Mike McLaughlin

Transformation and fixation of Zn in two polluted soils by changes of pH and organic ligands

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2003

DOI: 10.1071/SR02121

Abstract: Although the movement of Zn from the solid to the solution phase of soils is a significant process preceding plant uptake, the quantity of metal that can be solubilised through rhizosphere processes is also extremely important. Therefore, the consequences of plant-derived organic ligands, and changes in pH on the isotopically exchangeable quantity of Zn (E value) were examined in a polluted acid and calcareous soil. Variations in pH were facilitated through the use of dilute NaOH or HNO3 solutions. The organic ligands studied included 0.25–5 mM concentrations of sodium tartrate, the free acid and sodium salt of citrate, histidine, and deoxymugineic acid. As expected, the organic ligands and a reduction in pH increased the solution concentration of Zn in these soils. Furthermore, through the application of isotopic dilution techniques, it was determined that some of these organic ligands could significantly increase the quantity of isotopically exchangeable Zn. However, with the exception of the 5 mM sodium citrate treatment in the calcareous soil, pH was the overriding parameter that effected changes in the E value. Reducing the pH by approximately 2 units increased the E value by 39 and 80%, respectively, in the acid and calcareous soil. Conversely, evidence for Zn fixation (a decrease of the E value) was observed in the acid soil when pH was increased. The exudation of organic ligands and variations of pH induced by plants have the potential to significantly vary the quantity of phytoavailable Zn in these 2 polluted soils.

Density changes around phosphorus granules and fluid bands in a calcareous soil

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2006

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2005.0296

Behaviour of fullerenes (C-60) in the terrestrial environment: Potential release from biosolids-amended soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2013.08.021

Abstract: Owing of their wide-range of commercial applications, fullerene (C60) nanoparticles, are likely to reach environments through the application of treated sludge (biosolids) from wastewater treatment plants to soils. We examined the release behaviour of C60 from contaminated biosolids added to soils with varying physicochemical characteristics. Incubation studies were carried out in the dark for up to 24 weeks, by adding biosolids spiked (1.5mg/kg) with three forms of C60 (suspended in water, in humic acid, and precipitated articulate) to six contrasting soils. Leaching of different biosolids+soil systems showed that only small fractions of C60 (<5% of applied amount) were released, depending on incubation time and soil properties (particularly dissolved organic carbon content). Release of C60 from unamended soils was greater (at least twice as much) than from biosolids-amended soils. The form of C60 used to spike the biosolids had no significant effect on the release of C60 from the different systems. Contact time of C60 in these systems only slightly increased the apparent release up to 8 weeks, followed by a decrease to 24 weeks. Mass balance analysis at the completion of the experiment revealed that 20-60% of the initial C60 applied could not be accounted for in these systems the reasons for this are discussed.

Effects of silver sulfide nanomaterials on mycorrhizal colonization of tomato plants and soil microbial communities in biosolid-amended soil

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2015.07.002

Abstract: We investigated effects of Ag2S engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated Ag ENMs (PVP-Ag), and Ag(+) on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), their colonization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and overall microbial community structure in biosolids-amended soil. Concentration-dependent uptake was measured in all treatments. Plants exposed to 100 mg kg(-1) PVP-Ag ENMs and 100 mg kg(-1) Ag(+) exhibited reduced biomass and greatly reduced mycorrhizal colonization. Bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were inhibited by all treatment classes, with the largest reductions measured in 100 mg kg(-1) PVP-Ag ENMs and 100 mg kg(-1) Ag(+). Overall, Ag2S ENMs were less toxic to plants, less disruptive to plant-mycorrhizal symbiosis, and less inhibitory to the soil microbial community than PVP-Ag ENMs or Ag(+). However, significant effects were observed at 1 mg kg(-1) Ag2S ENMs, suggesting that the potential exists for microbial communities and the ecosystem services they provide to be disrupted by environmentally relevant concentrations of Ag2S ENMs.

Roles of shoots and roots in cadmium uptake and distribution in tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L)

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 22-06-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-018-3717-3

Pyrophosphate and orthophosphate addition to soils: sorption, cation concentrations, and dissolved organic carbon

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2007

DOI: 10.1071/SR07014

Abstract: Liquid polyphosphate fertilisers contain both orthophosphate and pyrophosphate, and have shown significant yield increases compared to granular orthophosphate fertiliser on highly phosphorus (P) fixing soils. The P sorption chemistry of the dominant P species in a polyphosphate fertiliser (pyrophosphate and orthophosphate) was compared on a range of Australian soils, and the effect of these P species on equilibrium solution chemistry was also examined. Phosphorus supplied as pyrophosphate had a stronger sorption affinity than orthophosphate in all soils. The greater efficiency of pyrophosphate-based fertiliser on some soil types is therefore not due to reduced sorption of this P supplied as pyrophosphate compared to P supplied as orthophosphate fertiliser. In general, the addition of pyrophosphate to soil resulted in a larger decrease in calcium concentration in solution compared to orthophosphate. In contrast, there was an increase in iron concentration in solution with pyrophosphate addition, indicating sequestration reactions associated with the dissolution of dissolved organic carbon into soil solution. The pyrophosphate ion generally mobilised more Fe into solution than orthophosphate in several soils, likely through complexation reactions leading to Fe desorption/dissolution from the soil solid phase. These findings highlight the differences in soil chemical reactions that occur with the addition of polyphosphate fertilisers, which may contribute to their yield advantage in some soil types.

In vivo synchrotron study of thallium speciation and compartmentation in lberis intermedia

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 03-09-2004

DOI: 10.1021/ES049569G

Abstract: Thallium (TI) is a metal of great toxicological concern and its prevalence in the natural environment has steadily increased as a result of manufacturing and combustion practices. Due to its low natural abundance and increasing demand, TI is the fourth most expensive metal, thus, recovery and reuse could be a profitable endeavor. The hyperaccumulator Iberis intermedia was examined via in vivo micro-X-ray absorption near edge (micro-XANES) and micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectroscopies to determine the speciation and distribution of TI within leaves of the plant. I. intermedia plants were cultivated under controlled conditions in 0, 10, and 20 mg TI kg(-1) soil leading to a shoot concentration of up to 13 430 mg TI kg(-1) dry weight plant mass during 10 weeks of growth. Live plant leaves were examined by micro-XANES and micro-XRF which determined aqueous TI(I) to be the model species distributed primarily throughout the vascular network. A direct relationship of vein size to TI concentration was observed. The high uptake of TI and high potential biomass of I. intermedia, combined with knowledge of TI speciation and compartmentation within the plant, are discussed in terms of accumulation/tolerance mechanisms, consequences for potential food chain contamination, and phytomining strategies to reclaim TI-contaminated soils, sediments, and waters.

Fate of radiolabeled C60 fullerenes in aged soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2016.11.077

Abstract: Fullerenes (e.g. C

Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects—An updated review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 16-07-2018

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.4147

Abstract: The present review covers developments in studies of nanomaterials (NMs) in the environment since our much cited review in 2008. We discuss novel insights into fate and behavior, metrology, transformations, bioavailability, toxicity mechanisms, and environmental impacts, with a focus on terrestrial and aquatic systems. Overall, the findings were that: 1) despite substantial developments, critical gaps remain, in large part due to the lack of analytical, modeling, and field capabilities, and also due to the breadth and complexity of the area 2) a key knowledge gap is the lack of data on environmental concentrations and dosimetry generally 3) substantial evidence shows that there are nanospecific effects (different from the effects of both ions and larger particles) on the environment in terms of fate, bioavailability, and toxicity, but this is not consistent for all NMs, species, and relevant processes 4) a paradigm is emerging that NMs are less toxic than equivalent dissolved materials but more toxic than the corresponding bulk materials and 5) translation of incompletely understood science into regulation and policy continues to be challenging. There is a developing consensus that NMs may pose a relatively low environmental risk, but because of uncertainty and lack of data in many areas, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. In addition, this emerging consensus will likely change rapidly with qualitative changes in the technology and increased future discharges. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018 :2029-2063. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

Revealing the dependence of graphene concentration and physicochemical properties on the crushing strength of co-granulated fertilizers by wet granulation process

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.POWTEC.2019.10.047

EFFECTS OF THE COMMERCIAL ANTIANDROGEN FLUTAMIDE ON THE BIOMARKERS OF REPRODUCTION IN MALE MURRAY RAINBOWFISH (MELANOTAENIA FLUVIATILIS)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-03-2014

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.2524

Abstract: The endocrine responses in male Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) were evaluated after exposures to biologically active concentrations of the nonsteroidal pharmaceutical, flutamide. Fish were exposed to nominal concentrations of 125 µg/L, 250 µg/L, 500 µg/L, and 1000 µg/L of flutamide for 7 d, after which plasma vitellogenin concentration brain aromatase activity and hepatic expression of the genes for vitellogenin, choriogenin, and androgen and estrogen receptors were assessed. Qualitative assessment of the testes of the fish exposed to flutamide exhibited hindrance in the transformation of spermatogonia to spermatozoa and increased testicular anomalies, such as multinucleated and pyknotic cells and interstitial fibrosis. An increase in the hepatosomatic index with respect to the controls was noted after treating the fish with flutamide at all concentrations. Vitellogenin was induced in plasma in the 1000 µg/L flutamide group. The activity of aromatase in the brain declined significantly after exposures to flutamide at all concentrations. Males exposed to 1000 µg/L of flutamide showed a downregulation in the genes encoding androgen receptors α and β. The expression of the gene for the estrogen receptor α was induced and of vitellogenin was downregulated after treatment with 250 µg/L to 1000 µg/L of flutamide. The results suggest that 7-d exposures to 125 µg/L to 1000 µg/L flutamide can impair the reproductive endocrine system in male Murray rainbowfish at multiple levels by an antiandrogenic mode of action.

Quantifying the sensitivity of soil microbial communities to silver sulfide nanoparticles using metagenome sequencing

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 30-08-2016

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0161979

Phosphorus and nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency of wheat seedlings grown in soils from contrasting tillage systems

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-07-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-015-2586-2

The influence of sewage sludge properties on sludge-borne metal availability

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2003

DOI: 10.1016/S1093-0191(02)00139-9

Aging of nickel added to soils as predicted by soil pH and time

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2013.03.013

Abstract: Although aging processes are important in risk assessment for metals in soils, the aging of Ni added to soils has not been studied in detail. In this study, after addition of water soluble Ni to soils, the changes over time in isotopic exchangeability, total concentrations and free Ni(2+) activity in soil pore water, were investigated in 16 European soils incubated outdoors for 18 months. The results showed that after Ni addition, concentrations of Ni in soil pore water and isotopic exchangeability of Ni in soils initially decreased rapidly. This phase was followed by further decreases in the parameters measured but these occurred at slower rates. Increasing soil pH increased the rate and extent of aging reactions. Semi-mechanistic models, based on Ni precipitation/nucleation on soil surfaces and micropore diffusion, were developed and calibrated. The initial fast processes, which were attributed to precipitation/nucleation, occurred over a short time (e.g. 1h), afterwards the slow processes were most likely controlled by micropore diffusion processes. The models were validated by comparing predicted and measured Ni aging in three additional, widely differing soils aged outdoors for periods up to 15 months in different conditions. These models could be used to scale ecotoxicological data generated in short-term studies to longer aging times.

Fullerol as a Potential Pathway for Mineralization of Fullerene Nanoparticles in Biosolid-Amended Soils

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 03-12-2015

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.ESTLETT.5B00292

Correction to Natural Colloidal P and Its Contribution to Plant P Uptake

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 10-06-2015

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.EST.5B02574

Derivation of Soil Ecological Criteria for Copper in Chinese Soils

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 24-07-2015

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0133941

Aluminum-Activated Malate Transporters Can Facilitate GABA Transport

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 04-04-2018

DOI: 10.1105/TPC.17.00864

Retention and Dissolution of Engineered Silver Nanoparticles in Natural Soils

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2012

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2011.0360

Ageing of zinc in highly-weathered iron-rich soils

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-012-1247-Y

Long-term exposures to di-n-butyl phthalate inhibit body growth and impair gonad development in juvenile Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-10-2015

DOI: 10.1002/JAT.3076

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether long-term exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) disrupt the reproduction-based endpoints in juvenile Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Fish were exposed to 5, 15 or 50 µg l(-1) DnBP for 30, 60 and 90 days each, and the effects on survival, body growth, whole-body concentrations of sex steroid hormones and gonadal development were investigated. The lowest observed effective concentration to affect the condition factor after 90 days was 5 µg l(-1). Complete feminization of the gonad was noted in fish exposed to 5 µg l(-1) for 90 days and to 15 and 50 µg l(-1) of DnBP for 30 or 60 days. After 90 days of exposure to DnBP, the ovaries were regressed and immature as opposed to the control fish which were in early-vitellogenic stage. Testes, present only in fish exposed to 5 µg l(-1) of DnBP for 30 or 60 days, were immature in comparison to the control fish that contained testes in the mid-spermatogenic phase. The E2/11-KT ratio was significantly higher only after exposures to 5 µg l(-1) DnBP for 90 days and 50 µg l(-1) DnBP for 30 days. Our data suggest that exposures to 5 µg l(-1) DnBP for 30 days did not have profound effects on body growth and gonadal differentiation of fish. However, 30 days of exposure to 15 µg l(-1) could interfere with the gonad development and to 50 µg l(-1) could compromise the hormonal profile of juvenile fish.

Responses of Canola to the Application of Slow-Release Boron Fertilizers and Their Residual Effect

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-11-2015

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2014.07.0280

Land application of sewage sludge (biosolids) in Australia: risks to the environment and food crops

Publisher: IWA Publishing

Date: 07-2010

DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.274

Abstract: Australia is a large exporter of agricultural products, with producers responsible for a range of quality assurance programs to ensure that food crops are free from various contaminants of detriment to human health. Large volumes of treated sewage sludge (biosolids), although low by world standards, are increasingly being recycled to land, primarily to replace plant nutrients and to improve soil properties they are used in agriculture, forestry, and composted. The Australian National Biosolids Research Program (NBRP) has linked researchers to a collective goal to investigate nutrients and benchmark safe concentrations of metals nationally using a common methodology, with various other research programs conducted in a number of states specific to regional problems and priorities. The use of biosolids in Australia is strictly regulated by state guidelines, some of which are under review following recent research outcomes. Communication and research between the water industry, regulators and researchers specific to the regulation of biosolids is further enhanced by the Australian and New Zealand Biosolids Partnership (ANZBP). This paper summarises the major issues and constraints related to biosolids use in Australia using specific case ex les from Western Australia, a member of the Australian NBRP, and highlights several research projects conducted over the last decade to ensure that biosolids are used beneficially and safely in the environment. Attention is given to research relating to plant nutrient uptake, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus (including that of reduced phosphorus uptake in alum sludge-amended soil) the risk of heavy metal uptake by plants, specifically cadmium, copper and zinc the risk of pathogen contamination in soil and grain products change to soil pH (particularly following lime-amended biosolids) and the monitoring of faecal contamination by biosolids in waterbodies using DNA techniques. Ex les of products that are currently produced in Western Australia from sewage sludge include mesophilic anaerobically digested and dewatered biosolids cake, lime-amended biosolids, alum sludge and compost.

Optimisation of phosphate loading on graphene oxide–Fe(iii) composites – possibilities for engineering slow release fertilisers

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2019

DOI: 10.1039/C9NJ01641D

Abstract: Engineering of a graphene-oxide based slow release P composite as an efficient, environmental friendly fertiliser.

Comparing of the difference and balance methods to calculate percent recovery of fertilizer phosphorus applied to soils: a critical discussion

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-11-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S10705-011-9467-8

Evidence for Different Reaction Pathways for Liquid and Granular Micronutrients in a Calcareous Soil

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2007.0058

Sorption of PFOA onto different laboratory materials: Filter membranes and centrifuge tubes

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2019.01.096

Abstract: Measurement and reporting of concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), is an integral part of most investigations. Occurrence of sorption losses of PFAS analytes onto particular laboratory-ware (e.g. glass containers) has been suggested in the published literature but has not been investigated in detail. We examined sorption losses from aqueous PFOA solutions in contact with different commonly-used materials in filter units and centrifuge tubes (glass and plastics). Sorption of PFOA onto different filter membrane types ranged from 21-79% indicating that filtration can introduce a major source of error in PFOA analysis pre-treatment of filter membranes with phosphate or methanol solutions did not improve PFOA recovery. Substantial adsorption of PFOA was also observed on tubes made from polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), and glass where losses observed were between 32-45%, 27-35%, 16-31% and 14-24%, respectively. Contrary to suggestions in the literature, our results indicated that the greatest sorption losses for PFOA occurred on PP, whereas losses on glass tubes were much lower. Variations in ionic strength and pH did not greatly influence PFOA recovery. When PFOA concentrations were increased, the percent recovery of PFOA increased, indicating that binding sites on tube-walls were saturable. This study draws attention towards analytical bias that can occur due to sorption losses during routine procedures, and highlights the importance of testing the suitability of chosen laboratory-ware for specific PFAS analytes of interest prior to experimental use.

Aging effects on molybdate lability in soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2012.05.013

Abstract: Aging reactions in soils can influence the lability and hence bioavailability of added metals in soils through their removal from labile pools into pools from which desorption is slow (non-labile pools). The aims of this study were to examine the effect of aging reactions on the lability of soluble molybdate (MoO(4)(2-)) added into soils with varying physical and chemical properties and develop models to predict changes in the labile pool of MoO(4)(2-) in soils with incubation time. Soils were spiked with soluble MoO(4)(2-) at quantities sufficient to inhibit barley root growth by 10% (EC(10)) or 90% (EC(90)) and incubated for up to 18 months. The labile pool of MoO(4)(2-) (E value) was observed to decrease in soils with incubation time, particularly in soils with high clay content. A strong relationship was observed between measures of MoO(4)(2-) lability in soils determined using E and L value techniques (R(2)=0.98) suggesting E values provided a good measure of the potential plant available pool of MoO(4)(2-) in soils. A regression model was developed that indicates clay content and incubation time were the most important factors affecting the labile pool of MoO(4)(2-) in soils with time after addition (R(2)=0.70-0.75). The aging model developed suggests soluble MoO(4)(2-) will be removed into non-labile pools more rapidly with time in neutral to alkaline clay soils than in acidic sandy soils. Labile MoO(4)(2-) concentrations in molybdenum (Mo) contaminated soils was found to be <10% of the total Mo concentrations in soils.

Potential for foliar phosphorus fertilisation of dryland cereal crops: a review

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1071/CP10080

Abstract: Although not commonly used in dryland cropping systems to date, foliar phosphorus (P) fertilisation may allow a tactical response to prevailing seasonal climatic conditions, with the added benefit of reduced input costs at sowing. However, variable outcomes have been reported from field trials predominantly conducted in the USA, and to a lesser degree in Australia. The effectiveness of foliar P is dependent on soil P status, soil water status, crop type, fertiliser formulation and prevailing climatic conditions. This review argues that the potential of foliar P fertilisation in Australian dryland cereal cropping could be enhanced by altering formulations for enhanced leaf penetration using adjuvants, and by accurately assessing the responsiveness of sites before application. This review demonstrates that it is important to use appropriate techniques such as isotopic labelling, to measure the efficacy and mode of action of foliar formulations.

Influence of soil properties and soil leaching on the toxicity of ionic silver to plants

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 18-09-2015

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.3067

Abstract: Silver (Ag) has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties as a result, it is being used increasingly in a wide range of consumer products. With these uses, the likelihood that Ag may enter the environment has increased, predominately via land application of biosolids or irrigation with treated wastewater effluent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of Ag to 2 plant species: barley (Hordeum vulgare L. CV Triumph) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) in a range of soils under both leached and unleached conditions. The concentrations that resulted in a 50% reduction of plant growth (EC50) were found to vary up to 20-fold across the soils, indicating a large influence of soil type on Ag toxicity. Overall, barley root elongation was found to be the least sensitive to added Ag, with EC50 values ranging from 51 mg/kg to 1030 mg/kg, whereas the tomato plant height showed higher sensitivity with EC50 values ranging from 46 mg/kg to 486 mg/kg. The effect of leaching was more evident in the barley toxicity results, where higher concentrations of Ag were required to induce toxicity. Variations in soil organic carbon and pH were found to be primarily responsible for mitigating Ag toxicity therefore, these properties may be used in future risk assessments for Ag to predict toxicity in a wide range of soil types.

Is rhamnolipid biosurfactant useful in cadmium phytoextraction?

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-04-2010

DOI: 10.1007/S11368-010-0229-Z

Elemental Sulfur Oxidation in Australian Cropping Soils

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2014.08.0314

The effect of soil water status on fertiliser, topsoil and subsoil phosphorus utilisation by wheat

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-03-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-012-1177-8

GEMAS: PREDICTION OF SOLID-SOLUTION PARTITIONING COEFFICIENTS (K-d) FOR CATIONIC METALS IN SOILS USING MID-INFRARED DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-11-2015

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.2736

Abstract: Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models, using mid-infrared (MIR) diffuse reflectance Fourier-transformed (DRIFT) spectra, were used to predict distribution coefficient (Kd) values for selected added soluble metal cations (Ag(+), Co(2+), Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+), Sn(4+), and Zn(2+)) in 4813 soils of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soils (GEMAS) program. For the development of the PLSR models, approximately 500 representative soils were selected based on the spectra, and Kd values were determined using a single-point soluble metal or radioactive isotope spike. The optimum models, using a combination of MIR-DRIFT spectra and soil pH, resulted in good predictions for log Kd+1 for Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn (R(2) ≥ 0.83) but poor predictions for Ag, Cu, and Sn (R(2) < 0.50). These models were applied to the prediction of log Kd+1 values in the remaining 4313 unknown soils. The PLSR models provide a rapid and inexpensive tool to assess the mobility and potential availability of selected metallic cations in European soils. Further model development and validation will be needed to enable the prediction of log K(d+1) values in soils worldwide with different soil types and properties not covered in the existing model.

A method for determination of retention of silver and cerium oxide manufactured nanoparticles in soils

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1071/EN10013

Abstract: Environmental context.Soils are the environmental compartment likely to be exposed most to manufactured nanoparticles, but there is no method available at present to assess their retention, which determines potential mobility and bioavailability. Optimisation and application of a method to determine retention values for silver (Ag) and cerium oxide (CeO2) manufactured nanoparticles in soils found in many cases that they differed from the partitioning of their bulk and soluble counterparts. Wider application of this method can assist in comparing the risk of many different manufactured nanoparticles with other contaminants in soil systems and model their relationship to soil properties. Abstract.Methods to study the retention of manufactured nanoparticles (MNP) are lacking for soils that are likely to be increasingly exposed to MNP. In this study we present, for the first time, a method to determine retention values (Kr) of Ag and CeO2 MNP, that can be ranked among solid–liquid partitioning (Kd) values of bulk (micrometre-sized) forms, soluble salts and other possible contaminants of soils. After method optimisation, suspensions containing 1.24 mg kg–1 Ag as Ag MNP and 1.30 mg kg–1 Ce as CeO2 MNP were added to five soils. More than 7% of Ag MNP occurred as soluble AgI after 24 h and the range of Kr values of Ag MNP (77–2165 L kg–1) and CeO2 MNP (1.1–2828 L kg–1) contrasted with Kd values of soluble AgI, CeIII and CeIV salts and bulk Ag and CeO2 powders in different soils.

Prediction of wheat response to an application of phosphorus under field conditions using diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) and extraction methods

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-08-2010

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-010-0521-0

Chemical characteristics of phosphorus in alkaline soils from southern Australia

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2003

DOI: 10.1071/SR02021

Abstract: This study was performed to better understand the chemical behaviour of P in a variety of alkaline soils from southern Australia. To do so, surface soil s les of 47 alkaline cropping soils from Upper Eyre Peninsula in South Australia and from western Victoria were collected. The 22 soils collected from Eyre Peninsula were Calcarosols, and those from western Victoria were Vertosols, Alkaline Duplex soils, Sodosols, and Red Brown Calcareous soils. Parameters included total and amorphous Al and Fe, organic C, organic P, CaCO3 content, P sorption characteristics, phosphorus buffer capacity, calcium lactate (Ca-Lac) extractable P, bicarbonate-extractable (Colwell) P, water-extractable P, anion exchange membrane extractable P (AEM-P), and isotopically exchangeable P (labile P). Concentrations of micronutrients in the Calcarosols were relatively low, considered to be a function of low clay contents. Given very low background Cd concentrations in the soils, it was estimated from Cd measurements that the majority of total P in the soils was derived from previous fertiliser applications. Phosphorus buffer capacities (PBCs) were relatively high in the Calcarosols and moderately high in the other alkaline soils. P sorption behaviour in the Calcarosols was a direct function of CaCO3 content, although in the other alkaline soils, amorphous Al and Fe oxides were the principal determinants of the P sorption behaviour. Both Colwell and Ca-Lac extractants dissolved non-labile P in the highly calcareous soils, whereas AEM appeared to only remove surface-adsorbed P. In addition, Colwell P values were positively related to PBC and to the slope term in the Freundlich model (Kf) when Kf 10. It is suggested that AEM-P may be a better predictor of P availability in highly calcareous soils compared with the other extractants.

Transformation of PVP coated silver nanoparticles in a simulated wastewater treatment process and the effect on microbial communities

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 04-03-2013

DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-7-46

Slow-release boron fertilisers: Co-granulation of boron sources with mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP)

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1071/SR14128

Abstract: The application of pure boron (B) fertilisers, independent of other macronutrients, is impractical due to the increased cost of dual handling and spreading. Bulk blending of B with other micronutrients is also an unattractive option as the relatively low rates of B required results in poor nutrient distribution in the field. Co-granulating B with other macronutrients such as mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) may overcome these problems. Five B sources (boron phosphate (BPO4) synthesised at 500 and 800°C for 1 h, colemanite, ulexite and borax) were co-granulated with MAP to targeted B contents of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%. The co-granulated BPO4 had lower water solubility than co-granulated colemanite, ulexite and borax. Boron released from co-granulated borax, ulexite and colemanite was remarkably greater than co-granulated BPO4 products. Over a 4-week soil incubation period with weekly leaching of one pore volume of water, the cumulative B release from co-granulated ulexite, borax and colemanite was 97, 75 and 58%, respectively, but only 16 and 4% for the co-granulated BPO4 synthesised at 500 and 800°C, respectively. Co-granulated BPO4 products have potential as a high quality fertiliser to increase crop yield with slow B release.

Use of handheld mid- infrared spectroscopy and partial least- squares regression for the prediction of the phosphorus buffering index in Australian soils

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1071/SR14126

Abstract: The development of techniques for the rapid, inexpensive and accurate determination of the phosphorus (P) buffer index (PBI) in soils is important in terms of increasing the efficiency of P application for optimum crop requirements and preventing environmental pollution due to excessive use of P fertilisers. This paper describes the successful implementation of partial least-squares regression (PLSR) from spectra obtained with bench-top and handheld mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometers for the prediction of PBI on 601 representative Australian agricultural soils. By contrast, poor predictions were obtained for available (Colwell) P. Regression models were successfully derived for PBI ranges of 0–800 and 0–150, the latter range resulting in the optimum model considering the dominance of low PBI soils in the s le set. Concentrations of some major soil minerals (mainly kaolinite and gibbsite content for high PBI, and smectites or illites for low PBI), quartz (representative of low surface area of soils) and, to a lesser extent, carbonate and soil organic matter were identified as the main drivers of the PBI models. Models developed with soils sieved to mm presented an accuracy similar to those developed using fine-ground material. The accuracy of the PLSR for the prediction of PBI by using bench-top and handheld instruments was also similar. Our results confirm the possibility of using MIR spectroscopy for the onsite prediction of PBI.

The use of mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for acid sulfate soil analysis

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.07.383

Abstract: Good management of sulfide minerals and sulfuric acid in Acid Sulfate Soils (ASS) requires cost-effective rapid analytical data for their characterisation. However, the determination of properties in ASS s les using traditional laboratory techniques is expensive and time consuming. Excessive delays in analysis risks s le changes from oxidation. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy with multivariate regression offers a quicker and cheaper surrogate. This manuscript reports the prediction of some of the following key soil parameters in ASS characterisation using benchtop (Perkin Elmer) and handheld (ExoScan) diffuse reflectance MIR Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectrometers: Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Titratable Actual Acidity (TAA), Extractable Sulfate Sulfur (ESS), Reduced Inorganic Sulfur (RIS), Retained Acidity (RA), Acid Neutralising Capacity (ANC), and Lime Calculation (LC). Three sets of representative ASS soil profiles, comprising 132 s les from hyposulfidic, hypersulfidic and sulfuric materials, and covering a wide range of environments in South Australia were scanned under laboratory conditions. These were combined with reference laboratory data in partial least squares regression (PLSR) calibration models. The calibrations were validated by leave-one-out cross validation, with a further test set available for validation. Predictions with coefficient of determination (R

Graphene oxide-Fe(III) composite containing phosphate – A novel slow release fertilizer for improved agriculture management

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.03.050

Adaptation of soil biological nitrification to heavy metals

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 28-04-2004

DOI: 10.1021/ES035278G

Abstract: The adaptive response of soil biological nitrification to Zn and Pb was assessed using an in situ method we have developed. The method is based on reinoculating a sterilized metal contaminated soil with the same soil that is either uncontaminated or has been incubated with metal. This approach excludes the potentially confounding effects of metal aging reactions in soils. We found added Zn concentrations which gave rise to a decrease in nitrification to 50% that of the uncontaminated soil (i.e. EC50) of 210 mg/kg for communities not previously exposed to Zn and 850 mg/kg for communities exposed to Zn for 17 months, indicating that significant adaptation of the community to Zn had occurred. Similarly, this protocol was able to demonstrate adaptation of soil biological nitrification to Pb, with EC50 values of 1960 and 3150 mg/kg for the unexposed and exposed treatments, respectively. Exposure of unadapted and adapted microbial communities to a combination of Zn and Cd showed that the presence of Cd did not lead to greater toxicity in either community. Adapted communities were not more sensitive to decreases in soil pH than unadapted communities. Prior exposure to Zn was found to confer significantly greater tolerance of the community to Pb. Prior exposure to Pb similarly conferred significantly greater tolerance of the community to Zn. Implications of the adaptive capacity of soil microbes to the development of critical threshold values for heavy metals in soil based on ecotoxicity assessments are discussed.

Bioavailability of zinc and copper in biosolids compared to their soluble salts

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2009.10.037

Abstract: For essential elements, such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), the bioavailability in biosolids is important from a nutrient release and a potential contamination perspective. Most ecotoxicity studies are done using metal salts and it has been argued that the bioavailability of metals in biosolids can be different to that of metal salts. We compared the bioavailability of Cu and Zn in biosolids with those of metal salts in the same soils using twelve Australian field trials. Three different measures of bioavailability were assessed: soil solution extraction, CaCl(2) extractable fractions and plant uptake. The results showed that bioavailability for Zn was similar in biosolid and salt treatments. For Cu, the results were inconclusive due to strong Cu homeostasis in plants and dissolved organic matter interference in extractable measures. We therefore recommend using isotope dilution methods to assess differences in Cu availability between biosolid and salt treatments.

How important is the mycorrhizal pathway for plant Zn uptake?

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 25-01-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-014-2374-4

Effects of short-term exposure to the model anti-androgen, flutamide on reproductive function based endpoints in female Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.ECOENV.2014.07.027

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the responses of female Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) to the model anti-androgen, flutamide in a short-term exposure. Adult female Murray rainbowfish were exposed to nominal (measured) concentrations of 125 (104), 250 (163), 500 (378) and 1000 (769) µg/L of flutamide for seven days in a semi-static set-up. Plasma vitellogenin (VTG), 11-keto testosterone (11-KT) and 17β-estradiol (E2) concentrations, brain aromatase activity and ovarian histology were assessed following the exposure. No treatment-related mortality was found in rainbowfish and there was no effect of flutamide on the developmental stage of the ovaries. Histological investigation revealed absence of mature oocytes in flutamide-treated fish. In addition, a significant reduction in the sizes of the vitellogenic oocytes was found after treatment with 500 and 1000 µg/L flutamide. The circulating levels of VTG and the activity of aromatase in the brain were also significantly reduced in fish treated with 500 and 1000 µg/L flutamide. Treatment with higher concentrations of flutamide reduced the levels of 11-KT and E2 in plasma. The results from this study demonstrate that a short-term exposure to the model anti-androgen, flutamide can adversely affect the reproductive function based on end-points such as plasma VTG, 11-KT and E2 brain aromatase activity and sizes of the oocytes in female Murray rainbowfish. Further, a positive correlation between these experimental variables suggests hormonal imbalance.

Fate and Risks of Nanomaterials in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 03-07-2013

DOI: 10.1021/AR2003368

Abstract: Over the last decade, nanoparticles have been used more frequently in industrial applications and in consumer and medical products, and these applications of nanoparticles will likely continue to increase. Concerns about the environmental fate and effects of these materials have stimulated studies to predict environmental concentrations in air, water, and soils and to determine threshold concentrations for their ecotoxicological effects on aquatic or terrestrial biota. Nanoparticles can be added to soils directly in fertilizers orplant protection products or indirectly through application to land or wastewater treatment products such as sludges or biosolids. Nanoparticles may enter aquatic systems directly through industrial discharges or from disposal of wastewater treatment effluents or indirectly through surface runoff from soils. Researchers have used laboratory experiments to begin to understand the effects of nanoparticles on waters and soils, and this Account reviews that research and the translation of those results to natural conditions. In the environment, nanoparticles can undergo a number of potential transformations that depend on the properties both of the nanoparticle and of the receiving medium. These transformations largely involve chemical and physical processes, but they can involve biodegradation of surface coatings used to stabilize many nanomaterial formulations. The toxicity of nanomaterials to algae involves adsorption to cell surfaces and disruption to membrane transport. Higher organisms can directly ingest nanoparticles, and within the food web, both aquatic and terrestrial organisms can accumulate nanoparticles. The dissolution of nanoparticles may release potentially toxic components into the environment. Aggregation with other nanoparticles (homoaggregation) or with natural mineral and organic colloids (heteroaggregation) will dramatically change their fate and potential toxicity in the environment. Soluble natural organic matter may interact with nanoparticles to change surface charge and mobility and affect the interactions of those nanoparticles with biota. Ultimately, aquatic nanomaterials accumulate in bottom sediments, facilitated in natural systems by heteroaggregation. Homoaggregates of nanoparticles sediment more slowly. Nanomaterials from urban, medical, and industrial sources may undergo significant transformations during wastewater treatment processes. For ex le, sulfidation of silver nanoparticles in wastewater treatment systems converts most of the nanoparticles to silver sulfides (Ag₂S). Aggregation of the nanomaterials with other mineral and organic components of the wastewater often results in most of the nanomaterial being associated with other solids rather than remaining as dispersed nanosized suspensions. Risk assessments for nanomaterial releases to the environment are still in their infancy, and reliable measurements of nanomaterials at environmental concentrations remain challenging. Predicted environmental concentrations based on current usage are low but are expected to increase as use increases. At this early stage, comparisons of estimated exposure data with known toxicity data indicate that the predicted environmental concentrations are orders of magnitude below those known to have environmental effects on biota. As more toxicity data are generated under environmentally-relevant conditions, risk assessments for nanomaterials will improve to produce accurate assessments that assure environmental safety.

Bioavailability of silver and silver sulfide nanoparticles to lettuce (Lactuca sativa): Effect of agricultural amendments on plant uptake

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2015.08.012

Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can enter terrestrial systems as sulfidised AgNPs (Ag2S-NPs) through the application of biosolids to soil. However, the bioavailability of Ag2S-NPs in soils is unknown. The two aims of this study were to investigate (1) the bioavailability of Ag to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) using a soil amended with biosolids containing Ag2S-NPs and (2) the effect of commonly used agricultural fertilisers/amendments on the bioavailability of Ag, AgNPs and Ag2S-NPs to lettuce. The study used realistic AgNP exposure pathways and exposure concentrations. The plant uptake of Ag from biosolids-amended soil containing Ag2S-NPs was very low for all Ag treatments (0.02%). Ammonium thiosulfate and potassium chloride fertilisation significantly increased the Ag concentrations of plant roots and shoots. The extent of the effect varied depending on the type of Ag. Ag2S-NPs, the realistic form of AgNPs in soil, had the lowest bioavailability. The potential risk of AgNPs in soils is low even in the plants that had the highest Ag concentrations (Ag(+)+thiosulfate), only 0.06% of added Ag was found in edible plant parts (shoots). Results from the study suggest that agricultural practises must be considered when carrying out risk assessments of AgNPs in terrestrial systems such practises can affect AgNP bioavailability.

Biological and chemical assessments of zinc ageing in field soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2009.06.034

Abstract: As zinc (Zn) is both an essential trace element and potential toxicant, the effects of Zn fixation in soil are of practical significance. Soil s les from four field sites amended with ZnSO(4) were used to investigate ageing of soluble Zn under field conditions over a 2-year period. Lability of Zn measured using (65)Zn radioisotope dilution showed a significant decrease over time and hence evidence of Zn fixation in three of the four soils. However, 0.01 M CaCl(2) extractions and toxicity measurements using a genetically modified lux-marked bacterial biosensor did not indicate a decrease in soluble/bioavailable Zn over time. This was attributed to the strong regulatory effect of abiotic properties such as pH on these latter measurements. These results also showed that Zn ageing occurred immediately after Zn spiking, emphasising the need to incubate freshly spiked soils before ecotoxicity assessments.

Graphene Oxide: A New Carrier for Slow Release of Plant Micronutrients

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 12-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACSAMI.7B07890

Abstract: The environmental problems and low efficiency associated with conventional fertilizers provides an impetus to develop advanced fertilizers with slower release and better performances. Here, we report of development of a new carrier platform based on graphene oxide (GO) sheets that can provide a high loading of plant micronutrients with controllable slow release. To prove this concept, two micronutrients, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), were used to load on GO sheets and hence formulate GO-based micronutrients fertilizer. The chemical composition and successful loading of both nutrients on GO sheets were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared Zn-graphene oxide (Zn-GO) and Cu-graphene oxide (Cu-GO) fertilizers showed a biphasic dissolution behavior compared to that of commercial zinc sulfate and copper sulfate fertilizer granules, displaying desirable fast and slow micronutrient release. A visualization method and chemical analysis were used to assess the release and diffusion of Cu and Zn in soil from GO-based fertilizers compared with commercial soluble fertilizers to demonstrate the advantages of GO carriers and show their capability to be used as a generic platform for macro- and micronutrients delivery. A pot trial demonstrated that Zn and Cu uptake by wheat was higher when using GO-based fertilizers compared to that when using standard zinc or copper salts. This is the first report on the agronomic performance of GO-based slow-release fertilizer.

Fate of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Coated onto Macronutrient Fertilizers in an Alkaline Calcareous Soil

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 12-05-2015

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0126275

X-ray fluorescence microscopy of zinc localization in wheat grains biofortified through foliar zinc applications at different growth stages under field conditions

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 15-04-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-015-2467-8

Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for tuber-cadmium and zinc concentration in potato reveals associations with maturity and both overlapping and independent components of genetic control

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-01-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S00122-017-3048-4

Abstract: Cd is a toxic metal, whilst Zn is an essential for plant and human health. Both can accumulate in potato tubers. We examine the genetic control of this process. The aim of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing tuber concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). We developed a segregating population comprising 188 F

Predicting the response of wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in Australian soils

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2007

DOI: 10.1071/SR07044

Abstract: Liquid forms of phosphorus (P) have been shown to be more effective than granular P for promoting cereal growth in alkaline soils with high levels of free calcium carbonate on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. However, the advantage of liquid over granular P forms of fertiliser has not been fully investigated across the wide range of soils used for grain production in Australia. A glasshouse pot experiment tested if liquid P fertilisers were more effective for growing spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) than granular P (monoammonium phosphate) in 28 soils from all over Australia with soil pH (H2O) ranging from 5.2 to 8.9. Application of liquid P resulted in greater shoot biomass, as measured after 4 weeks’ growth (mid to late tillering, Feeks growth stage 2–3), than granular P in 3 of the acidic to neutral soils and in 3 alkaline soils. Shoot dry matter responses of spring wheat to applied liquid or granular P were related to soil properties to determine if any of the properties predicted superior yield responses to liquid P. The calcium carbonate content of soil was the only soil property that significantly contributed to predicting when liquid P was more effective than granular P. Five soil P test procedures (Bray, Colwell, resin, isotopically exchangeable P, and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)) were assessed to determine their ability to measure soil test P on subs les of soil collected before the experiment started. These soil test values were then related to the dry matter shoot yields to assess their ability to predict wheat yield responses to P applied as liquid or granular P. All 5 soil test procedures provided a reasonable prediction of dry matter responses to applied P as either liquid or granular P, with the resin P test having a slightly greater predictive capacity on the range of soils tested. The findings of this investigation suggest that liquid P fertilisers do have some potential applications in non-calcareous soils and confirm current recommendations for use of liquid P fertiliser to grow cereal crops in highly calcareous soils. Soil P testing procedures require local calibration for response to the P source that is going to be used to amend P deficiency.

Effect of wheat phosphorus status on leaf surface properties and permeability to foliar-applied phosphorus

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 14-03-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-014-2052-6

Engineered Phosphate Fertilizers with Dual-Release Properties

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 11-03-2020

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.IECR.0C00403

The fate of fertiliser P in soil under pasture and uptake by subterraneum clover – a field study using 33P-labelled single superphosphate

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 30-07-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-015-2610-6

Geogenic and agricultural controls on the geochemical composition of European agricultural soils

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-10-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11368-013-0779-Y

Remobilisation of silver and silver sulphide nanoparticles in soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2014.06.008

Abstract: Manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) present in consumer products could enter soils through re-use of biosolids. Among these NPs are those based on silver (Ag), which are found sulphidised (e.g. silver sulphide, Ag2S) in biosolids. Herein, our aim was to examine the release of retained Ag(0) and Ag2S NPs in soils and biosolids as facilitated by environmentally and agriculturally relevant ligands. Under natural soil conditions, exemplified by potassium nitrate and humic acid experiments, release of Ag retained in soil was limited. The highest total Ag release was facilitated by ligands that simulated root exudates (citrate) or fertilisers (thiosulphate). Released Ag was predominantly present in the colloidal phase (>3 kDa-< 0.45 μm) intact NPs only identified in Ag2S-NP extracts. For biosolids containing nanoparticulate-Ag-S, release was also enhanced by thiosulphate, though mostly as colloidal-Ag - not intact NPs. These results suggest that exposure to NPs as a result of its release from soils or biosolids will be low.

Soil ecological criteria for nickel as a function of soil properties

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-11-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S11356-017-0456-6

Abstract: Scientific information for the chemistry and ecotoxicology of metals in soils has been obtained in the research conducted in recent years. However, the latest "science" obtained from this research has not yet been translated into "regulations" in China. In the present study, the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for Ni which denoted as soil ecological criteria for Ni were derived based on the effects of soil properties on bioavailability/ecotoxicity of Ni, incorporating the differences in species sensitivity as well as in laboratory and field conditions. First, collected all ecotoxicity data of Ni from bioassays in Chinese soils and filtered with given criteria to obtain reliable data. Second, corrected the compiled data with either aging factor or leaching and aging factors simultaneously to eliminate the discrepancy caused by difference between laboratory and realistic field conditions. Prior to being put into a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method to fit SSD curves, the corrected Ni ecotoxicity data were normalized with Ni ecotoxicity predictive models to modify the variation in Ni ecotoxicity caused by different soil properties. Then, the hazardous concentration for x% of the species (HCx) was figured out from the Ni SSD curve and the ecological criterion of Ni (PNEC) was set equal to HCx. Finally, predictive models for HCx were developed by quantifying the relationship between the Ni HCx and soil properties. Soil pH was the major factor controlling the values of HCx for Ni, with HC5 varying from 6.5 mg/kg in an acidic soil (pH 5.0) to 218.8 mg/kg in an alkaline soil (pH 8.5). The predictive models with parameters of soil pH and organic carbon (%) could calculate HCx with determination coefficients (R

Response to the letter to the editor by A. E. Johnston and D. Curtin

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S10705-012-9509-X

Colloidal nitrogen is an important and highly-mobile form of nitrogen discharging into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-08-2018

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-31115-Z

Abstract: Soil-borne colloids have been linked to long-distance transport of radionuclides, metal(loid)s and nutrients. Colloid-associated nitrogen (N) will have different mechanisms of biogeochemical cycling and potential for water-borne transport over longer distances compared to dissolved N. The role that colloids play in the supply and mobility of N within catchments discharging into the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon is unexplored. Here, we examine water-dispersible clay (WDC) from soil s les collected from gullies and agricultural drains within three different land uses (sugarcane, non-agricultural land and grazing) within the Townsville area. The proportion of soil N associated with WDC was inversely correlated with total soil N, with up to 45% of the total soil N being colloid-associated in low N gully soils. Within the .45 µm fraction of the WDC, only 17–25% of the N was truly dissolved ( kDa) at the gully sites compared to 58% in the sugarcane sites. Our results demonstrate the importance of colloidal N and the inaccuracy of assuming N 0.45 µm is dissolved in the s led areas, as well as providing an alternate explanation for the large amounts of what has previously been defined as dissolved inorganic N in runoff from non-fertilized grazing land. In particular, they describe why non-fertilized land uses can contribute significant N 0.45 µm, and why catchment models of nutrient export based on soil N concentrations can over-estimate loads of particulate nitrogen derived from monitoring data (N 0.45 µm). The findings suggest that managing soil erosion may also contribute to managing N 0.45 µm.

Phosphorus speciation in mature wheat and canola plants as affected by phosphorus supply

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-01-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-013-2015-3

Formulation, synthesis and characterization of boron phosphate (BPO4) compounds as raw materials to develop slow-release boron fertilizers

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-10-2014

DOI: 10.1002/JPLN.201400234

Management of crop residues affects the transfer of phosphorus to plant and soil pools: Results from a dual-labelling experiment

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2013.12.022

Isotopic Exchangeability, Hydrolysis and Mobilization Reactions of Pyrophosphate in Soil

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2008

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2007.0395

Cadmium solubility in paddy soils: Effects of soil oxidation, metal sulfides and competitive ions

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2010.12.028

Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential element for human nutrition and is an agricultural soil contaminant. Cadmium solubility in paddy soils affects Cd accumulation in the grain of rice. This is a human health risk, exacerbated by the fact that rice grains are deficient in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) for human nutrition. To find ways of limiting this potential risk, we investigated factors influencing Cd solubility relative to Fe and Zn during pre-harvest drainage of paddy soils, in which soil oxidation is accompanied by the grain-filling stage of rice growth. This was simulated in temperature-controlled "reaction cell" experiments by first excluding oxygen to incubate soil suspensions anaerobically, then inducing aerobic conditions. In treatments without sulfur addition, the ratios of Cd:Fe and Cd:Zn in solution increased during the aerobic phase while Cd concentrations were unaffected and the Fe and Zn concentrations decreased. However, in treatments with added sulfur (as sulfate), up to 34 % of sulfur (S) was precipitated as sulfide minerals during the anaerobic phase and the Cd:Fe and Cd:Zn ratios in solution during the aerobic phase were lower than for treatments without S addition. When S was added, Cd solubility decreased whereas Fe and Zn were unaffected. When soil was spiked with Zn the Cd:Zn ratio was lower in solution during the aerobic phase, due to higher Zn concentrations. Decreased Cd:Fe and Cd:Zn ratios during the grain filling stage could potentially limit Cd enrichment in paddy rice grain due to competitive ion effects for root uptake.

A single application of Cu to field soil has long-term effects on bacterial community structure, diversity, and soil processes

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.PEDOBI.2009.09.002

Mechanisms of attenuation of metal availability in in situ remediation treatments

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 16-08-2002

DOI: 10.1021/ES025558G

Abstract: One suite of in situ technologies for remediating metal contaminated soils involves the addition of reactive materials which lower metal availability. Until now it has been difficult to assess whether the amendment induced decrease in metal availability is due simply to increased sorption of the metal or whether it is the result of surface precipitation or other fixation mechanisms. This has made it difficult to predict the long-term stability of such remedial treatments. Using an isotopic dilution technique coupled with a stepwise acidification treatment, we examined changes in the labile pool of Cd and Zn in a polluted soil amended with either CaCO3, KH2PO4, red mud, or a kaolin byproduct. Fixation of both Cd and Zn was greatest in the KH2PO4 treated soil. The mode of fixation in this treatment was also found to be resistant to soil acidification. The results allowed a clear distinction between three classes of attenuation mechanisms which are hypothesized to increase in their resilience to environmental change as follows: reversible sorption < irreversible "fixation" at constant pH < irreversible "fixation" across a range of pH.

Transfer functions for solid–solution partitioning of cadmium for Australian soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2011.08.006

Abstract: To assess transport and ecotoxicological risks of metals, such as cadmium (Cd) in soils, models are needed for partitioning and speciation. We derived regression-based "partition-relations" based on adsorption and desorption experiments for main Australian soil types. First, batch adsorption experiments were carried out over a realistic range of dissolved Cd concentrations in agricultural soils in Australia. Results showed linear sorption relationships, implying the adequacy of using Kd values to describe partitioning. Desorption measurements were then carried out to assess in-situ Kd values and relate these to soil properties The best transfer functions for solid-solution partitioning were found for Kd values relating total dissolved Cd concentration to total soil Cd concentrations, accounting for the variation in pH, SOM contents and DOC concentrations. Model predictions compared well with measurements of an independent data set, but there was a tendency to underestimate dissolved Cd concentrations of highly polluted soils.

Comparison and modelling of extraction methods to assess agronomic effectiveness of fertilizer zinc

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-02-2020

DOI: 10.1002/JPLN.201900340

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Concentration Prediction in Soils Using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-2013

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2012.0201

The uptake and partitioning of cadmium in two cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 02-01-2003

DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERG016

Abstract: The uptake and distribution of Cd in potatoes over the course of a growing season was investigated in two cultivars of potatoes that differed in tuber Cd concentration. Plants were grown in soil with supplemental Cd. The concentrations of Cd in different tissues varied greatly in the order roots>shoots>> tubers. After the initiation of tuber bulking, shoot growth ceased and the increase in total plant Cd was mostly due to accumulation in the tubers. The constancy of the Cd concentration in shoots suggested that import of Cd via the xylem must be matched by export in the phloem, which implied that Cd must have significant phloem mobility. It was found that the differences in tuber Cd between cultivars Wilwash and Kennebec were not due to differences in total uptake or growth, but to differences in Cd partitioning within the plant. This partitioning was specific to Cd and was not observed for a range of nutrient elements. Most of the differences in tuber Cd concentration between the cultivars could be accounted for by a 3-fold higher retention of Cd in the roots of cv. Wilwash. The involvement of root sequestration, and xylem and phloem pathways in the loading of Cd into tubers is considered.

Dry Soil Reduces Fertilizer Phosphorus and Zinc diffusion but Not Bioavailability

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2012

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2011.0431

Availability of fertiliser sulphate and elemental sulphur to canola in two consecutive crops

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 15-09-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-015-2667-2

Responsiveness of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in southern Australian soils

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2005

DOI: 10.1071/SR04066

Abstract: Recent field trials on alkaline soils in southern Australia showed significant grain yield responses to liquid compared with traditional granular forms of P fertiliser. However the advantages of liquid over granular P forms of fertiliser has not been consistent on all soil types. In order to better predict the soil types on which liquid P fertilisers are likely to have potential, a glasshouse trial was conducted to compare the responsiveness of wheat to both liquid and granular forms of P on a wide range of Australian soils. A granular P fertiliser (triple superphosphate) and 2 liquid fertilisers (phosphoric acid and ammonium polyphosphate) were compared at a rate equivalent to 12 kg P/ha in 29 soils representing many of the soil types used for grain production in Victoria and South Australia. Wheat biomass was enhanced by P application in 86% of the soils tested. In 62% of the P-responsive soils, wheat dry matter was significantly greater when liquid P fertilisers were used compared with the granular form. Chemical analysis of the soils tested showed that the better performance of liquid P forms was not correlated to total P concentration in soil, P buffer capacity, or P availability as measured by Colwell-P. However, there was a significant positive relationship between calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of soil and wheat responsiveness to liquid P fertiliser.

Soil phosphorus pools with addition of fertiliser phosphorus in a long-term grazing experiment

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-11-2019

DOI: 10.1007/S10705-019-10035-Y

Stable isotope techniques for assessing labile Cu in soils: Development of an L-value procedure, its application, and reconciliation with E values

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 06-04-2006

DOI: 10.1021/ES051845J

Abstract: Isotopic techniques have become a valuable tool for assessing the lability or potential availability of elements in soil. Until now, work on soil Cu has been limited to E-value methods where soil solution extracts are obtained by physical means due to the very short (12.4 h) half-life of the radio isotope 64Cu. However, a stable isotope method has recently been developed for determining soil Cu E values that utilizes enhancement of the 65Cu isotope in soil and measurement of the subsequent ratio with 63Cu. We have developed an L-value technique for soil Cu, where plants are used to s le the soil solution and therefore give a direct measure of the plant available Cu. The L-value technique developed was then compared, and found to be equivalent, with E values using equilibration periods up to and including the growth period of plants in the L-value method.

Improving the efficacy of selenium fertilizers for wheat biofortification

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-12-2019

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-55914-0

Abstract: Increasing the selenium (Se) concentration of staple crops by fertilization is a valuable pathway to increase Se in the human diet, thus preventing Se deficiency. A pot trial was set up to investigate whether the application of 3.33 µg kg −1 of Se (equivalent to 10 g ha −1 ) to wheat can be made more efficient by its co-application with macronutrient carriers, either to the soil or to the leaves. In the soil, Se was applied either on its own (selenate only) or as a granular, Se-enriched macronutrient fertilizer supplying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or sulfur. Selenium was also applied to leaves at head emergence with, or without, 2% w/v N fertilizers. With grain Se concentrations varying from 0.13–0.84 mg kg −1 , soil application of selenate-only was 2–15 times more effective than granular Se-enriched macronutrient fertilizers in raising grain Se concentrations. Co-application of foliar Se with an N carrier doubled the Se concentration in wheat grains compared to the application of foliar Se on its own, the majority of which was in the highly bioavailable selenomethionine fraction. Results from this study demonstrate the possibility of improving the efficacy of Se fertilizers, which could enrich crops with Se without additional application costs in the field.

Aseptic hydroponics to assess rhamnolipid-Cd and rhamnolipid-Zn bioavailability for sunflower (Helianthus annuus): a phytoextraction mechanism study

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-08-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S11356-016-7367-9

Abstract: The availability of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) to sunflower (Helianthus annuus) was investigated in rhamnolipid- and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-buffered solutions in order to evaluate the influence of aqueous speciation of the metals on their uptake by the plant, in relation to predictions of uptake by the free ion activity model (FIAM). Free metal ion activity was estimated using the chemical equilibrium program MINTEQ or measured by Donnan dialysis. The uptake of Cd followed the FIAM for the EDTA-buffered solution at EDTA concentrations below 0.4 μM for the rhamnolipid-buffered solution, the uptake of both metals in roots was not markedly affected by increasing rhamnolipid concentrations in solution. This suggests rhamnolipid enhanced metal accumulation in plant roots (per unit free metal in solution) possibly through formation and uptake of lipophilic complexes. The addition of normal Ca concentrations (low millimetre range) to the rhamnolipid uptake solutions reduced Cd accumulation in shoots by inhibiting Cd translocation, whereas it significantly increased Zn accumulation in shoots. This study confirms that although rhamnolipid could enhance accumulation of Cd in plants roots at low Ca supply, it is not suitable for Cd phytoextraction in contaminated soil environments where Ca concentrations in soil solution are orders of magnitude greater than those of Cd.

Erratum to: Potential for foliar phosphorus fertilisation of dryland cereal crops: a review

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2011

DOI: 10.1071/CP10080_ER

Composition and dissolution kinetics of jarosite-rich segregations extracted from an acid sulfate soil with sulfuric material

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMGEO.2020.119606

Efficacy of zinc oxides as fertilisers

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-10-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-013-1919-2

An assessment of various measures of soil phosphorus and the net accumulation of phosphorus in fertilized soils under pasture

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-06-2015

DOI: 10.1002/JPLN.201400657

Low Effective Surface Area Explains Slow Oxidation of Co‐Granulated Elemental Sulfur

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2016

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2015.09.0337

Sorption behaviour of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tropical soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2019.113726

Scientific integrity issues in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Improving research reproducibility, credibility, and transparency

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-02-2019

DOI: 10.1002/IEAM.4119

Measurement of labile Cu in soil using stable isotope dilution and isotope ratio analysis by ICP-MS

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 26-10-2004

DOI: 10.1007/S00216-004-2816-6

Abstract: Isotope dilution is a useful technique to measure the labile metal pool, which is the amount of metal in soil in rapid equilibrium (<7 days) with the soil solution. This is normally performed by equilibrating soil with a metal isotope, and s ling the labile metal pool by using an extraction (E value), or by growing plants (L value). For Cu, this procedure is problematic for E values, and impossible for L values, due to the short half-life of the 64Cu radioisotope (12.4 h), which makes access and handling very difficult. We therefore developed a technique using enriched 65Cu stable isotope and measurement of 63Cu/65Cu ratios by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure labile pools of Cu in soils using E value techniques. Mass spectral interferences in detection of 63Cu/65Cu ratios in soil extracts were found to be minimal. Isotope ratios determined by quadrupole ICP-MS compared well to those determined by high-resolution (magnetic sector) ICP-MS. E values determined using the stable isotope technique compared well to those determined using the radioisotope for both uncontaminated and Cu-contaminated soils.

Ecotoxicology of manufactured graphene oxide nanomaterials and derivation of preliminary guideline values for freshwater environments

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 26-02-2018

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.4074

Abstract: The unique physical and chemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) have inspired a erse range of scientific and industrial applications. The market value of GNMs is predicted to reach $US 1.3 billion by 2023. Common to many nanomaterials, an important and unresolved question is the environmental consequences of the increases in GNMs use. The current deficiencies in studies reporting ecotoxicology data for GNMs include differences in analytical methodologies for quantification, no standardized test guidelines, differences in morphology of GNMs, the lack of Chemical Abstract Service numbers, and the quality of the reported data. The assessment of potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms typically relies on guideline values based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) of toxicity data. We present preliminary water quality guideline values for graphene oxide NMs in freshwaters. Data include 10 species from 7 phyla (bacteria and fungi were not included). The most sensitive organism was found to be the freshwater shrimp Palaemon pandaliformis. The derived guideline values for 99, 95, 90, and 80% species protection were 350, 600, 830, and 1300 μg/L, respectively. These results will contribute to the regulatory derivations of future water quality guideline values for graphene-based NMs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018 :1340-1348. © 2018 SETAC.

Model-based rationalization of sulphur mineralization in soils using 35S isotope dilution

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2018.01.013

Effect of water treatment residuals on soil phosphorus, copper and aluminium availability and toxicity

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.03.006

Abstract: Water treatment residuals (WTRs) are produced by the treatment of potable water with coagulating agents. Beneficial recycling in agriculture is h ered by the fact that WTRs contain potentially toxic contaminants (e.g. copper and aluminium) and they bind phosphorus strongly. These issues were investigated using a plant bioassay (Lactuca sativa), chemical extractions and an isotopic dilution technique. Two WTRs were applied to an acidic and a neutral pH soil at six rates. Reductions in plant growth in amended soils were due to WTR-induced P deficiency, rather than Al or Cu toxicity. The release of potentially toxic Al from WTRs was found to be mitigated by their alkaline nature and pH buffering capacity. However, acidification of WTRs was shown to release more soluble Al than soil naturally high in Al. Copper availability was relatively low in all treatments. However, the lability of WTR-Cu increased when the WTR was applied to the soil.

Australian Biosolids: Characterization and Determination of Available Copper

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2004

DOI: 10.1071/EN04056

Abstract: Environmental Context. Land application of sewage-derived biosolids is both an inexpensive method to dispose of waste and a simple way to increase soil fertility and stability. However, biosolids often contain high concentrations of heavy metals, but not all of the metals are immediately available for uptake by the soil or other organisms. To determine if this toxicologic risk outweighs the benefits, the degree of ecologically available metal, rather than simply the entire metal content, must be known in both the as-disposed and worst conditions scenarios. Application of these principles requires regulatory bodies to amend their guidelines. Abstract. Application of biosolids to agricultural land provides a low-cost disposal option with many potential benefits to soil. However, the practice may result in accumulations of potentially toxic heavy metals, and thus regulations are in place to limit the amount of metals applied to soil in this way. Current Australian regulations are not ideal because they are based on total metal concentrations in soils and biosolids, rather than the fraction that is ecologically available (the fraction accessible by organisms). Therefore more environmentally appropriate regulations, based on the available metal portion, need to be devised. However, before this is possible, more needs to be known about the characteristics of Australian biosolids, including the factors that influence the availability of biosolid metals. Copper is a metal of great concern because of its commonly high concentration in biosolids and because of its relatively high toxicity to certain groups of bacteria and fungi. Therefore an investigation was conducted to characterize the range of properties observed in Australian biosolids, and to determine the fraction of available metals and the factors that influence it (particularly in the case of copper). General properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and total metal concentrations were measured. Availability of copper was specifically measured using isotopic exchange techniques and a Cu2+ ion-selective electrode. Results showed that total copper concentration and Cu2+ activity could be used to predict available copper. A new system of biosolid land-use regulation that incorporates the available metal fraction and a pH protection factor is proposed.

The role of surface charge and pH changes in tropical soils on sorption behaviour of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.04.055

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of surface charge on the sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) onto 7 tropical soils as a function of pH. The net surface charge became less negative with decreasing pH (from 7.5 to 3.5) in all soils. The rate of change in net surface charge varied from -0.6 to -2.8 (cmol/kg) H unit. The effect on sorption behaviour of PFASs was variable among soils. For two soils, the average sorption increased 54- and 45-fold for PFOS, 33- and 9-fold for PFOA, and 39- and 400-fold for PFHxS, across the pH range 7.5 to 3.5. Sorption in another sandier soil showed negligible change with decreasing pH. Sorption in the other soils did not change significantly until the pH decreased to approximately 5.5. The soils with high contents of sesquioxides (Fe and Al oxides) showed the most marked increase in sorption with decreasing pH. This study demonstrated that in addition to hydrophobic interactions with OC and other processes, electrostatic interactions are also important in the sorption process for these chemicals in soils. In acidic, variably charged tropical soils there is the possibility that any PFOS, PFOA or PFHxS sorbed to the soils may become desorbed if management practices (e.g. liming) raised soil pH.

A Novel Technique to Determine Cobalt Exchangeability in Soils Using Isotope Dilution

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 21-11-2007

DOI: 10.1021/ES071526N

Abstract: The environmental risk posed by Co contamination is largely a function of its oxidation state. Our objective was to assess the potential biological availability of Co and the reactions and fate of soluble Co(II) after addition to soils with varying physical and chemical characteristics. A potential risk in quantifying exchangeable Co in soils using isotope dilution techniques is the possible presence of two species of Co in soil solution and adsorbed on soil solid phases [Co(II) and Co(III)], coupled with the possibility that when an isotope of Co is added it may undergo a change in oxidation state during the measurement phase. In this study, we have utilized an isotope dilution technique with cation exchange and high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to determine the isotopically exchangeable Co fraction in several soils with varying characteristics such as differing Al, Fe, and Mn oxide content pH and organic carbon content. The application of the cation exchange procedure adjusts measurements of isotopically exchangeable Co to correct for the presence of non-exchangeable 57Co not in equilibrium with the solution phase. Results indicated that oxidation of added 57Co(II) to 57Co(III) or precipitation of 57Co(II) may occur on the surfaces of some soils, particularly those with a high pH or substantial quantities of Mn oxide minerals. No detectable Co(III)(aq) was found in the aqueous extracts of the soils examined.

Abundance and diversity of sulphur-oxidising bacteria and their role in oxidising elemental sulphur in cropping soils

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S00374-016-1162-0

Potential Availability of Fertilizer Selenium in Field Capacity and Submerged Soils

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2010

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2009.0416

Release of Dissolved Cadmium and Sulfur Nanoparticles from Oxidizing Sulfide Minerals

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2011

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2010.0019

In situ P-33-labelling of canola and lupin to estimate total phosphorus accumulation in the root system

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-06-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-014-2163-0

Di-n-butyl phthalate causes antiestrogenic effects in female murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-08-2013

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.2304

Abstract: Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) is an industrial pollutant with antiandrogenic effects reported in male mammals and fish. Little research has been done on the endocrine effects of DnBP in female fish. The present study investigated the changes in ovarian histology and serum vitellogenin concentrations in adult Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) after exposure to 125 µg/L, 250 µg/L, 500 µg/L, and 1000 µg/L DnBP for 7 d. Treatment at 125 µg/L to 1000 µg/L DnBP for 7 d had no significant effect on the survival, condition factor, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and developmental stage of the fish. Based on the histological investigation, the sizes of the previtellogenic oocytes in the fish treated at 250 µg/L to 1000 µg/L were found to be significantly higher than in the corresponding control fish (p ≤ 0.05). The early vitellogenic oocytes in the fish treated at 1000 µg/L were significantly smaller relative to those in the unexposed fish (p ≤ 0.05). Histological changes like chorion folding, shrunken ooplasm, impaired yolk production, granulomatous inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis were observed in the ovaries of the fish treated with DnBP. The circulating levels of plasma vitellogenin were significantly lower in the fish exposed to 500 µg/L and 1000 µg/L DnBP (p ≤ 0.05). These data show that a continuous exposure to subacute concentrations of DnBP for 7 d can cause antiestrogenicity in female adult Murray rainbowfish.

Measuring rates of gross and net mineralisation of organic phosphorus in soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2007

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2006.10.009

THE EFFECT OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON THE TOXICITY OF SILVER TO THE SOIL NITRIFICATION PROCESS

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 17-03-2014

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.2543

Abstract: Silver (Ag) is being increasingly used in a range of consumer products, predominantly as an antimicrobial agent, leading to a higher likelihood of its release into the environment. The present study investigated the toxicity of Ag to the nitrification process in European and Australian soils in both leached and unleached conditions. Overall, leaching of soils was found to have a minimal effect on the final toxicity data, with an average leaching factor of approximately 1. Across the soils, the toxicity was found to vary by several orders of magnitude, with concentrations of Ag causing a 50% reduction in nitrification relative to the controls (EC50) ranging from 0.43 mg Ag/kg to >640 mg Ag/kg. Interestingly, the dose-response relationships in most of the soils showed significant stimulation in nitrification at low Ag concentrations (i.e., hormesis), which in some cases produced responses up to double that observed in the controls. Soil pH and organic carbon were the properties found to have the greatest influence on the variations in toxicity thresholds across the soils, and significant relationships were developed that accounted for approximately 90% of the variability in the data. The toxicity relationships developed from the present study will assist in future assessment of potential Ag risks and enable the site-specific prediction of Ag toxicity.

Assessing crop residue phosphorus speciation using chemical fractionation and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2014.03.049

Abstract: At physiological maturity, nutrients in crop residues can be released to the soil where they are incorporated into different labile and non-labile pools while the remainder is retained within the residue itself. The chemical speciation of phosphorus (P) in crop residues is an important determinant of the fate of this P. In this study, we used chemical fractionation and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, first separately and then together, to evaluate the P speciation of mature oat (Avena sativa) residue. Two water extracts (one employing shaking and the other sonication) and two acid extracts (0.2N perchloric acid and 10% trichloroacetic acid) of these residues contained similar concentrations of orthophosphate (molybdate-reactive P determined by colorimetry) as NaOH-EDTA extracts of whole plant material subsequently analysed by solution (31)P NMR spectroscopy. However, solution (31)P NMR analysis of the extracts and residues isolated during the water/acid extractions indicated that this similarity resulted from a fortuitous coincidence as the orthophosphate concentration in the water/acid extracts was increased by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate and organic P forms while at the same time there was incomplete extraction of orthophosphate. Confirmation of this was the absence of pyrophosphate in both water and acid fractions (it was detected in the whole plant material) and the finding that speciation of organic P in the fractions differed from that in the whole plant material. Evidence for incomplete extraction of orthophosphate was the finding that most of the residual P in the crop residues following water/acid extractions was detected as orthophosphate using (31)P NMR. Two methods for isolating and quantifying phospholipid P were also tested, based on solubility in ethanol:ether and ethanol:ether:chloroform. While these methods were selective and appeared to extract only phospholipid P, they did not extract all phospholipid P, as some was detected by NMR in the crop residue after extraction. These results highlight the need for careful interpretation of results from chemical fractionation, as separation can be compromised by incomplete recovery and side reactions. This study also highlights the benefits of employing a technique that can simultaneously detect multiple P species (solution (31)P NMR) in combination with chemical fractionation.

Influence of submergence and subsequent drainage on the partitioning and lability of added selenium fertilizers in a sulphur-containing Fluvisol

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-07-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2389.2012.01462.X

Influences of soil properties and leaching on copper toxicity to barley root elongation

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 04-02-2010

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.108

Abstract: The relationships developed between soil properties and phytotoxicity threshold values for copper require validation in a wide range of soils with different properties and climate characteristics before they can be applied for regulatory purposes in countries throughout the world. Seventeen soils, which are representative of the major soil types and properties in China, were spiked with Cu chloride. A subset of the Cu-spiked soils was leached with artificial rain water to compare toxicity with that in unleached soils. Barley root elongation tests were performed under controlled environmental conditions. The concentrations of added Cu causing a 50% inhibitory effect (EC50) ranged from 67 to 1,129 mg/kg in unleached soils and from 88 to 1,255 mg/kg in leached soil. Compared with the unleached toxicity thresholds, the leached EC10 (10% inhibition) and EC50 were higher by an average of 1.43- and 1.15-fold, respectively. Soil leaching significantly (p <or= 0.05) decreased the toxicity of Cu in approximately 35% of the soils. In this study, no single soil property was found to explain over 35% of the variance in (log transformed) EC50. However, stepwise multiple regressions using soil pH, organic carbon (OC) content, and effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC) were found to explain over 80% of the variance in Cu toxicity across soils. The model developed for Chinese soils based on these factors was found to predict significantly (r(2), 0.90) the phytotoxicity of Cu in European soils. These quantitative relationships between Cu toxicity and soil properties are helpful for developing soil-specific guidance on Cu toxicity thresholds.

Agronomic Effectiveness of Zinc Sources as Micronutrient Fertilizer

Publisher: Elsevier

Date: 2016

DOI: 10.1016/BS.AGRON.2016.05.004

Dissolution rate and agronomic effectiveness of struvite fertilizers – effect of soil pH, granulation and base excess

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 21-07-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-016-2990-2

Phosphorus Diffusion from Fertilizer: Visualization, Chemical Measurements, and Modeling

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2014

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2013.07.0293

Exchangeability of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate in soils: a double isotopic labelling study

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-07-2008

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-008-9723-0

Quantifying total phosphorus accumulation below-ground by canola and lupin plants using 33P-labelling

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-06-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-015-2545-Y

Selenate-Enriched Urea Granules Are a Highly Effective Fertilizer for Selenium Biofortification of Paddy Rice Grain

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 05-06-2012

DOI: 10.1021/JF3005788

Abstract: This study examined the effects of applied selenium (Se) species, time of application, method of application, and soil water management regimen on the accumulation of Se in rice plants. Plants were grown to maturity in a temperature- and humidity-controlled growth chamber using three water management methods: field capacity (FC), submerged until harvest, and submerged and drained 2 weeks before harvest. Two Se species, selenate (SeO4(2-)) and selenite (SeO3(2-)), were applied at a rate equivalent to 30 g ha(-1). Four application methods were employed as follows: (i) Se applied at soil preparation, (ii) Se-enriched urea granules applied to floodwater at heading (iii) foliar Se applied at heading and (iv) fluid fertilizer Se applied to soil or floodwater at heading. Total Se concentrations in rice grains, husks, leaves, culms, and roots were measured, as well as Se speciation in grains from the Se-enriched urea granule treatment. Highest Se concentrations in the grain occurred with SeO4(2-) and with fertilizer applied at heading stage SeO4(2-)-enriched urea granules applied at heading increased grain Se concentrations 5-6-fold (by 450-600 μg kg(-1)) compared to the control (no fertilizer Se applied) in all water treatments. Under paddy conditions other Se fertilization strategies were much less effective. Drainage before harvesting caused Se to accumulate in/on rice roots, possibly through adsorption onto iron plaque on roots. Rice grains contained Se mainly in the organic form as selenomethionine (SeM), which comprised >90% of the total grain Se in treatments fertilized with SeO4(2-)-enriched urea granules. The results of this study clearly show that of the fertilizer strategies tested biofortification of Se in rice grains can best be achieved in lowland rice by broadcast application of SeO4(2-)-enriched urea granules to floodwater at heading stage.

Arsenic in the environment: Biology and Chemistry

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2007

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2007.02.037

Abstract: Arsenic (As) distribution and toxicology in the environment is a serious issue, with millions of in iduals worldwide being affected by As toxicosis. Sources of As contamination are both natural and anthropogenic and the scale of contamination ranges from local to regional. There are many areas of research that are being actively pursued to address the As contamination problem. These include new methods of screening for As in the field, determining the epidemiology of As in humans, and identifying the risk of As uptake in agriculture. Remediation of As-affected water supplies is important and research includes assessing natural remediation potential as well as phytoremediation. Another area of active research is on the microbially mediated biogeochemical interactions of As in the environment. In 2005, a conference was convened to bring together scientists involved in many of the different areas of As research. In this paper, we present a synthesis of the As issues in the light of long-standing research and with regards to the new findings presented at this conference. This contribution provides a backdrop to the issues raised at the conference together with an overview of contemporary and historical issues of As contamination and health impacts.

Extreme biogeochemical effects following simulation of recurrent drought in acid sulfate soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2021.105146

Cogranulation of Low Rates of Graphene and Graphene Oxide with Macronutrient Fertilizers Remarkably Improves Their Physical Properties

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 05-12-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACSSUSCHEMENG.7B03655

Rapid and Low-Cost Method for Evaluation of Nutrient Release from Controlled-Release Fertilizers Using Electrical Conductivity

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 24-09-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S10924-018-1309-1

Bioaccumulation, uptake, and toxicity of carbamazepine in soil–plant systems

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-02-2018

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.4053

Abstract: Since the detection of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in various environmental media, research has explored the potential uptake and toxicity of these chemicals to species inhabiting these matrices. Specifically, pharmaceuticals, including the antiepileptic API carbamazepine (CBZ), are taken up from soil by a range of plants. Many short-term studies have also suggested that certain APIs induce toxicity in plants. However, the effects of APIs on fruiting plants remain relatively unexplored. The present study investigated the uptake, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of CBZ in Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) from seed to full maturity across a range of CBZ exposure concentrations in soil (0.1-20 mg/kg). Results of biomass, chlorophyll, starch and total nitrogen (N) concentration in C. pepo indicated toxicity at soil concentrations of ≥10 mg/kg. There were clear visual indications of increasing toxicity on leaves, including chlorosis and necrosis, from soil concentrations of 1 up to 20 mg/kg. The present study also revealed novel insights into the effect of CBZ accumulation on C. pepo fruiting: female C. pepo flowers were unable to set fruit when leaf concentrations were ≥14 mg/kg. These findings may have implications for future agricultural productivity in areas where reclaimed wastewater containing APIs is a source of irrigation. Detectable CBZ concentrations were found in edible C. pepo fruit, indicating the possibility of trophic transfer. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018 :1122-1130. © 2017 SETAC.

Relationships between soil properties and toxicity of copper and nickel to bok choy and tomato in Chinese soils

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-08-2013

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.2312

Abstract: The toxicity of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) to bok choy and tomato shoot growth was investigated in a wide range of Chinese soils with and without leaching with artificial rainwater. The results showed that the variations of Ni toxicity induced by soil properties were wider than those of Cu toxicity to both tomato and bok choy plant growth. Leaching generally decreased the toxicity of Cu and Ni added to soils, which also depended on soils, metals, and test plant species. Soil factors controlling metal phytotoxicity were found to be soil pH and soil organic carbon content for Cu, and soil pH for Ni. It was also found that soil pH had stronger effects on Ni toxicity than on Cu toxicity. Predictive toxicity models based on these soil factors were developed. These toxicity models for Cu and Ni toxicity to tomato plant growth were validated using an independent data set for European soils. These models could be applied to predict the Cu and Ni phytotoxicity in not only Chinese soils but also European soils.

Layered Transition Metal Molybdates as New Slow-Release Micronutrient Fertilizer Matrices for Zn, Cu, and Mo

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 12-05-2023

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.IECR.3C00498

Fate and lability of silver in soils: Effect of ageing

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2014.04.030

Abstract: The fate and lability of added soluble Ag in soils over time was examined by measurement of labile metal (E-value) by isotopic dilution using the (110m)Ag radioactive isotope and the solid-phase speciation of Ag by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. After two weeks of ageing the E-values for Ag decreased by 20-90% with a further decrease of 10-40% after six months. The overall decrease in labile Ag for all soils after the 6 month ageing period was 50-100%. The ageing was more rapid and pronounced in the alkaline soils. XANES results for Ag in soils indicated that for the majority of soils the added Ag(+) was reduced to metallic Ag over time, and associations with Fe-oxohydroxides and reduced S groups in organic matter also decreased Ag lability. Strong positive correlations were found between metallic Ag and non-labile Ag and between organic carbon and Ag bonded with S species.

Copper Lability in Soils Subjected to Intermittent Submergence

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-2010

DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2009.0490

Abstract: Reducing conditions in soils can have significant influences on the availability of nutrient and toxic metals, through their remobilization, their release through reductive dissolution of oxide phases, and from the formation of precipitates. In the literature, contrasting results are reported on the effects of temporary waterlogging conditions on the availability of metals. In the present study, changes in the "labile" or "potentially available" pool of copper (Cu) in soils as a consequence of up to three intermittent soil submergence cycles was investigated using isotopic dilution. The soils (an Oxisol and an Inceprisol) selected were amended in the field with both biosolids-Cu and salt-Cu. Intermittent soil submergence was found to have a significant effect on the lability of Cu in soils, with E(total) values generally increasing in all the treatments with the different submergence cycles, the highest lability of Cu observed in the Cu-salt treatment. The presence of nonexchangeable colloidal forms of Cu, influenced by treatments and submergence cycles, was also reported.

Changes in P bioavailability induced by the application of liquid and powder sources of P, N and Zn fertilizers in alkaline soils

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2006

DOI: 10.1007/S10705-005-4404-3

Mobility, solubility and lability of fluid and granular forms of P fertiliser in calcareous and non-calcareous soils under laboratory conditions

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-2005

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-004-0558-Z

Natural colloidal P and its contribution to plant P uptake

Publisher: No publisher found

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1021/ES504643F

Abstract: Phosphorus (P) bioavailability depends on its concentration and speciation in solution. Andisols and Oxisols have very low soil solution concentration of free orthophosphate, as they contain high concentrations of strongly P-sorbing minerals (Al/Fe oxyhydroxides, allophanes). Free orthophosphate is the form of P taken up by plants, but it is not the only P species present in the soil solution. Natural colloidal P (P associated with Al, Fe, and organic matter of sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 nm) constitutes an important fraction of soil solution P in these soils however, its availability has not been considered. We measured the uptake of P by wheat (Triticum aestivum) from radiolabeled nonfiltered (colloid-containing) and 3-kDa filtered (nearly colloid-free) soil-water extracts from Andisols and Oxisols. In the Andisol extracts, P uptake was up to 5-fold higher from the nonfiltered solutions than the corresponding 3-kDa filtered solutions. In the Oxisol extract, no difference in P uptake between both solutions was observed. Also the diffusional flux of P as measured with the DGT technique was larger in the nonfiltered than in the 3-kDa filtered solutions. Our results suggest that colloidal P from Andisols is not chemically inert and contributes to plant uptake of P.

Potential of zinc-loaded graphene oxide and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve the growth and zinc nutrition of Hordeum vulgare and Medicago truncatula

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.APSOIL.2019.103464

Fluid Fertilizers Improve Phosphorus Diffusion but not Lability in Andisols and Oxisols

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2013.02.0075

Effects of Biosolids Application on Pasture and Grape Vines in South-Eastern Australia

Publisher: Hindawi Limited

Date: 2011

DOI: 10.1155/2011/342916

Abstract: Biosolids were applied to a pasture and a vineyard in south-eastern Australia. At both sites, soil Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations linearly increased with biosolids application rates although not to the extent of exceeding soil quality guidelines. Biosolids marginally increased soil C and N concentrations at the pasture site but significantly increased P concentrations. With lower overall soil fertility at the vineyard, biosolids increased C, N, and P concentrations. At neither site did biosolids application affect soil microbial endpoints. Biosolids increased pasture production compared to the unfertilised control but had little effect on grape production or quality. Interestingly, over the 3-year trial, there was no difference in pasture production between the biosolids treated plots and plots receiving inorganic fertiliser. These results suggest that biosolids could be used as a fertiliser to stimulate pasture production and as a soil conditioner to improve vineyard soils in this region.

A Predictive Model of the Effects of Aging on Cobalt Fate and Behavior in Soil

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 19-11-2008

DOI: 10.1021/ES801322R

Abstract: Metal toxicity to terrestrial organisms is influenced by a number of factors including the organisms affected and ecotoxicological end points, soil properties, aging processes, and metal speciation. The toxicity of metals added to soils can change over time through aging processes, which may reduce availability of metals via diffusion into micropores, incorporation into crystal lattices, or Ostwald ripening of precipitates. Metals which have been in contact with soil for longer periods are less able to exchange with the soil solution, rendering them less available to soil biota. The objective of this work was to investigate and model the effects of long-term aging on cobalt(II) (Co2+) (isotopic) exchangeability and potential bioavailability in a wide range of soils, as this is the form of Co commonly used in ecotoxicological investigations. After addition to soil, added soluble Co(II) rapidly partitioned to the soil solid phase, and in alkaline soils a large percentage of this surface-bound Co was fixed through aging reactions in forms that were no longer in equilibrium with the soil solution Co. Analyses indicated that soil pH and incubation time were the most important factors affecting Co(II) aging. The rate and extent of aging of added Co(II) could be accurately predicted across all soils using a semi-mechanistic model that suggested Co was fixed through reactions that we postulate were related to surface oxidation recipitation/nucleation as driven by hydrolysis reactions at the surface of soil minerals.

Fixation of metals in soil constituents and potential remobilization by hyperaccumulating and non-hyperaccumulating plants: Results from an isotopic dilution study

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2006

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2005.12.008

Abstract: In this study isotopic dilution methods were used to investigate the hypothesis that access to metals associated with specific chemical components in the soil that are not available to non-accumulator species could be involved in hyperaccumulation. The hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and a non-accumulator species, Brassica napus, were grown in Cd and Zn enriched soil components calcite, goethite, charcoal and cryptomelane. The metal enriched components were aged to allow transformation of a proportion of added metals to non-labile forms. Results from the isotopic dilution L value method showed that despite taking up more metals, T. caerulescens accessed the same pool of metals as B. napus. Hence differential access to different solid-phase pools of metals appears to be an unlikely mechanism underlying metal hyperaccumulation. For all components except charcoal, L values for Cd and Zn were greater than the corresponding E values suggesting that E values may tend to underestimate the bioavailable fraction of metals in soils.

Polyphosphate speciation for soil and fertilizer analysis

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 10-2007

DOI: 10.1080/00103620701588825

GEMAS: Geochemical background and mineral potential of emerging tech-critical elements in Europe revealed from low-sampling density geochemical mapping

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2019.104425

Uptake of phosphorus from surfactant solutions by wheat leaves: Spreading kinetics, wetted area, and drying time

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2016

DOI: 10.1039/C5SM01380A

Mineralisation and release of 14C-graphene oxide (GO) in soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2019.124558

Abstract: Graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) have been touted as miracle materials due to their extraordinary properties that can benefit many industries, including in agriculture and for environmental remediation. While improvement in nutrient delivery and the ability to adsorb environmental contaminants have been demonstrated, what happens to GNMs in soil is a question that has not been addressed. The main aim of this study was to investigate their degradation in soil to have a better understanding of their environmental fate. Using radioisotope techniques, this study assessed the potential mineralisation and release of graphene oxide (GO), one of the most commonly used forms of graphene. Results revealed that the conversion of GO to carbon dioxide was negligible (<2%) in microbially-active soils. GO remaining in soil was also not readily released by water extractions. The lack of mineralisation and release is indicative of GO's high (bio)degradation stability which is likely due to its limited availability resulting from its rapid homo/hetero-aggregation. Over-all, the results provide new and important information on the environmental fate of graphene nanomaterials applied to soils.

Dissolution Kinetics of Macronutrient Fertilizers Coated with Manufactured Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 16-04-2012

DOI: 10.1021/JF205191Y

Abstract: The solubility of Zn in Zn fertilizers plays an important role in the agronomic effectiveness of the fertilizer. On the basis of thermodynamics, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) should dissolve faster and to a greater extent than bulk ZnO particles (equivalent spherical diameter >100 nm). These novel solubility features of ZnO NPs might be exploited to improve the efficiency of Zn fertilizers. In this study, we compared the Zn solubility and dissolution kinetics of ZnO nanoparticles and bulk ZnO particles coated onto two selected granular macronutrient fertilizers, urea and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). The main Zn species on coated MAP and urea granules were zinc ammonium phosphate and ZnO, respectively. Coated MAP granules showed greater Zn solubility and faster dissolution rates in sand columns compared to coated urea granules, which may be related to pH differences in the solution surrounding the fertilizer granules. The kinetics of Zn dissolution was not affected by the size of the ZnO particles applied for coating of either fertilizer type, possibly because solubility was controlled by formation of the same compounds irrespective of the size of the original ZnO particles used for coating.

Determination of Tl-(I) and Tl-(III) by IC-ICP-MS and application to Tl speciation analysis in the Tl hyperaccumulator plant Iberis intermedia

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2004

DOI: 10.1039/B312603J

Limited Dissolved Phosphorus Runoff Losses from Layered Double Hydroxide and Struvite Fertilizers in a Rainfall Simulation Study

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-2018

DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2017.07.0282

Abstract: The enrichment of P in surface waters has been linked to P runoff from agricultural fields amended with fertilizers. Novel slow-release mineral fertilizers, such as struvite and P-exchanged layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have received increasing attention for P recycling from waste streams, and these fertilizers may potentially reduce the risk of runoff losses. Here, a rainfall simulation experiment was performed to evaluate P runoff associated with the application of recycled slow-release fertilizers relative to that of a soluble fertilizer. Monoammonium phosphate (MAP), struvite, and LDH granular fertilizers were broadcasted at equal total P doses on soil packed in trays (5% slope) and covered with perennial ryegrass ( L.). Four rainfall simulation events of 30 min were performed at 1, 5, 15, and 30 d after the fertilizer application. Runoff water from the trays was collected, filtered, and analyzed for dissolved P. For the MAP treatment, P runoff losses were high in the first two rain events and leveled off in later rain events. In total, 42% of the applied P in the MAP treatment was lost due to runoff. In the slow-release fertilizer treatments, P runoff losses were limited to 1.9 (struvite) and 2.4% (LDH) of the applied doses and were more similar over the different rain events. The use of these novel P fertilizer forms could be beneficial in areas with a high risk of surface water eutrophication and a history of intensive fertilization.

Metal bioaccumulation and toxicity in soils - Why bother with speciation?

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2003

DOI: 10.1071/CH02226

Abstract: This review assesses metal speciation in soils, including analytical techniques used for measurement and the advantages and disadvantages of using chemical speciation information, in both the solid and aqueous phase, to predict adverse effects of metal contamination in soils and for use in soil protection policies. Other techniques used to assess metal lability and bioavailability in soil are also discussed.

Characterization and ecological risk assessment of nanoparticulate CeO2 as a diesel fuel catalyst

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-06-2013

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.2246

Abstract: Nanoparticulate cerium dioxide (nano-CeO2 ), when combusted as an additive to diesel fuel, was transformed from 6 nm to 14 nm sizes into particles near 43 nm, with no obvious change in the unit cell dimensions or crystalline form. Cerium sulfate, if formed during combustion, was below detection limits. Ceria nanoparticles were agglomerated within the soot matrix, with a mean aerodynamic diameter near 100 nm. The dissolution of cerium from the dried ceria catalyst in synthetic soft water was extremely small (<0.0006% or <0.2 µg Ce/L), with particles being highly agglomerated (<450 nm). Agglomeration was reduced in the presence of humic acid. In the combusted s les, soot was dominant, and the solubility of cerium in soft water showed an almost 100-fold increase in the <1 nm fraction compared to that before combustion. It appeared that the nano-CeO2 remained agglomerated within the soot matrix and would not be present as dispersed nanoparticles in aquatic or soil environments. Despite the increased dissolution, the solubility was not sufficient for the combusted ceria to represent a risk in aquatic ecosystems. The predicted environmental concentrations were still orders of magnitude below the predicted no effects concentration of near 1 mg/L. In the soil environment, any cerium released from soot materials would interact with natural colloids, decreasing cerium concentrations in soil solutions and further minimizing the potential risk to soil organisms.

Models for the field-based toxicity of copper and zinc salts to wheat in 11 Australian soils and comparison to laboratory-based models

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2008.06.012

Abstract: Laboratory-based relationships that model the phytotoxicity of metals using soil properties have been developed. This paper presents the first field-based phytotoxicity relationships. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown at 11 Australian field sites at which soil was spiked with copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) salts. Toxicity was measured as inhibition of plant growth at 8 weeks and grain yield at harvest. The added Cu and Zn EC10 values for both endpoints ranged from approximately 3 to 4760 mg/kg. There were no relationships between field-based 8-week biomass and grain yield toxicity values for either metal. Cu toxicity was best modelled using pH and organic carbon content while Zn toxicity was best modelled using pH and the cation exchange capacity. The best relationships estimated toxicity within a factor of two of measured values. Laboratory-based phytotoxicity relationships could not accurately predict field-based phytotoxicity responses.

Comparison of soil analytical methods for estimating wheat potassium fertilizer requirements in response to contrasting plant K demand in the glasshouse

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-09-2017

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-11681-4

Abstract: The traditional soil potassium (K) testing methods fail to accurately predict K requirement by plants. The Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) method is promising, but the relationship between the DGT-measured K pool and plant available K is not clear. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L ., cv. Frame) was grown in 9 Australian broad acre agricultural soils in a glasshouse trial until the end of tillering growth stage (GS30) with different plant K demands generated by varying plant numbers and pot sizes. Different K concentrations in soils were varied by 4 rates of K fertilizer application. The relative dry matter and K uptake were plotted against the soil K test value (CaCl 2 , Colwell and NH 4 OAc and DGT K measurements). To obtain 90% of maximum relative dry matter at low root density (closest to field conditions), the critical value of the NH 4 OAc K method was 91 (R 2 = 0.56) mg kg −1 . The DGT K method was not able to accurately predict relative dry matter or K uptake due to a weak extraction force for K from soils with high CEC values. Further endeavor on increasing K extraction force of the DGT method is warranted to obtain accurate plant available K results.

Polyphosphate-fertilizer solution stability with time, temperature, and pH

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 29-05-2007

DOI: 10.1002/JPLN.200625166

Addressing challenges in providing a reliable ecotoxicology data for graphene-oxide (GO) using an algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata), and the trophic transfer consequence of GO-algae aggregates

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2019.125640

Abstract: The graphene oxide (GO) due to its exceptional structure, physicochemical and mechanical properties is a very attractive material for industry application. Even though, the unique properties of GO (e.g. structure, size, shape, etc.) make the risk assessment of this nanomaterial very challenging in comparison with conventional ecotoxicology studies required by regulators. Thus, there is a need for standardized characterization techniques and methodology to secure a high quality/reliable data on the ecotoxicology of GO, and to establish environmentally acceptable levels. Herein, authors address the crucial quality criteria when evaluating the ecotoxicology of GO using an algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) and a shrimp (Paratya australiensis). This study provides a detail characterization and modification of the used GO, robust quantification and a suspension stability in different media for ecotoxicology studies. It was observed that under the same exposure conditions the behavior of GO and the estimated outcomes (IC

Copper speciation and isotopic fractionation in plants: uptake and translocation mechanisms

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 18-04-2013

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.12276

Abstract: The fractionation of stable copper ( C u) isotopes during uptake into plant roots and translocation to shoots can provide information on C u acquisition mechanisms. Isotope fractionation ( 65 C u/ 63 C u) and intact tissue speciation techniques ( X ‐ray absorption spectroscopy, XAS ) were used to examine the uptake, translocation and speciation of C u in strategy I (tomato– S olanum lycopersicum ) and strategy II (oat – A vena sativa ) plant species. Plants were grown in controlled solution cultures, under varied iron ( F e) conditions, to test whether the stimulation of F e‐acquiring mechanisms can affect C u uptake in plants. Isotopically light C u was preferentially incorporated into tomatoes (Δ 65 C u whole plant‐solution = c. − 1‰), whereas oats showed minimal isotopic fractionation, with no effect of F e supply in either species. The heavier isotope was preferentially translocated to shoots in tomato, whereas oat plants showed no significant fractionation during translocation. The majority of C u in the roots and leaves of both species existed as sulfur‐coordinated C u( I ) species resembling glutathione/cysteine‐rich proteins. The presence of isotopically light C u in tomatoes is attributed to a reductive uptake mechanism, and the isotopic shifts within various tissues are attributed to redox cycling during translocation. The lack of isotopic discrimination in oat plants suggests that C u uptake and translocation are not redox selective.

The Performance of Visible, Near-, and Mid-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Prediction of Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 12-08-2014

DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2013.811081

ANFO vapour detection with conducting polymer percolation network sensors and GC/MS.

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2021

DOI: 10.1039/D0AN02403A

Abstract: Ammonium nitrate mixed with fuel oil (ANFO) is commonly used in improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The development of ANFO vapour sensors that are small, inexpensive, and easy to use will enable widespread IED detection in the context of security and humanitarian demining. Because of concealment and the low vapour pressures of most explosive materials, achieving sufficiently high sensitivity and low limits of detection are some of the main challenges of explosives vapour detection. Here ANFO chemiresistive vapour sensors based on polypyrrole (PPy) percolation networks are presented and compared to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) results for ANFO. Improved sensitivities are achieved by using a polymer percolation network instead of a thin film for the gas sensors. Vapour concentrations are detected of 13-180 ppb of ammonia emitted by a variety of different ammonium nitrate-containing fertilisers and fertiliser-diesel mixtures.

Structural and functional response of soil microbiota to addition of plant substrate are moderated by soil Cu levels

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 14-01-2010

DOI: 10.1007/S00374-009-0436-1

The chemical nature of organic phosphorus that accumulates in fertilized soils of a temperate pasture as determined by solution ³¹P NMR spectroscopy

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-11-2016

DOI: 10.1002/JPLN.201600076

A column perfusion test to assess the kinetics of nutrient release by soluble, sparingly soluble and coated granular fertilizers

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 27-06-2019

DOI: 10.1002/JPLN.201800666

Rapid prediction of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil using a hand-held mid-infrared field instrument

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2016.07.044

Abstract: This manuscript reports on the performance of a hand-held diffuse reflectance (mid)-infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectrometer for the prediction of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in three different diesel-contaminated soils. These soils include: a carbonate dominated clay, a kaolinite dominated clay and a loam from Padova Italy, north Western Australia and southern Nigeria, respectively. Soils were analysed for TPH concentration using a standard laboratory methods and scanned in DRIFT mode with the hand-held spectrometer to determine TPH calibration models. Successful partial least square regression (PLSR) predictions, with coefficient of determination (R(2)) ~0.99 and root mean square error (RMSE) <200mg/kg, were obtained for the low range TPH concentrations of 0 to ~3,000mg/kg. These predictions were carried out using a set of independent s les for each soil type. Prediction models were also tested for the full concentration range (0-60,000mg/kg) for each soil type model with R(2) and RMSE values of ~0.99 and <1,255mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, a number of intermediate concentration range models were also generated for each soil type with similar R(2) values of ~0.99 and RMSE values <800mg/kg. This study shows the capability of using a portable mid-infrared (MIR) DRIFT spectrometer for predicting TPH in a variety of soil types and the potential for being a rapid in-field screening method for TPH concentration levels at common regulatory thresholds. A novel hand-held mid-infrared instrument can accurately detect TPH across different soil types and concentrations, which paves the way for a variety of applications in the field.

Geochemical indices allow estimation of heavy metal background concentrations in soils

Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)

Date: 28-01-2004

DOI: 10.1029/2003GB002063

Boron phosphates (BPO4) as a seedling-safe boron fertilizer source

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 25-02-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-015-2424-6

Wheat grain yield response to and translocation of foliar-applied phosphorus

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2011

DOI: 10.1071/CP10237

Abstract: It is important to apply phosphorus (P) to the soil at the beginning of the crop growth cycle to provide essential P for early growth and to replace P exported in previous crops. With low rates of P added at sowing there may be sufficient P supply to grow crops to tillering, but in seasons of increased yield potential a top-up application of P may be required. Foliar P can be applied directly to the plant when required and in some cases have been shown to provide benefits for increasing P-use efficiency and the P concentration in grain. Wheat (Triticuum aestivum cv. Frame) was grown in two soils of marginal P status with soil moisture maintained at 80% of field capacity. Seven foliar P treatments labelled with 33P as a tracer were applied at Zadoks growth stage 39, at 1.65 kg P/ha with 120 L water/ha equivalent. Grain, chaff and shoots were harvested to measure yield and then digested to measure P concentrations and 33P activities. There was no crop response to top-up soil or foliar P on one soil, but on the other soil, foliar phosphoric acid plus adjuvant gave a 25% wheat grain yield response. The use of the tracing technique enabled measurement of the portioning of foliar P fertiliser between stem, chaff and grain. The most responsive treatment had the greatest amount of grain P uptake and the greatest partitioning of the foliar P fertiliser to grain.

Long-term aging of copper added to soils

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 14-09-2006

DOI: 10.1021/ES060306R

Abstract: Aging refers to the processes by which the mobility and bioavailability/toxicity of metals added to soil decline with time. Although long-term aging is a key process that needs to be considered in the risk assessment of metals in field soils, the long-term aging of Cu added to soils has not been studied in detail. In this study, the effects of aging on Cu isotopic exchangeability, total Cu in soil pore water, pore water free Cu2+ activity, and "available" Cu measured by the technique of diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT-Cu) were investigated in 19 European soils at two total Cu concentrations shown to inhibit plant (tomato) growth by 10 and 90%. After addition of Cu, the soils were leached, incubated outdoors, and s led regularly over a 2-year period. The results showed that when water soluble Cu was added to soils, concentrations of Cu determined by each of the techniques tended to decrease rapidly initially, followed by further decreases at slow rates. Soil pH was a vital factor affecting the aging rate of Cu added to soils. The relatively low solubility products and low isotopic exchangeabilities of Cu in calcareous soils immediately after addition of soluble Cu2+ suggested Cu2+ probably precipitated in these soils as Cu2(OH)2CO3 (malachite) and Cu(OH)2. Isotopic dilution was found to be a robust technique for measuring rates of long-term aging reactions. A semi-mechanistic model was developed to describe the rate and extent of Cu aging across soils as affected by soil pH and other physicochemical parameters. Although not measured directly, it is inferred from soil physicochemical controls on Cu aging that processes of precipitation/nucleation of Cu in soils and hydrolysis of Cu2+ followed by a diffusion process controlled the decrease in Cu availability with time. The model was validated by testing it against field soils with different contamination histories and was found to successfully predict the isotopic exchangeability of Cu added to soils based on two parameters: soil pH and time.

Modeling the cadmium balance in Australian agricultural systems in view of potential impacts on food and water quality

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.04.069

Abstract: The historical build up and future cadmium (Cd) concentrations in top soils and in crops of four Australian agricultural systems are predicted with a mass balance model, focusing on the period 1900-2100. The systems include a rotation of dryland cereals, a rotation of sugarcane and peanuts/soybean, intensive dairy production and intensive horticulture. The input of Cd to soil is calculated from fertilizer application and atmospheric deposition and also examines options including biosolid and animal manure application in the sugarcane rotation and dryland cereal production systems. Cadmium output from the soil is calculated from leaching to deeper horizons and removal with the harvested crop or with livestock products. Parameter values for all Cd fluxes were based on a number of measurements on Australian soil-plant systems. In the period 1900-2000, soil Cd concentrations were predicted to increase on average between 0.21 mg kg(-1) in dryland cereals, 0.42 mg kg(-1) in intensive agriculture and 0.68 mg kg(-1) in dairy production, which are within the range of measured increases in soils in these systems. Predicted soil concentrations exceed critical soil Cd concentrations, based on food quality criteria for Cd in crops during the simulation period in clay-rich soils under dairy production and intensive horticulture. Predicted dissolved Cd concentrations in soil pore water exceed a ground water quality criterion of 2 μg l(-1) in light textured soils, except for the sugarcane rotation due to large water leaching fluxes. Results suggest that the present fertilizer Cd inputs in Australia are in excess of the long-term critical loads in heavy-textured soils for dryland cereals and that all other systems are at low risk. Calculated critical Cd/P ratios in P fertilizers vary from 1000 mg Cd kg P(-1) for the different soil, crop and environmental conditions applied.

RESPONSES OF TOMATO VAR. TINY TOM TO APPLICATION OF COPPER AND ZINC FERTILIZERS IN THREE LIMED TROPICAL PEAT SOILS OF SARAWAK

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 24-08-2013

DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2013.799187

Chemical behavior of fluid and granular Mn and Zn fertilisers in alkaline soils

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1071/SR09051

Abstract: The grain yield benefits of applying micronutrient fluid fertilisers over conventional granular products in calcareous sandy loam soils have been agronomically demonstrated. An understanding of the fundamental mechanisms and reactions occurring following application of these products to soils is critical to improve fertiliser management. We therefore examined the diffusion, solubility, and potential availability of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) from both granular and fluid forms of Mn and Zn fertiliser in an alkaline calcareous and alkaline non-calcareous soil using laboratory incubation experiments in conjunction with an isotopic dilution technique with 54Mn and 65Zn. Enhanced mobility, solubility, and/or potential availability of Mn and Zn from fluid fertilisers were observed in comparison to Mn or Zn from granular fertilisers in both soils after 5 weeks of incubation. Differential behaviour of fluid and granular fertilisers for Mn and Zn appeared to be independent of their effects on soil pH. Most (~90%) of the Mn in granular fertiliser dissolved and diffused out of the granule but was retained within 4 mm of the point of granular placement, whereas most (~85%) of the Zn in the granular Zn fertiliser source remained in the granule. Our data suggest that the superior agronomic effectiveness of fluid Mn and Zn fertilisers observed in calcareous soils under field conditions may have resulted from the enhanced diffusion (Mn) and/or solubility/availability (Mn, Zn) of these micronutrients in soil when applied in fluid form.

Derivation of ecological standards for risk assessment of molybdate in soil

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2016

DOI: 10.1071/EN15086

Abstract: Environmental context In order to assess the potential risks of elevated molybdenum concentrations in soil due to anthropogenic activities, toxicity thresholds must be known and environmental criteria defined. Setting such criteria for metals is not straightforward because of varying natural background concentrations and differences in toxicity between typical laboratory and field conditions and across soil types. Toxicity data and models were derived that account for these parameters so that soil quality criteria can be derived based on total molybdenum concentrations in soil. Abstract An extensive testing programme on the toxicity of sodium molybdate dihydrate in soil was initiated to comply with the European REACH Regulation. The molybdate toxicity was assayed with 11 different bioassays, 10 different soils, soil chemical studies on aging reactions, and toxicity tests before and after 1-year equilibration in field conditions. Differences in molybdate toxicity among soils were best explained by soil pH and clay content. A correction factor of 2.0 was selected to account for the difference in molybdate toxicity between laboratory and field conditions due to leaching and aging processes. Toxicity thresholds were determined as the HC5–50 (median hazardous concentration for 5% of the species, i.e. median 95% protection level) derived from the species sensitivity distribution of ecotoxicity data after bioavailability corrections. Uncertainty analysis illustrated that the HC5–50 provides a robust and ecologically relevant predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for risk characterisation. The 10th and 90th percentiles for site-specific PNEC values in European agricultural soil are 10.7 and 168mgMokg–1 dry weight respectively based on a large survey of metal concentrations and soil properties in arable land soils. Total soil Mo concentrations in these soils are below corresponding PNEC values at most locations, suggesting no regional risks of molybdate to soil organisms at this scale. The information presented can be used in the EU risk-assessment framework as well as for national and international regulatory purposes for the setting of soil quality criteria based on total molybdenum concentrations, soil pH and clay content.

Enhancing the phosphorus content of layered double hydroxide fertilizers by intercalating polymeric phosphate instead of orthophosphate: A feasibility study

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2022.07.149

Abstract: Layered double hydroxide (LDH) loaded with orthophosphate (PO Adsorption capacities were compared between PO The P adsorption capacities were 1.25-1.60 fold larger for P

Spectral sensitivity of solution 31P NMR spectroscopy is improved by narrowing the soil to solution ratio to 1:4 for pasture soils of low organic P content

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.GEODERMA.2015.02.004

Effect of Cogranulation on Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur: Theoretical Model and Experimental Validation

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 30-08-2016

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2016.02.0054

Crop residue phosphorus: speciation and potential bio-availability

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-03-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-012-1216-5

Influences of soil properties and leaching on nickel toxicity to barley root elongation

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.ECOENV.2010.10.021

Abstract: The influence of soil properties on Ni toxicity to barley root elongation was investigated using 17 Chinese soils treated with soluble Ni salts, with and without leaching. The effective concentration of added Ni causing 50% inhibition (EC50) in barley root elongation ranged from 48 to 2519 mg/kg in unleached soils and 46 to >2381 mg/kg in leached soils. Leaching decreased Ni phytotoxicity significantly for approximately 90% of soils, and the effect was most pronounced for soils with pH ≥8.2. Soil pH was the most important factor controlling Ni toxicity in soils, explaining approximately 68% of the variance in unleached and leached EC50 values. Regression models between toxicity thresholds and soil pH, soil organic carbon content, or effective cation exchange capacity were developed. The models showed good agreement with those developed previously for European soils (r(2)=0.87). These quantitative relationships between Ni toxicity and soil properties are helpful to develop soil-specific guidance on Ni toxicity thresholds for China.

Effects of soil composition and preparation on the prediction of particle size distribution using mid-infrared spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2016

DOI: 10.1071/SR16011

Abstract: Soil composition and preparation can affect prediction accuracy using diffuse reflectance mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). In the present study, we evaluated the effect of soil composition, preparation and carbonate content on the accuracy of particle size distribution (PSD) predictions in four contrasting sets of soils, including calcareous soils, using partial least-squares regression (PLSR). The soils were scanned as - and .1-mm fine-ground s les. Regression calibrations were derived for in idual soil sets, as well as a composite of the four sets. Predictions for clay and sand for the -mm composite calibration resulted in good accuracy (coefficient of determination R2=0.78 ratio of the standard deviation of reference values to the prediction error (RPD)=2.2), but were less accurate for clay in the calcareous soils (R2=0.70–0.78 RPD=1.8–1.1) and similarly accurate for sand (R2=0.68–0.80 RPD=1.7–2.2). Predictions for silt were poor. Accuracies improved by fine grinding (R2=0.88, RPD=2.9 for clay R2=0.84, RPD=2.9 for sand). It was concluded that single, large and highly variable sets rather than site-specific calibrations could be used for the PSD predictions of specific soil sets. Changes in the PLSR loading weights, resulting from grinding, could be linked to an improved access of the infrared beam to the soil matrix by removal or dilution of surface coatings, resulting in a reduction of inter- and intraparticulate heterogeneity.

Erratum: Derivation of soil ecological criteria for copper in Chinese soils (PLoS ONE(2015) 10:7 (e0133941) (DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0133941))

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 06-10-2015

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0140306

Copper partitioning among mineral and organic fractions in biosolids

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2006

DOI: 10.1071/EN05066

Abstract: Environmental Context.Only a portion of the total amount of heavy metals present in sewage biosolids is accessible to organisms, including plants, and therefore only that portion presents any possible toxicity threat. However, metals such as copper, which are commonly associated to a large degree with the organic fraction, may become more accessible over time as organic components degrade. Determining the extent of partitioning of Cu between the organic and inorganic fractions may provide an indication of any long-term risks associated with utilisation of biosolids in agriculture. Abstract.Metal partitioning between organic and mineral fractions in biosolids may provide an indication of the long-term risks associated with land application of the material. For ex le, metals found to partition into the organic phase may pose a potential threat when the organic matter is decomposed, whereas metals bound in the mineral fraction would be expected to remain stable over time (given no changes in other environmental conditions) owing to the stability of mineral components. Therefore the question of which components bind copper in biosolids, and whether the sorption capacity is maintained over time, was addressed in the present study. Biosolids incubated for 21 months and non-incubated controls were examined. The solid–solution distribution coefficient (Kd) for Cu was measured in whole biosolids and in biosolid organic and mineral fractions via batch experiments employing the radioactive isotope 64Cu. The mineral fraction was isolated by NaOCl oxidation, whereas the organic fraction was isolated using HF. Results found the relative importance of mineral and organic fractions to Cu sorption varies between biosolids, and in some cases can vary over time. Reduction in sorption capacity caused by losses of organic matter in some biosolids suggests the possibility of increased availability of biosolid metals over time.

Erratum to: Availability of fertiliser sulphate and elemental sulphur to canola in two consecutive crops

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 18-08-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-017-3345-3

Predicting partitioning of radiolabelled 14C-PFOA in a range of soils using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.05.339

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish partitioning coefficients (K

Copper Isotope Fractionation during Equilibration with Natural and Synthetic Ligands

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 11-07-2014

DOI: 10.1021/ES500764X

Abstract: As copper (Cu) stable isotopes emerge as a tool for tracing Cu biogeochemical cycling, an understanding of how Cu isotopes fractionate during complexation with soluble organic ligands in natural waters and soil solutions is required. A Donnan dialysis technique was employed to assess the isotopic fractionation of Cu during complexation with the soluble synthetic ligands ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and desferrioxamine B (DFOB), as well as with Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA). The results indicated enrichment of the heavy isotope ((65)Cu) in the complexes, with Δ(65)Cu complex-free values ranging from +0.14 to +0.84‰. A strong linear correlation was found between the logarithms of the stability constants of the Cu complexes and the magnitudes of isotopic fractionation. These results show that complexation of Cu by organic ligands can affect the isotopic signature of the free Cu ion. This free Cu is considered the most bioavailable species, and hence, our results highlight the importance of understanding fractionation processes in the uptake medium when using Cu isotopes to study the uptake mechanisms of organisms. These data contribute a vital piece to the emerging picture of Cu isotope cycling in the natural environment, as organic complexation plays a key role in the Cu cycle.

Lability of Cd, Cu, and Zn in polluted soils treated with lime, beringite, and red mud and identification of a non-labile colloidal fraction of metals using isotopic techniques

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 04-02-2003

DOI: 10.1021/ES026083W

Abstract: The use of soil amendments has been proposed as a low input alternative for the remediation of metal polluted soils. However, little information is available concerning the stability, and therefore the longevity, of the remediation treatments when important soil parameters change. In this paper we investigate the effect of pH changes on the lability of heavy metals in soils treated with lime, beringite, and red mud using a modified isotopic dilution technique in combination with a stepwise acidification procedure. Significant amounts of nonlabile (fixed) Cu and Zn were found to be associated with colloids <0.2 microm in the solution phase. The results obtained indicated that the mobility of fixed colloidal metals is significant and increases with soil pH. This must be considered because most of the soil amendments are alkaline and increase soil pH. All the soil amendments significantly decreased the lability of Cd, Zn, and Cu in the soils as a whole. However, when the soils were re-acidified, the labile pool of metals increased sharply and in the case of lime and beringite, the lability of the metals was similar, at equal pH, to the untreated soil. In contrast the lability of metals in the red mud treated soils was always smaller than that in the untreated soils across the range of pH values tested. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of lime and beringite is similar and probably related to increased metal adsorption and precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates at high pH. In the case of red mud, a combination of pH dependent and independent mechanisms (possibly solid-phase diffusion or migration into micropores) may be responsible for the metal fixation observed.

Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur in Granular Fertilizers Depends on the Soil-Exposed Surface Area

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-2016

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2015.06.0237

Agronomic Effectiveness of Granular and Fluid Phosphorus Fertilizers in Andisols and Oxisols

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 20-02-2015

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2014.04.0178

Assessment of cyanide contamination in soils with a handheld mid-infrared spectrometer

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2017.08.106

Abstract: We examined the feasibility of using handheld mid-infrared (MIR) Fourier-Transform infrared (FT-IR) instrumentation for detecting and analysing cyanide (CN) contamination in field contaminated soils. Cyanide spiking experiments were first carried out, in the laboratory, to test the sensitivity of infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectrometry to ferro- and ferricyanide compounds across a range of reference soils and minerals. Both benchtop and handheld diffuse reflectance infrared spectrometers were tested. Excellent results were obtained for the reference soils and minerals, with the MIR outperforming the near-infrared (NIR) range. Spectral peaks characteristic of the -C≡N group were observed near 2062 and 2118cm

Di-n-butyl phthalate causes estrogenic effects in adult male Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.AQUATOX.2014.01.025

Abstract: Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of synthetic industrial chemicals commonly found in the aquatic environment worldwide. PAEs have been recognised as anti-androgens in male mammals but little is known about their endocrine disrupting effects in fish. This study investigated the effects of 7-day exposures to nominal (measured) concentrations of 125 (62), 250 (140), 500 (230) and 1,000 (383) μg/L of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) on the biomarkers of reproduction in adult male Murray River rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) using molecular, biochemical and histological endpoints. None of the tested concentrations of DnBP had any effect on survival or the vital body indices of the fish. The sizes of spermatogonia, Type A and B spermatocytes and spermatids were significantly smaller relative to the controls after treatment with DnBP. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the proportion of spermatogonia in fish treated with 250-1,000 μg/L of DnBP in comparison to the unexposed fish. At the end of the exposure period, the expressions of the transcripts for the androgen receptors α and β were significantly elevated in the livers of the fish treated with 500 and 1,000 μg/L of DnBP. In addition, there was also an increase in the circulating concentrations of vitellogenin in the plasma in the higher treatment groups. An induction in the activity of aromatase was noted in the brains of 1,000 μg/L DnBP-treated fish. This was accompanied by an increase in the hepatic expression of the genes (here and later, whenever the phrase gene expression is used as a synonym for gene transcription although it is acknowledged that it is also regulated, e.g., by translation, mRNA stability and protein stability) encoding for the oestrogen receptors α and β and choriogenin L. Collectively, an increase in the proportion of spermatogonia in the testes, the upregulation of the genes for the oestrogen receptors and choriogenin in the liver, an induction in the brain aromatase activity and the increase in the circulating levels of plasma vitellogenin suggest that continuous exposures for 7 days to sub-acute concentrations of DnBP can adversely affect the reproductive health of the male Murray rainbowfish by an estrogenic mode of action.

Leaf-applied sodium chloride promotes cadmium accumulation in durum wheat grain

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-12-2006

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-006-9164-6

The rapid assessment of concentrations and solid phase associations of macro- and micronutrients in alkaline soils by mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2002

DOI: 10.1071/SR01104

Abstract: Chemical analysis is a crucial but often expensive and time consuming step in the characterisation of soils. Mid-infrared diffuse reflectance (MIR-DRIFT) spectroscopy coupled with partial least square (PLS) analysis was used to determine macro- and micronutrient concentrations of a range of alkaline soils from southern Australia. Solid phase associations of macro- and micronutrients were also investigated using the mineralogical information contained in the infrared spectra of soil s les. Results showed that MIR-PLS analysis is a powerful and rapid technique for the accurate prediction of more than 15 chemical properties from each soil s le spectrum. Correlation coefficients for MIR derived concentration versus laboratory determined values were greater than R2 = 0.80 for soil moisture, calcium carbonate concentration, total concentration of Mg, K, S, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, and oxalate- extractable Al, Fe, Mn, and Si. In calcareous soils, sulfur was associated with carbonate and conversely Mg was more related to the clay concentration of soils. Micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were positively associated with smectite/illite in the clay fraction and negatively with kaolinite. The potential use of these results in partitioning model to assess plant available micronutrients pools is discussed.

Limitations of soil microbial biomass carbon as an indicator of soil pollution in the field

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2007

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2007.05.014

Transport of silver nanoparticles in saturated columns of natural soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.05.089

Abstract: With industrialization and urbanization soils are increasingly exposed to engineered nanoparticles (ENP), yet knowledge regarding the transport of ENP in natural soils is lacking, a process that was examined further in the current study. Saturated columns of 11 natural soils with varying physical and chemical properties were spiked with two pore volumes of a solution containing 1.7 mg Ag L(-1) as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP) (40 nm actual diameter) and eluted at a constant flow rate of 1 ml min(-1). Breakthrough of Ag was analyzed using filtration theory and a HYDRUS-1D transport model that incorporated two-site kinetic attachment-detachment. Separate kinetic batch studies suggested fast heteroaggregation between negatively charged AgNP and positively charged sites on the common soil colloids maghemite or montmorillonite. The concentration of such sites in the soil correlates positively with the oxalate-extractable aluminum concentration of the soils, a measure that correlated positively with collision efficiency. This correlation thus suggested favorable deposition of AgNP and/or enhanced straining following heteroaggregation of AgNP with mobile soils colloids. Occurrence of heteroaggregation was supported by the batch studies, enhanced size-exclusion in the soil with the highest porosity, and reversible attachment-detachment predicted from HYDRUS modeling, whereas straining and favorable deposition were suggested by irreversible attachment. Our study suggests that under similar experimental conditions, PVP-coated AgNP would rapidly interact with natural colloids in soils significantly reducing their mobility and hence potential risk from off-site transport.

Biodegradation of rhamnolipid, EDTA and citric acid in cadmium and zinc contaminated soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2009.08.006

Effect of soil properties and contact time on selenium transfer to wheat

Publisher: CRC Press

Date: 08-10-2019

DOI: 10.1201/9780429423482-23

Co-treatment with the non-steroidal anti-androgen drug, flutamide and the natural estrogen, 17-estradiol does not lead to additive reproductive impairment in juvenile Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-04-2015

DOI: 10.1002/JAT.3135

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate if the anti-androgen, flutamide, and the estrogen, 17β-estradiol work together to feminize juvenile Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Fish (60 days post-hatch) were exposed to 25 ng/L 17β-estradiol (E2), 25 µg/L flutamide (Flu low), 250 µg/L flutamide (Flu high), E2 + Flu low and E2 + Flu high. After 35 days of exposure, concentrations of sex steroid hormones, 17β-estradiol and 11-keto testosterone (11-KT), were determined in the head and vitellogenin (VTG) concentration was measured in the tail. The abdomens were used for histological investigation of the gonads. Treatment with E2 + Flu high resulted in reduction in body weights and lengths in males and condition factor in females. Intersex was noted in Flu high and E2 + Flu high treatments. Exposures to E2 and/or Flu (low and high) resulted in precocious oocyte development but inhibited sperm development. The 17β-estradiol levels decreased significantly in the heads of both sexes after exposures to E2 and/or Flu (high and low). Flu high and E2 alone increased the 11-KT levels in both sexes. However, E2 + Flu low decreased 11-KT levels in males and increased them in females. Flutamide (low and high) induced VTG protein in the tails of both sexes. In males, VTG was not induced in the tail after exposure to E2. No significant effect of flutamide on E2-induced VTG concentration was noted. We conclude that co-treatment with flutamide and 17β-estradiol does not lead to additive reproductive impairment in juvenile Murray rainbowfish.

Utilization of Biologically Treated Organic Waste on Land

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Date: 23-11-2010

DOI: 10.1002/9780470666883.CH43

Gold Nanomaterial Uptake from Soil Is Not Increased by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization of Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato)

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 13-04-2016

DOI: 10.3390/NANO6040068

Influence of soil phosphorus status, texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 13-12-2017

DOI: 10.1111/SUM.12391

Dual mechanism of interleukin-3 receptor blockade by an anti-cancer antibody

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.CELREP.2014.06.038

Abstract: Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is an activated T cell product that bridges innate and adaptive immunity and contributes to several immunopathologies. Here, we report the crystal structure of the IL-3 receptor α chain (IL3Rα) in complex with the anti-leukemia antibody CSL362 that reveals the N-terminal domain (NTD), a domain also present in the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-5, and IL-13 receptors, adopting unique "open" and classical "closed" conformations. Although extensive mutational analyses of the NTD epitope of CSL362 show minor overlap with the IL-3 binding site, CSL362 only inhibits IL-3 binding to the closed conformation, indicating alternative mechanisms for blocking IL-3 signaling. Significantly, whereas "open-like" IL3Rα mutants can simultaneously bind IL-3 and CSL362, CSL362 still prevents the assembly of a higher-order IL-3 receptor-signaling complex. The discovery of open forms of cytokine receptors provides the framework for development of potent antibodies that can achieve a "double hit" cytokine receptor blockade.

Complex Forms of Soil Organic Phosphorus–A Major Component of Soil Phosphorus

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 30-10-2015

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.EST.5B02948

Abstract: Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for life, an innate constituent of soil organic matter, and a major anthropogenic input to terrestrial ecosystems. The supply of P to living organisms is strongly dependent on the dynamics of soil organic P. However, fluxes of P through soil organic matter remain unclear because only a minority (typically 10 kDa) was markedly different to that of the low molecular weight fraction (<10 kDa). The former was dominated by a broad peak, which is consistent with P bound by phosphomonoester linkages of supra-/macro-molecular structures, whereas the latter contained all of the sharp peaks that were present in unfractionated extracts, along with some broad signal. Overall, phosphomonoesters in supra-/macro-molecular structures were found to account for the majority (61% to 73%) of soil organic P across the five erse soils. These soil phosphomonoesters will need to be integrated within current models of the inorganic-organic P cycle of soil-plant terrestrial ecosystems.

Root Uptake of Lipophilic Zinc−Rhamnolipid Complexes

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 28-02-2008

DOI: 10.1021/JF0729311

Abstract: This study investigated the formation and plant uptake of lipophilic metal-rhamnolipid complexes. Monorhamnosyl and dirhamnosyl rhamnolipids formed lipophilic complexes with copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). Rhamnolipids significantly increased Zn absorption by Brassica napus var. Pinnacle roots in (65)Zn-spiked ice-cold solutions, compared with ZnSO4 alone. Therefore, rhamnolipid appeared to facilitate Zn absorption via a nonmetabolically mediated pathway. Synchrotron XRF and XAS showed that Zn was present in roots as Zn-phytate-like compounds when roots were treated with Zn-free solutions, ZnSO4, or Zn-EDTA. With rhamnolipid application, Zn was predominantly found in roots as the Zn-rhamnolipid complex. When applied to a calcareous soil, rhamnolipids increased dry matter production and Zn concentrations in durum (Triticum durum L. cv. Balcali-2000) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. BDME-10) shoots. Rhamnolipids either increased total plant uptake of Zn from the soil or increased Zn translocation by reducing the prevalence of insoluble Zn-phytate-like compounds in roots.

Agronomic Effectiveness of Granulated and Powdered P-Exchanged Mg–Al LDH Relative to Struvite and MAP

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 03-08-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JAFC.7B01031

Abstract: Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) used to recover P from wastewater have recently been proposed as new slow-release fertilizers. Here, the use of P-exchanged Mg-Al LDHs as powdered or granulated fertilizer is explored and compared with monoammonium phosphate (MAP), a fully water-soluble fertilizer, and with struvite, a recycled phosphate fertilizer with lower solubility. First, these three fertilizers were compared in a 100-day incubation experiment using P diffusion visualization and chemical analysis to assess P release from either granules or powdered fertilizer in three different soils. By the end of the incubation, 74-90% of P remained within the LDH granule, confirming a slow release. Second, a pot experiment was performed with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in an acid and a calcareous soil. The granular treatment resulted in a considerably higher P uptake for MAP compared to LDH and struvite. For the powder treatments, the P uptake was less than for granular MAP and was largely unaffected by the chemical form. The LDHs and struvite showed a lower agronomic effectiveness than granular MAP, but the benefits of their use in P recycling, potential residual value, and environmental benefits may render these slow-release fertilizers attractive.

Efficacy of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as phosphorus fertilizer in andisols and oxisols

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-02-2015

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2014.09.0373

The chemical nature of P accumulation in agricultural soils—implications for fertiliser management and design: an Australian perspective

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-07-2011

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-011-0907-7

Symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Medicago truncatula is not significantly affected by silver and silver sulfide nanomaterials

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2016.04.078

Abstract: Silver (Ag) engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being released into waste streams and are being discharged, largely as Ag2S aged-ENMs (a-ENMs), into agroecosystems receiving biosolids amendments. Recent research has demonstrated that biosolids containing an environmentally relevant mixture of ZnO, TiO2, and Ag ENMs and their transformation products, including Ag2S a-ENMs, disrupted the symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes. However, this study was unable to unequivocally determine which ENM or combination of ENMs and a-ENMs was responsible for the observed inhibition. Here, we examined further the effects of polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) coated pristine Ag ENMs (PVP-Ag), Ag2S a-ENMs, and soluble Ag (as AgSO4) at 1, 10, and 100 mg Ag kg(-1) on the symbiosis between the legume Medicago truncatula and the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Sinorhizobium melliloti in biosolids-amended soil. Nodulation frequency, nodule function, glutathione reductase production, and biomass were not significantly affected by any of the Ag treatments, even at 100 mg kg(-1), a concentration analogous to a worst-case scenario resulting from long-term, repeated biosolids amendments. Our results provide additional evidence that the disruption of the symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes in response to a mixture of ENMs in biosolids-amended soil reported previously may not be attributable to Ag ENMs or their transformation end-products. We anticipate these findings will provide clarity to regulators and industry regarding potential unintended consequences to terrestrial ecosystems resulting from of the use of Ag ENMs in consumer products.

Interferences in the determination of isotopically exchangeable P in soils and a method to minimise them

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2002

DOI: 10.1071/SR02045

Abstract: In soils with a high phosphate buffering capacity or in soils with large amounts of colloidal P in soil solution, E-values often overestimate P availability. These problems have been ascribed to a variety of causes including analytical difficulties in terms of measuring low concentrations of P, colorimetric interferences, and inadvertent measurement of non-isotopically exchangeable colloidal P. We investigated measurement of E-values in 8 soil types, of which 6 had properties likely to give overestimates of size of the available pool of P based on results of previous authors. The potential for overestimation of the E-value due to interferences described above was identified in several soil types. A simple anion exchange resin purification step was introduced to the E-value methodology. The resin adsorbs both 31P and 32P isotopes in proportion to their concentration in the solution and minimises transfer of colloids and Si into the analysed eluant, thereby providing a simple way to increase the eluant P concentration and to avoid analytical interferences.

Use and abuse of isotopic exchange data in soil chemistry

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2002

DOI: 10.1071/SR02046

Abstract: Isotope dilution techniques have been widely applied in research investigating the fate and availability of different elements in soils. One technique, known as the 'E-value' method, involves tracking the depletion of isotope from solution in a soil suspension to determine the amount of isotopically exchangeable element at a given time following addition of isotope. An assumption underlying this method is that the isotope behaves exactly as the cold element in soil and hence, the amount of depletion of isotope from solution relative to the quantity of cold element at a given time can be used to determine specific elemental compartments in the soil. However, there has been some confusion in the literature with many studies neglecting to consider that an E-value can be composed of either a solid-phase compartment (Ee) or a combination of a solid-phase and solution compartment (Ea) depending on how it is calculated. Selection of the correct E-value formula is crucial for meaningful interpretation of data in soils with low buffering capacities, high concentrations of the element of interest in solution, or methods which use very short incubation times of isotope with soil. Here we discuss the derivation of E-value equations and circumstances where each should be applied.

Effects of long-term irrigation with reclaimed water on soils of the Northern Adelaide Plains, South Australia

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2003

DOI: 10.1071/SR02049

Abstract: On a small scale, reclaimed water (RCW) use has been practised on the Northern Adelaide Plains (NAP) horticultural districts for more than 28 years. The RCW has had approximately 1.7 times the salinity and twice the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) of bore water commonly used for irrigation in the district. Recently, a large-scale reclamation scheme has been commissioned which could eventually supply approximately 30 GL of RCW to over 250 growers on the NAP. This study compared historical water quality and time of use data with physico-chemical properties of soil cores taken from sites where reclaimed (RCW-irrigated) or bore water had been used for irrigation, or sites that had not been irrigated (virgin). The aim was to determine if current farming practices irrigating with RCW could, now or in the future, lead to a decrease in yields through detrimental increases in soil salinity, sodicity, and boron (B) concentrations, and to determine if these changes were significantly different from bore-irrigated or virgin sites. Data suggested that changes in soil salinity and B concentration from RCW use would not decrease yields. However, changes in soil SAR had the potential to restrict drainage and consequently increase salinity although a more functional critical SAR value for the NAP soils needs to be defined to assess this potential. These findings suggest that farming methods, in the 1967–95 period, did not address the physico-chemical changes associated with the use of more sodic RCW. Considering the future scale of RCW use, the SAR of the irrigation water may need to be decreased and/or appropriate farming methods developed and practised with the use of RCW to protect these soils for future horticultural activities. A low cost soil test, using a simple 1 : 5 soil : water extract was compared with accepted soil extracts (for assessing detrimental physico-chemical soil changes) and is proposed as a grower management tool to assist in monitoring the physico-chemical changes of the NAP soils.

Agronomic Comparison of Mechanochemically Synthesized Zinc Borate and Other Boron Sources Granulated with Macronutrient Fertilizers

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 29-09-2023

DOI: 10.1007/S42729-023-01495-X

Chemical speciation of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb in pore waters of agricultural and contaminated soils using Donnan dialysis

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 23-11-2003

DOI: 10.1021/ES025966K

Abstract: Knowledge of trace metal speciation in soil pore waters is important in addressing metal bioavailability and risk assessment of contaminated soils. Numerous analytical methods have been utilized for determining trace metal speciation in aqueous environmental matrixes however, most of these methods suffer from significant interferences. The Donnan dialysis membrane technique minimizes these interferences and has been used in this study to determine free Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ activities in pore waters from 15 agricultural and 12 long-term contaminated soils. The soils vary widely in their origin, pH, organic carbon content, and total metal concentrations. Pore water pM2+ activities also covered a wide range and were controlled by soil pH and total metal concentrations. For the agricultural soils, most of the free metal activities were below detection limit, apart from Zn2+ for which the fraction of free Zn2+ in soluble Zn ranged from 2.3 to 87% (mean 43%). Five of the agricultural soils had detectable free Cd2+ with fractions of free metal ranging from 59 to 102% (mean 75%). For the contaminated soils with detectable free metal concentrations, the fraction of free metal as a percentage of soluble metal varied from 9.9 to 97% (mean 50%) for Zn2+, from 22 to 86% (mean 49%) for Cd2+, from 0.4 to 32.1% (mean 5%) for Cu2+, and from 2.9 to 48.8% (mean 20.1%) for Pb2+. For the contaminated soils, the equilibrium speciation programs GEOCHEM and WHAM Model VI provided reasonable estimates of free Zn2+ fractions in comparison to the measured fractions (R2 approximately 0.7), while estimates of free Cd2+ fractions were less agreeable (R2 approximately 0.5). The models generally predicted stronger binding of Cu2+ to DOC and hence lower fractions of free Cu2+ as compared with the observed fractions. The binding of Cu2+ and Pb2+ to DOC predicted by WHAM Model VI was much strongerthan that predicted by GEOCHEM.

Direct recovery of 33 P-labelled fertiliser phosphorus in subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum ) pastures under field conditions – The role of agronomic management

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.AGEE.2017.05.029

Moisture effects on diffuse reflection infrared spectra of contrasting minerals and soils: A mechanistic interpretation

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.VIBSPEC.2016.07.005

Validation of site-specific soil Ni toxicity thresholds with independent ecotoxicity and biogeochemistry data for elevated soil Ni

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2017.08.008

Abstract: The Existing Substances Regulation Risk Assessments by the European Union (EU RA) generated new toxicity data for soil organisms exposed to Ni added to sixteen field-collected soils with low background concentration of metals and varying physico-chemical soil characteristics. Using only effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC) as a bioavailability correction, chronic toxicity of Ni in soils with a wide range of characteristics could be predicted within a factor of two. The objective of the present study was to determine whether this was also the case for three independent data sets of Ni toxicity thresholds. Two of the data sets were from Community Based Risk Assessments in Port Colborne ON, and Sudbury ON (Canada) for soils containing elevated concentrations of Ni, Co and Cu arising from many decades of Ni mining, smelting and refining. The third data set was the Metals in Asia study of soluble Ni added to field soils in China. These data yielded 72 leached and aged EC

Wheat leaf properties affecting the absorption and subsequent translocation of foliar-applied phosphoric acid fertiliser

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 21-08-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-014-2245-Z

Speciation and Isotopic Exchangeability of Nickel in Soil Solution

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-2009

DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2006.0275

Abstract: Knowledge of trace metal speciation in soil pore waters is important in addressing metal bioavailability and risk assessment of contaminated soils. In this study, free Ni(2+) activities were determined in pore waters of long-term Ni-contaminated soils using a Donnan dialysis membrane technique. The pore water free Ni(2+) concentration as a percentage of total soluble Ni ranged from 21 to 80% (average 53%), and the average amount of Ni bound to dissolved organic matter estimated by Windermere Humic Aqueous Model VI was < or = 17%. These data indicate that complexed forms of Ni can constitute a significant fraction of total Ni in solution. Windermere Humic Aqueous Model VI provided reasonable estimates of free Ni(2+) fractions in comparison to the measured fractions (R(2) = 0.83 with a slope of 1.0). Also, the isotopically exchangeable pools (E value) of soil Ni were measured by an isotope dilution technique using water extraction, with and without resin purification, and 0.1 mol L(-1) CaCl(2) extraction, and the isotopic exchangeability of Ni species in soil water extracts was investigated. The concentrations of isotopically non-exchangeable Ni in water extracts were <9% of total water soluble Ni concentrations for all soils. The resin E values expressed as a percentage of the total Ni concentrations in soil showed that the labile Ni pool ranged from 0.9 to 32.4% (average 12.4%) of total soil Ni. Therefore the labile Ni pool in these well-equilibrated contaminated soils appears to be relatively small in relation to total Ni concentrations.

Changes in soil bacterial communities and diversity in response to long-term silver exposure

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 20-09-0010

DOI: 10.1093/FEMSEC/FIV114

Abstract: Silver-induced selective pressure is becoming increasingly important due to the growing use of silver (Ag) as an antimicrobial agent in biomedical and commercial products. With demonstrated links between environmental resistomes and clinical pathogens, it is important to identify microbial profiles related to silver tolerance/resistance. We investigated the effects of ionic Ag stress on soil bacterial communities and identified resistant ersistent bacterial populations. Silver treatments of 50-400 mg Ag kg(-1) soil were established in five soils. Chemical lability measurements using diffusive gradients in thin-film devices confirmed that significant (albeit decreasing) labile Ag concentrations were present throughout the 9-month incubation period. Synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy demonstrated that this decreasing lability was due to changes in the Ag speciation to less soluble forms such as Ag(0) and Ag2S. Real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq screening of 16S rRNA bacterial genes showed β- ersity changes, increasing α- ersity in response to Ag pressure, and immediate and significant reductions in 16S rRNA gene counts with varying degrees of recovery. These effects were more strongly influenced by exposure time than by Ag dose at these rates. Ag-selected dominant OTUs principally resided in known persister taxa (mainly Gram positive), including metal-tolerant bacteria and slow-growing Mycobacteria.

The mycorrhizal pathway of zinc uptake contributes to zinc accumulation in barley and wheat grain

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-04-2019

DOI: 10.1186/S12870-019-1741-Y

A stable-isotope methodology for measurement of soil-applied zinc fertilizer recovery in durum wheat (Triticum durum)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 12-08-2013

DOI: 10.1002/JPLN.201200305

Soil test measures of available P (Colwell, resin and DGT) compared with plant P uptake using isotope dilution

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-07-2013

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-013-1833-7

The Soil and its Chemistry- Critical Futures

Publisher: IOP Publishing

Date: 17-07-2015

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/25/1/012007

The Availability of Copper in Soils Historically Amended with Sewage Sludge, Manure, and Compost

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-2012

DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2011.0317

Abstract: Metals in soils amended with sewage sludge are typically less available compared with those in soils spiked with soluble metal salts. However, it is unclear if this difference remains in the long term. A survey of copper (Cu) availability was made in soils amended with sewage sludge, manure, and compost, collectively named organic amendments. Paired sets of amended and control soils were collected from 22 field trials where the organic amendments had aged up to 112 yr. Amended soils had higher total Cu concentrations (range, 2-220 mg Cu kg median, 15 mg Cu kg) and organic C (range, 1-16 g kg median, 4 g kg) than control soils. All s les were freshly spiked with CuCl, and the toxicity of added Cu to barley was compared between amended and control soils. The toxicity of added Cu was significantly lower in amended soils than in control soil in 15 sets by, on average, a factor of 1.4, suggesting that aged amendments do not largely increase Cu binding sites. The fraction of added Cu that is isotopic exchangeable Cu (labile Cu) was compared between control soils freshly spiked with CuCl and amended soils with both soils at identical total Cu concentrations. Copper derived from amendments was significantly less labile (on average 5.9-fold) than freshly added Cu in 18 sets of soils. This study shows that Cu availability after long-term applications of organic amendments is lower than that of freshly added Cu salts, mainly because of its lower availability in the original matrix and ageing reactions than because of increased metal binding sites in soil.

A field investigation of solubility and food chain accumulation of biosolid-cadmium across diverse soil types

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2006

DOI: 10.1071/EN06061

Abstract: Environmental Context. Cadmium is a potentially toxic metal that is an unwanted contaminant in urban wastewater biosolids, and has the potential to accumulate through the food chain. This study found that the accumulation of cadmium in wheat grain from application of urban biosolids to soils in Australia was less than when cadmium was applied in a water-soluble form. The critical soil cadmium concentration, above which wheat grain would exceed food contaminant limits, could also be simply predicted using soil pH (acidity) and clay content. Abstract. One of the pathways for transfer of cadmium (Cd) through the food chain is addition of urban wastewater solids (biosolids) to soil, and many countries have restrictions on biosolid use to minimize crop Cd contamination. The basis of these restrictions often lies in laboratory or glasshouse experimentation of soil–plant transfer of Cd, but these studies are confounded by artefacts from growing crops in controlled laboratory conditions. This study examined soil to plant (wheat grain) transfer of Cd under a wide range of field environments under typical agronomic conditions, and compared the solubility and bioavailability of Cd in biosolids to soluble Cd salts. Solubility of biosolid Cd (measured by examining Cd partitioning between soil and soil solution) was found to be equal to or greater than that of soluble Cd salts, possibly due to competing ions added with the biosolids. Conversely, bioavailability of Cd to wheat and transfer to grain was less than that of soluble Cd salts, possibly due to addition of Zn with the biosolids, causing reduced plant uptake or grain loading, or due to complexation of soluble Cd2+ by dissolved organic matter.

Direct Exports of Phosphorus from Fertilizers Applied to Grazed Pastures

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-08-2019

DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2019.02.0085

Abstract: Since its discovery in 1669, phosphorus (P) in the form of fertilizer has become an essential input for many agroecosystems. By introducing a concentrated P source, fertilizers increase short-term P export potential soon after their application and longer-term export potential by increasing soil fertility (legacy P). The 4R concept was developed to help mitigate P exports from the fertilizers that sustain agricultural productivity. This review investigates the factors affecting P exports soon after the application of mineral fertilizers to pasture-based grazing systems and studies quantifying its potential impact in different systems, with an emphasis on Australasia. Initially, P fertilizers and reactions that might affect their short-term P export potential are reviewed, along with P transport pathways, the forms of P exported from grazing systems, factors affecting P mobilization into water, and studies demonstrating the possible short-term effects of fertilizer application on P exports. Using that foundation, we review studies quantifying the short-term impact of fertilizer application in different regions they show that under poor management, recently applied fertilizer can contribute a considerable proportion (30-80%) of total farm P exports in drainage, but when fertilizer is well-managed, that figure is expected to be <10%. We then use three model systems of varying hydrology that are common to Australasia to demonstrate the principles for selecting fertilizers that are likely to minimize P exports soon after their application.

Sequestration of Phosphorus-Binding Cations by Complexing Compounds is not a Viable Mechanism to Increase Phosphorus Efficiency

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 18-10-2013

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2013.05.0165

Application of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for available potassium measurement in agricultural soils: Effects of competing cations on potassium uptake by the resin gel

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.ACA.2014.07.023

Abstract: The utilization of Amberlite (IRP-69 ion-exchange resin, 100-500 wet mesh) as the binding phase in the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has shown potential to improve the assessment of plant-available K in soils. The binding phase has recently been optimized by using a mixed Amberlite and ferrihydrite (MAF) gel which results in linear K uptake over extended deployment periods and in solutions with higher K concentrations. As restriction of K uptake by Ca on the Amberlite based resin gel has been previously proposed, potential competing effects of Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and NH(4+) on K uptake by the MAF gel were investigated. These cations had no effect on K elution efficiency which was 85%. However, K uptake by the MAF gel was restricted in the presence of competing cations in solution. Consequently, the diffusion coefficient of K decreased in the presence of cations compared to previous studies but was stable at 1.12×10(-5)cm(2)s(-1) at 25°C regardless of cation concentrations. Uptake of K by the DGT device was affected by the presence of excessive Ca in more than 30% of twenty typical Australian agricultural soils. However, this problem could be circumvented by using a shorter deployment time than the normal 24 h. Moderate correlation of concentrations of K extracted by DGT with Colwell K (extracted by NaHCO(3), R(2)=0.69) and NH4OAc K (R(2)=0.61) indicates that DGT measures a different pool of K in soils than that measured by the standard extractants used. In addition, the MAF gel has the ability to measure Ca and Mg simultaneously.

Sorptive remediation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using mixed mineral and graphene/carbon-based materials

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1071/EN18156

Abstract: Environmental contextPer- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of emerging concern, creating a need to develop efficient multi-functional adsorbents for improved remediation performance. By exploiting the versatility of graphene technology, we demonstrate that combining mineral and carbonaceous phases greatly increases and strengthens PFAS-binding to the adsorbent. The study highlights the benefits and potential applications of mixed adsorbents in PFAS-remediation. AbstractAs the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and related per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is energy-intensive, there is a need to develop in situ remediation strategies to manage PFAS-contamination. The sorption of PFOA by graphene oxide (GO), an iron-oxide-modified reduced-GO composite (FeG) and an activated-carbon(C)/clay/alumina-based adsorbent, RemBindTM (RemB), are evaluated. Sorption by FeG and RemB (& %) is much greater than GO (60%). While an increase in pH hinders PFOA-sorption by GO, owing to the increased repulsion of anionic PFOA, variations in pH and ionic strength do not significantly influence PFOA-sorption by FeG and RemB, which indicates that binding is predominantly controlled by non-electrostatic forces. Hydrophobic interactions are assumed at the graphene or C-surface for all adsorbents, with added ligand-exchange mechanisms involving the associated Fe- and Al-minerals in FeG and RemB, respectively. Desorption of adsorbed PFOA is greatest in methanol, compared to water, toluene, or hexane, which provides estimates of the binding strength and reversibility from an environmental-partitioning perspective i.e. risk of remobilisation of bound PFOA owing to rainfall events is low, but the presence of polar organic solvents may increase leaching risk. Iron-mineral-functionalisation of GO enhances the amount of PFOA adsorbed (by 30%) as well as the binding strength, which highlights the advantage of combining mineral and C-phases. Successful sorption of a range of PFASs from a contaminated-site water s le highlights the potential of using ‘mixed’ adsorbents like FeG and RemB in situ for PFAS-remediation, as they provide avenues for enhanced sorption through multiple mechanisms.

Zinc for better crop production and human health

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 30-12-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-016-3166-9

Complexation of silver and dissolved organic matter in soil water extracts

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2015.01.027

Abstract: An important aspect of the behaviour and fate of silver (Ag) in soils is the interaction with dissolved organic matter (DOM). The complexation and strength of binding of Ag(+) with DOM in soil water extracts was examined and modelled based on a range of chemical and quality DOM measurements. Silver ion binding measured by addition of the (110m)Ag radioisotope in addition to a cation exchange resin technique were used to determine strongly complexed Ag in solutions. Silver was found to be up to 70% strongly complexed. The variability in Ag(+) binding by DOM across different soils was closely related (R(2) = 0.8) to the mid-infrared spectra of these extracts. The affinity of Ag(+) for DOM was stronger in solutions containing a greater content of humic and aromatic structures. The ability of Ag(+) to complex with DOM could result in increased mobilisation of this metal in the soil environment.

The timing of application and inclusion of a surfactant are important for absorption and translocation of foliar phosphoric acid by wheat leaves

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 22-11-2019

DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2019.01532

Prediction of the concentration of chemical elements extracted by aqua regia in agricultural and grazing European soils using diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2013.09.015

Options for increasing the biological cycling of phosphorus in low-input and organic agricultural systems

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2009

DOI: 10.1071/CP07157

Abstract: In all systems, phosphorus (P), particularly phosphate, is inexorably drawn to sorption surfaces or precipitated, and is removed from the readily plant-available P pools. Mobilising this less-available P is a significant challenge in organic and low-input agro-ecosystems where readily available P sources may not be applied regularly. Although good-quality inputs, with low C : P ratio, and rotations may be effective in managing organic P cycles in pasture and forestry systems, extensive cropping systems will remain problematic. Two conceptual models are proposed to use organic matter additions to transfer this recalcitrant P into the biocycle, one involving highly labile organic matter and the other involving less-labile organic additions. Current literature provides some evidence for the efficacy of both models, but further work is necessary to clarify which is optimal for agro-ecosystems relying on either low inputs of P or forms of P that are allowed in organic agricultural systems, such as manures or rock phosphate. The microbial biomass is integral to P biocycling in organic systems, but further work is necessary to clarify the role of fungal and bacterial decomposers in decomposition processes. Identifying P-efficient cultivars with low translocation from roots to shoots to provide an ‘organic’ P source for following crops, essentially optimal rotation sequences for mobilising P using plants, is an avenue of promising research potential. Enzyme activation of recalcitrant organic P sources is unlikely to be effective if applied to bulk soils however, further research on enzyme activities in the rhizosphere holds promise. We strongly recommend that further research be directed toward understanding and limiting reactions of inorganic P with soil colloids and minerals, either through chemical means (pH change, competitive sorption) or introduction and manipulation of organic materials. The research issues identified above overlap considerably with conventional agricultural concerns and benefits will accrue to both conventional and organic producers where further research is promoted.

Uptake of elemental or sulfate-S from fall- or spring-applied co-granulated fertilizer by corn—A stable isotope and modeling study

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.FCR.2017.07.015

Evaluation of the performance of portable visible-infrared instruments for the prediction of soil properties

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOSYSTEMSENG.2017.06.017

Adsorption and desorption of copper and zinc in tropical peat soils of Sarawak, Malaysia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.GEODERMA.2012.01.024

Solubility and Batch Retention of CeO₂ Nanoparticles in Soils

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 15-03-2011

DOI: 10.1021/ES103769K

Abstract: There is a paucity of information on the environmental fate of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) for terrestrial systems that may be exposed to CeO2 NPs by the application of biosolids derived from wastewater treatment systems. Using ultrafiltration (UF), dissolution, and nonequilibrium retention (Kr) values of citrate-coated (8 nm diameter) CeO2 NPs and partitioning (Kd) values of dissolved Ce(III) and Ce(IV) were obtained in suspensions of 16 soils with a ersity of physicochemical properties. Dissolution of CeO2 NPs studied in solutions was only significant at pH 4 and was less than 3.1%, whereas no dissolved Ce was detected in soils spiked with CeO2 NPs. Kr values of CeO2 NP were low (median Kr=9.6 L kg(-1)) relative to Kd values of dissolved CeIII and CeIV (median Kd=3763 and 1808 L kg(-1), respectively), suggesting low CeO2 NP retention in soils. Surface adsorption of phosphate to CeO2 NP caused a negative zeta potential, which may explain the negative correlation of log Kr values with dissolved phosphate concentrations and the significant reduction of Kr values upon addition of phosphate to soils. The positive correlation of Kr values with clay content suggested heterocoagulation of CeO2 NPs with natural colloids in soils. Co-addition of CeO2 NPs with biosolids, on the other hand, did not affect retention.

The chemical nature of soil organic phosphorus: A critical review and global compilation of quantitative data

Publisher: Elsevier

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1016/BS.AGRON.2019.10.001

Screening fertilizers for their phosphorus runoff risk using laboratory methods

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 29-05-2021

DOI: 10.1002/JEQ2.20236

Abstract: Losses of phosphorus (P) from fertilized fields may result in degradation of water quality. Various initiatives are under evaluation to minimize water contamination, including the adoption of less soluble or coated P fertilizer formulations aiming to mitigate losses of P in runoff. Field‐based rainfall simulators are traditionally used to evaluate P runoff, but using these is time consuming, labor intensive, and costly given the complex apparatus and analyses involved. We hypothesized that laboratory‐based methods could be useful to evaluate the risk of P runoff from fertilizers. In order to identify a rapid, inexpensive, and efficient screening process, we compared two laboratory‐scale measurements, one in water (based on electrical conductivity measurements) and one in soil (based on visualization of P diffusion in soil), with runoff results from field‐, glasshouse‐, and laboratory‐based rainfall simulators, using coated soluble phosphate fertilizers. The laboratory‐based methods assessing the P release rate in water and in soil correlated closely ( r ≥ .96) with the losses of P obtained in the three rainfall simulators regardless of the type of coating or solubility of the fertilizer. The faster and inexpensive electrical conductivity and diffusion visualization methodologies were useful to rank the fertilizers by P release to runoff. Hence, these tools may be useful for screening fertilizer formulations with respect to their runoff risk.

Sulfur and Zinc Availability from Co-granulated Zn-Enriched Elemental Sulfur Fertilizers

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 06-02-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JAFC.6B04586

Abstract: Acidification by oxidation of elemental sulfur (ES) can solubilize ZnO, providing slow release of both sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn) in soil. For this study, a new granular fertilizer with ES and ZnO was produced and evaluated. The effect of incorporating microorganisms or a carbon source in the granule was also evaluated. Four granulated ES-Zn fertilizers with and without S-oxidizing microorganisms, a commercial ES pastille, ZnSO

Cobalt Distribution and Speciation: Effect of Aging, Intermittent Submergence, In Situ Rice Roots

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2011

DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2010.0139

Abstract: The speciation and distribution of Co in soils is poorly understood. This study was conducted using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques to examine the influence of soluble cobalt in the +2 oxidation state (Co[II]) aging, submergence-dried cycling, and the presence of in vivo rice roots on the speciation and distribution of added Co(II) in soils. In the aging and submerged-dried cycling studies, Co was found to be associated with Mn oxide fraction (23 to 100% of total Co) and Fe oxide fractions (0 to 77% of total Co) of the soils as either Co(II) species or a mixed Co(II), and Co in the +3 oxidation state (Co[III]) species. The surface speciation of Co in the Mn oxide fraction suggests an innersphere complex was present and the speciation of Co in the Fe oxide fraction was an innersphere surface complex. The in vivo root box experiments showed similar Co speciation in the Mn oxide fraction (13 to 76% of total Co) as the aging and submerged-dried cycling studies. However, the Fe oxide fraction of the soil was unimportant in Co retention. A significant amount (24 to 87% of total Co) of the Co in root box treatments was identified as a Co precipitate. The importance of this finding is that in the presence of rice roots, the Co is redistributed to a Co precipitate. This work confirmed earlier macroscopic work that Mn oxides are important in the sequestration of Co in soils and the influence of roots needs to be taken into account when addressing Co speciation. The information gained from this study will be used to improve models to predict the lability and hence the availability of Co in terrestrial environments.

GEMAS: PREDICTION OF SOLID-SOLUTION PHASE PARTITIONING COEFFICIENTS (K-d) FOR OXOANIONS AND BORIC ACID IN SOILS USING MID-INFRARED DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-01-2015

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.2821

Abstract: The authors' aim was to develop rapid and inexpensive regression models for the prediction of partitioning coefficients (Kd), defined as the ratio of the total or surface-bound metal/metalloid concentration of the solid phase to the total concentration in the solution phase. Values of Kd were measured for boric acid (B[OH]3(0)) and selected added soluble oxoanions: molybdate (MoO4(2-)), antimonate (Sb[OH](6-)), selenate (SeO4(2-)), tellurate (TeO4(2-)) and vanadate (VO4(3-)). Models were developed using approximately 500 spectrally representative soils of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soils of Europe (GEMAS) program. These calibration soils represented the major properties of the entire 4813 soils of the GEMAS project. Multiple linear regression (MLR) from soil properties, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance Fourier-transformed (DRIFT) spectra, and models using DRIFT spectra plus analytical pH values (DRIFT + pH), were compared with predicted log K(d + 1) values. Apart from selenate (R(2) = 0.43), the DRIFT + pH calibrations resulted in marginally better models to predict log K(d + 1) values (R(2) = 0.62-0.79), compared with those from PSLR-DRIFT (R(2) = 0.61-0.72) and MLR (R(2) = 0.54-0.79). The DRIFT + pH calibrations were applied to the prediction of log K(d + 1) values in the remaining 4313 soils. An ex le map of predicted log K(d + 1) values for added soluble MoO4(2-) in soils across Europe is presented. The DRIFT + pH PLSR models provided a rapid and inexpensive tool to assess the risk of mobility and potential availability of boric acid and selected oxoanions in European soils. For these models to be used in the prediction of log K(d + 1) values in soils globally, additional research will be needed to determine if soil variability is accounted on the calibration.

Effect of acidifying amendments on P availability in calcareous soils

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-2022

DOI: 10.1007/S10705-022-10241-1

Abstract: Phosphorus (P) reactions in calcareous soils limit the concentration of P in the soil solution for plant uptake. Calcareous soils with high calcium carbonate content (CaCO 3 ) and high pH have low P fertiliser efficiency, leading to crop deficiency and limited crop productivity. The aim of this work was to test if soil acidifying amendments could reduce soil pH and improve the solubility of fertiliser P to improve crop P nutrition and biomass. Three calcareous soils with varying CaCO 3 content (14–29% w/w) were used to test acidifying amendments both with and without mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP). Soil was amended with oxalic acid, sulfuric acid, glucose, ammonium sulfate and elemental sulfur (S 0 ). Initial titrations demonstrated the ability of oxalic and sulfuric acids to reduce pH and improve P solubility in all three soils. Incubation of the acidifying amendments in the soil with the lowest carbonate content over 14 days (52 days for S 0 ) showed increased P solubility and diffusion from MAP granules in soil amended with glucose, sulfuric acid and oxalic acid. There was, however, no improvement in P fertiliser uptake in wheat crops grown in these highly calcareous soils.

A bacterium-based contact assay for evaluating the quality of solid samples–Results from an international ring-test

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2018.03.022

Abstract: The contact assay measuring the inhibition of Arthrobacter globiformis dehydrogenase activity as an endpoint to evaluate the toxicity of solid s les was tested in an international ring-test to validate its performance for ISO standardization (ISO/CD 18187). This work reports the results of the ring-test involving 9 laboratories from six countries. At least 8 valid data sets were obtained for each s le and more than three quarters of the participants attained the validity criteria defined in the standard. The coefficient of variation within (CV

Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects (vol 27, pg 1825, 2008)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 16-11-2012

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.2027

Temporal trends of total and potentially available element concentrations in sewage blosolids: a comparison of biosolid surveys conducted 18 years apart

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2005

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2004.07.003

Abstract: The application of biosolids to agricultural land is becoming increasingly popular because of the many benefits they can offer in terms of improved soil fertility and productivity, and also because land application offers an economically viable disposal option. However, the heavy metal and nutrient content of biosolids are potential causes for concern due to the possibility of their accumulation in soils to levels that may adversely affect the environment. Therefore, total concentrations of elements in biosolids and the fraction potentially available to organisms must be known in order to accurately gauge the risks and to classify the biosolids. In 1983, deVries conducted a survey to determine the total and available contents of elements in biosolids collected from various treatment plants around Australia. We conducted a similar survey on biosolids collected in 2001, and thus were able to identify temporal trends in biosolid characteristics. The 2001 survey included biosolids from several treatment plants s led in 1983, thus some direct comparisons were possible, and in four cases, it was possible to examine temporal trends in biosolid characteristics within in idual treatment plants. Total element concentrations were determined by aqua regia digestion, and available element concentrations were determined by 0.01 M CaCl(2) extraction. Results showed total concentrations of Cu, Mn, Ni, Na, and Ca changed little over the period examined, however the 2001 median values of Cd, Mg, Pb, and Zn were all reduced by 60% or greater. Median total concentration of K was more than 50% higher, and P 120% higher, in the 2001 survey. Changes in the availability of elements surveyed in 1983 and 2001 were varied for different elements and for different biosolids. Extractable element concentrations (viewed as percentages of total concentrations) of Cu, Cd, and Ni all fell by 50-72% between 1983 and 2001, while K extractability fell by 35%.

Uptake of Metals from Soil into Vegetables

Publisher: Springer Netherlands

Date: 10-11-2010

DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9757-6_8

Mixed-Mode Remediation of Cadmium and Arsenate Ions Using Graphene-Based Materials

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-08-2018

DOI: 10.1002/CLEN.201800073

Cadmium uptake and partitioning in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars with different tuber-Cd concentration

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-10-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S11356-017-0325-3

Abstract: Potatoes grown in soil with high Cd concentrations can accumulate high levels of Cd in the tubers. Although there is significant environmental variation involved in the trait of crop uptake of Cd, there are also distinctive cultivar differences. In order to understand this differential Cd accumulation mechanism, two potato cultivars were chosen that accumulate high and low levels of Cd in tubers. The patterns of Cd concentration, Cd content and dry weight accumulation of the two cultivars were examined at different stages of plant growth. The data suggest that differences in total Cd uptake and in Cd partitioning among organs are the mechanisms governing differential Cd-tuber accumulation in the two cultivars. The low tuber-Cd accumulator exhibited lower root-to-shoot and shoot-to-tuber translocation driven by higher root and shoot biomass that retained more Cd in roots and shoots, respectively, reducing its movement to the tubers. Higher remobilization and more efficient tuber loading was observed in the high tuber-Cd accumulator, indicating that remobilization of Cd from leaves to tubers was a major factor, not only in tuber-Cd loading, but also in the establishment of differential tuber-Cd levels. Regardless of cultivar differences, the concentration of Cd in the tuber was very low compared to that in other organs suggesting that, despite its high phloem mobility, Cd tends to be sequestered in the shoots.

Optimization of the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) method for simultaneous assay of potassium and plant-available phosphorus in soils

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2013.03.023

Abstract: Potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) are two important macronutrients for crops, and are usually applied to soils as granular fertilizer before seeding. Therefore, accurate soil tests prior to planting to predict crop response to fertilizers are important in optimizing crop yields. Traditional methods used for testing both available K and P in soils, which are based on chemical extraction procedures, are to be soil-type dependent, and the predictive relationships across a broad range of soils are generally poor. The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique, based on diffusion theory, is extensively used to measure the diffusive supply of trace elements, metals and some nutrients in soils and water. When DGT is used to assess plant-available P in soils, a good relationship is found between crop response to P fertilizer and concentrations of P in soil measured by DGT, and therefore the DGT method provides a more precise recommendation of P fertilizer requirements. Adaptation of the DGT method to measure plant-available K in soils has already been attempted [1], but limitations were reported due to the non-uniform size of the resin gel, decreased K binding rate of the gel at long deployment times and a limited ability to measure a wide range of K concentrations. To eliminate these problems, a new resin gel has been developed by combining Amberlite and ferrihydrite. This mixed Amberlite and ferrihydrite (MAF) gel has improved properties in terms of handling and even distribution of Amberlite in the gel. The elution efficiencies of the MAF gel for K and P were 90% and 96%, respectively. The diffusion coefficient of K through the diffusive gel was 1.30 × 10(-5)cm(2)s(-1) at 22 ± 1°C and was stable through time. Since ferrihydrite is already used in DGT P testing, the ability of the MAF gel to assess available P simultaneously was also assessed. The MAF gel performed the same as the traditional ferrihydrite gel for available P assessment in a wide variety of agricultural soils. This means that the newly developed gel has the potential to measure K and plant-available P in soils simultaneously.

Fertilizer‐Borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 15-04-2010

DOI: 10.1002/9781444319477.CH7

The influence of low rates of air-dried biosolids on yield and phosphorus and zinc nutrition of wheat (Triticum durum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2003

DOI: 10.1071/SR02074

Abstract: In field studies in 1992 and 1993, biosolid applications of 2 t/ha with supplements of mineral N and P were compared with a standard mineral fertiliser application (20 kg N/ha, 20 kg P/ha, 1.8–2.8 kg Zn/ha, 1.4–1.9 kg Cu/ha, 0.5–4 kg Mn/ha) on 4 soil types. Biosolid rates from 2 to 10 t/ha were applied in 1993. Shoot dry matter production at different stages of plant development (9 and 15 weeks after sowing) and grain production of Triticum durum and Hordeum vulgare, as well as nutrient concentration in shoots and grain, were taken as indicators for comparing nutrient availability of the 2 sources. A 2-t biosolid application was found to enhance dry-matter production and yield to the same extent as a mineral fertiliser application of 20 kg N/ha, 20 kg P/ha, and 1.8–2.8 kg Zn/ha. In some crop rotations and on sites with a high yield potential, additional nitrogen with 2 t biosolids/ha would be necessary to achieve such yields. However, development of durum wheat fertilised with 2 t biosolids was slower and P uptake lower than with mineral fertiliser until late booting. Durum wheat fertilised with 4 t biosolids showed similar P-uptake values as plants fertilised with the mineral fertiliser. The Zn-uptake of plants was positively correlated with biosolid application rates, showing a linear relationship. A 2-t biosolid application alleviated micronutrient deficiency to the same extent as the same rate of Zn (and Cu) given in mineral form.

Slow and Fast‐Release Boron Sources in Potash Fertilizers: Spatial Variability, Nutrient Dissolution and Plant Uptake

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-10-2018

DOI: 10.2136/SSSAJ2018.02.0065

Effects of pH and ionic strength on elemental sulphur oxidation in soil

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-01-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S00374-016-1170-0

A method to determine silver partitioning and lability in soils

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1071/EN13163

Abstract: Environmental context Soils contaminated with silver can have detrimental environmental effects because of silver’s toxicity to a range of soil-dwelling organisms. The total concentration of silver in soil, however, is often not a good indicator of potential toxicity as it does not account for variations in bioavailability. We report a method for soil analysis that measures the amount of silver available for uptake by soil-dwelling organisms, and hence could provide data that better reflect potential toxicity. Abstract There is increasing potential for pollution of soils by silver because of an increased use of this metal in consumer and industrial products. Silver may undergo reactions with soil components that mitigate its availability and potential toxicity, so that the total concentration of this metal in soil is not a useful indicator of potential risk. We developed an isotopic dilution method to simultaneously measure the partitioning (Kd-value) and lability (E-value) of Ag in soils, using the 110mAg isotope. An equilibration solution containing 10mM Ca(NO3)2 was used along with a cation exchange resin to correct for possible interferences from non-isotopically exchangeable Ag associated with soil colloids in suspension (Er-value). The quantification limits for Kd and Er will depend on the amounts of radioisotope spiked and daily detection limits of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry instrumentation but are typically Lkg–1 and .92mgkg–1. Measurement of Kd values for Ag in a range of soils indicated strong partitioning to the solid phase is positively associated with soil cation-exchange capacity or total organic carbon and pH. The concentrations of labile Ag in soils geogenically enriched in Ag were not detectable indicating occlusion of the Ag within poorly soluble solid phases. Measurement of labile Ag in soils spiked with a soluble Ag salt and aged for 2 weeks indicated rapid conversion of soluble Ag into non-isotopically exchangeable forms, either irreversibly adsorbed or precipitated in the soil. These results indicate that measurement of labile Ag will be important to estimate toxicity risks to soil organisms or to predict bioaccumulation through the food chain.

Use of ³³P to trace in situ the fate of canola below-ground phosphorus, including wheat uptake in two contrasting soils

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2016

DOI: 10.1071/CP15311

Abstract: Our understanding of the contribution of crop root residues to phosphorus (P) cycling is mainly derived from studies using excavated roots re-introduced to soil. This study aims to quantify total below-ground P (BGP) of mature canola in situ and to estimate directly the proportion accessed by subsequent wheat. 33P-Labelled phosphoric acid was fed by stem wick to canola (Brassica napus) grown in sand or loam in pots. Shoots were removed from all plants at maturity. Half of the pots were destructively s led. After a 3-week fallow, wheat was grown for 5 weeks in the remaining undisturbed pots. At canola maturity, 23–36% of the 33P was partitioned in recovered roots and 34–40% in the soil. More 33P was recovered in the loam than the sand. Within the soil, 6–10% of the fed 33P was present in resin P and 3–5% was in hexanol-released P pools. Ratios of shoot P : BGP (8 : 1 in sand and 15 : 1 in loam) were much narrower than those of shoot P : recovered root P (17 : 1 in sand and 39 : 1 in loam). A greater proportion and amount of the mature canola BG33P was recovered by wheat grown in the loam (26%, 2.6 mg lant) than in the sand (21%, 1.5 mg lant). The majority of canola BG33P remained in the bulk soil. Input of P below-ground by mature canola and subsequent P benefit to wheat was greater in loam than sand. The P from canola below-ground residues contributed up to 20% of P uptake in wheat during the first 5 weeks of growth. Longer term benefits of P from below-ground residues require investigation.

Ce, La and Y concentrations in agricultural and grazing-land soils of Europe

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.GEXPLO.2012.12.007

Extent of copper tolerance and consequences for functional stability of the ammonia‐oxidizing community in long‐term copper‐contaminated soils

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-12-2009

DOI: 10.1002/ETC.16

Abstract: Adaptation of soil microbial communities to elevated copper (Cu) concentrations has been well documented. However, effects of long-term Cu exposure on adaptation responses associated with functional stability and structural composition within the nitrifying community are still unknown. Soils were s led in three field sites (Denmark, Thailand, and Australia) where Cu gradients had been established from 3 to 80 years prior to s ling. In each field site, the potential nitrification rate (PNR) decreased by over 50% with increasing soil Cu, irrespective of a 20 to >200-fold increase in Cu tolerance (at the highest soil Cu) among the nitrifying communities. This increased tolerance was associated with decreasing numbers (15-120-fold) of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), except in the oldest contaminated field site, decreasing numbers of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA 10-130-fold) and differences in the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) composition of the AOB and, to a lesser extent, AOA communities. The sensitivity of nitrifying communities, previously under long-term Cu exposure, to additional stresses was assessed. Nitrification in soils from the three field sites was measured following acidification, pesticide addition, freeze-thaw cycles, and dry-rewetting cycles. Functional stability of the nitrification process was assessed immediately after stress application (resistance) and after an additional three weeks of incubation (resilience). No indications were found that long-term Cu exposure affected the sensitivity to the selected stressors, suggesting that resistance and resilience were unaffected. It was concluded that the nitrifying community changed structurally in all long-term Cu-exposed field sites and that these changes were associated with increased Cu tolerance but not with a loss of functional stability.

Diffusion and solubility control of fertilizer-applied zinc: chemical assessment and visualization

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-09-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11104-014-2266-7

Determination of labile Cu in soils and isotopic exchangeability of colloidal Cu complexes

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-04-2006

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2389.2005.00723.X

An inter-laboratory study to test the ability of amendments to reduce the availability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in situ

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2005

DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2005.02.020

Abstract: An international inter-laboratory research program investigated the effectiveness of in situ remediation of soils contaminated by cadmium, lead and zinc, measuring changes in soil and soil solution chemistry, plants and soil microbiota. A common soil, from mine wastes in Jasper County MO, was used. The soil was pH 5.9, had low organic matter (1.2 g kg(-1) C) and total Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations of 92, 5022, and 18 532 mg kg(-1), respectively. Amendments included lime, phosphorus (P), red mud (RM), cyclonic ashes (CA), biosolids (BIO), and water treatment residuals (WTR). Both soil solution and NH4NO3 extractable metals were decreased by all treatments. Phytotoxicity of metals was reduced, with plants grown in P treatments having the highest yields and lowest metal concentration (0.5, 7.2 and 406 mg kg(-1) Cd, Pb, and Zn). Response of soil micro-organisms was similar to plant responses. Phosphorus addition reduced the physiologically based extraction test Pb from 84% of total Pb extracted in the untreated soil to 34.1%.

Evotec UK Ltd

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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Universite Des Sciences Et Techniques Du Languedoc

Location: France

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Cranfield University Cranfield Defence And Security

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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University Of York

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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University Of Adelaide

Location: Australia

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University Of Reading

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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University Of Adelaide Waite Campus

Location: Australia

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University Of Ulster

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0879165

Start Date: 2008

End Date: 12-2011

Amount: $310,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0882492

Start Date: 01-2008

End Date: 12-2010

Amount: $248,752.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP170104541

Start Date: 05-2017

End Date: 04-2023

Amount: $502,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0775482

Start Date: 2007

End Date: 12-2008

Amount: $500,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0209247

Start Date: 2002

End Date: 12-2005

Amount: $168,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Industrial Transformation Research Hubs - Grant ID: IH150100003

Start Date: 12-2015

End Date: 06-2022

Amount: $2,611,346.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0454086

Start Date: 06-2004

End Date: 06-2007

Amount: $205,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP150101760

Start Date: 2015

End Date: 06-2018

Amount: $431,200.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Special Research Initiatives - Grant ID: SR180100005

Start Date: 03-2019

End Date: 03-2023

Amount: $1,225,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council