ORCID Profile
0000-0002-7995-6464
Current Organisation
Victoria Unviersity of Wellington
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Other Biological Sciences | Environmental Management | Climate Change Processes | Global Change Biology
Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Environments (excl. Social Impacts) | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Environments | Environmental Policy, Legislation and Standards not elsewhere classified |
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 21-10-2020
DOI: 10.1130/G48347.1
Abstract: Outlet glaciers drain the majority of ice flow in the Antarctic ice sheet. Theory and numerical models indicate that local bed topography can play a key role in modulating outlet glacier response to climate warming, potentially resulting in delayed, asynchronous, or enhanced retreat. However, the period of modern observations is too short to assess whether local or regional controls dominate ice sheet response on time scales that are critical for understanding ice sheet mass loss over this century and beyond. The recent geological past allows for insight into such centennial-scale ice sheet behavior. We present a cosmogenic surface-exposure chronology from Mawson Glacier, adjacent to a region of the Ross Sea that underwent dynamic marine-based ice sheet retreat following the Last Glacial Maximum. Our data record at least 220 m of abrupt ice thinning between 7.5 and 4.5 ka, followed by more gradual thinning until the last millennium. The timing, rates, and magnitudes of thinning at Mawson Glacier are remarkably similar to that documented 100 km to the south at Mackay Glacier. Together, both outlet glaciers demonstrate that abrupt deglaciation occurred across a broad region in the Mid-Holocene. This happened despite the complex bed topography of the western Ross Sea and implies an overarching external driver of retreat. When compared to regional sea-level and ocean-temperature changes, our data indicate that ocean warming most likely drove grounding-line retreat and ice drawdown, which then accelerated as a result of marine ice sheet instability.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 15-05-2023
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU23-16696
Abstract: Recent erosion rates from tectonically active coasts provide evidence of rapid rock breakdown following coseismic uplift. These rates are needed to solve puzzles about 'missing' marine terraces that prevent accurate reconstruction of past sea levels, earthquakes and rock coast evolution. Yet little scientific effort has been put into investigating the impact of tectonism on shore platform development. It is also presently unclear if erosion records from one coast can be extrapolated to other regions with similar tectonic, geologic, or geomorphic characteristics. We present shore platform downwearing rates and processes measured using the traversing micro-erosion meter (TMEM) and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry from an inter-tidal shore platform uplifted by 3.1 m between 100 to 300 years ago. The site is a mudstone platform at Kahutara Point, M& #257 hia Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand. Over 1.43 years, the mean annual downwearing rate was 1.94 mm/yr, while the total erosion at in idual TMEM stations ranged from 0.29 to 8.31 mm (equivalent to mean erosion rates of 0.07 to 5.82 mm/yr). We found a lack of any spatial pattern in erosion rates cross-shore, suggesting the equal efficiency of waves and weathering processes. Orthophotographs of the eroded rock surfaces support the combined role of marine processes (waves and tides), sub-aerial weathering processes, salt weathering and biological activity in the erosion of the mudstone platforms at Kahutara Point. The mean erosion rate of 1.94 mm/yr from the M& #257 hia Peninsula is similar to the mean post-uplift rate of 2.25 mm/yr reported for the Kaik& #333 ura Peninsula, New Zealand, where platforms were uplifted by ~1 m in 2016. This result suggests a comparable pattern of erosion response at both sites following co-seismic uplift and provides the first field evidence to support the comparison of the Kaik& #333 ura and M& #257 hia shore platforms, thus helping to inform marine terrace development and destruction.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 20-06-2022
DOI: 10.5194/ICG2022-298
Abstract: & & Oblique terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) enables topographic change detection at scales (10& sup& & #8722 & /sup& & #8211 & sup& & /sup& cm) that are appropriate for coastal cliff erosion monitoring. Despite this, its application has been limited to a select few regions around the world. Here we report new TLS point cloud datasets from 13 years of monitoring (2009-2022) at Rothesay Bay, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, which has a relatively low wave energy setting with a meso tidal range. The 120 m-long scan area includes cliffs of 10-30 m in height, formed of horizontally bedded soft sedimentary flysch rock. The cliffs are fronted by an ~140m wide near-horizontal shore platform that terminates in an abrupt seaward edge. Formation of such platform morphology is based on the assumption that: a) the platform has developed during several millennia of stable Holocene Sea level (around 6,000 years) b) the seaward edge of the shore platform does not erode c) and the rate of cliff retreat reduces over time due to increased dissipation of wave energy across a widening shore platform. On this basis it has been previously assumed that the long-term cliff retreat rate at this field site is between 1.4& #177 .1 to 14.3& #177 .1 mm/year. In contrast, volumetric cliff-face erosion detected with intensive monthly TLS scanning (July 2021- April 2022) at this site indicates a cliff recession rate of 140-660 mm/year (during dry and wet seasons), and three scans over a 12-year window (2009, 2014, 2021) indicate an average erosion rate of 47 mm/year. If erosion had been constant at this rate over approximately 6,000 years, a total cliff retreat of 282 m would be expected, which presents a striking contrast to the width of the contemporary shore platform. The anomaly is even more pronounced given: a) the widely held assumption that cliff erosion rates should decline as platform width increases or that the long-term cliff retreat rates are constant, an assumption made previously for this site and b) that Holocene Sea level appears to have been higher than present during the past 6,000 years. This presentation evaluates two possible hypotheses for the confounding width of the modern shore platform in comparison to current cliff erosion rates: 1) that current rates of cliff retreat are faster than past erosion rates (perhaps the TLS captured an unusually fast period of erosion, or perhaps there has been some modern acceleration in cliff erosion rates) 2) that the seaward edge has not remained in its original position or does not reliably indicate the original location of the cliff. These possibilities will be assessed through offshore bathymetric mapping and numerical model experiments. & & &
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1029/2018TC005167
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.04.096
Abstract: Floods from moraine-dammed lake failures can have long standing effects not only on riverine landscapes but also on mountain communities due to the high intensity (i.e. great depth and high velocities) and damaging capacity of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). GLOFs may increase in frequency as glaciers retreat and new lakes develop and there is an urgent need to better understand GLOF dynamics and the measures required to reduce their negative outcomes. In Patagonia at least 16 moraine-dammed lakes have failed in historic time, however, data about GLOF dynamics and impacts in this region are limited. We reconstruct a GLOF that affected a small village in Chilean Patagonia in March 1977, by semi structured interviews, interpretation of satellite images and 2D hydraulic modelling. This provides insight into the GLOF dynamics and the planning issues that led to socioeconomic consequences, which included village relocation. Modelling shows that the water released by the GLOF was in the order of 12-13 × 10(6)m(3) and the flood lasted for about 10h, reaching a maximum depth of ~1.5m in Bahía Murta Viejo, ~ 26 km from the failed lake. The lake had characteristics in common with failed lakes worldwide (e.g. the lake was in contact with a retreating glacier and was dammed by a narrow-steep moraine). The absence of land-use planning and the unawareness of the GLOF hazard contributed to the village flooding. The Río Engaño GLOF illustrates how small-scale and short-distance migration is a reasonable coping strategy in response to a natural hazard that may increase in frequency as atmospheric temperature rises and glaciers retreat.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-11-2022
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 05-12-2014
DOI: 10.5194/NHESS-14-3243-2014
Abstract: Abstract. Glacier retreat since the Little Ice Age has resulted in the development or expansion of hundreds of glacial lakes in Patagonia. Some of these lakes have produced large (≥ 106 m3) Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) damaging inhabited areas. GLOF hazard studies in Patagonia have been mainly based on the analysis of short-term series (≤ 50 years) of flood data and until now no attempt has been made to identify the relative susceptibility of lakes to failure. Power schemes and associated infrastructure are planned for Patagonian basins that have historically been affected by GLOFs, and we now require a thorough understanding of the characteristics of dangerous lakes in order to assist with hazard assessment and planning. In this paper, the conditioning factors of 16 outbursts from moraine-dammed lakes in Patagonia were analysed. These data were used to develop a classification scheme designed to assess outburst susceptibility, based on image classification techniques, flow routine algorithms and the Analytical Hierarchy Process. This scheme was applied to the Baker Basin, Chile, where at least seven moraine-dammed lakes have failed in historic time. We identified 386 moraine-dammed lakes in the Baker Basin of which 28 were classified with high or very high outburst susceptibility. Commonly, lakes with high outburst susceptibility are in contact with glaciers and have moderate ( 8°) to steep ( 15°) dam outlet slopes, akin to failed lakes in Patagonia. The proposed classification scheme is suitable for first-order GLOF hazard assessments in this region. However, rapidly changing glaciers in Patagonia make detailed analysis and monitoring of hazardous lakes and glaciated areas upstream from inhabited areas or critical infrastructure necessary, in order to better prepare for hazards emerging from an evolving cryosphere.
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 17-01-2018
DOI: 10.1130/G39736.1
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 03-03-2021
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-771
Abstract: & & Some valleys in South Island, New Zealand already have a number of well-dated glacier records. However, understanding of the precise timing of old glacial events in many valleys still remains poor. For this purpose, the cosmogenic & sup& & /sup& Be surface exposure dating technique was used to constrain the timing and extent of late Quaternary glaciation in the Ahuriri River valley, Southern Alps, New Zealand. The 33 & sup& & /sup& Be surface-exposure ages from two different moraine complexes range from 16.6& #177 .4 ka to 19.7& #177 .5 ka suggesting rapid glacier recession (~17 km) during the last deglaciation.& & & & Field observation and geomorphological mapping were also used to investigate the extent and drivers of glaciation in this valley. For the final step, we created detail and comprehensive map of the glacial geomorphology in an area covered by palaeo Ahuriri Glacier, in the central Southern Alps. Geomorphological mapping from high-resolution aerial imagery, large scale topographical maps, average resolution DEM, and several field investigations allowed us to produce the 1:38,000 scale map for the entire study site covering an area of about 532 km& sup& & /sup& .& & & & This newly created map along with the new & sup& & /sup& Be surface exposure dataset will help us in better understanding of past glacier-climate interactions in the Southern Alps and in the Southern Hemisphere in general.& &
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-11-2015
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS9910
Abstract: Outlet glaciers grounded on a bed that deepens inland and extends below sea level are potentially vulnerable to ‘marine ice sheet instability’. This instability, which may lead to runaway ice loss, has been simulated in models, but its consequences have not been directly observed in geological records. Here we provide new surface-exposure ages from an outlet of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet that reveal rapid glacier thinning occurred approximately 7,000 years ago, in the absence of large environmental changes. Glacier thinning persisted for more than two and a half centuries, resulting in hundreds of metres of ice loss. Numerical simulations indicate that ice surface drawdown accelerated when the otherwise steadily retreating glacier encountered a bedrock trough. Together, the geological reconstruction and numerical simulations suggest that centennial-scale glacier thinning arose from unstable grounding line retreat. Capturing these instability processes in ice sheet models is important for predicting Antarctica’s future contribution to sea level change.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 27-03-2022
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU22-3235
Abstract: & & Geochronological dating of glacial landforms, such as terminal and lateral moraines, are useful for determining the extent and timing of past glaciation and for reconstructing the magnitude and rate of past climate changes. Here we report the first dataset of Late Quaternary glacial maximum extent and its deglaciation from the Ahuriri River valley, Southern Alps, New Zealand (44& #176 '54''S, 169& #176 '48''E) based on 66 beryllium-10 (& sup& & /sup& Be) surface-exposure ages from terminal-lateral moraine systems and glaciated bedrock surfaces situated at different sites of the valley. Our results show that the former Ahuriri Glacier reached its maximum extent 19.8& #177 .3 ka, which coincides with the global Last Glacial Maximum. By 16.7& #177 .3 ka, the glacier had retreat ~18 km up-valley and this deglaciation was accompanied by the formation of a shallow proglacial lake. Our surface-exposure chronology from the moraines situated upper right tributary of the Ahuriri River valley also indicates that other subsequent advance of the palaeo glacier culminated at 14.5& #177 .3 ka ago, while the next re-advance or still stand phases occurred at 13.6& #177 .3 ka. About 1000 yr later (12.6& #177 .2 ka), the former glacier built another prominent terminal-lateral moraine ridge in the lower section of the upper right tributary valley. In overall, our result supports the hypothesis that climate was ~5& #176 C colder (ELA depression ~880 m) than present at 19.8& #177 .3 ka, while it was ~4.4& #176 C colder (ELA depression ~770 m) at 16.7& #177 .3 ka. Furthermore, local air temperature was lower by 3.6& #176 C (ELA depression ~630 m) during the 14.5-13.6 ka and by 2.0& #176 C (ELA depression ~360 m) at 12.6 ka respectively relative to present. Our results clearly demonstrate the structure of last glacial termination in New Zealand such as strong glacier recession during this time-period in accordance of at least five glacier re advances or still stand phases. This new & sup& & /sup& Be surface exposure dataset will help us in better understanding of past glacier-climate interactions in the Southern Alps and in the Southern Hemisphere in general.& &
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 04-03-2021
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-10394
Abstract: & & On tectonically active rock coasts, there is a dearth of erosion data documenting how rocks adjust (either fast or slow) in response to marine and subaerial processes immediately after coseismic uplift. Here we report erosion rates and evidence of reshaping of shore platform morphology on intertidal- and previously subtidal- rocks at Kaik& #333 ura Peninsula, South Island New Zealand. As a result of the November 2016 Kaik& #333 ura 7.8 (Mw) earthquake, platforms around the peninsula were uplifted by ~1.01 m, extended in width, and a 43-year active erosion monitoring c aign was abruptly halted but an opportunity to record how rocks respond to sudden environmental change like tectonics was presented. High-resolution topographic data obtained from quarterly surveys over four years using the micro-erosion meters (MEM) and Structure-from-Motion Multi View Stereo (SfM-MVS) surveys have provided accurate quantitative rates of erosion and visual representation of surface morphologies. MEM erosion data revealed variations in erosion, weathering and deposition rates across lithology, seasons, tidal positions, and platform elevation after the uplift. Four-years post-uplift erosion data shows a resetting of erosion rates and faster rock breakdown on both mudstone and limestone lithologies compared to pre-uplift rates. Over the 4-year period, surface downwearing rates for all platforms was 2.19 mm/yr, a 99.9% increase from a pre-uplift rate of 1.10 mm/yr. Average lowering rates on limestone, hard mudstone and soft mudstone platforms are 1.31 mm/yr, 2.13 mm/yr and 3.60 mm/yr, respectively. Seasonal trends in erosion rates remain unchanged as higher rates are still experienced during summer than winter seasons due to greater periods of higher temperatures and increased wetting and drying cycles. A year after uplift, previously reported across shore variations where erosion rates decreased from inner/landward margins of the platform to the outer/seaward sections disappeared with higher erosion rates fluctuating across all platform sections. Increased lowering rates on limestone rocks at the inner and outer sections were attributed to greater periods of wetting and drying, and loss of biological cover. These initially rapid rates decreased on the seaward sections after 3 years as a result of bioprotection and increased tidal wetting.& On one of the harder mudstone rocks, a dramatic increase from a pre-uplift erosion rate of 0.43 mm/yr to 19.23 mm/yr (1-year after uplift) and subsequent decline to 1.54 mm/yr after four years is suggestive of isolated incidents of block detachment and erosion. For the first time, we complement MEM data with available SfM-MVS derived orthomosaics to provide evidence of changing rock morphology and processes such as intense granular disintegration, flaking, algal growth, and boring. On tectonically active rock coasts, the strong fluctuations in erosion rates and platform morphological expressions indicate the actions of not only waves, tides, and weathering processes but also tectonics in shore platform development.& &
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-04-2022
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 31-01-2019
DOI: 10.1130/B35051.1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-07-2022
DOI: 10.1002/ESP.5440
Abstract: Flights of Holocene marine terraces are useful for reconstructing past earthquakes, but coastal erosion can remove terraces from the landscape, potentially leading to incorrect estimates of earthquake magnitude and frequency. Relatively little effort has been afforded to studying terrace erosion processes, and this paper presents the first field evidence that we are aware of documenting terrace erosion rates. Two case studies from New Zealand provide a unique opportunity to observe the beginning and end phases of terrace development. We present downwear and backwear erosion measurements, showing that both sets of processes are important. Micro‐erosion meter measurements from Kaikōura Peninsula, South Island, confirm that downwear processes are modifying new marine terraces that were created when the peninsula was uplifted about 1 m during the 2016 earthquake. Erosion rates were high immediately following uplift as the relatively barren intertidal rock shore platform rapidly transformed into an incipient marine terrace with cover deposits. However, the Kaikōura earthquake uplifted shore platforms only a small distance above the upper tidal limit and ongoing downwear and backwear erosion may begin to remove parts of this terrace in future decades. We explored this prospect with a case study at Māhia Peninsula, North Island, where 100–300 years have elapsed since the last terrace‐forming earthquake. Historical photographs were used to document about 80 years of backwear erosion. Terrace erosion rates have been nearly constant through this period, and extrapolation implies that the terrace will be removed in places by 2030. The erosion data in this paper provide new insights into how terraces can be removed from the landscape, but there are many complicating factors. To help understand these factors we present a new conceptual model of marine terrace creation and destruction for soft‐rock coasts.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-01-2023
DOI: 10.1002/JQS.3495
Abstract: Glacial landscapes preserve records of past climate change. Investigating the glacier–climate system over the Late Quaternary provides information about past climate change and context for present‐day glacier response to climate warming. Using 28 beryllium‐10 ( 10 Be) surface exposure dates and snowline reconstructions, we present glacier fluctuations and climate changes for the Antarctic Cold Reversal in the Ahuriri River catchment, Southern Alps of New Zealand (44°7′50″S, 169°38′29″E). Prominent terminal and lateral moraine features from the upper right tributary of the Ahuriri River valley have exposure ages of 14.5 ± 0.3, 13.6 ± 0.3 and 12.6 ± 0.2 ka, suggesting retreat of the glacier during the Antarctic Cold Reversal. Maximum elevation of lateral moraines (MELM) and accumulation area ratio (AAR) suggest snowline elevations at these ages were ≤700, ≤630 and ~360 m lower than today, respectively. This equates to air temperatures ≤3.9, ≤3.5 and 2.3 ± 0.7 °C lower than today (1981–2010), assuming no changes in past precipitation. Ice‐sculpted bedrock surfaces bound by a lateral moraine at nearby Canyon Creek have an age of 13.1 ± 0.3 ka, indicating the moraine correlates with those in the Ahuriri upper right tributary. MELM and AAR reconstructions from the Canyon Creek suggest that snowline elevations at 14.5–13.6 ka were ≤500 or ~380 m lower than today, corresponding to air temperatures ≤2.8 or 2.4 ± 0.7 °C lower than the present‐day (1981–2010). Our results provide insight into the structure of the Antarctic Cold Reversal in the Southern Alps, showing that the largest glacier advance occurred at the start of this interval at c . 14.5 ± 0.3 ka and was followed by gradual retreat. We hypothesize that the early cooling and glacier readvance in New Zealand at the onset of the Antarctic Cold Reversal were triggered by a latitudinal shift of the Southern Hemisphere westerly wind belt.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 17-10-2020
DOI: 10.5194/TC-2020-284
Abstract: Abstract. Quantitative satellite observations provide a comprehensive assessment of ice sheet mass loss over the last four decades, but limited insights into long-term drivers of ice sheet change. Geological records can extend the observational record and aid our understanding of ice sheet–climate interactions. Here we present the first millennial-scale reconstruction of David Glacier, the largest East Antarctic outlet glacier in Victoria Land. We use surface exposure dating of glacial erratics deposited on nunataks to reconstruct changes in ice surface elevation through time. We then use numerical modelling experiments to determine the drivers of glacial thinning. Thinning profiles derived from 45 10Be and 3He surface exposure ages show that David Glacier experienced rapid thinning up to 2 m/yr during the mid-Holocene (~ 6,500 years ago). Thinning stabilised at 6 kyr, suggesting initial formation of the Drygalski Ice Tongue at this time. Our work, along with terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide records from adjacent glaciers, shows simultaneous glacier thinning in this sector of the Transantarctic Mountains occurred ~ 3 kyr after the retreat of marine-based grounded ice in the western Ross Embayment. The timing and rapidity of the reconstructed thinning at David Glacier is similar to reconstructions in the Amundsen and Weddell embayments. In order to identify the potential causes of these rapid changes along the David Glacier, we use a glacier flow line model designed for calving glaciers and compare modelled results against our geological data. We show that glacier thinning and marine-based grounding line retreat is initiated by interactions between enhanced sub-ice shelf melting and reduced lateral buttressing, leading to Marine Ice Sheet Instability. Such rapid glacier thinning events are not captured in continental or sector-scale numerical modelling reconstructions for this period. Together, our chronology and modelling suggest a ~ 2,000-year period of dynamic thinning in the recent geological past.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 03-02-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-02-2014
DOI: 10.1002/ESP.3524
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-05-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-01-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 24-05-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0954102016000195
Abstract: Any future changes in the volume of Antarctica’s ice sheets will depend on the dynamic response of outlet glaciers to shifts in environmental conditions. In the Transantarctic Mountains, this response is probably heavily dependent on the geometry of the system, but few studies have quantified the sensitivity of these glaciers to environmental forcings. Here we investigated the controls, along-flow sensitivity and time-dependent dynamics of Skelton Glacier. Three key outcomes were: i) present-day flow is governed primarily by surface slope, which responds to reduced valley width and large bed undulations, ii) Skelton Glacier is more susceptible to changes in atmospheric temperature than precipitation through its effect on basal sliding near the grounding line, and iii) under conditions representative of Pliocene and Quaternary climates large changes in ice thickness and velocity would have occurred in the lower reaches of the glacier. Based on these new quantitative predictions of the past and present dynamics of Skelton Glacier, we suggest that similar Transantarctic Mountain outlet glaciers could experience greater ice loss in their confined, lower reaches through increased basal sliding and ocean melt under warmer-than-present conditions. These effects are greatest where overdeepenings exist near the grounding line.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 28-03-2022
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU22-11019
Abstract: & & Sequences of Holocene marine terraces are widely used in paleoseismic research to understand the timing and magnitude of earthquakes along tectonically active coastal margins worldwide. But the potential for marine terraces to be destroyed through erosion after uplift can result in incomplete records of paleoseismicity as derived from terrace chronologies, leading to misinterpretations of the paleoseismic history of a region. Here, we present measurements across a unique set of exposed bedrock marine terraces in the north-eastern South Island, NZ, to quantify the ages and erosion rates of the surfaces and produce a new chronology for paleoseismic interpretation. Surface exposure dating and multi-nuclide approaches offer the potential to quantify marine terrace preservation and destruction, potentially elucidating where terraces may be missing or removed from a sequence. Needles Point, Marlborough, NZ exhibits three well defined bare rock marine terraces and a gravel covered shore platform which was recently uplifted ~2.5m in the M& em& & sub& W & /sub& & /em& .8 2016 Kaik& #333 ura earthquake. & sup& & /sup& Be-derived ages for the platform surface and terrace 1 (T1) align with known ground surface rupturing earthquakes on the Kekerengu fault. T2 and T3 preserve older events not previously identified, potentially extending the earthquake record in this region. However, other known ground surface rupturing earthquakes on the Kekerengu fault are not preserved as terraces at Needles indicating that the preserved terraces at Needles Point do not therefore represent a full record of local paleoseismicity. As such, estimates of fault throw derived from these terraces would over-estimate earthquake magnitude.& &
Start Date: 2019
End Date: 2022
Funder: Marsden Fund
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 06-2021
End Date: 06-2030
Amount: $36,000,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity