivariate relationships between operational parameters and disinfection outcomes for wastewater treatment.
The use of multiple tracers for tracking wastewater discharges in freshwater systems
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S10661-013-3254-8
Abstract: The assessment of potential impacts of wastewater effluent discharges in freshwater systems requires an understanding of the likely degrees of dilution and potential zones of influence. In this study, four tracers commonly present in wastewater effluents were monitored to compare their relative effectiveness in determining areas in freshwater systems that are likely to be impacted by effluent discharges. The four tracers selected were the human pharmaceutical carbamazepine, anthropogenic gadolinium, fluorescent-dissolved organic matter (fDOM), and electrical conductivity (EC). The four tracers were monitored longitudinally in two distinct freshwater systems receiving wastewater effluents, where one site had a high level of effluent dilution (effluent <1% of total flow) and the other site had a low level of effluent dilution (effluent ∼50% of total flow). At both sites, the selected tracers exhibited a similar pattern of response intensity downstream of discharge points relative to undiluted wastewater effluent, although a number of anomalies were noted between the tracers. Both EC and fDOM are non-specific to human influences, and both had a high background response, relative to the highly sensitive carbamazepine and anthropogenic gadolinium responses, although the ease of measuring EC and fDOM would make them more adaptable in highly variable systems. However, the greater sensitivity and selectivity of carbamazepine and gadolinium would make their combination with EC and fDOM as tracers of wastewater effluent discharges highly desirable to overcome potential limitations of in idual tracers.
A performance comparison of individual and combined treatment modules for water recycling
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-11-2005
DOI: 10.1002/EP.10108
Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2021
DOI: 10.1002/HYP.14086
Abstract: 2020 is the year of wildfire records. California experienced its three largest fires early in its fire season. The Pantanal, the largest wetland on the planet, burned over 20% of its surface. More than 18 million hectares of forest and bushland burned during the 2019–2020 fire season in Australia, killing 33 people, destroying nearly 2500 homes, and endangering many endemic species. The direct cost of damages is being counted in dozens of billion dollars, but the indirect costs on water‐related ecosystem services and benefits could be equally expensive, with impacts lasting for decades. In Australia, the extreme precipitation (“200 mm day −1 in several location”) that interrupted the catastrophic wildfire season triggered a series of watershed effects from headwaters to areas downstream. The increased runoff and erosion from burned areas disrupted water supplies in several locations. These post‐fire watershed hazards via source water contamination, flash floods, and mudslides can represent substantial, systemic long‐term risks to drinking water production, aquatic life, and socio‐economic activity. Scenarios similar to the recent event in Australia are now predicted to unfold in the Western USA. This is a new reality that societies will have to live with as uncharted fire activity, water crises, and widespread human footprint collide all‐around of the world. Therefore, we advocate for a more proactive approach to wildfire‐watershed risk governance in an effort to advance and protect water security. We also argue that there is no easy solution to reducing this risk and that investments in both green (i.e., natural) and grey (i.e., built) infrastructure will be necessary. Further, we propose strategies to combine modern data analytics with existing tools for use by water and land managers worldwide to leverage several decades worth of data and knowledge on post‐fire hydrology.
Rejection of trace organic chemicals by a nanofiltration membrane: The role of molecular properties and effects of caustic cleaning
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C5EW00170F
Abstract: The aim of this study was to provide further insights to the rejection mechanisms of trace organic chemicals (TrOCs) by nanofiltration (NF).
Enantiomeric fraction determination of 2-arylpropionic acids in a package plant membrane bioreactor.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-04-2013
DOI: 10.1002/CHIR.22151
Abstract: Enantiomeric compositions of three 2-arylpropionic acid (2-APA) drugs, ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen, were monitored in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal effluent in a small rural town in Australia. Specific enantiomers were determined as amide diastereomers using the chiral derivatizing reagent, (R)-1-phenylethylamine (PEA), followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The six in idual enantiomers were quantified by isotope dilution and the enantiomeric fractions (EFs) were determined. Over four separate s ling events, ibuprofen EF ranged from 0.88 to 0.94 (median 0.93) in the influent and 0.38 to 0.40 (median 0.39) in the effluent. However, no significant change in ketoprofen EF was observed, with influent EFs of 0.56-0.60 (median 0.58) and effluent EFs 0.54-0.68 (median 0.56). This is the first report of enantiospecific analysis of ketoprofen in municipal wastewater and it is not yet clear why such different behavior was observed compared to ibuprofen. Naproxen EF was consistently measured at 0.99 in the influent and ranged from 0.86 to 0.94 (median 0.91) in the effluent. This study demonstrates that EF is a relatively stable parameter and does not fluctuate according to concentration or other short-term variables introduced by s ling limitations. The enantiospecific analysis of chiral chemicals presents a promising approach to elucidate a more thorough understanding of biological treatment processes and a potential tool for monitoring the performance of key biological pathways.
Effect of fouling on removal of trace organic compounds by nanofiltration
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 21-12-2011
Abstract: Abstract. The fate of chemical of concern is not yet fully understood during treatment of impaired waters. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of different organic-based fouling layers on the removal of a large range of trace organics. Both model and real water s les (mixed with trace organic contaminants at environmental concentration of 2 μg l−1) were used to simulate fouling in nanofiltration under controlled environment. The new and fouled membranes were systematically characterised for surface charge, hydrophobicity and roughness. It was observed that fouling generally reduced the membrane surface charge however, the alterations of the membrane hydrophobicity and surface roughness were dependent on the foulants composition. The rejection of charged trace organics was observed to be improved due to the increased electrostatic repulsion by fouled membranes and the adsorption of the trace organic chemicals onto organic matters. On the other hand, the removal of nonionic compounds decreased when fouling occurred, due to the presence of cake enhanced concentration polarization. The fouling layer structure was found to play an important role in the rejection of the trace organic compounds.
Trace organic solutes in closed-loop forward osmosis applications: Influence of membrane fouling and modeling of solute build-up
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2013.06.006
Abstract: In this study, trace organics transport in closed-loop forward osmosis (FO) systems was assessed. The FO systems considered, consisted of an FO unit and a nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO) unit, with the draw solution circulating between both units. The rejection of trace organics by FO, NF and RO was tested. It was found that the rejection rates of FO were generally comparable with NF and lower than RO rejection rates. To assess the influence of fouling in FO on trace organics rejection, FO membranes were fouled with sodium alginate, bovine serum albumin or by biofilm growth, after which trace organics rejection was tested. A negative influence of fouling on FO rejection was found which was limited in most cases, while it was significant for some compounds such as paracetamol and naproxen, indicating specific compound-foulant interactions. The transport mechanism of trace organics in FO was tested, in order to differentiate between diffusive and convective transport. The concentration of trace organics in the final product water and the build-up of trace organics in the draw solution were modeled assuming the draw solution was reconcentrated by NF/RO and taking into account different transport mechanisms for the FO membrane and different rejection rates by NF/RO. Modeling results showed that if the FO rejection rate is lower than the RO rejection rate (as is the case for most compounds tested), the added value of the FO-RO cycle compared to RO only at steady-state was small for diffusively and negative for convectively transported trace organics. Modeling also showed that trace organics accumulate in the draw solution.
Extreme weather events: Should drinking water quality management systems adapt to changing risk profiles?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2015.08.018
Abstract: Among the most widely predicted and accepted consequences of global climate change are increases in both the frequency and severity of a variety of extreme weather events. Such weather events include heavy rainfall and floods, cyclones, droughts, heatwaves, extreme cold, and wildfires, each of which can potentially impact drinking water quality by affecting water catchments, storage reservoirs, the performance of water treatment processes or the integrity of distribution systems. Drinking water guidelines, such as the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines and the World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, provide guidance for the safe management of drinking water. These documents present principles and strategies for managing risks that may be posed to drinking water quality. While these principles and strategies are applicable to all types of water quality risks, very little specific attention has been paid to the management of extreme weather events. We present a review of recent literature on water quality impacts of extreme weather events and consider practical opportunities for improved guidance for water managers. We conclude that there is a case for an enhanced focus on the management of water quality impacts from extreme weather events in future revisions of water quality guidance documents.
The fate of trace organic contaminants in sewage sludge during recuperative thickening anaerobic digestion
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2017.02.020
Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the fate of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in sewage sludge during recuperative thickening anaerobic digestion. Sludge shearing at 3142s
Corrigendum to “Late Holocene climate anomaly concurrent with fire activity and ecosystem shifts in the eastern Australian Highlands” [Sci. Total Environ. 802 (2021)149542](S0048969721046167)(10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149542)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
Fluorescence monitoring at a recycled water treatment plant and associated dual distribution system - Implications for cross-connection detection
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2010.06.003
Abstract: Dual distribution systems are becoming increasingly common in greenfield housing developments in Australia for the redistribution of recycled water to households for non-potable use. Within such schemes there exists the potential for cross-connections between recycled and drinking water systems. Due to the high level of recycled water treatment, these events are unlikely to lead to outbreaks of illness in the community. Nonetheless, they do represent a breach of the recycled water risk management strategy and therefore an elevated level of risk to consumers. Furthermore, cross-connection events have the potential to undermine public confidence in these types of water recycling. A rapid, highly sensitive method of cross-connection detection may therefore provide an additional level of confidence in these schemes. The aim of this research was to determine the potential for using fluorescence spectroscopy as a monitoring tool in water treatment plants and dual distribution systems. S les from both the water recycling plant and dual distribution system were collected on a weekly basis over 12 weeks. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra and water quality parameters including dissolved organic carbon, UV(254), pH, conductivity, free chlorine and turbidity were obtained for each s le. The fluorescence EEM spectra of recycled and drinking water were distinctly different and exhibited low variability throughout the course of the s ling program, indicating a degree of stability of the fluorescent components within the organic matter. A ten-fold difference in mean fluorescence intensity was observed for recycled water compared to drinking water, which was greater than the difference observed for the other measured water quality parameters. Probabilistic analysis was used to determine the reliable detection limit of recycled water contamination of drinking water. Accounting for the inherent variability of both recycled water and drinking water, a 45% contamination of recycled water in drinking water could be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 3 for more than 95% of in idual random s le pairs. Greater sensitivity can be assured by averaging numerous s les. In comparison, a 70% contamination of recycled water in drinking water was required for the same detection using conductivity.
Fate and analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in some sewage treatment plants in Australia
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2008
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2008.573
Abstract: There are limited studies on the fate and levels of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plants in Australia. Research undertaken in Europe and North America has shown biologically significant levels of both oestrogenic and androgenic chemicals in sewage effluent. The aim of this work was to determine the oestrogenic and androgenic activities of raw and treated sewage from sewage treatment plants run by MidCoast Water, New South Wales, Australia. Oestrogenic and androgenic activities were measured using a yeast screen bioassay. Results showed that the raw effluent contained biologically significant levels of both oestrogenic (0.58–2.91 ng/l) and androgenic (216–480 ng/l) activities. Androgenic activity was significantly higher than oestrogenic activity, which was consistent with other Australian studies and was attributed to the higher levels of androgens in domestic waste from human excretion compared to oestrogens. Secondary treatment (using activated sludge) removed the majority of the oestrogenic and androgenic activity (up to 99%). Tertiary treatment by UV removed varying levels of oestrogenic (19–69%) and androgenic (5–55%) activities. A Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) at one of the STPs, which consists of an MBR followed by electrochlorination removed over 87% of the oestrogenic activity and over 98% of androgenic activity from raw sewage s les. However, levels which could be biologically significant still remained after secondary and tertiary treatment (& .1 ng/l oestrogenic activity and & ng/l androgenic activity).
Ecological consequences of Australian “Black Summer” (2019–20) fires: A synthesis of Australian Commonwealth Government report findings
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-06-2021
DOI: 10.1002/IEAM.4469
Abstract: During the summer of 2019–2020, more than 15 000 wildfires burned up to 19 million hectares of forest and woodland regions across Australia. These fires culminated in the worst Australian fire season on record, producing what has come to be known as the Australian “Black Summer.” The fires have been described as an “ecological disaster,” but the scale of the impacts is so extensive that the full ecological consequence may take years to assess. In the immediate aftermath of the Black Summer fires, two major national investigations were established by the Australian Commonwealth Government. By reviewing reports produced by these two investigations, high‐level insights into the scale of the ecological consequences of the Black Summer fires have been obtained and are summarized here. Through these insights, the urgency for action to reduce the occurrence, and improve the management, of future comparable fire events is made clear. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021 :1136–1140. © 2021 SETAC
Organic matter fluorescence in municipal water recycling schemes: Toward a unified PARAFAC model
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1021/ES103015E
Abstract: Organic matter (OM) is a ubiquitous constituent of natural waters quantifiable at very low levels using fluorescence spectroscopy. This technique has recognized potential in a range of applications where the ability to monitor water quality in real time is desirable, such as in water treatment systems. This study used PARAFAC to characterize a large (n=1479) and erse excitation emission matrix (EEM) data set from six recycled water treatment plants in Australia, for which sources of variability included geography, season, treatment processes, pH and fluorometer settings. Five components were identified independently in four or more plants, none of which were generated during the treatment process nor were typically entirely removed. PARAFAC scores could be obtained from EEMs by simple regression. The results have important implications for online monitoring of OM fluorescence in treatment plants, affecting choices regarding experimental design, instrumentation and the optimal wavelengths for tracking fluorescent organic matter through the treatment process. While the multimodel comparisons provide a compelling demonstration of PARAFAC's ability to distill chemical information from EEMs, deficiencies identified through this process have broad implications for interpreting and reusing (D)OM-PARAFAC models.
Distinguishing stage 1 and 2 reverse osmosis permeates using fluorescence spectroscopy
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2009.515
Abstract: Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy was used to distinguish between two stages of reverse osmosis (RO) permeates as the first step towards investigating the potential application of fluorescence as a monitoring tool for membrane performance. The signal response of several fluorescence peaks present in Stage 1 and Stage 2 RO permeates of an advanced water treatment plant were compared. The humic-like fluorescence region was found to have the largest percentage difference between stages and therefore was the most appropriate for enabling differentiation. Increases in humic-like fluorescence did not correlate with increases in conductivity or dissolved organic carbon measurements. This suggests that fluorescence is a more selective and sensitive method for monitoring the organic composition of RO permeates than established methods. Fluorescence is therefore a promising tool for improved water quality monitoring of RO permeates.
Fate of antibiotics during municipal water recycling treatment processes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2010.06.020
Abstract: Municipal water recycling processes are potential human and environmental exposure routes for low concentrations of persistent antibiotics. While the implications of such exposure scenarios are unknown, concerns have been raised regarding the possibility that continuous discharge of antibiotics to the environment may facilitate the development or proliferation of resistant strains of bacteria. As potable and non-potable water recycling schemes are continuously developed, it is imperative to improve our understanding of the fate of antibiotics during conventional and advanced wastewater treatment processes leading to high-quality water reclamation. This review collates existing knowledge with the aim of providing new insight to the influence of a wide range of treatment processes to the ultimate fate of antibiotics during conventional and advanced wastewater treatment. Although conventional biological wastewater treatment processes are effective for the removal of some antibiotics, many have been reported to occur at 10-1000 ng L(-1) concentrations in secondary treated effluents. These include beta-lactams, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Tertiary and advanced treatment processes may be required to fully manage environmental and human exposure to these contaminants in water recycling schemes. The effectiveness of a range of processes including tertiary media filtration, ozonation, chlorination, UV irradiation, activated carbon adsorption, and NF/RO filtration has been reviewed and, where possible, semi-quantitative estimations of antibiotics removals have been provided.
Removal of trace organics by MBR treatment: The role of molecular properties
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2011.01.023
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between specific molecular features of trace organic contaminants and their removal efficiencies by a laboratory scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). Removal efficiencies of 40 trace organic compounds were assessed under stable operating conditions. The reported results demonstrate an apparent correlation between chemical structures and the removal of trace organic contaminants by the laboratory scale MBR system. The removal of all 14 very hydrophobic (Log D > 3.2) trace organic compounds selected in this study was consistently high and was above 85%. The occurrence and types of electron withdrawing or donating functional groups appear to be important factors governing their removal by MBR treatment. In this study, all hydrophilic and moderately hydrophobic (Log D<3.2) compounds possessing strong electron withdrawing functional groups showed removal efficiency of less than 20%. In contrast, high removal efficiencies were observed with most compounds bearing electron donating functional groups such as hydroxyl and primary amine groups. A qualitative framework for the assessment of trace organic removal by MBR treatment was proposed to provide further insights into the removal mechanisms.
Nanofiltration of trace organic chemicals: A comparison between ceramic and polymeric membranes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Global and local health burden trade-off through the hybridisation of quantitative microbial risk assessment and life cycle assessment to aid water management
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2015.03.015
Abstract: Life cycle assessment (LCA) and quantitative risk assessment (QRA) are commonly used to evaluate potential human health impacts associated with proposed or existing infrastructure and products. Each approach has a distinct objective and, consequently, their conclusions may be inconsistent or contradictory. It is proposed that the integration of elements of QRA and LCA may provide a more holistic approach to health impact assessment. Here we examine the possibility of merging LCA assessed human health impacts with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for waterborne pathogen impacts, expressed with the common health metric, disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The ex le of a recent large-scale water recycling project in Sydney, Australia was used to identify and demonstrate the potential advantages and current limitations of this approach. A comparative analysis of two scenarios - with and without the development of this project - was undertaken for this purpose. LCA and QMRA were carried out independently for the two scenarios to compare human health impacts, as measured by DALYs lost per year. LCA results suggested that construction of the project would lead to an increased number of DALYs lost per year, while estimated disease burden resulting from microbial exposures indicated that it would result in the loss of fewer DALYs per year than the alternative scenario. By merging the results of the LCA and QMRA, we demonstrate the advantages in providing a more comprehensive assessment of human disease burden for the two scenarios, in particular, the importance of considering the results of both LCA and QRA in a comparative assessment of decision alternatives to avoid problem shifting. The application of DALYs as a common measure between the two approaches was found to be useful for this purpose.
Potable reuse: Experiences in Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
A multivariate Bayesian network analysis of water quality factors influencing trihalomethanes formation in drinking water distribution systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Disinfectant residual stability leading to disinfectant decay and by-product formation in drinking water distribution systems: A systematic review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2019.01.020
Abstract: Secondary disinfectants, such as chlorine and chloramine, have been widely applied to minimise microbial risks in drinking water during distribution. Key challenges have included the maintenance of stable concentrations of disinfectant residuals and the control of disinfection by-products that may form as a consequence of residual decay processes. Many factors may influence disinfectant residual stability and the consequential formation of by-products. Thus predictions of disinfectant stability and by-product formation are multifactorial problems, complete with numerous complications of parameter co-dependence and feedback lification of some key parameters. The aim of this review was to derive an understanding of how disinfectant residual stability in drinking water distribution systems is impacted by various influencing factors such as water quality and operational parameters. Factors known to influence disinfectant stability and by-product formation were critically reviewed. A systematic review method was applied to identify 1809 journal articles published in the two decades from January 1998 to December 2017. From the initial screening, 161 papers were selected for detailed assessment. Important factors were identified to include temperature, water age, piping material, corrosion products, pH, hydraulic condition, disinfectant residual type and dosage and microbial activity. Microbial activity is a particularly complex parameter on which to base predictions since many factors are known to influence the degree and nature of such activity. These include temperature, water age, piping material, corrosion products, nutrients, natural organic matter, hydraulic condition and disinfectant residual type and dosage. Disinfectant types and dosages were found to be among the most important factors. Many knowledge gaps and research needs still remain, including the need for a more complete understanding of the factors that influence the production of nitrogenous disinfection by-products.
Enhanced chromium(VI) treatment in electroactive constructed wetlands: Influence of conductive material
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2019.121722
Abstract: A constructed wetland (CW) microcosm based on conductive graphite gravel was investigated for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) treatment from synthetic wastewater. Its performance was evaluated and compared with a traditional gravel-based CW microcosm. The microcosms were operated at varying initial Cr(VI) concentrations (5-20 mg/L) and hydraulic retention times (HRT) (3-7.5 h). Near complete treatment (99.9 ± 0.06 %) was achieved in the graphite-based microcosm throughout the experiment. The performance was consistently high throughout with 42.9 % improvement in Cr (VI) treatment compared to a traditional gravel microcosm. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis indicated that chromium was adsorbed to microbial biofilms. Moreover, microbial ersity profiling suggested that the microbial population in both microcosms differed in ersity and communities. The results suggest that the use of conductive materials in CW significantly enhances the treatment of Cr(VI) and more importantly, allows microbial activity even at high levels of Cr(VI) in the CW.
A systematic approach to determine herbicide removals in constructed wetlands using time integrated passive samplers
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.2166/WRD.2011.021
Abstract: Natural water treatment systems such as wetlands are increasingly being recognised for their role as part of a multi-barrier system for water recycling. Natural wetland systems have the ability to provide effective treatment for a wide range of organic chemicals. However, techniques are required to validate the performance of these treatment processes in the field. This paper provides a new method for evaluating wetland systems using passive s lers and applies a statistical method for use in advanced water treatment processes. Three years of stormwater quality passive s ler data for diuron, simazine and atrazine is provided to determine herbicide removal between the inlet and outlet regions of a constructed wetland. Mean removal rates over the three year period for diuron, simazine and atrazine were 43, 54 and 50% respectively. The results show that this method coupled with passive s lers is amenable to wetland system barrier characterisation where opportunities for process validation is not feasible.
Validation of a full-scale membrane bioreactor and the impact of membrane cleaning on the removal of microbial indicators
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2013.12.123
Abstract: The removal of microbial indicators through a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was characterised. The overall log reduction of Escherichia coli and total coliforms were in the range of 5.0-5.9log10 units, while the reduction of clostridia was marginally less at 4.9log10 units. Removal of bacteriophage was in excess of 4.6log10 units. The impact of membrane cleaning on the elimination of microbial indicators was also assessed since this had been identified by pilot-scale studies as a potential hazardous event. Membrane cleaning temporarily reduced the log removal values of E. coli and total coliforms each by 1log10 unit, but did not affect the removal of bacteriophage or clostridia. Very little research has previously examined the consequences of hazardous events on the performance of full-scale MBRs, and thus the findings presented here will facilitate improvements for the risk assessment and management of MBRs used in water recycling schemes.
Critical control points in DPR: Quantifying the multi-barrier approach to treatment
Publisher: Water Environment Federation
Date: 2015
Aqueous-phase aminolysis: Approach for the analysis of epoxides in water
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 09-03-2006
DOI: 10.1021/AC0516990
Abstract: Trace concentrations of small soluble epoxides are suspected byproducts of drinking water ozonation. However, adequate characterization of epoxide formation is currently limited by the lack of suitable analytical methods to target these chemicals in dilute, but complex aqueous solutions. One potential approach is presented here based on aqueous-phase aminolysis. The method also employs solid-phase extraction, silylation of the solvent extract, and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This approach is demonstrated to be effective for the selective analysis of the epoxides 1,2-epoxybutane, epichlorohydrin, and epifluorohydrin in water with optimized method detection limits of 5-10 ng/L.
N-nitrosamine rejection by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes: The importance of membrane characteristics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
Assessment of the application of bioanalytical tools as surrogate measure of chemical contaminants in recycled water
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2013.11.030
Abstract: The growing use of recycled water in large urban centres requires comprehensive public health risk assessment and management, an important aspect of which is the assessment and management of residual trace chemical substances. Bioanalytical methods such as in vitro bioassays may be ideal screening tools that can detect a wide range of contaminants based on their biological effect. In this study, we applied thirteen in vitro assays selected explicitly for their ability to detect molecular and cellular effects relevant to potential chemical exposure via drinking water as a means of screening for chemical contaminants from recycled water at 9 Australian water reclamation plants, in parallel to more targeted direct chemical analysis of 39 priority compounds. The selected assays provided measures of primary non-specific (cytotoxicity to various cell types), specific (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and endocrine receptor-mediated effects) and reactive toxicity (mutagenicity and genotoxicity), as well as markers of adaptive stress response (modulation of cytokine production) and xenobiotic metabolism (liver enzyme induction). Chemical and bioassay analyses were in agreement and complementary to each other: the results show that source water (treated wastewater) contained high levels of biologically active compounds, with positive results in almost all bioassays. The quality of the product water (reclaimed water) was only marginally better after ultrafiltration or dissolved air floatation/filtration, but greatly improved after reverse osmosis often reducing biological activity to below detection limit. The bioassays were able to detect activity at concentrations below current chemical method detection limits and provided a sum measure of all biologically active compounds for that bioassay, thus providing an additional degree of confidence in water quality.
Analysis of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography-electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2015.04.091
Abstract: The widespread use of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in commercial products have led to their increased presence in the environment. In this study, a rapid and reliable analytical method was developed for the analysis of five PFRs in water using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with electron ionisation (EI) and a run time of 13 min. The PFRs investigated were tributyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP). Solid phase extraction (SPE) was undertaken to extract and concentrate target analytes from aqueous matrices. All water s les were extracted from a volume of 500 mL. Isotopically labelled compounds were used to account for analytical variability and for accurate quantification by isotope dilution. Method recoveries for all compounds were above 80% in all tested water s les. Method detection limits for all target analytes ranged from 0.3 to 24 ng/L in ultrapure water, tap water, seawater, surface water, secondary effluent and swimming pool water. Validation of this method confirmed satisfactory method stability with less than 1% coefficients of variation, verifying that this approach produced good reproducibility.
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