francesco busetti

Recycled water: Potential health risks from volatile organic compounds and use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene as treatment performance indicator

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2011.10.032

Abstract: Characterisation of the concentrations and potential health risks of chemicals in recycled water is important if this source of water is to be safely used to supplement drinking water sources. This research was conducted to: (i) determine the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in secondary treated effluent (STE) and, post-reverse osmosis (RO) treatment and to (ii) assess the health risk associated with VOCs for indirect potable reuse (IPR). S les were examined pre and post-RO in one full-scale and one pilot plant in Perth, Western Australia. Risk quotients (RQ) were estimated by expressing the maximum and median concentration as a function of the health value. Of 61 VOCs analysed over a period of three years, twenty one (21) were detected in STE, with 1,4-dichlorobenzene (94%) tetrachloroethene (88%) carbon disulfide (81%) and chloromethane (58%) most commonly detected. Median concentrations for these compounds in STE ranged from 0.81 μg/L for 1,4-dichlorobenzene to 0.02 μg/L for carbon disulphide. After RO, twenty six (26) VOCs were detected, of which 1,4-dichlorobenzene (89%) acrylonitrile (83%) chloromethane (63%) and carbon disulfide (40%) were the more frequently detected. RQ(max) were all below health values in the STE and after RO. Median removal efficiency for RO was variable, ranging from -77% (dichlorodifluoromethane) to 91.2% (tetrachloroethene). The results indicate that despite the detection of VOCs in STE and after RO, their human health impact in IPR is negligible due to the low concentrations detected. The results indicate that 1,4-dichlorobenzene is a potential treatment chemical indicator for assessment of VOCs in IPR using RO treatment.

Aqueous Nile blue: a simple, versatile and safe reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1039/C3CC49577A

Abstract: Aqueous Nile blue A provides a simple approach to the detection of latent fingermarks on porous and non-porous surfaces.

Formation and Degradation of Beta-casomorphins in Dairy Processing

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 31-07-2014

DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.740102

Target screening of chemicals of concern in recycled water

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1039/C4EW00104D

Abstract: The results of a characterisation study of water s les collected from an Advanced Water Recycling Plant (AWRP) operating in Perth, Western Australia are presented.

Determination of human and veterinary antibiotics in indirect potable reuse systems

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 20-08-2011

DOI: 10.1080/03067310903582374

Behaviour and fate of nine recycled water trace organics during managed aquifer recharge in an aerobic aquifer

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.JCONHYD.2010.11.003

Abstract: The fate of nine trace organic compounds was evaluated during a 12month large-scale laboratory column experiment. The columns were packed with aquifer sediment and evaluated under natural aerobic and artificial anaerobic geochemical conditions, to assess the potential for natural attenuation of these compounds during aquifer passage associated with managed aquifer recharge (MAR). The nine trace organic compounds were bisphenol A (BPA), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), carbamazepine, oxazepam, iohexol and iodipamide. In the low organic carbon content Spearwood sediment, all trace organics were non-retarded with retardation coefficients between 1.0 and 1.2, indicating that these compounds would travel at near groundwater velocities within the aquifer. The natural aerobic geochemical conditions provided a suitable environment for the rapid degradation for BPA, E2, iohexol (half life <1day). Lag-times for the start of degradation of these compounds ranged from <15 to 30days. While iodipamide was persistent under aerobic conditions, artificial reductive geochemical conditions promoted via the addition of ethanol, resulted in rapid degradation (half life 50days). Field-based validation experiments with carbamazepine and oxazepam also showed no degradation. If persistent trace organics are present in recycled waters at concentrations in excess of their intended use, natural attenuation during aquifer passage alone may not result in extracted water meeting regulatory requirements. Additional pre treatment of the recycled water would therefore be required.

Beta-Casomorphins in Yogurt

Publisher: Elsevier

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805134-4.00021-3

Determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous and solid samples from an Italian wastewater treatment plant

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2006

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.013

Abstract: A robust procedure for the determination of 16 US EPA PAHs in both aqueous (e.g. wastewaters, industrial discharges, treated effluents) and solid s les (e.g. suspended solids and sludge) from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is presented. Recovery experiments using different percentages of organic modifier, sorbents and eluting solvent mixtures were carried out in Milli-Q water (1000 mL) spiked with a mixture of the PAH analytes (100 ng/L of each analyte). The solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures applied to spiked waste water s les (1000 mL 100 ng/L spiking level) permitted simultaneous recovery of all the 16PAHs with yields >70% (6-13% RSD). SPE clean up procedures applied to sewage and stabilized sludge extracts, showed percent recoveries in the range 73-92% (7-13% RSD) and 71-89% (7-12% RSD), respectively. The methods were used for the determination of PAHs in aqueous and solid s les from the WWTP of Fusina (Venice, Italy). Mean concentrations, as the sum of the 16PAHs in aqueous and suspended solid s les, were found to be approx. in the 1.12-4.62 microg/L range. Sewage and stabilized sludge s les contained mean PAH concentrations, as sum of 16 compounds, in the concentration range of 1.44-1.26 mg/kg, respectively. Extraction and clean up procedures for sludge s les were validated using EPA certified reference material IRM-104 (CRM No. 912). Instrumental analyses were performed by coupling HPLC with UV-diode array detection (UV-DAD) and fluorescence detection (FLD).

Degradation of β-casomorphins and identification of degradation products during yoghurt processing using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODRES.2017.12.035

Abstract: Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was used to investigate the degradation of β-casomorphin 5 (β-CM5) and β-casomorphin 7 (β-CM7) by Streptococcus thermophilus and/or Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and to identify the degradation products forming during yoghurt processing. Bovine UHT milk was fermented with: (i) a single strain of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, (ii) a single strain of S. thermophilus and (iii) the mixture of S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus to pH4.5 and then stored at 4°C for 1 and 7days. Results showed that L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and/or S. thermophilus completely degraded β-CM5 and β-CM7 upon fermentation to pH4.5 and degradation products were significantly influenced by bacteria strains and storage time. Four peptides, β-CNf60-61 (YP), β-CNf62-63 (FP), β-CNf64-66 (GPI) and β-CNf62-66 (FPGPI) were tentatively identified through high resolution MS/MS experiments however, it was not possible to confirm if either milk protein or β-casomorphins was a source releasing these peptides. Nonetheless, in this study peptides YP and GPI were released by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. This is the first time GPI has been identified and thus future investigation of its bioactivity is warranted.

Ticks and associated pathogens in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 28-02-2020

DOI: 10.1186/S13071-020-3973-Y

Abstract: Camel production in Saudi Arabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affect the health and wellbeing of camels consequently diminishing their productivity and performances. In addition, camels may act as hosts for TBPs (e.g. Anaplasma phagocytophilum ) causing diseases in humans. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of ixodid ticks and molecularly investigate the associated pathogens in camels from Saudi Arabia. Blood and tick s les were collected from camels ( n = 170) in Riyad Province of Saudi Arabia. Ticks were morphologically identified, and blood of camels were molecularly screened for apicomplexan (i.e. Babesia spp., Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp.) and rickettsial parasites (i.e. Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp.). Of the 170 camels examined, 116 (68.2% 95% CI: 60.9–75.1%) were infested by ticks with a mean intensity of 2.53 (95% CI: 2.4–2.6). In total of 296 ticks collected, Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent (76.4%), followed by Hyalomma impeltatum (23.3%) and Hyalomma excavatum (0.3%). Of the tested animals, 13 (7.6% 95% CI: 4.3–12.8%) scored positive to at least one TBP, with Anaplasma platys (5.3% 95% CI: 2.7–9.9%) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Anaplasma sp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis (0.6% each 95% CI: 0.04–3.4%). None of the camels were found to be co-infected with more than one pathogen. All s les tested negative for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. The present study reveals the occurrence of different tick species and TBPs in camels from Saudi Arabia. Importantly, these camels may carry A. phagocytophilum and A. platys , representing a potential risk to humans.

Chemicals in reverse osmosis-treated wastewater: occurrence, health risk, and contribution to residual dissolved organic carbon

Publisher: IWA Publishing

Date: 12-2012

DOI: 10.2166/AQUA.2012.047

Fate of nine recycled water trace organic contaminants and metal(loid)s during managed aquifer recharge into a anaerobic aquifer: Column studies

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2009.10.044

Abstract: Water quality changes associated with the passage of aerobic reverse osmosis (RO) treated recycled water through a deep anaerobic pyritic aquifer system was evaluated in sediment-filled laboratory columns as part of a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strategy. The fate of nine recycled water trace organic compounds along with potential negative water quality changes such as the release of metal(loid)s were investigated in large-scale columns over a period of 12 months. The anaerobic geochemical conditions provided a suitable environment for denitrification, and rapid (half-life 100 days). High retardation coefficients (R) determined for many of the trace organics (R 13 to 67) would increase aquifer residence time and be beneficial for many of the slow degrading compounds. However, for the trace organics with low R values (1.1-2.6) and slow degradation rates (half-life > 100 days), such as N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine and iohexol, substantial biodegradation during aquifer passage may not occur and additional investigations are required. Only minor transient increases in some metal(loid) concentrations were observed, as a result of either pyrite oxidation, mineral dissolution or pH induced metal desorption, followed by metal re-sorption downgradient in the oxygen depleted zone.

Rapid analysis of iodinated X-ray contrast media in secondary and tertiary treated wastewater by direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2008.10.021

Abstract: The iodinated X-ray contrast media are the most widely administered intravascular pharmaceuticals and are known to persist in the aquatic environment. A rapid method using direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (DI-LC-MS/MS) has been developed to measure eight ICM. These include iopamidol, iothalamic acid, diatrizoic acid, iohexol, iomeprol, iopromide, plus both ioxaglic acid and iodipamide, which have not previously reported in the literature. The LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns obtained for each of the compounds are discussed and the fragments lost for each transition are identified. Matrix effects in post-RO water, MQ water, tap water and secondary effluent have also been investigated. The DI-LC-MS/MS method was validated on both secondary and tertiary treated wastewater, and applied to s les from an advanced activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a water recycling facility using microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) in Perth, Western Australia. As well as providing information of the efficacy for RO to remove specific ICM, these results also represent the first values of ICM published in the literature for Australia.

Analysis of free amino acids in natural waters by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2014.10.040

Abstract: This paper reports a new analytical method for the analysis of 18 amino acids in natural waters using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Two different preconcentration methods, solid-phase extraction and concentration under reduced pressure, were tested in development of this method. Although concentration under reduced pressure provided better recoveries and method limits of detection for amino acids in ultrapure water, SPE was a more suitable extraction method for real s les due to the lower matrix effects for this method. Even though the strong cation exchange resin used in SPE method introduced exogenous matrix interferences into the s le extracts (inorganic salt originating from the acid-base reaction during the elution step), the SPE method still incorporates a broad s le clean-up and minimised endogenous matrix effects by reducing interferences originating from real water s les. The method limits of quantification (MLQ) for the SPE LC-MS/MS method in ultrapure water ranged from 0.1 to 100 μg L(-1) as N for the different amino acids. The MLQs of the early eluting amino acids were limited by the presence of matrix interfering species, such as inorganic salts in natural water s les. The SPE LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of amino acids in 3 different drinking water source waters: the average total free amino acid content in these waters was found to be 19 μg L(-1) as N, while among the 18 amino acids analysed, the most abundant amino acids were found to be tyrosine, leucine and isoleucine.

Investigations into sampling approaches for chemical analysis of latent fingermark residue

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.FORC.2019.100166

Estrogenic potential of the Venice, Italy, lagoon waters

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2004

DOI: 10.1897/03-222

Abstract: The exposure of the Venice lagoon (Italy) to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from different sources was investigated. Spatial and time distribution of EDC concentrations were determined in four s ling sessions (December 2001-May 2002) by solid phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography separation coupled with mass spectrometry detection via electrospray interface (SPE-HPLC-ESI-MS), which allowed identification of natural (estradiol, estrone) and synthetic estrogenic compounds, both steroidal (ethinylestradiol, mestranol) and nonsteroidal (benzophenone, bisphenol-A, nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate carboxylate). No significant differences in the EDC distribution were observed between stations located near selected sources (raw sewage from the historical center of Venice, treated municipal and industrial effluents from sewage treatment plants, and areas undergoing the inflow of rivers). While synthetic nonsteroidal analytes were recorded in the 1 to 1040 ng/L range (average concentration: 34 ng/L), steroidal EDC (estradiol, ethinylestradiol) concentrations were lower (1-125 ng/L average concentration: 8 ng/L). The estrogenic activity of lagoon waters was estimated in terms of estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQ) by applying the estradiol equivalency factors (EEFs). Steroidal EDCs (estradiol, ethinylestradiol) contributed >97% to the total potential estrogenicity of the waters, which accounted for 4 to 172 ng/L (average: 25 ng/L), as total EEQs. These levels are likely to pose adverse effects on the Venice lagoon aquatic organisms.

Organic chloramines in drinking water: An assessment of formation, stability, reactivity and risk

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2016.02.006

Abstract: Although organic chloramines are known to form during the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine, little information is currently available on their occurrence or toxicity. In a recent in vitro study, some organic chloramines (e.g. N-chloroglycine) were found to be cytotoxic and genotoxic even at micromolar concentrations. In this paper, the formation and stability of 21 different organic chloramines, from chlorination of simple amines and amino acids, were studied, and the competition between 20 amino acids during chlorination was also investigated. For comparison, chlorination of two amides was also conducted. The formation and degradation of selected organic chloramines were measured using either direct UV spectroscopic or colorimetric detection. Although cysteine, methionine and tryptophan were the most reactive amino acids towards chlorination, they did not form organic chloramines at the chlorine to precursor molar ratios that were tested. Only 6 out of the 21 organic chloramines formed had a half-life of more than 3 h, although this group included all organic chloramines formed from amines. A health risk assessment relating stability and reactivity data from this study to toxicity and precursor abundance data from the literature indicated that only N-chloroglycine is likely to be of concern due to its stability, toxicity and abundance in water. However, given the stability of organic chloramines formed from amines, more information about the toxicity and precursor abundance for these chloramines is desirable.

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Publisher: Elsevier

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00248-8

Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected water systems: A critical review

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.JES.2017.05.025

Abstract: This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems, including their formation, stability, toxicity, analytical methods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the difference between the measured free and total chlorine concentrations), and may include N-chloramines, N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that form during disinfection are unstable, which results in difficulties in s ling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines. However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed from many different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation.

Roles of singlet oxygen and dissolved organic matter in self-sensitized photo-oxidation of antibiotic norfloxacin under sunlight irradiation

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2016.10.002

Abstract: Many fluoroquinolone (FLQ) antibiotics undergo rapid photodegradation in sunlit waters and form multifaceted photo-products. The high photodegradation rate is primarily ascribed to their photosensitizing properties. Though widely studied, the photo-reaction pathways are not completely revealed photo-products mediated by different reactive oxygen species are not identified. In our study, photo-degradation of fluoroquinolone norfloxacin was investigated. A rapid degradation in buffered water was observed with a first-order rate constant of 2.45/hr and a quantum yield of 0.039. After light screening correction, selected DOMs (5 mg C/L) slightly enhanced the photodegradation rate with the exception of Suwannee river hydrophobic organic matter (SR-HPO). Three major photo-products were identified using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). With

Boosting hydrogen evolution activity and durability of Pd–Ni–P nanocatalyst via crystalline degree and surface chemical state modulations

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2019.10.023

Determination of amino acids and amines in mammalian decomposition fluid by direct injection liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.1039/C1AY05447C

Death cap mushrooms from southern Australia: Additions to Amanita (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) section Phalloideae Clade IX

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1071/SB17032

Abstract: The following three similar Amanita spp. are described: Amanita djarilmari E.M.Davison, A. gardneri E.M.Davison from the south-west of Western Australia and A. millsii E.M.Davison & G.M.Gates (=A. sp. 10 ZLY-2014 HKAS 77322 in KUN) from Tasmania. All have a white- or pale-coloured pileus and white universal veil, but differ in the shape of the bulb, spore shape, and structure of the universal veil. All are from subgenus Lepidella section Phalloideae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these species cannot be separated on the basis of data derived from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed-spacer sequences. They can be separated in a multi-locus phylogeny of the 28S nuclear ribosomal large-subunit rRNA region, RNA polymerase-II region, β-tubulin region and translation elongation-factor 1-α region. Amanita djarilmari, A. gardneri, A. millsii and two other previously described species in section Phalloideae from southern Australia (A. eucalypti and A. marmorata) cluster in Clade IX. These, together with other species in this clade, segregate into two lineages, namely, Clade IX A, with a white or pale pileus, and Clade IX B, with a brown pileus. Solvent extraction, followed by liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry of A. djarilmari, A. eucalypti, A. gardneri and A. marmorata basidiomes did not detect the highly toxic amatoxins α-amanitin and β-amanitin, but did detect the phallotoxins phallacidin and phalloidin.

Analysis of pharmaceuticals in indirect potable reuse systems using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2009.06.001

Abstract: A solid-phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS/MS method for 18 commercial drugs in secondary wastewater and product water from water recycling plants using microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) has been developed, optimised and validated. The method incorporates a range of multi-class pharmaceuticals including lipid lowering agents, analgesics, antipyretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, anticoagulants, tranquilizers, cytostatic agents, and antiepileptics. Method limits of quantitation (MLQs) in secondary wastewater ranged from 15 to 250 ng/L, while MLQs in post-RO water ranged from 1 to 25 ng/L. Results from analysis of secondary wastewater from Western Australia are presented, and represent the largest survey of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals within Australia to date. Analysis of post-RO water from two MF/RO water recycling facilities also demonstrate that MF/RO treatment removes most pharmaceuticals to below the analytical limits of detection, and more importantly, up to seven orders of magnitude below health-based guideline values.

Determination of natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in coastal lagoon waters by HPLC-electrospray-mass spectrometry

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 20-08-2004

DOI: 10.1080/03067310410001729060

Development of a solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in wastewater and recycled water

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2013.04.073

Abstract: Two methods employing solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were developed for the analysis of benzotriazoles (BTs) and benzothiazoles (BThs), compounds which are commonly found in a large variety of commercial and household products. The first method was able to detect 7 BTs and 7 BThs, the largest suite of BTs and BThs analysed in a single method to-date, but could not distinguish between the isomers, 4-methylbenzotriazole (4-MeBT) and 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-MeBT). Therefore, a second method was developed to achieve the chromatographic separation of 4-MeBT and 5-MeBT. The methods were validated for ultrapure water and secondary wastewater, and method limits of detection (MLD) for BTs and BThs (for the primary method) ranged from 0.1 to 58ngL(-1) for ultrapure water, and 2 to 322ngL(-1) for secondary wastewater. For the secondary method, MLDs for 4- and 5-MeBT ranged from 8 to 12ngL(-1) for ultrapure water, and 388 to 406ngL(-1) for secondary wastewater. Analysis of secondary wastewater and reverse osmosis (RO) treated water from an advanced water recycling plant in Australia is presented, and represents the first reported data from the analysis of BTs and BThs in recycled water. Some of these compounds were found to persist through wastewater treatment and incompletely removed by RO treatment. Benzotriazole (BT), 4-MeBT, 5-MeBT and 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole were detected in secondary wastewater, however the latter compound was not quantifiable. Concentrations of BT and tolyltriazoles (TTs, i.e. sum of 4- and 5-MeBT, detected with the primary method) in secondary wastewater were 3.3 (±0.02) and 2.8 (±0.04)μgL(-1), respectively. These same compounds were also detected in the post-RO water s les at concentrations of 974 (±28)ngL(-1) for BT and 416(±34)ngL(-1) for TTs. 2-Hydroxybenzothiazole was also detected in the post-RO water s les, however it was not quantifiable. Removal efficiencies for RO treatment were calculated to be between 70% and 85% for BT and TTs.

Analytical and Environmental Chemistry in the Framework of Risk Assessment and Management: The Lagoon of Venice as a Case Study

Publisher: Swiss Chemical Society

Date: 09-2003

DOI: 10.2533/000942903777678939

Abstract: Prevention of toxic pollutant discharge and remediation of contaminated sediments and soils are topics increasingly addressed by the scientific community and the stakeholders. The research activity carried out on the lagoon of Venice highlights the crucial role played by analytical and environmental chemistry in assessing the environmental behavior of chemicals (i.e. occurrence level, transformation, ultimate fate) and exposure of human and environmental targets to pollutants. The extrapolation from analytical data to decisional steps was accomplished by data treatment (descriptive and multivariate statistics, spatial statistics), environmental modeling (e.g. partitioning bioaccumulation models and linear regression models), environmental risk assessment (ERA), and a GIS-based Decision Support System (DSS). Results obtained by this integrated approach supported analytical and environmental chemistry by improving the selection of priority pollutants, optimizing s ling design, and identifying critical environmental pathways. Both uncertainty minimization and cost saving of the overall decision process could be achieved. Selected results are presented here on the application of the proposed approach to the contaminated sediments of the lagoon of Venice and to the brownfield of the Porto Marghera industrial district. Both well-known persistent pollutants (e.g. polychlorinated dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and metalloids, and aromatic surfactants and their metabolites), as well as new classes of pollutants (e.g. endocrine disrupting compounds, EDCs) were investigated. The analytical data indicated that the most persistent and toxic organic and inorganic chemicals were found mainly in bottom sediments (especially those near the Porto Marghera industrial district), while substances such as surfactants and their metabolites and EDCs occurred mainly in water and were redistributed over the whole lagoon. Exposure characterization allowed Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) to be undertaken, including the estimation of risk for both human and environmental health. The ERA procedure, developed according to a tiered approach, was applied to contaminated soils of the Porto Marghera industrial district. The ecological risk associated with contaminated lagoon sediments for the benthic community and aquatic food web was also assessed, resulting in a significant risk posed especially by mercury, cadmium and PAHs. Finally, a risk-based decision support system (DSS) for the rehabilitation of the Porto Marghera contaminated site was developed, which included environmental risk and remediation technologies.

CHAPTER 31. Detection Methods to Monitor the Degradation of Organic Chloramines

Publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry

Date: 09-10-2015

DOI: 10.1039/9781782622710-00267

Abstract: Organic chloramines have been found to form in drinking water systems and they have been reported to potentially cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects even at micromolar concentration levels. However, little information on the occurrence and toxicity of organic chloramines in drinking water is currently available. In this study, a triiodide colorimetric method, which was a modified standard iodometric method for colorimetric measurement, was used to determine the formation of organic chloramines that were not suitable for direct UV detection due to interference peaks in the 250 to 280 nm range. The triiodide colorimetric and direct UV methods were successfully applied to determine the rate of degradation of N-chloroglycine, N-chloroserine, N-chloroasparagine and N-chlorophenylalanine. The stability of these organic chloramines was found to vary, with their half-life ranging from 15 to 5775 min. The stability of the organic chloramines appeared to increase with increasing basicity of the amine nitrogen. The half-life values found for some of the organic chloramines investigated in this study suggest that their presence and persistence may be relevant in drinking water systems. In order to better characterise the risk associated with the occurrence of organic chloramines in drinking water, the stabilities of a wider range of organic chloramines should be investigated.

Occurrence of iodinated X-ray contrast media in indirect potable reuse systems

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 31-03-2010

DOI: 10.1080/10934521003595100

Abstract: A lack of knowledge of the health and environmental risks associated with chemicals of concern (COCs) and also of their removal by advanced treatment processes, such as micro-filtration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO), have been major barriers preventing establishment of large water recycling schemes. As part of a larger project monitoring over 300 COCs, iodinated X-ray contrast media compounds (ICM) were analysed in treated secondary wastewater intended for drinking purposes. ICM are the most widely administered intravascular pharmaceuticals and are known to persist in the aquatic environment. A direct injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (DI-LC-MS/MS) method was used to monitor secondary treated wastewater from three major wastewater treatment plants in Perth, Western Australia. In addition, tertiary water treated with MF and RO was analysed from a pilot plant that has been built as a first step in trialling the aquifer recharge. Results collected during 2007 demonstrate that MF/RO treatment is capable of removing ICM to below the analytical limits of detection, with average RO rejection calculated to be greater than 92%. A screening health risk assessment indicated negligible human risk at the concentrations observed in wastewater.

Formation of odorous and hazardous by-products from the chlorination of amino acids

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2018.08.072

Abstract: The formation of odorous aldehydes and N-chloraldimines, and also nitriles, which are potentially hazardous to human health, was investigated in studies of the chlorination of amino acids (AAs) in both operational drinking water treatment plants and laboratory-based experiments. In the drinking water treatment plants studied, the concentration of total free AAs did not significantly change after treatment, even though good removal of DOC was observed. However, free AAs still contributed less than 3% of total nitrogen in the treated drinking waters, and no aldehydes, N-chloraldimines or nitriles of interest were detected in the treated waters, presumably due to the low concentrations of the precursor AAs in these water s les. Laboratory formation potential experiments showed that carboxylic acids can form from the degradation of aldehydes and nitriles. Volatile carboxylic acids could result in odour issues and some carboxylic acids may be of potential health concern. Therefore, carboxylic acids should also be considered as potential by-products of interest in distribution systems with long contact times of ≥ 7days. A higher proportion of nitrile formation, and promotion of carboxylic acid formation, was observed when the chlorine to AA ratio was greater than 4 compared to when this ratio was 2.8, indicating that the Cl:AA ratio is an important factor in DBP formation pathways. This suggests that results from laboratory formation studies undertaken at these low Cl:AA ratios cannot be directly applied to 'real' water systems, which typically have Cl:AA ratios that are orders of magnitude higher than 4. Laboratory formation potential experiments also showed that the short-term rate of formation of aldehydes and N-chloraldimines was reduced in the presence of ammonia, although formation over longer timescales (e.g. 7 days) was not significantly different between chlorination and chloramination experiments. Therefore, the use of chloramination instead of chlorination does not appear to reduce the formation of these by-products from AAs.

Identification and quantification of native beta-casomorphins in Australian milk by LC–MS/MS and LC–HRMS

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.JFCA.2015.08.009

Chlorination of Amino Acids: Reaction Pathways and Reaction Rates

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 12-04-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.EST.6B04440

Abstract: Chlorination of amino acids can result in the formation of organic monochloramines or organic dichloramines, depending on the chlorine to amino acid ratio (Cl:AA). After formation, organic chloramines degrade into aldehydes, nitriles and N-chloraldimines. In this paper, the formation of organic chloramines from chlorination of lysine, tyrosine and valine were investigated. Chlorination of tyrosine and lysine demonstrated that the presence of a reactive secondary group can increase the Cl:AA ratio required for the formation of N,N-dichloramines, and potentially alter the reaction pathways between chlorine and amino acids, resulting in the formation of unexpected byproducts. In a detailed investigation, we report rate constants for all reactions in the chlorination of valine, for the first time, using experimental results and modeling. At Cl:AA = 2.8, the chlorine was found to first react quickly with valine (5.4 × 10

Transformation of endocrine disrupting chemicals, pharmaceutical and personal care products during drinking water disinfection

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.12.106

Abstract: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are frequently detected in drinking water sources. This raises concerns about the formation of potentially more toxic transformation products (TPs) after drinking water disinfection. This study applied a combination of computational and experimental methods to investigate the biological activity of eight EDCs and PPCPs commonly detected in source waters (acetaminophen, bisphenol A, carbamazepine, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, gemfibrozil, naproxen and triclosan) before and after disinfection. Using a Stepped Forced Molecular Dynamics (SFMD) method, we detected 911 unique TPs, 36% of which have been previously reported in the scientific literature. We calculated the likelihood that TPs would cause damage to biomolecules or DNA relative to the parent compound based on lipophilicity and the occurrence of structural alerts, and applied two Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) tools to predict toxicity via receptor-mediated effects. In parallel, batch experiments were performed with three disinfectants, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and chloramine. After solid-phase extraction, the resulting TP mixtures were analyzed by chemical analysis and a battery of eleven in vitro bioassays covering a variety of endpoints. The laboratory results were in good agreement with the predictions. Overall, the combination of computational and experimental chemistry and toxicity methods used in this study suggest that disinfection of the studied EDCs and PPCPs will produce a large number of TPs, which are unlikely to increase specific toxicity (e.g., endocrine activity), but may result in increased reactive and non-specific toxicity.

Isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous identification and quantification of beta-casomorphin 5 and beta-casomorphin 7 in yoghurt

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.09.057

Abstract: A highly selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous identification and quantification of beta-casomorphin 5 (BCM5) and beta-casomorphin 7 (BCM7) in yoghurt. The method used deuterium labelled BCM5-d10 and BCM7-d10 as surrogate standards for confident identification and accurate and quantification of these analytes in yoghurt. Linear responses for BCM5 and BCM7 (R(2)=0.9985 and 0.9986, respectively) was observed in the range 0.01-10ng/μL. The method limits of detection (MLDs) in yoghurt extracts were found to be 0.5 and 0.25ng/g for BCM5 and BCM7, respectively. Analyses of spiked s les were used to provide confirmation of accuracy and precision of the analytical method. Recoveries relative to the surrogate standards of these spikes were in the range of 95-106% for BCM5 and 103-109% for BCM7. Precision from analysis of spiked s les was expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD) and values were in the range 1-16% for BCM5 and 1-6% for BCM7. Inter-day reproducibility was between 2.0-6.4% for BCM5 and between 3.2-6.1% for BCM7. The validated isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method was used to measure BCM5 and BCM7 in ten commercial and laboratory prepared s les of yoghurt and milk. Neither BCM5 nor BCM7 was detected in commercial yoghurts. However, they were observed in milk and laboratory prepared yoghurts and interestingly their levels decreased during processing. BCM5 decreased from 1.3ng/g in milk to 1.1ng/g in yoghurt made from that milk at 0day storage and <MLQ at 1 and 7days storage. BCM7 decreased from 1.9ng/g in milk to <MLQ in yoghurts immediately after processing. These preliminary results indicate that fermentation and storage reduced BCM5 and BCM7 concentration in yoghurt.

Formation of halogenated disinfection by-products during microfiltration and reverse osmosis treatment: Implications for water recycling

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2012.11.031

Trace analysis of environmental matrices by large-volume injection and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 17-08-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S00216-011-5290-Y

Abstract: The time-honored convention of concentrating aqueous s les by solid-phase extraction (SPE) is being challenged by the increasingly widespread use of large-volume injection (LVI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the determination of traces of polar organic contaminants in environmental s les. Although different LVI approaches have been proposed over the last 40 years, the simplest and most popular way of performing LVI is known as single-column LVI (SC-LVI), in which a large-volume of an aqueous s le is directly injected into an analytical column. For the purposes of this critical review, LVI is defined as an injected s le volume that is ≥10% of the void volume of the analytical column. Compared with other techniques, SC-LVI is easier to set up, because it requires only small hardware modifications to existing autos lers and, thus, it will be the main focus of this review. Although not new, SC-LVI is gaining acceptance and the approach is emerging as a technique that will render SPE nearly obsolete for many environmental applications. In this review, we discuss: the history and development of various forms of LVI the critical factors that must be considered when creating and optimizing SC-LVI methods and typical applications that demonstrate the range of environmental matrices to which LVI is applicable, for ex le drinking water, groundwater, and surface water including seawater and wastewater. Furthermore, we indicate direction and areas that must be addressed to fully delineate the limits of SC-LVI.

Evaluation of a Commercial Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Quantification of Beta-Casomorphin 7 in Yogurt Using Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass S

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 03-2018

DOI: 10.5740/JAOACINT.17-0155

Abstract: This study investigated beta-casomorphin 7 (BCM7) in yogurt by means of LC-tandem MS (MS/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and use LC-MS/MS as the “gold standard” method to evaluate the applicability of a commercial ELISA. The level of BCM7 in milk obtained from ELISA analysis was much lower than that obtained by LC-MS/MS analysis and trended to increase during fermentation and storage of yogurt. Meanwhile, the results obtained from LC-MS/MS showed that BCM7 degraded during stages of yogurt processing, and its degradation may have been caused by X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity. As a result, the commercial sandwich ELISA kit was not suitable for the quantification of BCM7 in fermented dairy milk.

Which chemicals drive biological effects in wastewater and recycled water?

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2014.04.043

Abstract: Removal of organic micropollutants from wastewater during secondary treatment followed by reverse osmosis and UV disinfection was evaluated by a combination of four in-vitro cell-based bioassays and chemical analysis of 299 organic compounds. Concentrations detected in recycled water were below the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling. Thus the detected chemicals were considered not to pose any health risk. The detected pesticides in the wastewater treatment plant effluent and partially advanced treated water explained all observed effects on photosynthesis inhibition. In contrast, mixture toxicity experiments with designed mixtures containing all detected chemicals at their measured concentrations demonstrated that the known chemicals explained less than 3% of the observed cytotoxicity and less than 1% of the oxidative stress response. Pesticides followed by pharmaceuticals and personal care products dominated the observed mixture effects. The detected chemicals were not related to the observed genotoxicity. The large proportion of unknown toxicity calls for effect monitoring complementary to chemical monitoring.

Identification and quantification of beta-casomorphin peptides naturally yielded in raw milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.LWT.2019.05.074

Occurrence and removal of potentially toxic metals and heavy metals in the wastewater treatment plant of fusina (Venice, Italy)

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 18-10-2005

DOI: 10.1021/IE0506466

Effect of membrane character and solution chemistry on microfiltration performance

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2007.08.005

Abstract: To help understand and predict the role of natural organic matter (NOM) in the fouling of low-pressure membranes, experiments were carried out with an apparatus that incorporates automatic backwashing and long filtration runs. Three hollow fibre membranes of varying character were included in the study, and the filtration of two different surface waters was compared. The hydrophilic membrane had greater flux recovery after backwashing than the hydrophobic membranes, but the efficiency of backwashing decreased at extended filtration times. NOM concentration of these waters (7.9 and 9.1mg/L) had little effect on the flux of the membranes at extended filtration times, as backwashing of the membrane restored the flux to similar values regardless of the NOM concentration. The solution pH also had little effect at extended filtration times. The backwashing efficiency of the hydrophilic membrane was dramatically different for the two waters, and the presence of colloid NOM alone could not explain these differences. It is proposed that colloidal NOM forms a filter cake on the surface of the membranes and that small molecular weight organics that have an adsorption peak at 220nm but not 254nm were responsible for "gluing" the colloids to the membrane surface. Alum coagulation improved membrane performance in all instances, and this was suggested to be because coagulation reduced the concentration of "glue" that holds the organic colloids to the membrane surface.

Human metabolites and transformation products of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-02-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S11356-016-6321-1

Abstract: This study describes a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for the analysis of cytostatic cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and their selected metabolites/transformation products (TPs): carboxy-cyclophosphamide (carboxy-CP), keto-cyclophosphamide (keto-CP) and 3-dechloroethyl-ifosfamide/N-dechloroethyl-cyclophosphamide (N-decl-CP) in wastewater (WW). Keto-cyclophosphamide, CP and IF were extracted with Oasis HLB and N-decl-CP and carboxy-CP with Isolute ENV+ cartridges. Analyte derivatization was performed by silylation (metabolites/TPs) and acetylation (CP and IF). The recoveries and LOQs of the developed method were 58, 87 and 103 % and 77.7, 43.7 and 6.7 ng L(-1) for carboxy-CP, keto-CP and N-decl-CP, respectively. After validation, the analytical method was applied to hospital WW and influent and effluent s les of a receiving WW treatment plant. In hospital WW, levels up to 2690, 47.0, 13,200, 2100 and 178 ng L(-1) were detected for CP, IF, carboxy-CP, N-decl-CP and keto-CP, respectively, while in influent and effluent s les concentrations were below LOQs. The formation of TPs during abiotic treatments was also studied. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify CP and IF TPs in ultrapure water, treated with UV and UV/H2O2. UV treatment produced four CP TPs and four IF TPs, while UV/H2O2 resulted in five CPs and four IF TPs. Besides already known TPs, three novel TPs (CP-TP138a, imino-ifosfamide and IF-TP138) have been tentatively identified. In hospital WW treated by UV/O3/H2O2, none of the target metabolites/TPs resulted above LOQs.

Evaluation of interfacial sulfate complexation by a bis-thiourea ionophore at water-organic interfaces using microelectrochemistry and high resolution mass spectrometry

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.MICROC.2016.10.030

Thermo Fisher Scientific

Location: No location found

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InterpreData

Location: Australia

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Thermo Fisher Scientific

Location: Australia

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Università Ca' Foscari

Location: Italy

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ChemCentre

Location: Australia

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Curtin University

Location: Australia

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Edith Cowan University

Location: Australia

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Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE100100127

Start Date: 2010

End Date: 12-2010

Amount: $300,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0668452

Start Date: 02-2006

End Date: 12-2007

Amount: $290,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP160100359

Start Date: 12-2016

End Date: 12-2019

Amount: $332,772.00

Funder: Australian Research Council