ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4822-5263
Current Organisation
University of Queensland School of Public Health
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Causes and Prevention of Crime | Environmental And Occupational Health And Safety | Sociological Methodology and Research Methods | Applied Sociology, Program Evaluation and Social Impact Assessment | Sociology | Law And Society | Aged health care | Environmental Science and Management | Public Health and Health Services | Atmospheric Sciences | Environmental Impact Assessment | Developmental Psychology and Ageing | Health services and systems | Health services and systems not elsewhere classified | Social epidemiology | Law | Psychology | Care For Disabled | Public Policy | Community Child Health | Law Not Elsewhere Classified | Applied Sociology, Program Evaluation And Social Impact Assessment | Social Change | Atmospheric Sciences Not Elsewhere Classified
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Expanding Knowledge through Studies of Human Society | Substance Abuse | Crime Prevention | Public health not elsewhere classified | Ability and disability | Class | Air quality | Health related to ageing | Mental Health | Environmental policy, legislation and standards not elsewhere classified | Ground transport | Justice and the law not elsewhere classified | Youth/child development and welfare | Behaviour and Health | Environmental health | Families and Family Services | Ground transport not elsewhere classified |
Related Links
Publications
A baseline study of importance of bovines for human Schistosoma japonicum infections around Poyang Lake, China: villages studied and snail sampling strategy.
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 04-2002
DOI: 10.4269/AJTMH.2002.66.359
Abstract: An epidemiologic survey among four administrative villages around Poyang Lake, in Jiangxi Province, China (two experimental and two controls) is being conducted to determine if bovine infections are responsible for the persistence of human schistosomiasis transmission on Yangtze River marshlands. A previously published paper presented the experimental design and baseline data for humans and bovines. This paper presents basic data for the four villages using remote sensing, and baseline data for snails that includes geographic information systems and remote sensing technology to classify the areas of bovine grazing ranges and habitats suitable for snails. A new method for s ling Oncomelania snails in China is used to determine the distribution, density, and infection rates of snails throughout the grazing ranges from season to season over a four-year period. Hypothetically, treating bovines should reduce infection rates in snails to below the critical number necessary to maintain infections in man and bovines.
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global B
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
A baseline study on the importance of bovines for human Schistosoma japonicum infection around Poyang Lake, China.
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 10-2001
DOI: 10.4269/AJTMH.2001.65.272
Abstract: We hypothesize that bovine infections are responsible for the persistence of human schistosomiasis transmission in the Yangtze marshlands of China. To test this hypothesis, we are carrying out a comparative intervention among four administrative villages in the Poyang Lake region, Jiangxi Province, two of which are experimental and two are control. The primary design involves treating, at the onset of the study, all the inhabitants in all four villages with praziquantel and all the bovines in two villages (the experimental or intervention villages). Following treatment, rates of reinfection in people of all villages, and in bovines in the experimental villages, will be assessed as will the ongoing prevalence of infection in bovines in the control villages. Before treatment, the prevalence and intensity of infection among humans and bovines was ascertained in the four villages. Our study design and baseline information are presented here, along with a description of the ecology of the study villages.
Apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL , and Bax in renal cell carcinomas
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2002
Abstract: There are at present disparate published results with regard to the relevance of the Bcl-2 gene family, levels of apoptosis, and cell proliferation in the development and progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The present study analyses the inter-relationship between the expression of representatives of the anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL) or pro-apoptotic (Bax) Bcl-2 proteins, incidence of apoptosis, and mitosis in a selected small group of 22 graded RCCs that had paired normal renal tissue, or non-neoplastic tissue in the renal biopsy specimen. The cases were chosen to determine the feasibility of measuring these parameters as potential surrogate markers of progression or treatment failure of the cancers. The results showed that in approximately 50% of the RCCs, where Bcl-2 and/or Bcl-XL expression was high, apoptosis was not detected, and when expression of these proteins was low or not found, increased levels of apoptosis were seen. In most of the remaining 50% of s les, high levels of Bcl-XL but not Bcl-2 were negatively correlated with low levels of apoptosis (Bcl-XL: r = -0.437, P = 0.07 and Bcl-2: r = +0.560, P = 0.02). For the same group of s les, high Bax expression was found in association with apoptosis (r = +0.578, P = 0.02). A novel finding was an association between low expression of Bcl-2 and/or Bcl-XL in normal tissue and the level of expression of these proteins in the RCCs, an intrinsic variation that may be an in idual patient factor. The results indicate that, in RCCs with increased expression of Bcl-2 and/or Bcl-XL, levels of apoptosis are minimal and these combined factors may assist in progression of the cancers and resistance to treatments.
A bi-level model and hybrid heuristic algorithm for the optimal location of prefabricated building industrial park
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2022
Issues of death and dying: the perspective of critical care nurses
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S1036-7314(97)70405-3
Abstract: A major shift in the care of terminally ill people, due to advances in technology, and the development of legislation regarding patient self-determination and autonomy, has occurred over recent years. Critical care nurses (CCNs) are involved daily in issues of death and dying and are very aware of the needs, fears and psychosocial issues of patients and their families. Professional associations see a legitimate role for nurses in assisting the dying to achieve a dignified death. For legislation, policies and guidelines surrounding end-of-life issues to be effective, and to assist nursing staff with these sensitive, often difficult concerns, it is important that data on the opinions and perspectives of CCNs be objectively obtained. In a study by the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Queensland, questionnaires were sent to 1100 randomly s led community members and almost 1200 health professionals (nurses, general practitioners and specialists), including 299 CCNs. The response rate of CCNs to a 30-page postal questionnaire was 79 per cent (n = 231), indicating those nurses' high levels of interest in and/or concern regarding this area. CCNs supported the use of advance directives, the appointment of proxies and the need for doctors and nurses to give sufficient medication to relieve pain, even if this hastened the death of the patient. In addition, CCNs, more than any other professional group, supported the right of the terminally ill patient to physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, their responses being very similar to those of community members. CCNs clearly face issues which, from legal, medical and ethical viewpoints, cause them concern. In sharing their personal experiences, CCNs stressed the need for more communication between doctors and patients, as well as between doctors and nurses. In addition, CCNs saw a clear role for themselves as advocates for patients/families in the decision-making process.
Socioeconomic status and maternal cigarette smoking before, during and after a pregnancy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-842X.1998.TB01146.X
Abstract: Research suggests that cigarette use declines when women find out they are pregnant, increasing again after the birth. Pregnancy may provide many women with a substantial impetus to stopping smoking. Also, rates of smoking cessation and reduction may be class-related, with the highest socioeconomic-status groups manifesting higher rates of reduction. Using data from the Mater Hospital--University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, we report family income related to rates of smoking before, during and after a pregnancy. Before becoming pregnant, 45.9 per cent of women in the s le were smokers. This declined to 34.7 per cent of women at their first clinic visit. Rates of heavy smoking (20 or more cigarettes per day) had returned to earlier levels by the six-month (after birth) follow-up. Women in the lowest family-income group had the highest rates of cigarette use before, during and after their pregnancy. Of the lowest family-income group, 8.4 per cent were heavy smokers before, during and after their pregnancy, compared with 2.8 per cent of women in the highest family-income group. Smoking cessation rates were highest in the highest family-income group (those who smoked least), but relapse rates after the birth were similar for all income groups. Arresting rates of smoking relapse by pregnant women should be seen as a major public health priority.
The inter- and intra- generational transmission of family poverty and hardship (adversity): A prospective 30 year study
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-01-2018
Projecting potential spatial and temporal changes in the distribution of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China with climate change
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Temporal change in the impacts of ambient temperature on preterm birth and stillbirth: Brisbane, 1994–2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.03.385
Abstract: Pregnant women are susceptible to ambient temperature which may associate with adverse birth outcomes. These associations might change over time due to adaptation. However, no evidence is available worldwide. To examine the effects of ambient temperature at three trimesters of pregnancy on preterm birth and stillbirth, and evaluate the effect changes during 1994-2013. Information on birth outcomes and meteorological parameters during 1994-2013 were obtained in Brisbane, Australia. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to evaluate the effects of mean temperature during each trimester of pregnancy on preterm birth and stillbirth. An interaction term between time and temperature was used to assess the potential changes in effects of temperature over time. Both low and high temperatures at the 3rd trimester of pregnancy significantly increased the risk of preterm birth, with similar hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for low [1.21 (1.16, 1.27)] and high [1.21 (1.16, 1.26)] temperatures in comparison with thresholds. Increased risk of stillbirth was significantly associated with both low and high temperatures at the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, and lower HRs were observed for low temperature [1.23 (1.04, 1.45)] than high temperature [1.47 (1.24, 1.74)], in comparison with thresholds. The effects of low temperature became stronger, whereas the effects of high temperature became weaker from 1994 to 2013 for both preterm birth and stillbirth. Both low and high ambient temperatures during pregnancy increase the risks of preterm birth and stillbirth. Pregnant women should have adapted to high temperature but not low temperature.
Prevalence, intensity and associated morbidity of Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Dongting Lake region, China
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 07-2007
Abstract: To determine the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection and associated morbidity, and to estimate the infected human and buffalo populations in the Dongting Lake region, Hunan province, China. We used data from the third national schistosomiasis periodic epidemiological survey (PES) of 2004. These included 47 144 human serological and 7205 stool examinations, 3893 clinical examinations and questionnaire surveys, and 874 buffalo stool examinations, carried out in 47 villages in Hunan province. Serological examinations were performed using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique and human stool s les were examined by the Kato-Katz method. Stools from buffaloes and other domestic animals were examined for schistosome infection by the miracidial hatching test. Sero-prevalence was 11.9% (range: 1.3-34.9% at the village level), and the rate of egg-positive stools was estimated at 1.9% (0-10.9%) for the same population. The prevalence of infection among buffaloes was 9.5% (0-66.7%). Extrapolating to the entire population of the Dongting Lake region, an estimated 73 225 people and 13 973 buffaloes were infected. Most frequently reported symptoms were abdominal pain (6.2%) and bloody stools (2.7%). More than half of the clinically examined people reported having had at least one prior antischistosomal treatment. There was a significant reduction in the number of humans infected with S. japonicum since the previous national PES carried out in 1995, partially explained by large-scale chemotherapy c aigns. However, a near-stable number of buffalo infections suggest continuing human re-infection, which may lead to future increases in human prevalence.
Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: the Era of the Three Gorges Dam
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00044-09
Abstract: The potential impact of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on schistosomiasis transmission in China has invoked considerable global concern. The TGD will result in changes in the water level and silt deposition downstream, favoring the reproduction of Oncomelania snails. Combined with blockages of the Yangtze River's tributaries, these changes will increase the schistosomiasis transmission season within the marshlands along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The changing schistosome transmission dynamics necessitate a comprehensive strategy to control schistosomiasis. This review discusses aspects of the epidemiology and transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China and considers the pathology, clinical outcomes, diagnosis, treatment, immunobiology, and genetics of schistosomiasis japonica together with an overview of current progress in vaccine development, all of which will have an impact on future control efforts. The use of synchronous praziquantel (PZQ) chemotherapy for humans and domestic animals is only temporarily effective, as schistosome reinfection occurs rapidly. Drug delivery requires a substantial infrastructure to regularly cover all parts of an area of endemicity. This makes chemotherapy expensive and, as compliance is often low, a less than satisfactory control option. There is increasing disquiet about the possibility that PZQ-resistant schistosomes will develop. Consequently, as mathematical modeling predicts, vaccine strategies represent an essential component in the future control of schistosomiasis in China. With the inclusion of focal mollusciciding, improvements in sanitation, and health education into the control scenario, China's target of reducing the level of schistosome infection to less than 1% by 2015 may be achievable.
Disease mapping for informing targeted health interventions: childhood pneumonia in Bohol, Philippines
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-07-2015
DOI: 10.1111/TMI.12561
Abstract: Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) are the leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide. Currently, most developing countries assign resources at a district level, and yet District Medical Officers have few tools for directing targeted interventions to high mortality or morbidity areas. Mapping of ALRI at the local level can guide more efficient allocation of resources, coordination of efforts and targeted interventions, which are particularly relevant for health management in resource-scarce settings. An efficacy study of 11-valent pneumococcal vaccine was conducted in six municipalities in the Bohol Province of central Philippines from July 2000 to December 2004. Geocoded under-five pneumonia cases (using WHO classifications) were mapped to create spatial patterns of pneumonia at the local health unit (barangay) level. There were 2951 children with WHO-defined clinical pneumonia, of whom 1074 were severe or very severely ill, 278 were radiographic, and 219 were hypoxaemic. While most children with pneumonia were from urban barangays, there was a disproportionately higher distribution of severe/very severe pneumonia in rural barangays and the most severe hypoxaemic children were concentrated in the northern barangays most distant from the regional hospital. Mapping of ALRI at the local administrative health level can be performed relatively simply. If these principles are applied to routinely collected IMCI classification of disease at the district level in developing countries, such efforts can form the basis for directing public health and healthcare delivery efforts in a targeted manner.
Cardiovascular effects of a chlorpheniramine/paracetamol combination in hypertensive patients who were sensitive to the pressor effect of pseudoephedrine.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1991
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2125.1991.TB05545.X
Abstract: Twelve hypertensive patients who were classified as pseudoephedrine-sensitive in a preliminary trial were selected for further investigation with single doses of pseudoephedrine 60 mg, a combination of chlorpheniramine 4 mg with paracetamol 650 mg and placebo. A double-blind, randomised, crossover study design was followed. Treatment with pseudoephedrine produced significant effects on all the four variables measured (systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate). Effects of the chlorpheniramine aracetamol combination were found to be not significantly different from placebo. It was concluded that the combination may be useful as a medication for 'colds' in hypertensive patients, since it does not induce cardiovascular effects such as those observed with pseudoephedrine.
Childhood and adolescent psychopathology and subsequent tobacco smoking in young adults: findings from an Australian birth cohort
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-05-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1360-0443.2012.03846.X
Abstract: To examine whether child and adolescent psychopathology predicts subsequent tobacco use at 14 and 21 years of age. Prospective birth cohort study. Data are taken from the Mater Misericordiae Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes (MUSP), a prospective longitudinal study which recruited women at their first antenatal visit in Brisbane, Australia. A 5-, 14- and 21-year follow-up of children whose mother's were recruited into the MUSP birth cohort study at their first antenatal visit. Psychopathology exposure was measured using the Achenbach's Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) at 5 years, the Youth Self Report (YSR) at 14 years and the Young Adult Self Report (YASR) at 21 years. Outcome measures were the children's tobacco smoking status at the 14 and 21 years' follow-up and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) based DSM-IV nicotine dependence at 21 years' follow-up. Externalizing symptoms had the strongest association with subsequent tobacco use. Children who met the criteria for CBCL aggression at 5 years were more likely to be tobacco smokers at the 14-year follow-up. YSR externalizing behaviours at the 14-year follow-up predicted tobacco smoking, but not DSM-IV nicotine dependence at the 21-year follow-up. Internalizing behaviour (anxiety/depression) was associated with a reduced rate of smoking at the 14- and 21-year follow-ups, but externalizing behaviour and attention problems at 14 and 21 years were associated separately and cumulatively with nicotine dependence at the 21-year follow-up. Childhood and adolescent psychopathology predict tobacco smoking, but some forms of psychopathology predict increased (aggression/delinquency attention problems) and other forms decreased (anxiety/depression) smoking. There may be some benefits in targeting children with early onset aggressive/delinquent behaviour problems with tobacco smoking prevention initiatives.
Women's Health Australia: Establishment of The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 10-1996
Low levels of ambient air pollution during pregnancy and fetal growth among term neonates in Brisbane, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2006.06.010
Abstract: There is mounting evidence that maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. We examined birth weight and small for gestational age (SGA <10th percentile for age and gender) among 26,617 singleton full-term births in Brisbane, Australia (July 2000-June 2003), in relation to ambient pollution during pregnancy. We also examined head circumference (HC) and crown-heel length (CHL) among a sub-s le (n=21,432) of the term neonates. Maternal exposure to PM(10), visibility reducing particles (bsp), O(3) and NO(2) was assessed by calculating average exposure estimates over months and trimesters of pregnancy based on a citywide average of the pollutants. Linear and logistic regression models were employed to examine the effect of these pollutants on the birth outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders and season of birth. The regression coefficients were based on an inter-quartile range (IQR) increase in exposure as well as quartiles of exposure with the lowest used as a reference category. Trimester- and monthly specific exposures to all pollutants were not significantly associated with a reduction in either birth weight or HC, or an increased risk of SGA. An IQR increase in NO(2) during the third trimester was associated with a reduction in CHL (beta=-0.15cm, 95% CI -0.25 to -0.05cm) and this was concentrated around exposure during month nine. No other pollutants were associated with a reduction in CHL. In conclusion, there was no strong evidence suggesting that ambient air pollution during pregnancy is associated with sub-optimal fetal growth in Brisbane.
Speech concerns at 5 years and adult educational and mental health outcomes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-06-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2010.01994.X
Abstract: To determine if parent-reported speech concerns at 5 years predict poorer educational and mental health outcomes at 21 years independent of social context and child's receptive language, behaviour and motor concerns at 5 years. To determine if these adult outcomes are mediated by school performance at 14 years. Information on speech concerns at 5- and 21-year outcomes was available for 3193 participants from a birth cohort of 7223 infants. At 5, child behaviour was measured using a behavioural checklist, and at 21 years, it was measured by the Young Adult Self-Report. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised at 5 years was not available for all children. Maternal mental health and social information at 5 years and educational outcomes at 14 years and 21 years were collected prospectively by questionnaire. Potential confounding and mediating factors were analysed using logistic regression. Children with speech concerns were less likely to have completed secondary school (P < 0.01) or gained better overall position (OP) scores (P < 0.001). OP scores rank students in Queensland applying for tertiary entrance. There was no association with mental health outcomes. Findings were independent of maternal and social factors, and motor concerns, though attenuated by behaviour and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised scores. In the model adjusted for these factors, any concerns predicted OP score 1-11 (odds ratio 0.58 95% confidence interval 0.42, 0.79), though if academic functioning at 14 was included, no associations were significant. Maternal-reported speech concerns at 5 years predict poorer educational though not adult mental health outcomes.
Advances in the meta-analysis of heterogeneous clinical trials I: The inverse variance heterogeneity model
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.CCT.2015.05.009
Abstract: This article examines an improved alternative to the random effects (RE) model for meta-analysis of heterogeneous studies. It is shown that the known issues of underestimation of the statistical error and spuriously overconfident estimates with the RE model can be resolved by the use of an estimator under the fixed effect model assumption with a quasi-likelihood based variance structure - the IVhet model. Extensive simulations confirm that this estimator retains a correct coverage probability and a lower observed variance than the RE model estimator, regardless of heterogeneity. When the proposed IVhet method is applied to the controversial meta-analysis of intravenous magnesium for the prevention of mortality after myocardial infarction, the pooled OR is 1.01 (95% CI 0.71-1.46) which not only favors the larger studies but also indicates more uncertainty around the point estimate. In comparison, under the RE model the pooled OR is 0.71 (95% CI 0.57-0.89) which, given the simulation results, reflects underestimation of the statistical error. Given the compelling evidence generated, we recommend that the IVhet model replace both the FE and RE models. To facilitate this, it has been implemented into free meta-analysis software called MetaXL which can be downloaded from www.epigear.com.
Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and physical outcomes up to 5 years of age: a longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2003
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-3782(03)00003-3
Abstract: To examine whether alcohol exposure in pregnancy affects weight and head circumference (HC) at birth and 5 years, and whether these effects are independent of cigarette exposure in pregnancy and social disadvantage. The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) involves a prospective cohort of 8556 mothers who were enrolled at first antenatal visit. The quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption in early and late pregnancy and a measure of binge drinking in early pregnancy were recorded. Weight and HC were measured on children seen at birth and at 5 years. Level of cigarette use in early pregnancy and maternal age and level of education and family income were also measured. Light and moderate alcohol consumption in early or later pregnancy had no independent effects on weight or HC at birth or 5 years. Binge drinking in early pregnancy was not associated with restricted HC, and there was no effect modification by concurrent cigarette use in early pregnancy. An apparent effect of alcohol in late pregnancy on birth weight was due to confounding by cigarette use, with social risk being an independent predictor. Alcohol ingestion up to moderate levels in pregnancy was not associated with deficits in either weight or HC at birth or at 5 years.
Ambient temperature and lung function in children with asthma in Australia
Publisher: European Respiratory Society (ERS)
Date: 05-12-2013
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00079313
Abstract: The association between ambient temperature and lung function in children with asthma is still uncertain. A panel of 270 children (aged 7-12 years) with asthma was recruited from six Australian cities. They performed three successive forced expiratory manoeuvres twice daily for 4 weeks. The highest peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were stored for each session. During the same period, data were obtained daily on ambient temperature, relative humidity and air pollution. Mixed models were used to examine the effects of temperature on lung function, controlling for in idual characteristics and environmental factors. Ambient temperature was negatively related to both morning and evening PEF and FEV1 for 0-3 days lag. In general, the effects of temperature were stronger in males than in females for evening PEF, while the effects were stronger in females for evening FEV1. Children with asthma living in southern cities were more sensitive to high temperature than those in the northernmost city. Higher ambient temperature is associated with lower lung function in children with asthma. Preventive health policies will be required to protect children with asthma from increasingly frequent high temperatures.
Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-06-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41562-021-01108-6
Abstract: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for ex le, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.
Systematic review of record linkage studies of mortality in ex‐prisoners: why (good) methods matter
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-11-2012
DOI: 10.1111/ADD.12010
Abstract: World-wide, more than 30 million people move through prisons annually. Record linkage studies have identified an increased risk of death in ex-prisoners. In order to inform preventive interventions it is necessary to understand who is most at risk, when and why. Limitations of existing studies have rendered synthesis and interpretation of this literature difficult. The aim of this study was to describe methodological characteristics of existing studies and make recommendations for the design, analysis and reporting of future studies. Systematic review of studies using record linkage to explore mortality in ex-prisoners. Based on analysis of these studies we illustrate how methodological limitations and heterogeneity of design, analysis and reporting both h er data synthesis and create potential for misinterpretation of findings. Using data from a recent Australian study involving 42,015 ex-prisoners and 2329 observed deaths, we quantify the variation in findings associated with various approaches. We identified 29 publications based on 25 separate studies published 1998-2011, mainly from the United Kingdom, United States and Australia. Mortality estimates varied systematically according to features of study design and data analysis. A number of common, avoidable and significant methodological limitations were identified. Substantial heterogeneity in study design, methods of data analysis and reporting of findings was observed. Record linkage studies examining mortality in ex-prisoners show widely varying estimates that are influenced substantially by avoidable methodological limitations and reducible heterogeneity. Future studies should adopt best practice methods and more consistent methods of analysis and reporting, to maximize policy relevance and impact.
Impact of ambient temperature on clinical visits for cardio-respiratory diseases in rural villages in northwest China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.08.244
Abstract: The association between temperature and cardio-respiratory disease in urban areas has been widely reported but there is limited information from populations living in rural areas that may be disproportionately affected by climate change. To quantify the associations between daily temperature and clinical visits due to cardiovascular and/or respiratory disease in rural villages in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China over 2012-2015. Daily data on clinical visits and weather conditions were collated from 203 villages. A quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear model was used to examine the associations between daily temperature and clinical visits up to 28days, after controlling for potential confounders. Over three years, 158,733 and 1,272,212 clinical visits were recorded for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, respectively. Both low and high temperatures were associated with an increased risk of clinical visits for cardiovascular-related conditions, whereas only low temperatures were associated with increased clinical visits related to respiratory illness. The cold effect on cardiovascular visits appeared at the lag 6th day and persisted until the 22nd day, resulting in a cumulative relative risk (RR) 1.55 (95% CI: 1.26-1.92), compared with the minimum-clinical visit temperature. The cold effect on respiratory visits appeared immediately and lasted over the lag 0-28days, with a cumulative RR 2.96 (2.74-3.21). Suboptimal temperature accounted for approximately 13% and 26% of clinic visits due to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, respectively, with the majority of cases attributable to moderate - rather than extreme - cold temperature. In rural settings, sub-optimal temperatures explained nearly one quarter of all clinical visits due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Although extreme cold temperature had a stronger, more immediate, prolonged effect on respiratory disease than for cardiovascular disease, moderately cold temperatures accounted for most of the overall burden of clinical visits.
RE: Doctors’ knowledge of the law on withholding and withdrawing lifesustaining medical treatment
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 02-2015
DOI: 10.5694/MJA14.01363
The Impact of Puberty on Aggression/Delinquency: Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2009
Abstract: Puberty is a potentially sensitive period during which the adolescent demonstrates rapid changes in aggressive/delinquent behaviour. Early onset of puberty has been implicated, not only in the earlier occurrence of aggressive/delinquent behaviour, but potentially a continuing higher level of aggression/delinquency. This article examines immediate and longer term gender specific changes in aggressive/delinquent behaviour as these are independently associated with the age of onset of puberty and pubertal stage adjusted for age. Data is derived from the Mater— University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a prospective prebirth cohort that involves 2,784 respondents who provided information about current pubertal stage (Tanner Score) and the age of onset of puberty, as well as the Achenbach's Youth Self-Report (14-year YSR) and Young Adult Self-Report (21-year YASR). Both males and females had similar increased levels of aggression/delinquency with more advanced pubertal stage at the 14-year follow-up. For females (but not males) early age of onset of puberty was additionally associated with more symptoms of aggression/ delinquency at the 14-year follow-up. For males, by the 21-year follow-up those who had experienced early age of onset of puberty no longer had higher YASR levels of aggression/delinquency. For females, only early and late age of occurrence of puberty were associated with longer term evidence of aggressive/delinquent behaviour. Progression through puberty is associated with increased levels of aggressive/delinquent behaviour for both males and females, and of about a similar magnitude. Female rates of aggressive/delinquent behaviour may have increased over time to match those observed in young males. For females only, there is evidence of a long-term sustained effect of early and late puberty on increased levels of aggressive/delinquent behaviour.
Advances in the meta-analysis of heterogeneous clinical trials II: The quality effects model
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2115
DOI: 10.1016/J.CCT.2015.05.010
Abstract: This article examines the performance of the updated quality effects (QE) estimator for meta-analysis of heterogeneous studies. It is shown that this approach leads to a decreased mean squared error (MSE) of the estimator while maintaining the nominal level of coverage probability of the confidence interval. Extensive simulation studies confirm that this approach leads to the maintenance of the correct coverage probability of the confidence interval, regardless of the level of heterogeneity, as well as a lower observed variance compared to the random effects (RE) model. The QE model is robust to subjectivity in quality assessment down to completely random entry, in which case its MSE equals that of the RE estimator. When the proposed QE method is applied to a meta-analysis of magnesium for myocardial infarction data, the pooled mortality odds ratio (OR) becomes 0.81 (95% CI 0.61-1.08) which favors the larger studies but also reflects the increased uncertainty around the pooled estimate. In comparison, under the RE model, the pooled mortality OR is 0.71 (95% CI 0.57-0.89) which is less conservative than that of the QE results. The new estimation method has been implemented into the free meta-analysis software MetaXL which allows comparison of alternative estimators and can be downloaded from www.epigear.com.
The Early Growth Genetics (EGG) and EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortia: design, results and future prospects
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2019
Change in maternal body mass index is associated with offspring body mass index: a 21-year prospective study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-11-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-012-0465-7
Abstract: To examine whether changes in maternal overweight and obesity from pre-pregnancy to two decades postpartum predict the body mass index (BMI) of adult offspring. We used a subs le of 1997 mother-offspring pairs from the 7,223 original cohorts of women who gave birth in Brisbane, Australia, between 1981 and 1984. Multiple linear regression and multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between change in maternal BMI from pre-pregnancy to 21-year postpartum, and offspring BMI at 21-year, adjusting for potential confounding factors. At 21-year postpartum, 31.15 % mothers were overweight and a further 30.80 % were obese. Mothers gained a mean weight of 16.07 kg over the 21 year. We found that the offspring of mothers who became overweight or remained overweight at 21-year postpartum were at greater risk of being overweight and obese at 21 years. In the adjusted model, offspring of mothers who had normal BMI before pregnancy but became overweight by 21-year postpartum were (odds ratio) 1.72 (95 % CI = 1.20, 2.47) times more likely to be overweight. Compared to offspring of mothers who maintained normal weight over two decades, offspring of mothers who remained persistently overweight were (odds ratio) 5.39 (95 % CI = 3.50, 8.30) times more likely to be obese by age 21 year. The findings of this study suggest that long-term changes in maternal BMI from pre-pregnancy to 21-year postpartum are independently associated with BMI in their young adult offspring.
The mental health of women 6 months after they give birth to an unwanted baby: A longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1991
DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90100-Q
Abstract: This study reports a longitudinal prospective study of the impact of an unwanted pregnancy on the mental health of the mother. Data are derived from a Brisbane, Australian s le of 8556 mothers who were enrolled at their first clinic visit (mean gestation 18 weeks) and then interviewed again some 3-5 days after the birth and when the baby was 6 months of age. Standard scales of mental health were administered on each of these occasions and mothers whose babies were unwanted were compared with the rest of the s le. The results indicate that mothers of unwanted children have somewhat higher rates of anxiety and depression than the comparison group, but that the magnitude of the mental health differences between the two groups: (a) diminishes over the period of the follow-up, (b) may be partly attributable to the prior poor mental health of women giving birth to an unplanned and unwanted baby, (c) is such that relatively few women who give birth to an unwanted baby experience mental health problems. The paper considers the implications of these results for health planners, notes the absence of contrary data and the need to acknowledge that these results may reflect situational factors which are characteristic of but not necessarily limited to Brisbane.
Spatiotemporal patterns and climatic drivers of severe dengue in Thailand
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.11.395
Abstract: The burden of dengue fever in Thailand is considerable, yet there are few large-scale studies exploring the drivers of transmission. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns and climatic drivers of severe dengue in Thailand. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and spatial cluster analysis were used to visualize the spatial distribution and detect high-risk clusters of severe dengue in 76 provinces of Thailand from January 1999 to December 2014. The seasonal patterns of severe dengue cases in different provinces were identified. A two-stage modelling approach combining a generalized linear model with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to quantify the effects of monthly mean temperature and relative humidity on the occurrence of severe dengue cases in 51 provinces of Thailand. Significant severe dengue clustering was detected, especially during epidemic years, and the location of these clusters showed substantial inter-annual variation. Severe dengue cases in Northern and Northeastern Thailand peaked in June to August and this pattern was stable across the study period, whereas the seasonality of severe dengue cases in other regions (especially Central Thailand) was less predictable. The risk of the occurrence of severe dengue cases increased with an increase in mean temperature in Northeastern Thailand, Central Thailand, and Southern Thailand, with peaks occurring between 24 °C to 30 °C in Northeastern Thailand and 27 °C to 29 °C in Southern Thailand West Coast, respectively. Relative humidity significantly affected the occurrence of severe dengue cases in Northeastern and Central Thailand, with optimal ranges observed for each region. Our findings substantiate the potential for developing climate-based dengue early warning systems for Thailand, and have implications for informing pre-emptive vector control.
A study of chronic bronchitis in Brisbane in two groups of workers: The effects of cigarette smoking, pollution and industrial exposure on the disease
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1976
Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including community-associated methicillin-resistant strains, in Queensland adults
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-0691.2008.02652.X
Abstract: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are emerging in southeast Queensland, Australia, but the incidence of carriage of CA-MRSA strains is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the nasal carriage rate of S. aureus, including CA-MRSA strains, in the general adult population of southeast Queensland. 396 patients presenting to general practices in two Brisbane suburbs and 303 volunteers randomly selected from the electoral rolls in the same suburbs completed a medical questionnaire and had nasal swabs performed for S. aureus. All isolates of S. aureus underwent antibiotic susceptibility testing and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and binary typing, including determination of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). The nasal carriage rate of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) was 202/699 (28%), a rate similar to that found in other community-based nasal carriage studies. According to multivariate analysis, nasal carriage of S. aureus was associated with male sex, young adult age group and Caucasian ethnicity. Only two study isolates (one MSSA and one CA-MRSA) carried PVL. The nasal carriage rate of MRSA was low, at 5/699 (0.7%), and only two study participants (0.3%) had CA-MRSA strains. CA-MRSA is an emerging cause of infection in southeast Queensland, but as yet the incidence of carriage of CA-MRSA in the general community is low.
Diagnostic value of non-invasive bio-markers for stage-specific diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis in patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2010.10.007
Abstract: Hepatic fibrosis caused by schistosome infection can be fatal. Its management depends on the degree of fibrosis present. To assess the diagnostic value of bio-markers in patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica at different stages of disease progression, 84 advanced schistosomiasis japonica patients and nine controls were recruited in The People's Republic of China. Fibrosis was histologically assessed in wedge liver biopsies using the Chinese criteria for fibrosis (F) Stages. Seven selected hepatic fibrosis bio-markers were assessed and compared between the groups. The method of area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) was used as a measurement of diagnostic efficacy. Our results showed that routine laboratory test results were normal for the controls but were significantly elevated or decreased in patients with fibrosis. While serum hyaluronic acid (HA) and matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 levels were shown to be elevated in patient groups compared with controls, the levels of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB were markedly lower. To distinguish F≥2 from no fibrosis or mild fibrosis, HA gave a high AUROC of 0.938 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.886-0.990). Combining the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) and HA/100 showed an AUROC of 0.958 (95% CI, 0.914-1.000). APRI in combination with TIMP-1/100 provided an AUROC of 0.873 (95% CI, 0.805-0.942) for the diagnosis of fibrosis stages greater than 2. We conclude that AST and APRI levels were reliable and sensitive markers for differentiating significant hepatic fibrosis in patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica. HA and TIMP-1 show potential as additional markers for the diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis in advanced schistosomiasis patients.
Outdoor Temperature, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure in Chinese Adults: Effect Modification by Individual Characteristics
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-02-2016
DOI: 10.1038/SREP21003
Abstract: We collected data from Kailuan cohort study from 2006 to 2011 to examine whether short-term effects of ambient temperature on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) are non-linear or linear, and their potential modifying factors. The HR, BP and in idual information, including basic characteristics, life style, socio-economic characteristics and other characteristics, were collected for each participant. Daily mean temperature and relative humidity were collected. A regression model was used to evaluate associations of temperature with HR and BP, with a non-linear function for temperature. We also stratified the analyses in different groups ided by in idual characteristics. 47,591 residents were recruited. The relationships of temperature with HR and BP were “V” shaped with thresholds ranging from 22 °C to 28 °C. Both cold and hot effects were observed on HR and BP. The differences of effect estimates were observed among the strata of in idual characteristics. The effect estimate of temperature was higher among older people. The cold effect estimate was higher among people with lower Body Mass Index. However, the differences of effect estimates among other groups were inconsistent. These findings suggest both cold and hot temperatures may have short-term impacts on HR and BP. The in idual characteristics could modify these relationships.
Congenital heart disease in Papua New Guinean children
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2001
DOI: 10.1080/07430170120093463
Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyse critically the programme for surgical management of children in Papua New Guinea (PNG) with congenital heart disease. A hospital record-based analysis was undertaken to document the pattern, management and short-term outcome of surgery in PNG children referred with a diagnosis of congenital heart disease to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Sydney, Australia. On admission, physical examination, chest radiogram, electrocardiogram, cross-sectional echocardiogram and, in most cases, cardiac catheterization were performed. Of the 170 children referred over the 17-year period, 1978-1994, 165 were confirmed to have congenital heart disease and were included in the study. Their ages ranged from 2 months to 16 years (median 5.5) and the male to female ratio was 1:1. One-sixth had delayed milestones and one-fifth long-term wasting. A large number were tachypnoeic, in heart failure or had pulmonary hypertension on admission. Ventricular septal defect, 34%, tetralogy of Fallot, 23%, and patent ductus arteriosus, 16.4%, were the predominant defects. lesions such as aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta and transposition of the great arteries are under-represented. Altogether, 133 children (81%) had surgery 75% were open- and 25% closed-heart operations. The complications were unremarkable and the mortality rate (6%) acceptable for the era. The programme was therefore very successful for a small proportion of children born in PNG with congenital heart disease.
Intimate partner violence in emerging adulthood and subsequent substance use disorders: findings from a longitudinal study.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/ADD.14592
Abstract: To examine the temporal association between the experience of different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) in early adulthood (21 years) and substance use disorders in young adulthood (30 years). Prospective birth cohort study using data from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). Brisbane, Australia. A total of 1353 people (822 females and 531 males). IPV was measured using the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS) and alcohol, substance and nicotine use disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). In females, the experience of different forms of IPV at 21 years remained a robust risk factor for subsequent alcohol use disorder [adjusted odds ratios (aORs) ranged from 1.6 to 2.6 (all P < 0.05)], substance use disorder [aORs ranged from 2.1 to 4.0 (all P < 0.001)] and nicotine use disorder [aORs ranged from 2.0 to 2.4 (all P < 0.05)] at 30 years, even after controlling for antecedent substance disorders. However, in males only physical and emotional abuse (but not harassment) were significant in predicting alcohol use disorder [aORs ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 (all P < 0.05)] and drug use disorder [aORs ranged from 1.6 to 2.0 (all P < 0.05)] in the fully adjusted model. Intimate partner violence (IPV) in early adulthood is robustly associated with alcohol, substance and nicotine use disorders in women, whereas in men the association is clear for only some forms of IPV and types of disorder.
How Perceived Leader–Member Exchange Differentiation Affects Construction Workers’ Safety Citizenship Behavior: Organizational Identity and Felt Safety Responsibility as Mediators
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 11-2023
IgG antibody concentrations after immunization with 11-valent mixed-carrier pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in efficacy trial against pneumonia among Filipino infants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2009.02.059
Abstract: Pneumococcal pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in reducing childhood pneumonia has been estimated in four double-blind, randomized, controlled trials. An investigational 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (11PCV) had an efficacy of 22.9% against radiologically defined pneumonia during first 2 years of life in Filipino infants. We report here the immunogenicity of the vaccine in a nested study of 1111 infants randomized 1:1 to receive 11PCV or placebo scheduled to be given according to the National EPI Program at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. IgG antibody concentrations to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were measured by a standardized enzyme immuno-assay in serum s les drawn post-3rd dose for peak antibody response and at the time of measles vaccination at 9 months of age for persistence of the antibodies. The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of antibodies were significantly higher in 11PCV than in placebo recipients against vaccine serotypes at both s ling points. One month post-3rd dose, 93-100% of 11PCV recipients had > or =0.35microg/ml for 9 serotypes, 76% for 6B, and 87% for 23F. The same proportions varied between 24% and 97% at 9.5 months of age due to antibody decrease. GMC to vaccine-related serotype 19A, but not to 6A, was higher in 11PCV than in placebo recipients. 7-12% of the 11PCV recipients had spontaneous antibody increases to serotypes 6B, 23F, and 14 between the two s ling points. These serotypes were common in nasopharyngeal s les of the infants. The 11PCV demonstrated good immunogenicity after three doses and persistence of antibodies at least up to 9.5 months of age, comparable to other PCVs that have been evaluated for efficacy against radiologically defined pneumonia in other populations.
Electronic Telephone Directory Listings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S1047-2797(00)00070-3
Abstract: We report our telephone-based system for selecting community control series appropriate for a complete Australia-wide series of Ewing's sarcoma cases. We used electronic directory random s ling to select age-matched controls. The s ling has all listed telephone numbers on an up-dated CD-Rom. 95% of 2245 telephone numbers selected were successfully contacted. The mean number of attempts needed was 1.94, 58% answering at the first attempt. On average, we needed 4.5 contacts per control selected. Calls were more likely to be successful (reach a respondent) when made in the evening (except Saturdays). The overall response rate among contacted telephone numbers was 92.8%. Participation rates among female and male respondents were practically the same. The exclusion of unlisted numbers (13.5% of connected households) and unconnected households (3.7%) led to potential selection bias. However, restricting the case series to listed cases only, plus having external information on the direction of potential bias allow meaningful interpretation of our data. S ling from an electronic directory is convenient, economical and simple, and gives a very good yield of eligible subjects compared to other methods.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and X-ray defined pneumonia in children less than two years of age
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-10-2009
Can Mass Drug Administration Lead to the Sustainable Control of Schistosomiasis?
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 28-07-2014
Abstract: In the Philippines, the current national control strategy for schistosomiasis is annual mass drug administration (MDA) with 40 mg/kg of praziquantel in all schistosomiasis-endemic villages with a prevalence ≥10%. A cross-sectional survey of schistosomiasis was conducted in 2012 on 18 221 in iduals residing in 22 schistosomiasis-endemic villages in the province of Northern Samar. The prevalence of schistosomiasis, intensity of Schistosoma infection, and morbidity of disease were assessed. Despite an active schistosomiasis-control program in Northern Samar for >30 years, which included a MDA c aign in the last 5 years, the mean prevalence of schistosomiasis among 10 435 evaluated subjects was 27.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.3%-28.0%), and the geometric mean intensity of infection among 2832 evaluated subjects was 17.2 eggs per gram of feces (95% CI, 16.4-18.1). Ultrasonography revealed high levels of schistosomiasis-induced morbidity in the schistosomiasis-endemic communities. Left lobe liver enlargement (≥70 mm) was evident in 89.3% of subjects. Twenty-five percent of the study population had grade II/III liver parenchyma fibrosis, and 13.3% had splenomegaly (≥100 mm). MDA on its own was insufficient to control the prevalence of schistosomiasis, intensity of Schistosoma infection, or morbidity of the disease. Alternative control measures will be needed to complement the existing national MDA program.
Cannabis Use and Obesity and Young Adults
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-10-2010
DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2010.500438
Abstract: There is shortage of evidence about the relationship between use of cannabis and obesity. This study aimed to examine the association between cannabis use and overweight/obesity in young adults. Data were from a 21-year follow-up of mothers and their children recruited into the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a longitudinal pre-birth cohort. The study is based on 2566 young adults (1264 males and 1302 females) who had data available on cannabis use and age of initiation to use of cannabis and BMI at the 21-year follow-up (MUSP children). Those who did not provide data on cannabis use and BMI were excluded from the analysis. Frequency of cannabis use and body mass index (BMI) was assessed at the 21-year follow-up. Potential confounders were prospectively measured between the child's birth and the 21-year follow-up. Some 50.9% of young adults reported use of cannabis in the last month or year and 34.1% had BMI ≤ 25. Multivariate analysis showed that those who had used cannabis were less likely to be categorised in the BMI ≥ 25 group with the least prevalence of overweight/obesity being observed in every day cannabis users (odds ratio = .2 95% confidence interval [CI]:.1-.4). The existing data suggest lower prevalence of overweight and obesity among young adult cannabis users. Further research is needed to examine the mechanism of this association.
Modelling parasite aggregation: disentangling statistical and ecological approaches
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2014.02.008
Abstract: The overdispersion in macroparasite infection intensity among host populations is commonly simulated using a constant negative binomial aggregation parameter. We describe an alternative to utilising the negative binomial approach and demonstrate important disparities in intervention efficacy projections that can come about from opting for pattern-fitting models that are not process-explicit. We present model output in the context of the epidemiology and control of soil-transmitted helminths due to the significant public health burden imposed by these parasites, but our methods are applicable to other infections with demonstrable aggregation in parasite numbers among hosts.
Does hypertensive disorder of pregnancy predict offspring blood pressure at 21 years? Evidence from a birth cohort study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-04-2011
DOI: 10.1038/JHH.2011.35
Abstract: Although few studies found that the offspring of women who experienced preecl sia have higher blood pressure (BP) at childhood and adolescence, no study has observed whether this association exists for adult offspring. To examine whether maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) predicts adult offspring BP. We followed a sub-s le of 2608 mother-offspring pairs for 21 years from an original cohort of 7223 singleton infants whose mothers gave birth in Brisbane, Australia between 1981 and 1983. HDP was defined as diastolic BP (DBP) over 90 mm Hg on at least two occasions beyond 20 weeks gestation associated with proteinuria and/or excessive fluid retention. Adult offspring's systolic BP (SBP) and DBP were measured at 21 years. Multivariable regressions were used to examine the independent associations of HDP with offspring BP. Unadjusted regression analysis showed that offspring of women who experienced HDP have 3.46 mm Hg greater SBP and 3.02 mm Hg greater DBP at 21 years. This association remained consistent after adjusting for potential confounding and mediating factors including offspring gender, age, percentile birth weight for gestation, placenta weight and body mass index (BMI) at 21 year, maternal age, education, racial origin, and smoking during pregnancy and their pre-pregnancy BMI. Findings of this study suggest that maternal HDP predicts adult offspring BP.
Psychotic-Like Experiences in Major Depression and Anxiety Disorders: A Population-Based Survey in Young Adults
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 17-08-2009
Air pollution and child respiratory health: a case-crossover study in Australia and New Zealand
Publisher: American Thoracic Society
Date: 06-2005
Breastfeeding and obesity at 14 years: A cohort study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2006.00864.X
Abstract: To determine the influence of breastfeeding on overweight and obesity in early adolescence. Data about breastfeeding duration, BMI of children at 14 years, and confounding variables, were collected from an ongoing longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 7776 children in Brisbane. Prevalence of overweight and obesity at 14 years was assessed according to duration of breastfeeding, with logistic regression being used to adjust for the influence of confounders. Data were available for 3698 children, and those not included were significantly different in age, educational level, income, race, birthweight, and small-for-gestational-age status. Breastfeeding for longer than six months was protective of obesity (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4, 0.96) though not of overweight. When confounding variables were considered the effect size diminished and lost statistical significance OR 0.8 (95% CI 0.5, 1.3). Breastfeeding for less than 6 months had no effect on either obesity or overweight though a trend was found for increased prevalence of overweight at 14 years with shorter periods of breastfeeding. This investigation contributes to the gathering body of evidence that breastfeeding for longer than 6 months has a modest protective effect against obesity in adolescence.
First bovine vaccine to prevent human schistosomiasis - a cluster randomised Phase 3 clinical trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2023
Five year impact of chemotherapy on morbidity attributable to Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Dongting Lake region
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1998
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-3156.1998.00305.X
Abstract: To determine changes in the last 5 years of the fraction of acute and chronic symptoms attributable to schistosomiasis japonica in fishing communities with moderate endemicity in the Dongting Lake region of China. Complete medical histories, physical examinations, and stool s les were obtained from 1909 in iduals (53% male) ranging in age from 4 to 81 years. Age, sex, occupation, frequency of water contact, number of times treated for schistosomiasis, and last year of treatment were tested as potential effect modifiers and confounders. Overall, there were very few infected cases and very little variation in any prevalence ratio with infection intensity, sex, age, year of last treatment, number of times treated or frequency of water contact. The attributable fraction of liver enlargement in one village was estimated at 0.114 (11.4%), although this was not significantly > 0(95% CI -0.008-0.237). The chemotherapy-based schistosomiasis control programme in this locality has succeeded in reducing attributable morbidity to undetectable levels, but many uncertainties remain about sustaining control efforts in the future. Both old and new control strategies will have to be examined if the health and well-being of these people are to be maintained into the next millennium, given that periodic chemotherapy will not be accepted indefinitely.
Physicians’ attitudes towards end-of-life decisions: a comparison between seven countries
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2004.08.061
Abstract: In the context of an European collaborative research project (EURELD), a study on attitudes towards medical end-of-life decisions was conducted among physicians in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Australia also joined the consortium. A written questionnaire with structured questions was sent to practising physicians from specialties frequently involved in the care of dying patients. 10,139 questionnaires were studied. Response rate was equal to or larger than 50% in all countries except Italy (39%). Apart from general agreement with respect to the alleviation of pain and symptoms with possible life-shortening effect, there was large variation in support--between and within countries--for medical decision that may result in the hastening of death. A principal component factor analysis found that 58% of the variance of the responses is explained by four factors. 'Country' explained the largest part of the variation of the standardized factor scores.
Spatiotemporal patterns and environmental drivers of human echinococcoses over a twenty-year period in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-02-2018
The effect of zinc supplementation on body composition and hormone levels related to adiposity among children: A systematic review
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 20-05-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980016001154
Abstract: To provide a comprehensive synthesis of the effects of Zn supplementation on childhood body composition and adiposity-related hormone levels. Five electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of Zn supplementation studies published before 28 February 2015. No statistical pooling of results was carried out due to ersity in study designs. Community- or hospital-based, from fourteen developing and developed countries. Children and adolescents aged 0 to 10 years. Seven of the fourteen studies reported an overall or subgroup effect of Zn supplementation on at least one parameter of body composition, when determined by anthropometric measurements (increased mid upper-arm circumference, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and mid upper-arm muscle area, and decreased BMI). Three out of the fourteen studies reported increased mean value of total body water estimated by bio-impedance analysis and increased fat-free mass estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and by total body water. Zn supplementation was associated with increased fat-free mass among stunted children. One study found supplementation decreased leptin and insulin concentrations. Due to the use of anthropometry when determining body composition, a majority of the studies could not accurately address whether alterations in the fat and/or fat-free mass components of the body were responsible for the observed changes in body composition. The effect of Zn supplementation on body composition is not consistent but may modify fat-free mass among children with pre-existing growth failure.
Similar antibody concentrations in Filipino infants at age 9 months, after 1 or 3 doses of an adjuvanted, 11-valent pneumococcal diphtheria/tetanus- conjugated vaccine: A randomized controlled trial
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-2004
DOI: 10.1086/420849
Substantiated childhood maltreatment and young adulthood cannabis use disorders: A pre-birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
The association between ambient temperature and children’s lung function in Baotou, China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-09-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00484-014-0897-2
Abstract: The objective of this study is to examine the association between ambient temperature and children's lung function in Baotou, China. We recruited 315 children (8-12 years) from Baotou, China in the spring of 2004, 2005, and 2006. They performed three successive forced expiratory measurements three times daily (morning, noon, and evening) for about 5 weeks. The highest peak expiratory flow (PEF) was recorded for each session. Daily data on ambient temperature, relative humidity, and air pollution were monitored during the same period. Mixed models with a distributed lag structure were used to examine the effects of temperature on lung function while adjusting for in idual characteristics and environmental factors. Low temperatures were significantly associated with decreases in PEF. The effects lasted for lag 0-2 days. For all participants, the cumulative effect estimates (lag 0-2 days) were -1.44 (-1.93, -0.94) L/min, -1.39 (-1.92, -0.86) L/min, -1.40 (-1.97, -0.82) L/min, and -1.28 (-1.69, -0.88) L/min for morning, noon, evening, and daily mean PEF, respectively, associated with 1 °C decrease in daily mean temperature. Generally, the effects of temperature were slightly stronger in boys than in girls for noon, evening, and daily mean PEF, while the effects were stronger in girls for morning PEF. PM2.5 had joint effects with temperature on children's PEF. Higher PM2.5 increased the impacts of low temperature. Low ambient temperatures are associated with lower lung function in children in Baotou, China. Preventive health policies will be required for protecting children from the cold weather.
Learning, Cognitive, and Attentional Problems in Adolescents Born Small for Gestational Age
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 08-2003
Abstract: Objective. To determine whether the presence, severity, or symmetry of growth restriction in term infants is an independent risk factor for learning, cognitive, and attentional problems in adolescence. Methods. A total of 7388 term infants have been followed prospectively since birth. At 14 years, 5059 mothers completed a Child Behavior Checklist and provided information on their child’s school progress. A total of 5051 adolescents completed a Youth Self Report, with 3703 also undergoing psychometric testing with Ravens Progressive Matrices and Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) reading subtest. Outcomes were compared on the basis of birth weight groups and measures of body symmetry and were adjusted for the level of social risk at birth. Results. Adolescents who were born small for gestational age (SGA), when compared with their appropriately grown counterparts (& th percentile), were more likely to experience learning difficulties, with a higher prevalence in those of birth weight ≤3rd percentile. Girls of birth weight ≤3rd percentile were more likely to have attentional problems and low WRAT reading scores. There was no significant difference in Ravens IQ or mean WRAT reading scores between SGA and non-SGA groups. There was no association between body symmetry and any of the outcomes studied. Conclusions. SGA status seems to have only modest independent effects on learning, cognition, and attention in adolescence. Severity but not symmetry of growth restriction predicted learning difficulties.
Predictors of death from severe pneumonia among children 2-59 months old hospitalized in Bohol, Philippines: Implications for referral criteria at a first-level health facility
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3156.2007.01872.X
Abstract: To determine predictors of death among children 2-59 months old admitted to hospital with severe pneumonia. Prospective observational study from April 1994 to May 2000 to investigate serious infections in children less than 5 years old admitted to a tertiary care government hospital in a rural province in central Philippines. The quality of clinical and laboratory work was monitored. The WHO classification for severe pneumonia was used for patient enrolment. There were 1249 children with severe pneumonia and no CNS infection. Thirty children died. Using univariate analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with death: age 2-5 months, dense infiltrates on chest radiography and presence of definite bacterial pathogens in the blood. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed the following independent predictors of death: age 2-5 months, weight for age z-score less than -2 SD, dense infiltrates on chest radiography and definite pathogens isolated in the blood. When the results of chest radiographs and blood cultures were not included to mimic facilities available at first-level facilities, age 2-5 months and weight for age z-score less than -2 SD remained independent predictors of death. When resources are limited, children with lower chest wall indrawing (severe pneumonia) who are 2-5 months old or moderately to severely malnourished should be referred for immediate higher-level care.
Doctors' perspectives on law and life-sustaining treatment: Survey design and recruitment strategies for a challenging cohort
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2016
Enhanced comparisons of COVID-19 mortality across populations
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 16-06-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.14.20131318
Abstract: The reported crude case fatality rate (CFR) for COVID-19 varies considerably across countries. Crude CFRs could by biased by larger proportions of older COVID-19 cases in population data, who are also at increased mortality risk. Such distorted age case structures are a common feature of selective COVID 19 testing strategies in many countries, and they potentially mask underlying differences arising from other important factors such as health system burden. We used the method of direct case-age standardisation to evaluate the effects of age variations on CFRs. Data on cases and death by age from Italy, Spain, China, Australia and South Korea were analysed to derive standardised CFRs. Findings were compared across different case age distribution references as standards. Using the South Korean case age distribution as a standard, the fivefold higher crude CFR for Italy is reduced to less than two-fold after adjustment, while the crude CFR difference for Spain is virtually eliminated. The adjusted CFR for Australia is the lowest among all countries. Mortality differences based on crude CFRs are exaggerated by age structures, which are effectively controlled by case age standardization. Residual CFR differences could be attributed to health and health system factors. The South Korean case age distribution is an appropriate reference standard, given its robust case detection and contact tracing program. Till reliable population level indicators of incidence and mortality are available, the age-standardized CFR could be a viable option for international comparison of the impact of the COVID 19 epidemic. There are intense debates around the magnitude of and reasons for wide variations in observed case fatality rates (CFRs) from COVID 19 across countries. Age is commonly speculated as a reason, but this has not been technically quantified or explained. The technique of direct standardization using reference distributions of case age structures eliminates the effects of age on CFR, thus enhancing the comparability as well as understanding of differentials Residual differences between adjusted CFRs can be used to infer health and health system factors that influence mortality in COVID 19 cases in different populations
Reply to P. Autier et al
Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
Date: 10-05-2011
Association of Breastfeeding and Adolescents' Psychopathology: A Large Prospective Study
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 12-2012
Abstract: There is little known about the association between breastfeeding and long-term child psychopathology. This study aimed to examine the impact of breastfeeding on child mental health and problem behavior at 14 years and whether this association is confounded by other variables. Data were from a pre-birth prospective study that included mothers and their children followed up from pregnancy to 14 years of the child's age in Brisbane, Australia. The child's anxiety/depression, withdrawal problems, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, aggression, and delinquency were measured using the Achenbach Youth Self Report at 14 years. Breastfeeding was prospectively assessed at the 6-month follow-up of the study. The analysis was based on 4,502 adolescents who responded to the YSR questionnaire and for whom prospective data were available on breastfeeding. Breastfeeding as reported by mothers when the child was 6 months old predicted reduced symptoms of child mental health and problem behavior at 14 years. The impact of breastfeeding on the child's social problems, attention problems, and aggressive behavior remained statistically significant after controlling for the effect of other variables, such as unplanned pregnancy, maternal mental health, and substance use during pregnancy. Our data suggest that breastfeeding for at least 4 months can have a significant protective effect on a child's social, attention, and aggression problems in early adolescence. Given the limitations of the existing evidence, further research is needed to investigate the robustness of the findings of this study and the mechanisms of long-term association between breastfeeding and reduced social, attention, and aggression problems of the offspring in adolescence.
Rapid growth in early childhood associated with young adult overweight and obesity – evidence from a community based cohort study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2015
Evaluation of the tuberculosis programme in Ningxia Hui Autonomous region, the People’s Republic of China: a retrospective case study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1110
Abstract: Tuberculosis is a devastating disease due to its rapid transmission and high rate of mortality. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), located in the North-west, is one of the poorest provinces in China and national surveys have shown TB has been hyper endemic in NHAR for several decades. As no active surveys had been undertaken since the initiation of the DOTS control program across all of NHAR. A retrospective study was undertaken of all clinical records of TB patients registered from January 2005 to September 2009. Poisson regression was performed to investigate the change in incidence over time and accounted for age, sex and county. Length of time on treatment, disease severity and patient delay were assessed by county. More than 30% of patients had been on treatment for over 12 months and 10% for over 3 years, reflecting drug-resistance or failure of DOTS. More than 93% of patients had grade III disease at time of diagnosis and % of patients had severe disease grade IV-V in some NHAR counties. Further, 8.8% of patients were not diagnosed for over 6 months from the onset of symptoms this was as high as 20% in some counties. The reported incidence of TB is most likely grossly underestimated and the data indicate TB is a major public health concern in NHAR. It is clear that active surveillance is necessary to determine the full extent of the burden of TB in NHAR. New control and treatment strategies for TB are required that increase awareness in the health-care system and at the in idual and community level.
Serotype-specific hyporesponsiveness to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants carrying pneumococcus at the time of vaccination
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPEDS.2010.04.071
Abstract: To determine whether pneumococcal carriage at the time of 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-11) administration interferes with immune response in infants. A total of 1111 Filipino infants recruited into an immunogenicity and carriage study, nested in an efficacy trial, received PCV-11 or saline solution placebo at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Antibody concentrations to the most frequently carried vaccine serotypes 6B, 19F, and 23F were measured by enzyme immunoassay from sera obtained at 18 weeks and 9 months of age. Serotype-specific antibody concentration was compared between groups of children among PCV-11 recipients stratified according to their carriage status at 6 weeks of age. Antibody concentrations to 6B, 19F, and 23F were significantly lower at 18 weeks and 9 months of age among children who were carriers of the specific serotype at 6 weeks of age than among non-carriers of the serotype. The hyporesponsiveness was specific to the carried serotype. The specific antibody concentrations induced by PCV-11 among carriers did not differ significantly from those in placebo recipients, whereas the differences were highly significant among noncarriers. Pneumococcal carriage, prevalent in Filipino infants, interferes with serotype-specific immune response to primary series of PCV and has potential implications for immunization programs.
Does being against euthanasia legislation equate to being anti-euthanasia?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-03-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1445-5994.2006.01053.X
Abstract: This study investigated issues raised in qualitative data from our previous studies of health professionals and community members, which suggested that being opposed to euthanasia legislation did not necessarily equate to being anti-euthanasia per se. A postal survey of 1002 medical practitioners, 1000 nurses and 1200 community members was undertaken. In addition to a direct question on changing the law to allow active voluntary euthanasia (AVE), four statements assessed attitudes to euthanasia with or without a change in legislation. Responses were received from 405 doctors (43%), 429 nurses (45%) and 405 community members (38%). Compared with previous studies there was a slight increase in support for a change in the law from medical practitioners, a slight decrease in support from community members and almost no change among nurses. Different interpretations of the results of the four attitude questions are possible, depending on the perspective of the interpreter.
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH): A Critical Component for Sustainable Soil-Transmitted Helminth and Schistosomiasis Control
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-04-2014
A sustainable programme to prevent falls and near-falls in community-dwelling older people: results of a randomised trial
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-2000
Abstract: In the causative mechanism of falls among older community dwellers, slips and trips have been found to be significant precursors. The purpose of the two year trial was to assess the effectiveness of multi-component interventions targeting major risk factors for falls in reducing the incidence of slips, trips and falls among the well, older community. Four groups with approximately equal numbers of participants were randomly allocated to interventions. The prevention strategies included education and awareness raising of falls risk factors, exercise sessions to improve strength and balance, home safety advice to modify environmental hazards, and medical assessment to optimise health. The interventions combined the strategies in an add on approach. The first intervention group receiving the information session only was regarded as the control. The outcome of interest was the occurrence of a slip, trip or fall, monitored prospectively using a daily calendar diary. Two hundred and fifty two members of the National Seniors Association in the Brisbane district agreed to participate. National Seniors clubs provide a forum for active, community dwelling Australians aged 50 and over to participate in policy, personal development and recreation. Using Cox's proportional hazards regression model, adjusted hazard ratios comparing intervention groups with the control ranged from 0.35 (95% CI 0.17, 0.73) to 0.48 (0.25, 0.91) for slips 0.29 (0.16, 0.51) to 0.45 (0.27, 0.74) for trips and 0.60 (0.36, 1.01) to 0.82 (0.51, 1.31) for falls. While calendar monitoring recorded outcome, it was also assessed as a prevention strategy by comparing the intervention groups with a hypothetical nonintervened group. At one year after intervention, reductions in the probability of slips, trips and falls (61 (95% CI 54, 66)% 56 (49, 63)% 29 (22, 36)% respectively) were demonstrated. This study makes an important contribution to the priority community health issue of falls prevention by showing that effective, sustainable, low cost programmes can be introduced through community-based organisations to reduce the incidence of slips, trips and falls in well older people.
Predictors of young adults' amphetamine use and disorders: A prospective study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1465-3362.2009.00032.X
Abstract: Understanding the risk factors that predict hetamine use and development of hetamine abuse or dependence (disorder) may help guide preventive interventions. This study aimed to investigate the correlates and predictors of young adults' hetamine use and use disorders. Prospective cohort, population-based study which started in Brisbane, South East Queensland (Australia) in 1981. The study participants were a cohort of 2042 young adults, followed up from birth to young adulthood. At the 21-year follow-up, hetamine use was assessed via a self-report questionnaire, and hetamine use disorder (AUD) was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto). Potential predictors (15 risk factors) were assessed between baseline (antenatal visit) and the 21-year follow-up. These included participant's gender, mother's age and education, maternal marital status and quality of marital relationship, maternal tobacco and alcohol consumption, mother-child communication, child mental health and problem behaviours, child smoking and alcohol consumption and child school performance. Young adult hetamine users were more likely to have concurrent symptoms of mental illness and problem behaviours and to use or abuse cigarettes, cannabis, or other illicit drugs. In multivariate analyses, young adults' hetamine use and disorder were disproportionately more common among males and those who have prospectively reported aggression/delinquency or smoking at 14 years, or who have experienced childhood sexual abuse. Our findings suggest that problem behaviours, smoking and childhood sexual abuse are predictors of initiation to use of hetamines and development of hetamine abuse and dependence.
The burden of air pollution on years of life lost in Beijing, China, 2004-08: retrospective regression analysis of daily deaths
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-12-2013
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.F7139
Gender differences in the association between childhood sexual abuse and risky sexual behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHIABU.2016.11.023
Abstract: This meta-analytic review examines the association between childhood sexual abuse and risky sexual behaviours with sub-group analyses by gender. Systematic searches of electronic databases including MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were performed using key terms. We used a priori criteria to include high quality studies and control for heterogeneities across eligible studies. The review was registered with PROSPERO and used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The final meta-analysis applied fixed-effects model to generate pooled odds ratio (OR). Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential methodological moderators. The meta-analysis included 8 eligible studies (N=38,989, females=53.1%). The overall syndemic of risky sexual behaviors at adulthood was 1.59 times more common in childhood sexual abuse victims. There was a similar association between childhood sexual abuse in general and subsequent risky sexual behaviors in both females and males. However, in cases of substantiated childhood sexual abuse, there was a greater odds of risky sexual behaviors in females (OR=2.72) than males (OR=1.69). The magnitude of association of childhood sexual abuse and risky sexual behaviors was similar for males and females regardless of study time, study quality score and method of childhood sexual abuse measurement. There were nonsignificant overall and subgroup differences between males and females. Childhood sexual abuse is a significant risk factor for a syndemic of risky sexual behaviors and the magnitude is similar both in females and males. More research is needed to explore possible mechanisms of association.
On the estimation of population cause-specific mortality fractions from in-hospital deaths
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-02-2019
Abundance and Spaital Distribution of Mosquitoes at Lake Bullawarra, Queensland (Diptera: Culicidae)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1994
Food intake, dietary patterns, and actinic keratoses of the skin: A longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2009
Abstract: Actinic keratoses (AKs) are premalignant actinic tumors of the skin. Evaluation of the role of diet in their development is lacking. The objective was to determine whether intake of certain food groups or dietary patterns retard the occurrence of AKs over a 4.5-y period. In a community-based study of skin cancer in Queensland, Australia, food intake of 1119 adults was assessed in 1992, 1994, and 1996 by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Dermatologists counted prevalent AKs during full-body skin examinations in 1992 and 1996. The relative ratio (RR) of AK counts in 1996 relative to 1992 was compared across increasing intakes of 26 food groups, and for 3 dietary patterns identified by principal components analysis, with the use of generalized linear models with negative binomial distribution, allowing for repeated measures. All analyses were adjusted for confounding factors, including skin color and sun exposure indexes. AK acquisition decreased by 28% (RR: 0.72 95% CI: 0.55, 0.95) among the highest consumers of oily fish (average of one serving every 5 d) compared with those with minimal intake. Similarly, the rate of acquisition of AKs was reduced by 27% (RR: 0.73 95% CI: 0.54, 0.99) in those with the highest consumption of wine (average of half a glass a day in this study population). There was no consistent association of dietary pattern with AK acquisition. Moderate intake of oily fish and of wine may decrease the acquisition of AKs and thus complement sun protection measures in the control of actinic skin tumors.
The developmental origin of adolescent alcohol use: Findings from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2008.05.011
Abstract: It is unclear whether fetal alcohol exposure contributes to alcohol use in adolescence. In this study, we examine the association between maternal alcohol use in pregnancy and adolescents' drinking patterns at age 14. The association of maternal alcohol exposure with early drinking was examined in 4363 adolescents taking part to the Mater University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) and its outcomes, a population based birth cohort study commenced in Brisbane (Australia) in 1981. Mothers and children were followed up at birth, 5 and 14 years after the initial interview. Maternal alcohol use was assessed before and during pregnancy and at the 5 years follow-up. Adolescents' alcohol use was assessed at child age 14. In multivariable analysis those born of mothers who consumed 3+ glasses during pregnancy were at increased risk to report drinking 3+ glasses compared with those whose mothers reported no drinking or drinking up to 2 glasses. Comparisons controlling for drinking before pregnancy and at age 5 found the averaged odds ratio of maternal drinking in pregnancy on risk of reporting alcohol consumption of 3 and more glasses at age 14 was 2.74 (CI 1.70, 4.22). Our study suggests that they maybe a biological origin of early drinking. Further studies are needed to better disentangle the nature of the association and the role of other possible confounding factors.
What do emergency physicians think of the law?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-07-2012
Early childhood predictors of age of initiation to use of cannabis: A birth prospective study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1465-3362.2012.00520.X
Abstract: Early age of cannabis use predicts subsequent illicit drug abuse and other psychosocial problems. Identification of factors associated with early cannabis use may contribute to the development of preventive interventions. This study aimed to examine the early life predictors of age of initiation to cannabis. Data were from Mater Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a population-based prospective birth cohort study. Participants were a cohort of 3488 young adults who self-reported frequency and age of onset of cannabis use at the 21 year follow up. Of 3488 young adults, 48.9% (51.8% men and 46.4% women) reported having ever used cannabis. For those who had ever used cannabis, age of onset had mean and median of 15.8 and 16.0 years, respectively. In multivariate analysis child's gender, change in maternal marital status, quality of marital relationship, maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption and maternal depression when the child was 5 years statistically significantly predicted age of initiation to cannabis use. The present study explores the impact of early childhood factors associated with age of onset of cannabis use. It is suggested that the family environment within which children are reared, including factors such as parents' marital circumstances, has a major influence on initiation to cannabis use in adolescence. Research is needed to disentangle the pathways of association between these early life factors and early initiation to use of cannabis.
Illusions in advanced cancer: The effect of belief systems and attitudes on quality of life
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-05-2003
DOI: 10.1002/PON.722
Abstract: Patients with advanced cancer frequently express positive attitudes and can be unduly optimistic about the potential benefits of treatment. In order to evaluate an illusory domain in the context of advanced cancer, we developed a scale of will to live and characterized the beliefs that patients held about the curability of their cancer, and how committed they were to using alternative treatments. A measure of quality of life was used as the dependent variable in order to assess the association between these attributes. After a preliminary exploration confirmed the presence of an illusory domain, these concepts were prospectively tested in 149 ambulant patients with advanced cancer who attended for palliative systemic treatment, radiation treatment or supportive care. The scale of global quality of life was reliable (Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.72). The distribution of the scores of will to live was skewed, with no respondent scoring poorly, and the scale was reliable (Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.82). The scale of belief in curability showed erse beliefs. In some cases, there was a discrepancy between respondents' beliefs in curability and what they believed to be the report by their doctors. There was also an association between a committed use of alternative treatments and a belief in the curability of the cancer (p<0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, both will to live and performance status remained associated with better quality of life scores after adjustment for other relevant variables (p<0.05 and <0.001, respectively). These results suggest that positive illusory beliefs can be measured and are an important component of adaption for some patients with advanced cancer. Furthermore, this illusory domain may influence the perception and measurement of quality of life.
Effect of Body Mass Index Changes Between Ages 5 and 14 on Blood Pressure at Age 14
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2005
DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000166720.18319.51
Abstract: Weight reduction in clinical populations of severely obese children has been shown to have beneficial effects on blood pressure, but little is known about the effect of weight gain among children in the general population. This study compares the mean blood pressure at 14 years of age with the change in overweight status between ages 5 and 14. Information from 2794 children born in Brisbane, Australia, and who were followed up since birth and had body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure measurements at ages 5 and 14 were used. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure at age 14 was the main outcomes and different patterns of change in BMI from age 5 to 14 were the main exposure. Those who changed from being overweight at age 5 to having normal BMI at age 14 had similar mean blood pressures to those who had a normal BMI at both time points: age- and sex-adjusted mean difference in systolic blood pressure 1.54 (−0.38, 3.45) mm Hg and in diastolic blood pressure 0.43 (−0.95, 1.81) mm Hg. In contrast, those who were overweight at both ages or who had a normal BMI at age 5 and were overweight at age 14 had higher blood pressure at age 14 than those who had a normal BMI at both times. These effects were independent of a range of potential confounding factors. Our findings suggest that programs that successfully result in children changing from overweight to normal-BMI status for their age may have important beneficial effects on subsequent blood pressure.
Water, sanitation and hygiene related risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth and Giardia duodenalis infections in rural communities in Timor-Leste
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2016.07.005
Abstract: There is little evidence on prevalence or risk factors for soil transmitted helminth infections in Timor-Leste. This study describes the epidemiology, water, sanitation and hygiene, and socioeconomic risk factors of STH and intestinal protozoa amongst communities in Manufahi District, Timor-Leste. As part of a cluster randomised controlled trial, a baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted across 18 villages, with data from six additional villages. Stool s les were assessed for soil transmitted helminth and protozoal infections using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and questionnaires administered to collect water, sanitation and hygiene and socioeconomic data. Risk factors for infection were assessed using multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression, stratified by age group (preschool, school-aged and adult). Overall, soil transmitted helminth prevalence was 69% (95% Confidence Interval 67-71%), with Necator americanus being most common (60% 95% Confidence Interval 58-62%) followed by Ascaris spp. (24% 95% Confidence Interval 23-26%). Ascaris-N. americanus co-infection was common (17% 95% Confidence Interval 15%-18%). Giardia duodenalis was the main protozoan identified (13% 95% Confidence Interval 11-14%). Baseline water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and behaviours were poor. Although risk factors varied by age of participants and parasite species, risk factors for N. americanus infection included, generally, age in years, male sex, and socioeconomic quintile. Risk factors for Ascaris included age in years for children, and piped water to the yard for adults. In this first known assessment of community-based prevalence and associated risk factors in Timor-Leste, soil transmitted helminth infections were highly prevalent, indicating a need for soil transmitted helminth control. Few associations with water, sanitation and hygiene were evident, despite water, sanitation and hygiene being generally poor. In our water, sanitation and hygiene we will investigate implications of improving WASH on soil transmitted helminth infection in impoverished communities.
Does leaving an abusive partner lead to a decline in victimization?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-03-2018
Temperature enhanced effects of ozone on cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US communities, 1987-2000: Assessment using the NMMAPS data
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-10-2009
DOI: 10.1080/19338240903240749
Abstract: A few studies examined interactive effects between air pollution and temperature on health outcomes. In this study, the authors aimed to examine whether temperature modified effects of ozone on cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US cities. The authors separately used a nonparametric regression model and a parametric regression model to explore interactive effects of temperature and ozone on cardiovascular mortality between May and October of the years from 1987 to 2000. The authors used a Bayesian meta-analysis to pool estimates. The nonparametric and parametric regression models both showed that temperature enhanced effects of ozone on mortality, but the effect modification varied across regions. A 10-ppb increment in average ozone concentration at 3 previous days was associated with 0.41% (95% posterior interval [PI]: -0.19%, 0.93%), 0.27% (95% PI: -0.44%, 0.87%), and 1.68% (95% PI: 0.07%, 3.26%) increases in daily cardiovascular mortality corresponding to low, moderate, and high levels of temperature in all 95 US cities, respectively. The authors concluded that temperature modified effects of ozone, particularly in the northern regions.
PERINATAL HYPOXIC‐ISCHAEMIC BRAIN INJURY: PRDICTION OF OUTCOME
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1993
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8749.1993.TB11578.X
Abstract: Twenty-six term babies with hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury were studied during the neonatal period to evaluate the prediction of outcome to at least one year of age by means of ultrasonography, CT scanning and Doppler ultrasound assessment of cerebral palsy blood flow velocity (CBFV). Adverse outcome was defined as the occurrence of cerebral palsy, developmental delay or death. At follow-up, 17 infants had an adverse outcome (seven died, 10 had disability) the remainder had no detectable impairment. Abnormalities on cranial ultrasound were not, but generalised decreased tissue density on CT scan was, associated with adverse outcome. Abnormal mean CBFV in the middle cerebral artery had no association with outcome, but abnormal mean CBFV in the anterior cerebral artery and a low resistance index in both arteries were significantly associated with adverse outcome. Such information may be used for appropriate counselling of parents of asphyxiated infants.
Childhood Malnutrition and Parasitic Helminth Interactions
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-04-2014
DOI: 10.1093/CID/CIU211
Abstract: There is evidence to support that nutritional deficiency can reduce the body's immune function, thereby decreasing resistance to disease and increasing susceptibility to intestinal parasites. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 693 school-aged children from 5 schistosomiasis-endemic villages in Northern Samar, the Philippines. Data on dietary intake, nutritional status, and intestinal parasitic infection were collected. The prevalence of stunting, thinness, and wasting was 49.2%, 27.8%, and 59.7% of all children. The proportion of children infected with Schistosoma japonicum (15.6%, P = .03) and hookworm (22.0%, P = .05) were significantly lower among children who met the recommended energy and nutrient intake (RENI) for total calories. The percentage of children infected with Trichuris trichiura was highest among children who did not meet the RENI for energy (74.1%, P = .04), iron (73.4%, P = .01), thiamine (74.0%, P = .00), and riboflavin (73.3%, P = .01). Susceptibility to having 1 or more parasitic infections was significantly associated with poor intake of energy (P = .04), thiamine (P = .02), and riboflavin (P = .01).The proportion of stunted children was significantly higher among children who did not meet the RENI for energy (68.9%, P = .002), protein (54.0%, P = .004), or niacin (30.8%, P = .02) and for those infected with hookworm (31.8%, P = .0002). After adjusting for potential confounders, protein intake less than the RENI (odds ratio [OR], 1.48 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.14), and hookworm infection (OR, 1.77 95% CI, 1.22-2.55) were the major predictors of stunting. The results support the hypothesis that poor nutrient intake may increase susceptibility to parasitic diseases and together they negatively affect childhood nutritional status.
Discovery and follow-up studies of the extended, off-plane, VHE gamma-ray source HESS J1507-622
Publisher: EDP Sciences
Date: 30-11-2010
Challenges in Controlling and Eliminating Schistosomiasis
Publisher: Springer New York
Date: 03-08-2012
Breastfeeding and obesity at 21 years: a cohort study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-05-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2702.2009.03015.X
Abstract: Aims. To determine the influence of breastfeeding on overweight and obesity, as determined by body mass index in early adulthood. Background. Obesity is a contemporary epidemic and linked to increased risk of later cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The success of long‐term treatment is modest. Protective factors, such as potentially, and breastfeeding, are few and very important. There are uncertainties as to whether breastfeeding has a protective effect, especially in adults, or whether it is a reflection of other markers of obesity that are more linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk. Some studies suggest that breastfeeding is protective in later life for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Design. Epidemiological analysis of longitudinal data set. Methods. We collected data about breastfeeding duration, body mass index of children at 21 years and confounding variables from an ongoing longitudinal study of a singleton birth cohort of 7223 children in Brisbane. We assessed the duration of breastfeeding at six months and prevalence of overweight and obesity at 21 years by body mass index. Adjustment for potential confounders was by multivariable multinomial logistic regression. Results. Data were available for 2553 young adults. In neither the unadjusted or adjusted analysis was longer duration of breastfeeding associated with reduction in obesity at 21 years. Conclusions. Findings of this investigation are consistent with breastfeeding not independently affecting body mass index in young adults. Relevance to clinical practice. Breastfeeding has a range of important benefits for infants, mothers and families, although duration of breastfeeding may not play a substantial role in preventing adult onset obesity.
Impact of anthropogenic and natural environmental changes on Echinococcus transmission in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the People’s Republic of China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-07-2012
Prediction of obesity in children at 5 years: A cohort study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1997.TB01607.X
Abstract: To examine determinants of moderate and severe obesity in children at 5 years of age. A prospective cohort of mothers were enrolled at first antenatal visit, and interviewed shortly after delivery, at 6 months and 5 years. Detailed health, psychological and social questionnaires were completed at each phase by mothers, and child health questionnaires at 6 months and 5 years. At 5 years 4062 children were assessed physically, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test administered and mothers completed a modified Child Behaviour Checklist. Moderate obesity was defined as BMI between 85th and 94th percentiles inclusively, and severe obesity as a BMI greater than the 94th percentile. Independent predictors of severe obesity at 5 years were birthweight, female gender, maternal BMI and paternal BMI. Moderate obesity at 5 years was predicted by birthweight, paternal BMI and sleeplessness at 6 months, while small for gestational age (SGA) status and feeding problems at 6 months were protective factors for moderate obesity. Obesity was not associated with problems of language comprehension or behaviour. Findings of this study suggest that biological rather than psychosocial factors are the major determinants of obesity at 5 years.
SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA INTERVENTION STUDY ON POYANG LAKE, CHINA: THE SNAIL'S TALE
Publisher: Institute of Malacology
Date: 2006
Home safety assessment in the prevention of falls among older people
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2000
DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-842X.2000.TB00506.X
Abstract: Home safety assessment was examined as part of a randomised trial of falls prevention interventions among older community dwellers. Falls prevention strategies, including education and awareness-raising, exercise, home modifications and medical assessment, were trialed with 252 members of the National Seniors Association. Falls outcomes were monitored using a daily calendar diary during intervention and follow-up periods. The home assessment group was significantly more likely to modify their home environment than the controls (p < 0.0001). Participants, regardless of group allocation, reported a significant reduction in concern about falling (p < 0.0001). During the intervention, the home assessment group had lower incidence rates for falls and injuries than the control group, although differences were not significant. The lowered rates were sustained post-intervention. While the effect on falls incidence of a home safety intervention on its own could not be demonstrated, other benefits, including improved confidence attributable to awareness of such falls prevention measures, were recorded. The null effects of home modifications on falls prevention in this study may indicate that the program is more appropriate for the frail aged.
Five-Year Longitudinal Assessment of the Downstream Impact on Schistosomiasis Transmission following Closure of the Three Gorges Dam
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-04-2012
The role of law in decisions to withhold and withdraw life-sustaining treatment from adults who lack capacity: a cross-sectional study
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 16-08-2017
DOI: 10.1136/MEDETHICS-2016-103543
Abstract: To determine the role played by law in medical specialists' decision-making about withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from adults who lack capacity, and the extent to which legal knowledge affects whether law is followed. Cross-sectional postal survey of medical specialists. The two largest Australian states by population. 649 medical specialists from seven specialties most likely to be involved in end-of-life decision-making in the acute setting. Compliance with law and the impact of legal knowledge on compliance. 649 medical specialists (of 2104 potential participants) completed the survey (response rate 31%). Responses to a hypothetical scenario found a potential low rate of legal compliance, 32% (95% CI 28% to 36%). Knowledge of the law and legal compliance were associated: within compliers, 86% (95% CI 83% to 91%) had specific knowledge of the relevant aspect of the law, compared with 60% (95% CI 55% to 65%) within non-compliers. However, the reasons medical specialists gave for making decisions did not vary according to legal knowledge. Medical specialists prioritise patient-related clinical factors over law when confronted with a scenario where legal compliance is inconsistent with what they believe is clinically indicated. Although legally knowledgeable specialists were more likely to comply with the law, compliance in the scenario was not motivated by an intention to follow law. Ethical considerations (which are different from, but often align with, law) are suggested as a more important influence in clinical decision-making. More education and training of doctors is needed to demonstrate the role, relevance and utility of law in end-of-life care.
A retrospective study of risk factors of akathisia in terminally ill patients
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1994
DOI: 10.1016/0885-3924(94)90202-X
Abstract: Akathisia is a distressing disorder that manifests as a state of restlessness and motor agitation. We aim to highlight the problem of akathisia to the palliative care physician by identifying and quantifying risk factors in the terminally ill. A retrospective case-control study was utilized to investigate risk factors for akathisia. Medical records of cases (N = 100) and controls (N = 365) archived in a computerized database were downloaded and risk factors determined using conditional logistic regression analyses. Exposure to pharmacologically similar drugs, such as haloperidol [odds ratio (OR), 18.4 95% confidence interval (CI), 8.2-41.4], prochlorperazine (OR, 8.1 95% CI, 3.0-21.8), and promethazine (OR, 3.3 95% CI, 1.3-8.0), conferred an increased risk. Other significant variables were exposure to morphine (OR, 5.3 95% CI, 1.9-14.2), sodium valproate (OR, 2.5 95% CI, 1.0-6.4), and sodium bicarbonate/tartrate (Ural) (OR, 4.2 95% CI, 1.2-15.3). Highlighting factors that predispose patients to akathisia emphasizes that this syndrome should not be forgotten when treating the terminally ill. It is recommended that those drugs identified should be judicially used and carefully monitored.
Application Patterns Among Participants Randomized to Daily Sunscreen Use in a Skin Cancer Prevention Trial
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 10-2002
DOI: 10.1001/ARCHDERM.138.10.1319
Abstract: Despite many investigations of sunscreen use, there have been few among adults in the community at large. Better understanding of sunscreen application patterns will lead to more strategic skin cancer prevention strategies among sun-exposed populations. To explore patterns of sunscreen use, particularly the quantity of sunscreen used and the application frequency, among participants in a community-based sunscreen intervention. Follow-up of patterns of sunscreen use over 4.5 years. Nambour, a subtropical town in Queensland, Australia. People drawn randomly from the electoral register who were later randomized as part of a skin cancer prevention trial. Daily application of a standard sun protection factor 15+ broad-spectrum retail sunscreen to the head and neck, arms, and hands. Frequency of application of sunscreen, weight of sunscreen applied, and quantity applied per unit area of skin. Fifty-six percent of participants reported applying sunscreen on at least 5 days per week, with 27% using sunscreen infrequently on 2 or fewer days per week. The median daily amount of sunscreen applied averaged over the duration of the trial was 1.5 g/d (range, 0-7.4 g/d). The median quantity of sunscreen applied was 0.79 mg/cm(2), which was less than half the amount needed to achieve the labeled sun protection factor. It is possible to implement the daily application of sunscreen in sun-exposed populations, although protection would be increased if the quantity of sunscreen applied were greater.
Does a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy help predict future essential hypertension? Findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-12-2012
DOI: 10.1038/JHH.2012.45
Abstract: Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) is considered an important determinant in the prediction of future hypertension. The aim of this study is to examine whether HDP improves prediction of future hypertension, over prediction based on established risk factors measured during pregnancy. We used a community based cohort study of 2117 women who received antenatal care at a major hospital in Brisbane between 1981 and 1983 and had blood pressure assessed 21 years after the index pregnancy. Of these 2117 women, 193 (9.0%) experienced HDP and 345 (16.3%) had hypertension at 21 years postpartum. For women with HDP, the odds of being hypertensive at 21 years postpartum were 2.46 (95% CI 1.70, 3.56), adjusted for established risk factors including age, education, race, alcohol, cigarettes, exercise and body mass index. Addition of HDP did not improve the prediction model that included these established risk factors, with the area under the curve of receiver operator (AUROC) increasing from 0.710 to 0.716 (P-value for difference in AUROC=0.185). Our findings suggest that HDP is strongly and independently associated with future hypertension, and women who experience this condition should be counselled regarding lifestyle modification and careful ongoing blood pressure monitoring. However, the development of HDP during pregnancy does not improve our capacity to predict future hypertension, over risk factors identifiable at the time of pregnancy. This suggests that counseling regarding lifestyle modification and ongoing blood pressure monitoring might reasonably be provided to all pregnant and postpartum women with identifiable risk factors for future hypertension.
Influence of patient-assessed quality of chronic illness care and patient activation on health-related quality of life
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-03-2016
Abstract: To examine the association of the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the modulating effect of patient activation on this association. A population-based prospective cohort study of people with Type 2 diabetes in Queensland, Australia, using data from self-report questionnaires, collected annually from 2008 (n = 3761) to 2010 (n = 3040). Predictors were the 20-item PACIC (dichotomized at the score of 3), and the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM), dichotomized into activation Levels 1 and 2 versus Levels 3 and 4. Analyses were restricted to participants whose PACIC and PAM categories did not change over 2 years of follow-up. Outcome variables were EQ-5D index and EQ VAS dichotomized at the uppermost quartile, and EQ-5D index also dichotomized at the median. An inverse probability weighted Poisson regression with a log-link function and a binary response variable for each outcome was used to obtain risk ratios (RRs), and the interaction between PACIC and PAM was statistically modelled, taking into consideration patient characteristics and the respective baseline outcome variable. The positive association between the PACIC and EQ VAS was seen only in participants with low activation (adjusted RR: 3.91 95% CI: 1.40-10.95 P = 0.009), and not in those with high activation, indicating the non-synergistic interaction effect of the PACIC and PAM. This association was not found with EQ-5D index. Chronic care received consistently over time can positively affect health status, and benefit patients with low activation.
Associations Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Various Eating Disorders: A Swedish Nationwide Population Study Using Multiple Genetically Informative Approaches
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Predictors of depression in very young children
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S00127-005-0895-0
Abstract: There have been only a few previous population-based studies of symptoms of depression in young children. There are no previous population-based studies which examine the factors which might be casually associated with depression in very young children. Data are from a cohort study of pregnant women who gave birth to a live singleton baby in a large public hospital in Brisbane, Australia. The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) involves a 5-year follow-up, with mothers completing a short form of Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) describing the mental health of their child. Five groups of variables (socio-demographic, pre- and perinatal, maternal mental health, maternal lifestyle and maternal attitude to the child) were used to predict CBCL depression scores at the 5-year follow-up. There are many factors associated with maternal reports of symptoms of depression in 5-year-old children. These include marital partner changes, mother's health problems in pregnancy, child health over the first six months of life, maternal anxiety and marital satisfaction early in the child's development and the mother's attitude towards caregiving. A multiple risk factor model indicates higher rates of depression for children experiencing multiple exposures to risk. While a number of exposures are associated with increased risk, many of those children perceived to be depressed appear to lack any measured exposures. Many children as young as 5 years of age are observed to experience multiple symptoms of depression. The majority of children exposed to high levels of risk do not appear to become depressed they appear to be resilient. The majority of children who experience multiple symptoms of depression appear to lack any known exposures to risk.
The impact of ambient fine particles on influenza transmission and the modification effects of temperature in China: A multi-city study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
The Association Between Adult Attachment Style and Delusional-Like Experiences in a Community Sample of Women
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2013
Numerator/denominator bias and inequalities in occupational mortality
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 03-2006
Childhood maltreatment and adulthood poor sleep quality: a longitudinal study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.1111/IMJ.13459
Abstract: Available evidence from cross-sectional studies suggests that childhood maltreatment may be associated with a range of sleep disorders. However, these studies have not controlled for potential in idual-, familial- and environmental-level confounders. To determine the association between childhood maltreatment and lower sleep quality after adjusting for potential confounders. Data for the present study were obtained from a pre-birth cohort study of 3778 young adults (52.6% female) of the Mater Hospital-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy follow up at a mean age of 20.6 years. The Mater Hospital-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is a prospective Australian pre-birth cohort study of mothers consecutively recruited during their first obstetric clinic visit at Brisbane's Mater Hospital in 1981-1983. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at the 21-year follow up. We linked this dataset to agency-recorded substantiated cases of childhood maltreatment. A series of separate logistic regression models was used to test whether childhood maltreatment predicted lower sleep quality after adjustment for selected confounders. Substantiated physical abuse significantly predicted lower sleep quality in males. Single and multiple forms of childhood maltreatment, including age of maltreatment and number of substantiations, did not predict lower sleep quality in either gender in both crude and adjusted models. Not being married, living in a residential problem area, cigarette smoking and internalising were significantly associated with lower sleep quality in a fully adjusted model for the male-female combined s le. Childhood maltreatment does not appear to predict young adult poor sleep quality, with the exception of physical abuse for males. While childhood maltreatment has been found to predict a range of mental health problems, childhood maltreatment does not appear to predict sleep problems occurring in young adults. Poor sleep quality was accounted for by concurrent social disadvantage, cigarette smoking and internalising.
Parent and adolescent reports in assessing adolescent sleep problems: results from a large population study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-04-2016
DOI: 10.1111/APA.13404
Abstract: To compare parent and adolescent reports in exploring adolescent sleep problems and to identify the factors associated with adolescent sleep problem disclosures. Parent (n = 5185) and adolescent reports (n = 5171, age=13.9 ± 0.3 years), from a birth cohort were used to explore adolescent sleep problems. Kappa coefficients were used to assess the agreement, whereas, conditional agreement and disagreement ratios were used to identify the optimal informant. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors affecting adolescent sleep problem disclosure. Parental reports identified only about one-third of the sleep problems reported by adolescents. Whereas adolescent reports identified up to two-thirds of the sleep problems reported by parents. Combined reports of parents and adolescent did not show any considerable difference from the adolescent report. Adolescent and parent health, maternal depression, and family communication were significantly associated with adolescents sleep problem disclosures. Adolescent reports could be used as the preferred source to explore adolescent sleep problems. Parental reports should be used when parents as observers are more reliable reporters, or where adolescents are cognitively unable to report sleep problems. Additionally, the impact of poor health, maternal depression and family communication on sleep problems disclosure should be considered for adolescent sleep problem diagnosis.
Mother–adult offspring resemblance in dietary intake: a community-based cohort study in Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Abstract: It has been widely recognized that parental dietary intake is an important and consistent factor influencing children's food intake. However, there are conflicting results with regard to the strength of the parental-child resemblance in dietary intake. Moreover, this association has rarely been investigated in young adult offspring. The aims of this study were to describe the dietary intake and food consumption of middle-aged women and their female and male adult offspring (aged 18-23 y) and to examine the association in dietary intake between sex-specific mother-child dyads. We used cross-sectional dietary data for 2017 mother-child pairs from the 21-y follow-up of the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a birth cohort study. Dietary information was obtained with the use of a 74-item food-frequency questionnaire. We assessed multivariate-adjusted mother-offspring correlations in selected nutrients and food groups and performed correlational analysis while stratifying by living arrangements. Both sons and daughters had a significantly lower percentage of energy from protein than did their mothers. Sons had a significantly higher percentage of energy from fat and a lower percentage of energy from carbohydrates than did their mothers, whereas there was no difference between daughters and mothers. The mother-offspring correlations were weak (r = 0.12-0.29) for most dietary factors and tended to be slightly higher in mother-daughter dyads than in mother-son dyads. Overall, correlations appeared to be stronger in offspring still living with their parents than with their counterparts not living at home, specifically the correlations for consumption of vegetables and rice. Mother-adult offspring dietary resemblance in this Australian cohort was only weak and varied by nutrients, food groups, and the offspring's sex and living arrangements. Factors other than parental dietary habits and home environment seem to have a stronger influence on the diets of young adults.
A cluster-randomised controlled trial integrating a community-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme, with mass distribution of albendazole to reduce intestinal parasites in Timor-Leste: the WA
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-2015
Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: Relationships with child outcomes at age 5.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2000
Co-parasitism of intestinal protozoa and Schistosoma japonicum in a rural community in the Philippines
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2018
The Influence of Paternal Height and Weight on Birth‐weight
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1991
DOI: 10.1111/J.1479-828X.1991.TB01795.X
Abstract: Analysis of 5,989 couples, for whom fathers' and mothers' heights and weights were recorded, showed that paternal height had a significant influence (p less than 0.0007) on birth-weight while paternal body mass index (Quetelets Index) had no significant effect (p greater than 0.05). Depending upon mother's height, the average effect of father's height (ranging from 165 cm to 184 cm) on birth-weight was up to 152 g, with a greater effect where the mother was taller (up to 235 g) and a lesser effect where the mother was shorter (confirming the effect of maternal constraint). The significance of these findings lies more with the need to consider this effect as an important variable in statistical analysis involving birth-weight than in its immediate obstetrical implications.
The impact of subspecialization and dermatoscopy use on accuracy of melanoma diagnosis among primary care doctors in Australia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAD.2011.12.030
Abstract: Dermatoscopy improves accuracy of melanoma diagnosis, but the impact of subspecialization in skin cancer practice among general practitioners on melanoma diagnostic accuracy is not known. To assess the impact of dermatoscopy use and subspecialization on the accuracy of melanoma diagnosis by general practitioners. We did a prospective study on the Skin Cancer Audit Research Database and measured melanoma 'number needed to treat' (NNT), with 21,900 lesions excised to diagnose 2367 melanomas. Melanoma NNT fell from a high of 17.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.5-20.7) among general practitioners with a generalist practice to 9.4 (CI 8.9-10.1) among those with a specific interest in skin cancer, and 8.5 (CI 8.1-9.0) among those practicing only skin cancer medicine (P < .0001). Melanoma NNT fell from a high of 14.6 (CI 12.0-18.6) among dermatoscopy low/non-users to 10.9 (CI 9.8-12.4) among medium users, and 8.9 (CI 8.6-9.3) among high users (P < .0001). The association between NNT and practice type remained (P < .0001) when adjusted for dermatoscopy use and other variables. The association between NNT and dermatoscopy use disappeared (P = .41) when adjusted for practice type and other variables. There is selection bias with respect to participating doctors and completeness and accuracy of data are not independently verified in the Skin Cancer Audit Research Database (SCARD). General practitioners who subspecialize in skin cancer have a higher use of dermatoscopy and diagnose melanoma with greater accuracy than their generalist counterparts.
An examination of current control strategies for Asian schistosomiasis in the Dongting lake region of China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(97)00076-4
Abstract: In 1995-1996 we conducted an epidemiological survey in two communities (1656 in iduals) on Qingshan island, Hunan province P.R. China, in order to determine the efficacy of current control strategies since their upgrading in 1991. In 1996, the overall prevalence for Schistosoma japonicum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Trichuris trichiura had decreased moderately since 1991. The age-specific prevalence for S. japonicum for each of the representative age groups decreased slightly, but there was a significant reduction in these prevalences for the 5-9 (P < 0.01), 55-59 (P < 0.05) and the over 60 (P 400 epg) for S. japonicum, there were fewer (5.6%) people infected in 1996 but the proportions of moderately (21.3 vs. 15.5%) and heavily (7.6 vs. 2.3%) infected in iduals were higher than those observed in 1991. The reported cases of weakness and hepatomegaly (MSL > or = 3) were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in 1996 for both uninfected and infected (all intensities) in iduals. General episodes of diarrhoea were also significantly lower in 1996 for those lightly (P < 0.05) and heavily (P or = 2) was significantly lower among uninfected (P < 0.01) and heavily infected (P < 0.05) patients. In summary, although significant progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis and other helminth infections in this highly endemic focus for schistosomiasis, there is still room for improvement. Chemotherapy for bovines and humans, mollusciding for Oncomelania control and health education should be initiated and upgraded if the health and well being of these island communities is to further improve.
Longitudinal correlates of the persistence of irregular eating from age 5 to 14 years
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-12-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1651-2227.2009.01517.X
Abstract: To report the stability of parent-perceived child irregular eating from 6 months to 14 years of age and to investigate a predictive model inclusive of child and parent factors. Of the 7223 singleton children in a birth cohort, 5122 children were re-interviewed at 5 years and 4554 for the 14-year analysis. Information was obtained from structured interviews including questions answered by parents of the child at birth, 6 months, 5 years and 14 years and by teenagers at age 14 years and from physical measures of the child. The mother's perception that the child was an irregular eater at age 14 years was the major outcome variable of interest. Approximately 40% of irregular eaters at age 5 will still be irregular eaters at age 14 years. This was not related to maternal education or socio-economic class. Significant at multivariate analysis were infant feeding problems and the children's ability to regulate their sleep and mood. Significant maternal factors were greater age, not feeling positive about the baby and persistent maternal anxiety during the child's early years. Irregular eating behaviour displays considerable continuity from childhood to mid-adolescence. Independent contributions to this behavioural phenotype include child biological and psychological factors and maternal anxiety during the child's early years.
A national case‐control study of Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours in Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-05-2003
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.11129
Abstract: Limited population-based epidemiologic information is available on Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours (ESFT), a rare group of neoplasms. Several associations have been noted on a few studies but results were not consistent, except for exposure to farming among cases and their parents. Here we present the non-farm findings of a nationwide case-control study of ESFT in children and young adults in Australia. The analysis included 106 persons with confirmed ESFT and 344 population-based controls selected randomly via telephone. Information was collected by interview (84% face to face). We found a strong and significant association of ESFT with hernias, in particular hernia repaired in hospital (OR = 5.6, 95% CI 1.3-6.4). Among other factors, there was a near doubling of risk for males, and male cases had their pubertal signs earlier (started shaving earlier) than male controls. There was also an increased risk of ESFT at higher levels of self-assessed exercise, but no other factor really stood out. For pregnancy-related factors, there was a tripling of risk for glandular fever, a doubling of risk for urinary tract infection and a near doubling of risk for X-rays during or just before pregnancy, but these estimates were not significant. In addition, there was a large number of inverse associations with medical conditions (specifically bone disorders), case exposure to medications, vaccinations and X-rays, with ultrasound during the pregnancy having the most certain effects. We conclude that, although the aetiology of ESFT remains obscure, overall there is strong evidence of an association with inguinal hernia this can now be added to the farm-associated risk reported by others and us. The other associations reported here await replication and refinement in future studies.
Doctors' knowledge of the law on withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.5694/MJA13.00217
Abstract: To examine doctors' level of knowledge of the law on withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from adults who lack decision-making capacity, and factors associated with a higher level of knowledge. Postal survey of all specialists in emergency medicine, geriatric medicine, intensive care, medical oncology, palliative medicine, renal medicine and respiratory medicine on the AMPCo Direct database in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. Survey initially posted to participants on 18 July 2012 and closed on 31 January 2013. Medical specialists' levels of knowledge about the law, based on their responses to two survey questions. Overall response rate was 32%. For the seven statements contained in the two questions about the law, the mean knowledge score was 3.26 out of 7. State and specialty were the strongest predictors of legal knowledge. Among doctors who practise in the end-of-life field, there are some significant knowledge gaps about the law on withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from adults who lack decision-making capacity. Significant consequences for both patients and doctors can flow from a failure to comply with the law. Steps should be taken to improve doctors' legal knowledge in this area and to harmonise the law across Australia.
Dietary Antioxidant Capacity and Skin Photoaging: A 15-Year Longitudinal Study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS FOR MILD AND BORDERLINE IMPAIRMENT OF LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION IN A COHORT OF FIVE‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1995
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8749.1995.TB11966.X
Abstract: Biological risk factors during intra-uterine life, delivery and the neonatal period, and measures of social adversity during pregnancy, were studied as predictors of a 'mildly impaired' (50 to 74) or 'borderline' (75 to 84) score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) at aged five years in 3906 children. Biological risk factors in pregnancy were associated with neither PPVT outcome. Gestation of 3 minutes to establishment of respiration and admission to intensive care were associated with a lower PPVT score indicating mild impairment, though only in the unadjusted analyses. A five minute Apgar score of < 5 and male sex were related to borderline scores, though only the latter remained significant after statistical allowance for possible confounding. In contrast, almost all measures of social adversity were related to both PPVT outcomes even after statistical adjustment for the influence of other factors.
Sleepless nights: the effect of socioeconomic status, physical activity, and lifestyle factors on sleep quality in a large cohort of Australian women
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-05-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00737-012-0281-3
Abstract: The aims of this study were to examine: (1) the association between sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and sleep quality in a population-based cohort of Australian women and (2) possible influence of reproductive status and mental and physical health factors on these associations. Data on 3,655 women (mean age = 46.6 years, range 34.3-67.4) were obtained from the Mater Hospital University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy for this cross-sectional study. Self-rated sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. For the purpose of this study, two cutoff points (scores 5 and 10) were used to ide women into three categories: normal (65.2%), moderately poor (26.4%), and very poor sleep quality (8.5%). Other covariates were measured at 21-year follow-up as well. After adjusting for reproductive status, mental and physical health, there were significant associations between moderately poor sleep quality and education and between very poor sleep quality and unemployment, both measures of socioeconomic status. In addition, work-related exertion was associated with increased rates of moderately poor sleep quality, whereas those women undertaking moderate exercise were less likely to experience very poor sleep quality. Independent associations between sociodemographic factors and exercise with moderately poor and very poor sleep quality were identified. These findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of the association between exercise/exertion, socioeconomic status, and sleep quality and highlight the importance of taking these into consideration when dealing with issues of poor sleep quality in women.
Bayesian Spatiotemporal Analysis of Socio-Ecologic Drivers of Ross River Virus Transmission in Queensland, Australia
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 09-2010
Gender-based differences in injecting drug use by young adults who experienced maltreatment in childhood: Findings from an Australian birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
The politics of community: Negotiation and consultation in research on women's health
Publisher: Society for Applied Anthropology
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.17730/HUMO.57.2.3055X1568856377T
Abstract: In this article, we discuss the ethical positions adopted within universities, by communities and by research funding agencies to negotiate the roles of academics and others in conducting research, identifying mechanisms for community involvement, establishing ongoing consultative procedures, and clarifying areas for enquiry. Within the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, we have adopted different strategies with the various immigrant and Indigenous communities with whom we work. We comment on the difficulties of consultation for this study, given community frustration with government inertia regarding known health problems and given people's skepticism of the value of research. Our varied and evolving relationships with study communities have been influenced by the politics of research, the funding of health programs, the political identity of different communities, and the positioning of research and subject communities.
Effects of ambient PM 1 air pollution on daily emergency hospital visits in China: an epidemiological study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Rodents, goats and dogs – their potential roles in the transmission of schistosomiasis in China
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 22-06-2017
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182017000907
Abstract: Schistosomiasis in China has been substantially reduced due to an effective control programme employing various measures including bovine and human chemotherapy, and the removal of bovines from endemic areas. To fulfil elimination targets, it will be necessary to identify other possible reservoir hosts for Schistosoma japonicum and include them in future control efforts. This study determined the infection prevalence of S. japonicum in rodents (0–9·21%), dogs (0–18·37%) and goats (6·9–46·4%) from the Dongting Lake area of Hunan province, using a combination of traditional coproparasitological techniques (miracidial hatching technique and Kato-Katz thick smear technique) and molecular methods [quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)]. We found a much higher prevalence in goats than previously recorded in this setting. Cattle and water buffalo were also examined using the same procedures and all were found to be infected, emphasising the occurrence of active transmission. qPCR and ddPCR were much more sensitive than the coproparasitological procedures with both KK and MHT considerably underestimating the true prevalence in all animals surveyed. The high level of S. japonicum prevalence in goats indicates that they are likely important reservoirs in schistosomiasis transmission, necessitating their inclusion as targets of control, if the goal of elimination is to be achieved in China.
Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory indicators with renal function decline in type 2 diabetes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2014.02.009
Abstract: The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the inflammatory indicator, interleukin-6 (IL-6), have been implied in the development of renal dysfunction. This longitudinal study examined the effect of n-3 PUFAs and IL-6 on the risk of renal function decline and explored whether n-3 PUFAs modify the effect of inflammatory indicators on renal dysfunction risk in type 2 diabetes. Studying 676 type 2 diabetic patients, we analyzed erythrocyte fatty acids and inflammatory markers in 2008 and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 2008 and 2012. Renal function decline was defined as an eGFR decline of ≥25% over a 4-year period. Multivariable logistic regression revealed erythrocyte total PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, and n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio correlated negatively with risk of renal function decline (OR = 0.75, 0.78, and 0.61, respectively, all p < 0.01), while n-6 PUFAs did not. IL-6 independently predicted risk of renal dysfunction (OR = 1.18, p = 0.015). Stratifying erythrocyte PUFAs into low (<50(th) percentile) or high group (≥50(th) percentile), we found a positive association between IL-6 and risk of renal dysfunction only in the low n-3 PUFA (OR = 1.27, p = 0.035), low n-3/n-6 PUFA (OR = 1.27, p = 0.034), and low total PUFA groups (OR = 1.36, p = 0.005), but not in the high groups. High PUFA concentrations, especially n-3 or higher n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio, may exert protective effects against renal function impairment in type 2 diabetic patients. Whether the effect is mediated via modification of inflammatory biomarker such as IL-6 by high n-3 PUFA status warrants further investigation.
Common Genetic Variation and Age of Onset of Anorexia Nervosa
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
Health-Education Package to Prevent Worm Infections in Chinese Schoolchildren
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Date: 25-04-2013
Spatial Patterns and Socioecological Drivers of Dengue Fever Transmission in Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 02-2012
DOI: 10.1289/EHP.1003270
The association between air pollution and mortality in Thailand
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1038/SREP05509
Abstract: Bayesian statistical inference with a case-crossover design was used to examine the effects of air pollutants {Particulate matter μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 10 ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 )} on mortality. We found that all air pollutants had significant short-term impacts on non-accidental mortality. An increase of 10 μg/m 3 in PM 10 , 10 ppb in O 3 , 1 ppb in SO 2 were associated with a 0.40% (95% posterior interval (PI): 0.22, 0.59%), 0.78% (95% PI: 0.20, 1.35%) and 0.34% (95% PI: 0.17, 0.50%) increase of non-accidental mortality, respectively. O 3 air pollution is significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality, while PM 10 is significantly related to respiratory mortality. In general, the effects of all pollutants on all mortality types were higher in summer and winter than those in the rainy season. This study highlights the effects of exposure to air pollution on mortality risks in Thailand. Our findings support the Thailand government in aiming to reduce high levels of air pollution.
Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and lung function in early adulthood: a prospective study
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-06-2009
Abstract: There is a paucity of evidence about whether exposure to antenatal smoking impacts on offspring's lung function in early adulthood. This study aimed to examine whether (1) in utero exposure to maternal smoking is related to poorer respiratory functioning in early adulthood (2) the impact of prenatal smoking is independent of postnatal maternal smoking and (3) the link between prenatal smoking and a young adult's lung function is explained by the child's birth weight, smoking or history of asthma. Data were from a 21-year follow-up of mothers and their children recruited into the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a longitudinal prebirth cohort. The study is based on 2409 young adults (1185 males and 1224 females) who had prospective data available on respiratory function at 21 years and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy. A Spirobank G spirometer system was used to measure forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF(25-75)). In utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with a reduction in FEV(1) and FEF(25-75) in males (regression coefficient, -0.16 95% CI, -0.30 to -0.02), after accounting for maternal smoking after pregnancy. At least part of the effect of in utero smoking on young adults' lung function was explained by the child's birth weight and subsequent asthma. Adverse effects of antenatal smoking on development of airway growth may persist into early adulthood. Gender differences noted in this longitudinal cohort need to be explored further.
The short-term effects of air pollution on daily mortality on four Australian cities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2005
Cohort Profile: The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP)
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-06-2005
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/DYI119
Internet-based surveillance systems for monitoring emerging infectious diseases
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
Associations of Parental, Birth, and Early Life Characteristics With Systolic Blood Pressure at 5 Years of Age
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 19-10-2004
DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000145165.80130.B5
Abstract: Background— We examined the associations of a range of parental and early life characteristics with systolic blood pressure at 5 years of age. Methods and Results— Information from 3864 children who were followed up prospectively from their mother’s first antenatal clinic assessment was used. Maternal age, body mass index, and smoking during pregnancy were all positively associated with offspring systolic blood pressure at 5 years of age. The systolic blood pressure of children whose mothers had smoked throughout pregnancy was on average 0.92 mm Hg (95% CI 0.17 to 1.68) greater than that of children whose mothers had never smoked, after full adjustment. Children who had been breast fed until at least 6 months had lower systolic blood pressure than those who were breast fed for a shorter duration. Paternal body mass index and child’s weight, height, and body mass index were all positively associated with blood pressure at age 5. Conclusions— Because childhood blood pressure tracks into adulthood, interventions aimed at early life risk factors, such as quitting smoking during pregnancy, breast feeding, and prevention of obesity in all family members, may be important for reducing the population distribution of blood pressure and thus cardiovascular disease risk.
Religious values, practices and pregnancy outcomes: A comparison of the impact of sect and mainstream christian affiliation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(88)90308-5
Abstract: In this report 6566 women enrolled in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) were separated into three groups members of religious sects, Christians who attend church frequently and Christians who are infrequent attenders. These three groups, respectively labelled Christian sects, Christian attenders and lukewarm Christians were compared on a number of social background, lifestyle and pregnancy outcome variables. The sect members appeared to have the most favourable health, lifestyles and healthy babies at delivery, though this latter finding appears attributable to specific characteristics of the mother and her lifestyle. On most measures the children of lukewarm Christians appear to manifest the worst health while Christian attenders form a group whose children's health is between that of sect members and lukewarm Christians.
Association Between Smoking and Respiratory Function Before and After Menopause
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-12-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S00408-010-9269-9
Abstract: There is a lack of evidence about whether menopausal status influences the effect of smoking on lung function. This study examined the association between smoking and menopausal status and lung function independent of each other. Data were from a cohort of women attending the 21-year follow-up of the Mater University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy. The study was based on 2020 women who provided data on respiratory function, smoking, and menopausal status. A Spirobank G spirometer system was used to measure forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV(1)), and forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF(25-75)). Smoking and menopausal status were assessed by self-report. Respiratory function was associated with cigarette smoking, menopausal status, and hormone replacement therapy. Regardless of smoking status, postmenopausal women had poorer lung function when compared with premenopausal women. In multivariate analysis, cigarette smoking was associated with lower FVC, FEV(1), and FEF(25-75), with the magnitude of effect being stronger for women who were postmenopausal. The data suggest that the impact of smoking intensifies after menopause. It seems plausible that effective quit-smoking programs, particularly after menopause, may lead to better lung function and reduced morbidity and mortality in women.
Association between patient activation and patient-assessed quality of care in type 2 diabetes: Results of a longitudinal study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-03-2016
DOI: 10.1111/HEX.12359
Associations between outdoor air pollution and daily mortality in Brisbane, Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-1997
DOI: 10.1080/00039899709602223
Abstract: The results of several studies have indicated significant associations between daily mortality and air pollution, with little evidence of a threshold. In the current study, the authors examined daily mortality during the period 1987-1993 for the Brisbane region, which is the fastest-growing urban region in Australia (annual average concentration of particulate matter less than 10 microm in diameter = 27 microg/m3, maximum hourly sulfur dioxide level = 60 ppb, and maximum daily ozone hourly level = 118 ppb). The authors conducted a general estimating equation analysis, and they used autoregressive Poisson models for daily mortality to examine associations with air pollution variables. The authors used research methods developed in the Air Pollution on Health, European Approach (APHEA), project to control confounding effects of weather and temporal trends. The air pollutants examined included particulate pollution (measured by nephelometry [bsp data]), sulfur dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. The results indicated that the associations between total daily mortality and particulate levels found in studies in the United States and other countries may be applicable in Brisbane, Australia. Ozone levels were also associated significantly with total daily mortality. There was little evidence of interaction between the ozone effects (mainly in summer) and particulates or with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The associations between pollutants (ozone, bsp) and daily mortality were significant only for in iduals who were older than 65 y of age positive associations were also found with cardiovascular disease categories, and the regression coefficients--when significant--were higher than those for total mortality. The results indicated a possible threshold for ozone levels, but a similar result for particulate levels was not apparent.
The landscape epidemiology of echinococcoses
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-02-2016
Dengue fever and El Nino/Southern Oscillation in Queensland, Australia: a time series predictive model
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-10-2009
Abstract: It remains unclear over whether it is possible to develop an epidemic forecasting model for transmission of dengue fever in Queensland, Australia. To examine the potential impact of El Niño/Southern Oscillation on the transmission of dengue fever in Queensland, Australia and explore the possibility of developing a forecast model of dengue fever. Data on the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), an indicator of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity, were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Numbers of dengue fever cases notified and the numbers of postcode areas with dengue fever cases between January 1993 and December 2005 were obtained from the Queensland Health and relevant population data were obtained from the Australia Bureau of Statistics. A multivariate Seasonal Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average model was developed and validated by iding the data file into two datasets: the data from January 1993 to December 2003 were used to construct a model and those from January 2004 to December 2005 were used to validate it. A decrease in the average SOI (ie, warmer conditions) during the preceding 3-12 months was significantly associated with an increase in the monthly numbers of postcode areas with dengue fever cases (beta=-0.038 p = 0.019). Predicted values from the Seasonal Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average model were consistent with the observed values in the validation dataset (root-mean-square percentage error: 1.93%). Climate variability is directly and/or indirectly associated with dengue transmission and the development of an SOI-based epidemic forecasting system is possible for dengue fever in Queensland, Australia.
Comparison of body mass index and triceps skinfold at 5 years and young adult body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-11-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2011.02247.X
Abstract: To examine which measure of obesity at 5 years, body mass index (BMI) or triceps skinfold thickness, is most strongly associated with 21-year risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including BMI, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Longitudinal birth cohort study with BMI and triceps skinfold measurements at age 5, and BMI, WC and blood pressure at 21 years. Overweight and obesity at 5 years were determined according to Cole-International Obesity Task Force standards, at 21, by World Health Organization definitions. Triceps skinfold thickness measurements were converted to a z-score, and cut-offs for overweight and obesity were chosen to reflect similar proportions to the BMI subgroups. BMI, WC, SBP and DBP were also measured at 21 years. Five-year BMI and triceps skinfold thickness were both significantly associated with the CVD risk measures at 21 years. For overweight/obesity at 5 years, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for 21-year overweight/obesity was 5.6 (4.2, 7.4), for 21-year WC was 1.5 (1.2, 2.0). Mean difference (95% CI) in BMI was 4.4 (3.9, 5.0), in WC 8.3 cm (6.8, 9.8), in SBP 2.4 mm Hg (0.5, 4.3), in DBP 1.1 mm Hg (0.1, 2.2). For skinfold, the similar findings were odds ratio 2.6 (2.0, 3.4) and 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) for 21-year BMI and WC, and mean differences of 2.6 (2.0, 3.2), WC 4.8 cm (3.3, 6.3), SBP 2.3 mm Hg (0.5, 4.2) and DBP 0.7 mm Hg (-0.4, 1.8). In children with overweight/obesity, BMI rather than triceps skinfold is the preferred epidemiological measure for identifying young adult CVD risk markers of BMI, WC and blood pressure.
Height deficit in early adulthood following substantiated childhood maltreatment: A birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHIABU.2016.12.010
Abstract: Early life stress including childhood maltreatment has been associated with reduced head circumference and/or brain size, cognitive, and academic deficits in children and adolescents. However, little is known about the effect of childhood maltreatment on height, especially in early adulthood. This study was designed to examine the association between confirmed cases of multiple or subtypes of childhood maltreatment and stunted growth in young adulthood controlling for perinatal and familial confounding factors. A total of 2661 (48.4% female) young adults from the Mater Hospital-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) had data on standardised height-for-age score measurement as part of physical assessment at the 21-year follow-up. Prospectively substantiated cases of childhood maltreatment, 0-14 years of age, were linked to the MUSP dataset. Ethical approval was obtained from the Human Ethics Review Committee of The University of Queensland and the Mater Hospital. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the effects of childhood maltreatment on height in young adults. Childhood physical or emotional abuse and neglect were significantly associated with a deficit in height in young adulthood after controlling for perinatal and familial confounders. Multiple incidents of childhood maltreatment also were associated with a deficit in height.
Patients with terminal cancer who use alternative therapies: their beliefs and practices
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1993
Risky Sexual Behaviors and Pregnancy Outcomes in Young Adulthood Following Substantiated Childhood Maltreatment: Findings From a Prospective Birth Cohort Study
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-10-2018
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1368975
Abstract: Childhood maltreatment is associated with a range of adverse mental and physical health outcomes, including increased rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) later in life. However, the impact on risky sexual behaviors and pregnancy outcomes has not been adequately studied. This is particularly true for physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. We examined associations between prospectively substantiated childhood maltreatment and reports of risky sexual behaviors by men and women, as well as selected pregnancy outcomes in women. We followed up 3,081 (45.7% female) participants from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a prospective Australian birth cohort study. Using logistic regression, we examined the association between substantiated childhood maltreatment from birth to 14 years, and self-reported risky sexual behaviors and youth pregnancy outcomes at the 21-year follow-up. In adjusted analyses, children who had experienced multiple childhood maltreatment exhibited more risky sexual behaviors than their nonmaltreated counterparts. In specific models, those exposed to each form of childhood maltreatment, independent of co-occurring forms of childhood maltreatment, had an increased likelihood of risky sexual behaviors, particularly an early sexual debut and, for women, youth pregnancy. Neglect was also associated with multiple sexual partners, and emotional abuse with higher rates of miscarriage. There was no difference between men and women in how different forms of childhood maltreatment predicted risky sexual behaviors in young adulthood. All forms of substantiated childhood maltreatment, including multiple substantiations, were associated with risky sexual behavior in both sexes as well as higher rates of youth pregnancy in women. Moreover, emotional abuse persistently predicted miscarriages in young adult women. Understanding the association between childhood maltreatment and risky sexual behaviors and youth pregnancy outcomes may help suggest preventive strategies.
A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-05-2012
DOI: 10.1002/ART.34347
Abstract: To perform a systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain, and to examine the influence that case definition, prevalence period, and other variables have on prevalence. We conducted a new systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain that included general population studies published between 1980 and 2009. A total of 165 studies from 54 countries were identified. Of these, 64% had been published since the last comparable review. Low back pain was shown to be a major problem throughout the world, with the highest prevalence among female in iduals and those aged 40-80 years. After adjusting for methodologic variation, the mean ± SEM point prevalence was estimated to be 11.9 ± 2.0%, and the 1-month prevalence was estimated to be 23.2 ± 2.9%. As the population ages, the global number of in iduals with low back pain is likely to increase substantially over the coming decades. Investigators are encouraged to adopt recent recommendations for a standard definition of low back pain and to consult a recently developed tool for assessing the risk of bias of prevalence studies.
Age at first tobacco use and risk of subsequent psychosis-related outcomes: A birth cohort study
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-05-2015
Abstract: Compared to the substantial body of research examining links between cannabis use and psychosis, there has been relatively little attention to the role of tobacco as a potential risk factor for psychosis. This study explored the association between age at first tobacco use and psychosis-related outcomes in a birth cohort. This study is based on a large birth cohort (the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy). At approximately 21 years of age, cohort members ( N = 3752) were assessed for three psychosis-related outcomes (International Classification of Diseases non-affective psychosis, the presence of any hallucination and total count of delusional-like experiences) with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Peters Delusional Inventory. Associations between age at first tobacco use and psychosis-related outcomes were examined using logistic regression in a model (a) adjusted for sex and age and (b) in a second model excluding all respondents who had a history of past problematic and current cannabis use. When adjusted for age and sex, those who commenced tobacco at 15 years of age or younger were significantly more likely to (a) have non-affective psychosis, (b) be in the highest quartile of total score of the Peters Delusional Inventory and (c) report hallucinations. After excluding all those with a history of a cannabis use disorder, or who were current (last month) cannabis users, a significant association between age at first tobacco use and the presence of hallucinations persisted. There is an association between age at first tobacco use and subsequent psychosis-related outcomes in young adults. While the findings cannot be used to deduce causality, it adds weight to the hypothesis that early tobacco use may contribute to the risk of developing psychosis-related outcomes.
Slaving and release in co-infection control
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-05-2013
Tobacco smoking in Islands of the Pacific region, 2001-2013
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 03-12-2015
DOI: 10.5888/PCD12.150155
The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 24-03-2014
DOI: 10.1136/ANNRHEUMDIS-2013-204428
Abstract: To estimate the global burden of low back pain (LBP). LBP was defined as pain in the area on the posterior aspect of the body from the lower margin of the twelfth ribs to the lower glutaeal folds with or without pain referred into one or both lower limbs that lasts for at least one day. Systematic reviews were performed of the prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and mortality risk of LBP. Four levels of severity were identified for LBP with and without leg pain, each with their own disability weights. The disability weights were applied to prevalence values to derive the overall disability of LBP expressed as years lived with disability (YLDs). As there is no mortality from LBP, YLDs are the same as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Out of all 291 conditions studied in the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study, LBP ranked highest in terms of disability (YLDs), and sixth in terms of overall burden (DALYs). The global point prevalence of LBP was 9.4% (95% CI 9.0 to 9.8). DALYs increased from 58.2 million (M) (95% CI 39.9M to 78.1M) in 1990 to 83.0M (95% CI 56.6M to 111.9M) in 2010. Prevalence and burden increased with age. LBP causes more global disability than any other condition. With the ageing population, there is an urgent need for further research to better understand LBP across different settings.
Towards evidence-based health promotion and service provision for new migrants to Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-1999
Abstract: To examine patterns of health utilization and health information dissemination among immigrants to Australia in the first 6 months of immigration using data from the Longitudinal Study of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA). The population for the LSIA consists of 5178 principal applicants making their first arrival to Australia on a migrant visa between 1 September 1993 and 31 August 1995, inclusive, and who are aged 15 years or over at the time (96% of all principal applicants). The influence of immigration category, country of birth, health status and age on the likelihood of receiving information about health, sources of health information and use of general practitioners were explored using separate logistic regressions for men and women. Women who received health information were older and less likely to have a chronic illness than women who did not. Men who received health information were older and more likely to be in the Business visa category. Younger women, those in Preferential Family visa categories and bilingual women were more likely than other women to have received health information from an NGO. For men, the only significant predictor of source of health information was being in the Independent visa category. Women who used health services were younger, more likely to have a chronic illness, be proficient in English and less likely to be in the Independent visa category than women who did not. Men who used health services were older, more likely to have a chronic condition and have limited English than men who did not. Men who used health services were more likely to be in the Humanitarian visa class and less likely to be in the Concessional Family or Business visa categories than men who did not use health services. They were also more likely to have been born in Oceania, Middle East and North Africa and Africa. The results of this study indicate that there are important differentials in knowledge of and use of the health system and these differences are unlikely to be captured by using measures based on ethnicity or country of origin alone. Predictors of health service utilization were different for men and women. In particular, age and lack of English proficiency appeared to be barriers to health service use for women. Visa category and country of birth were more important determinants of health service use for men.
Schistosomiasis
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Date: 18-04-2002
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMRA012396
Increased Risk of Colon Cancer in Men in the Pre-Diabetes Phase
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-08-2013
A prospective study of cigarette smoking and basal cell carcinoma
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-09-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00403-014-1503-5
Abstract: To investigate the relationship between smoking and primary basal cell carcinoma (BCC), we analyzed data from a 16 year prospective study among randomly selected adults in Nambour, Queensland, Australia. Participants underwent a skin examination in 1992 and took part in an intervention study and follow-up. Information about complexion type and smoking habits including duration and number of cigarettes smoked per day and sun exposure behavior were collected at baseline in 1992, with updates to end of follow-up in 2007. Newly-diagnosed BCCs were ascertained from regional pathology laboratories. Relative risks (RR) of BCC among former and current smokers were estimated using generalized linear models specifying a Poisson distribution with robust error variance and (log) person-years at-risk as offset, adjusting for BCC risk factors. From 1992 to 2007, 281 BCCs were diagnosed in 1,277 participants with available smoking history and no past BCC. Relative to non-smokers, a non-significant inverse association between current smoking and BCC was seen (RR 0.69 95 % CI 0.45-1.05) but not for former smokers (RR 1.05 95 % CI 0.84-1.31). Amongst current smokers, inverse associations with BCC were found in those who smoked for up to 18 years (RR 0.44) but not more and those who smoked up to 15 cigarettes per day but not more. The associations with both current and former smoking varied by degree of sunburn propensity. The modest inverse association between current smoking and BCC is considered unlikely to be causal given lack of clear relation with duration or intensity of smoking.
Is being overweight associated with behavioural problems in childhood and adolescence? Findings from the Mater-University study of pregnancy and its outcomes
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 07-2005
Field Testing Integrated Interventions for Schistosomiasis Elimination in the People's Republic of China: Outcomes of a Multifactorial Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 03-04-2019
Is there Immunity to Schistosoma japonicum?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01621-X
Abstract: The Oriental schistosome, Schistosoma japonicum, unlike the other two major schistosomes that infect humans (S. mansoni and S. haematobium), is a zoonotic species. The transmission dynamics and the potential effects of host-related regulatory factors, including immunity, are likely to be distinct for this parasite. Here, Allen Ross and collaborators from Australia, China and the Philippines discuss recently published and established epidemiological and laboratory data bearing on anti-infection immunity to Asian schistosomiasis, and contrast these findings with the emerging picture of development of anti-infection immunity against the African schistosomes. Implications for vaccines and other control strategies for schistosomiasis japonica are also discussed.
Schistosomiasis elimination: Lessons from the past guide the future
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Maternal and personal religious engagement as predictors of early onset and frequent substance use
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-03-2014
DOI: 10.1111/J.1521-0391.2014.12113.X
Abstract: This study examined whether maternal and offspring's religiosity independently predict age of onset and frequency of substance use in offspring, and whether gender differentiates these associations. Data were from the Mater Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a birth cohort study. Participants were a cohort of 3,537 persons who were born during 1981-83 and were followed-up to 21 years. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate relative risk of substance use. Both maternal and offspring's religious practice were associated with later onset and less frequent substance use. After adjustment for potential confounding and maternal religious background, offspring who were not attending church were more likely to report early onset of tobacco smoking (OR = 5.1 95% CI: 2.8-9.4), alcohol drinking (OR = 17.4 95% CI: 8.9-33.9) and cannabis use (OR = 7.5 95% CI: 3.4-16.0). Findings of this study suggest family and personal religious practices are predictors of less substance use problems in adolescents and young adult males and females. Religious engagement functions as a deterrent to adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use.
Television watching from adolescence to adulthood and its association with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and obesity: a longitudinal study
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-06-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012002832
Abstract: To examine the prospective association of television (TV) watching from adolescence to young adulthood with BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and obesity. A community-based longitudinal cohort study. Mater–University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) Cohort, Brisbane, Australia. A sub-s le of 2439 children was followed up at ages 14 years and 21 years as part of a population-based birth cohort. Offspring reported the number of TV viewing hours each day at 14 and 21 years. BMI, WC and WHR were measured at 21 years. In the adjusted model, offspring who watched TV for h/d at 14 years but for ≥3 h/d at 21 years, or who watched TV for ≥3 h/d at 14 and 21 years, had greater BMI, WC and WHR at 21 years. Offspring who watched TV for ≥3 h/d at 14 years but for h/d at 21 years had similar mean BMI, WC and WHR at 21 years to those who watched TV for h/d at 14 and 21 years. Those offspring who reduced their TV watching hours to h/d during the transition from adolescence into young adulthood were at less risk of becoming obese and those who continued or increased their TV watching to ≥3 h/d were at greater risk of becoming obese. This association remained independent of the potential confounding factors considered. The present findings suggest that our efforts to decrease obesity by reducing TV watching hours among adults should consider interventions to reduce TV time among adolescents.
Using mathematical transmission modelling to investigate drivers of respiratory syncytial virus seasonality in children in the Philippines
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 27-02-2014
Soil-transmitted helminth infections and nutritional indices among Filipino schoolchildren
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-12-2021
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0010008
Abstract: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still prevalent among schoolchildren in the Philippines. We evaluated the risk factors associated with STH and the relationship between STH and nutritional indices among schoolchildren aged 9–10 years in Laguna province, the Philippines. We used the baseline data from 40 schools enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of the Magic Glasses Philippines health education package. Data on demographic and socio-economic variables, and STH related knowledge, attitudes and practices, were obtained through a questionnaire. Stool s les were collected and assessed for STH egg presence using the Kato-Katz technique. Haemoglobin levels and height and weight of study participants were also determined. The generalized estimating equations approach was used to construct logistic regression models to assess STH-associated risk factors, and the association between any STH infection and anaemia, child stunting, wasting and being underweight. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000508471). Among 1,689 schoolchildren, the prevalence of any STH was 23%. The prevalence of anaemia, stunting, being underweight and wasting was 13%, 20.2%, 19% and 9.5%, respectively. Age, socio-economic status, rural/urban classification of schools and knowledge of STH were significant risk factors for acquiring a STH infection. Moreover, infections with any STH were significantly associated with stunting ( P = .001) and being underweight ( P = .003), but not wasting ( P = 0.375) or anaemia ( P = 0.462) after controlling for confounding covariates. The study findings emphasise the need for sustainable deworming in tandem with other measures such as the provision of health education, improvements in sanitation and hygiene, and nutritional programs in order to control STH infections and improve morbidity outcomes in schoolchildren. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12616000508471 ).
Mathematical modelling of schistosomiasis japonica: comparison of control strategies in the People's Republic of China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00017-7
Abstract: We present the first mathematical model on the transmission dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum. The work extends Barbour's classic model of schistosome transmission. It allows for the mammalian host heterogeneity characteristic of the S. japonicum life cycle, and solves the problem of under-specification of Barbour's model by the use of Chinese data we are collecting on human-bovine transmission in the Poyang Lake area of Jiangxi Province in China. The model predicts that in the lake/marshland areas of the Yangtze River basin: (1) once-yearly mass chemotherapy of humans is little better than twice-yearly mass chemotherapy in reducing human prevalence. Depending on the heterogeneity of prevalence within the population, targeted treatment of high prevalence groups, with lower overall coverage, can be more effective than mass treatment with higher overall coverage. Treatment confers a short term benefit only, with prevalence rising to endemic levels once chemotherapy programs are stopped (2) depending on the relative contributions of bovines and humans, bovine treatment can benefit humans almost as much as human treatment. Like human treatment, bovine treatment confers a short-term benefit. A combination of human and bovine treatment will dramatically reduce human prevalence and maintains the reduction for a longer period of time than treatment of a single host, although human prevalence rises once treatment ceases (3) assuming 75% coverage of bovines, a bovine vaccine which acts on worm fecundity must have about 75% efficacy to reduce the reproduction rate below one and ensure mid-term reduction and long-term elimination of the parasite. Such a vaccination program should be accompanied by an initial period of human treatment to instigate a short-term reduction in prevalence, following which the reduction is enhanced by vaccine effects (4) if the bovine vaccine is only 45% efficacious (the level of current prototype vaccines) it will lower the endemic prevalence, but will not result in elimination. If it is accompanied by an initial period of human treatment and by a 45% improvement in human sanitation or a 30% reduction in contaminated water contact by humans, elimination is then possible.
An Australian national panel study of diurnal temperature range and children's respiratory health
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ANAI.2014.01.007
Abstract: It is still uncertain whether diurnal temperature range (DTR) affects children's respiratory function. To examine the effects of DTR on lung function and respiratory symptoms for school children with asthma in Australia. A panel of 270 children (ages 7-12 years) with asthma living in 6 Australian cities was recruited. They were asked to perform 3 successive forced expiratory maneuvers using a portable electronic peak flow meter twice daily for 4 weeks. The highest values for peak expiratory flow (PEF) were stored for each session. At the same time, they were asked to record their respiratory symptoms (eg, cough and/or phlegm and wheeze and/or chest tightness) every day in the morning (for nighttime symptoms) and evening (for daytime symptoms). Daily data on different metrics of ambient temperature and air pollution were obtained from fixed monitors nearby. Relative humidity data were downloaded from the Weather Underground website. Mixed models, adjusting for children's in idual characteristics and air pollution, were used to examine the effects of DTR on PEF and respiratory symptoms. DTR had linear effects on PEF and respiratory symptoms. An increase in DTR induced a reduction in PEF and increased the occurrence of respiratory symptoms. In general, the effects lasted for 3 days (lag, 0-2 days). The effects occurred for both boys and girls. Our findings provide evidence that DTR had significant effects on lung function and respiratory symptoms for children with asthma. These results indicate that it is important and necessary to protect children with asthma from the effect of unstable weather.
Physical Activity and Intelligence: A Causal Exploration
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2012
DOI: 10.1123/JPAH.9.2.218
Abstract: Studies involving animals and older adults suggest that physical activity (PA) might lead to improved cognitive ability in general, and enhanced intelligence scores (IQ) in particular. However, there are few studies involving young persons and none controlling for the possibility that those with better cognitive skills are more likely to engage in PA. Data are from the Mater–University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy. We measured IQ at the 14-year follow-up and IQ and PA at 21 years. Mean IQ scores are presented at the 21-year follow-up adjusted for IQ at 14 years, and PA and other variables. Measures of vigorous exercise, less vigorous exercise, walking, and vigorous activity apart from exercise, produced inconsistent results. Increased levels of less vigorous exercise were associated with higher IQ, but neither higher levels of vigorous exercise nor walking were associated with IQ. For vigorous activity at work or in the home, the associations are curvilinear, with more and less activity both associated with lower IQ. While there is an association between some indicators of PA and IQ, there was no consistent evidence that higher PA levels might lead to increased IQ scores.
School-Based Health Education Targeting Intestinal Worms—Further Support for Integrated Control
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-03-2014
The link between sleep problems in infancy and early childhood and attention problems at 5 and 14years: Evidence from a birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.EARLHUMDEV.2010.05.020
Abstract: Little research has examined the associations between early sleep problems and attention problems over several developmental periods. To examine whether sleep problems in infancy and early childhood are independently related to attention difficulty at 5 and 14 years, and to the continuity of attention difficulties from 5 to 14 years. The study was a prospective, population-based birth cohort study. 7223 women who delivered a live, singleton child between 1981 and 1983 were recruited at the first antenatal visit. Of these, 4204 had complete information on all key measures. Attention problems were assessed with items from the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and were classified as adolescent onset (i.e. problems at 14 but not at 5) early remitter (problems at 5, no problem at 14) and persistent (i.e. at both 5 and 14). At 6 months, sleep problems 'sometimes' were associated with the early remitter group in boys. For sleep problems between 2 and 4 years of age, findings were generally similar for boys and girls with strong associations with adolescent attention. Sleep problems 'often' were independently associated with early remitter and persistent attention problems, and 'sometimes' with early remitter and adolescent onset attention problems. Sleep problems in early childhood are an indicator of subsequent attention problems that may persist into adolescence. Whether these associations are causal requires further research, however their presence provides an opportunity for early intervention and monitoring.
A novel method for studying the temporal relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer using the electronic medical record
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-05-2014
CHRONIC LEAD NEPHROPATHY IN QUEENSLAND: ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1986
DOI: 10.1111/J.1445-5994.1986.TB01107.X
Abstract: Indices of past lead absorption were measured and compared in patients with chronic renal failure from many causes, including some with chronic lead nephropathy. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) yielded finger bone lead concentrations by a new in vivo method. These correlated significantly with excess urinary lead following calcium di-sodium EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra-acetate) and erythrocyte lead concentration. Discriminant function analysis demonstrated that the patients in the study could be separated into two groups without any reference to the EDTA lead excretion test using the following variables, all of which contributed significantly to the discrimination. In order of importance, these were: a childhood history of acute lead poisoning, a history of gout, a family history of gout and detectable XRF finger bone lead. Although the XRF finger bone lead measurement is convenient and non-invasive, its lack of sensitivity (48%) limits its usefulness as a screening test for chronic lead nephropathy.
Genetic identification of cell types underlying brain complex traits yields insights into the etiology of Parkinson’s disease
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-04-2020
Joint influence of patient-assessed chronic illness care and patient activation on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-02-2015
Abstract: To examine the association of the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) with glycaemic control and the modulating effect of patient activation on this association. A population-based prospective cohort study of people with type 2 diabetes in Queensland, Australia, using data from self-report questionnaires, collected annually from 2008 (N = 3761) to 2010 (N = 3040). Predictors were the 20-item PACIC (dichotomized at the score of 3), and the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM), dichotomized into activation levels 1 and 2 versus levels 3 and 4. Analyses were restricted to participants whose PACIC and PAM categories did not change over 2 years of follow-up. Outcome variable was self-reported HbA1c of ≤ 7% (53 mmol/mol) versus >7%. An inverse probability-weighted Poisson regression with a log-link function and a binary response outcome variable (HbA1c) was used to obtain risk ratios (RRs), and the interaction between PACIC and PAM was statistically modelled, taking into consideration patient characteristics and baseline glycaemic status. The effect of the PACIC was not seen in the activated participants (adjusted RR: 1.1 95% CI: 0.96-1.2 P = 0.20) but was strongly observed in participants with low activation (adjusted RR: 2.3 95% CI: 1.6-3.1 P < 0.001). Similarly, there was a positive association between patient activation and glycaemic control when the PACIC was low (adjusted RR: 1.6 95% CI: 1.3-2.0 P < 0.001). Better patient-assessed chronic care received consistently over time facilitates achievement of better glycaemic control in patients with low activation.
Increasing socio-economic inequalities in drug-induced deaths in Australia: 1981-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1080/09595230801956108
Abstract: Since the 1990s illicit drug use death rates in Australia have increased markedly. There is a notable gap in knowledge about changing socio-economic inequalities in drug use death rates. Some limited Australian and overseas data point to higher rates of drug death in the lowest socio-economic groups, but the paucity of available studies and their sometimes conflicting findings need to be addressed. This paper uses data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to examine changes in age-standardised drug-induced mortality rates for Australian males over the period 1981-2002. Socio-economic status was categorised as manual or non-manual work status. With the rapid increase in drug-induced mortality rates in the 1990s, there was a parallel increase in socio-economic inequalities in drug-induced deaths. The decline in drug death rates from 2000 onwards was associated with a decline in socio-economic inequalities. By 2002, manual workers had drug death rates well over twice the rate of non-manual workers. Three factors are identified which contribute to these socio-economic inequalities in mortality. First, there has been an age shift in deaths evident only for manual workers. Secondly, there has been an increase in availability until 1999 and a relative decline in the cost of the drug, which most often leads to drug death (heroin). Thirdly, there has been a shift to hetamine use which may lead to significant levels of morbidity, but few deaths.
Substantiated Childhood Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in Young Adulthood: A Birth Cohort Study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-09-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S10964-016-0558-3
Abstract: Little is known about the associations between various types of childhood maltreatment and multiple forms of intimate partner violence victimization in early adulthood. This study examines the extent to which childhood experiences of maltreatment increase the risk for intimate partner violence victimization in early adulthood. Data for the present study are from 3322 young adults (55 % female) of the Mater Hospital-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy with the mean age of 20.6 years. The Mater Hospital-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is a prospective Australian pre-birth cohort study of mothers consecutively recruited during their first antenatal clinic visit at Brisbane's Mater Hospital from 1981 through to 1983. Participants completed the Composite Abuse Scale at 21-year follow-up and linked this dataset to agency recorded substantiated cases of childhood maltreatment. In adjusted models, the odds of reporting emotional intimate partner violence victimization were 1.84, 2.64 and 3.19 times higher in physically abused, neglected and emotionally abused children, respectively. Similarly, the odds of physical intimate partner violence victimization were 1.76, 2.31, 2.74 and 2.76 times higher in those children who had experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and emotional abuse, respectively. Harassment was 1.63 times higher in emotionally abused children. The odds of severe combined abuse were 3.97 and 4.62 times greater for emotionally abused and neglected children, respectively. The strongest associations involved reports of child emotional abuse and neglect and multiple forms of intimate partner violence victimization in young adulthood. Childhood maltreatment is a chronic adversity that is associated with specific and multiple forms of intimate partner violence victimization in adulthood.
What size sample do I need?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1999
Physician discussions with terminally ill patients: a cross-national comparison
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2007
Abstract: A major issue in the care of terminally ill patients is communication and information provision. This paper reports the extent to which physicians in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland discuss topics relevant to end of life care with terminally ill patients and their relatives (without first informing the patient), and possible associations between physician-specific characteristics and such discussions. Response rates to the postal survey ranged from 39% to 68% (n =10139). Physicians in most of the countries except Italy `in principle, always' discuss issues related to terminal illness with their patients but not with patients' relatives without first informing the patient, unless the relatives ask. Cross-national differences remained strong after controlling for physician characteristics. The majority of physicians appeared to support the principle of patient-centred care to terminally ill patients, consistent with palliative care philosophy and with the law and/or professional guidelines in most of the countries studied. Palliative Medicine 2007 21: 295—303
Spatial and space–time distribution of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China, 2005–2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2016
Measuring exposure to S. japonicum in China.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00062-X
Abstract: In this study we examine the pathways to schistosomiasis exposure and infection among residents residing on two islands (large, Qingshan small, Niangashan) in the Dongting Lake region (Hunan province) of China. An exposure model, based on activity diaries, was used to quantify an in idual's square-metre-minute (sq.m.min) daily water contact. Subjects living on the small island had a significantly higher (P=0.0002) degree of exposure (mean+/-S.D., 13.2+/-11.0 sq.m.min) than in iduals dwelling on the large island (mean+/-S.D., 5.5+/-7.1 sq.m.min). Participants identified as stool egg positive (mean+/-S.D., 8.3+/-10.4 sq.m.min) had higher exposures than for those never treated (mean+/-S.D., 2.2+/-3.4 sq.m.min) for schistosomiasis, and these high exposures rose steadily to peak at 35-49 years of age and decline after age 50. This exposure pattern differs markedly from those reported for African or South American schistosomiasis. The majority of human water contact occurs on the lake. Egg-positive subjects reported significantly higher (P < 0.05) episodes of water contact on the lake versus their egg-negative counterparts, who reported significantly higher (P < 0.01) exposure at the aquaculture ponds. The results of path analysis revealed that sex, age, island of residence and whether a fisherman or not were the most highly significant independent predictors of lake exposure. This accounted for approximately 40% (R2=0.39) of the total lake exposure. Exposure to lake water was a strong predictor (P=0.0006) of past infection and a modest predictor (P=0.05) of current infection.
Ozone modifies associations between temperature and cardiovascular mortality: analysis of the NMMAPS data
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2008
Abstract: Both ambient ozone and temperature are associated with human health. However, few data are available on whether ozone modifies temperature effects. This study aims to explore whether ozone modified associations between maximum temperature and cardiovascular mortality in the USA. The authors obtained data from the US National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) website. They used two time-series Poisson regression models (a response surface model and a stratification model) to examine whether ozone modified associations between maximum temperature and cardiovascular mortality (CVM) in 95 large US communities during 1987-2000 in summer (June to September). Bayesian meta-analysis was used to pool estimates in each community. The response surface model was used to examine the joint effects of temperature and ozone on CVM in summer. Results indicate that ozone positively modified the temperature-CVM associations across the different regions. The stratification model quantified the temperature-CVM associations across different levels of ozone. Results show that in general the higher the ozone concentration, the stronger the temperature-CVM associations across the communities. A 10 degrees C increase in temperature on the same day was associated with an increase in CVM by 1.17% and 8.31% for the lowest and highest level of ozone concentrations in all communities, respectively. Ozone modified temperature effects in different regions in the USA. It is important to evaluate the modifying role of ozone when estimating temperature-related health impacts and to further investigate the reasons behind the regional variability and mechanism for the interaction between temperature and ozone.
Maternal anxiety and depression, poverty and marital relationship factors during early childhood as predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-04-2002
Abstract: This paper examines the degree to which symptoms of anxiety and depression at age 14 years are associated with early childhood experience of maternal anxiety and depression, poverty, and mother's marital relationship distress and break-up. In a longitudinal study, 4434 families were followed-up from infancy to adolescence. Maternal anxiety and depression during early childhood were found to have small, but significant, influences upon the development of high anxiety-depression symptoms at age 14, after controlling for the effects of poverty and marital relationship factors. This effect was greater with repeated exposure to high maternal anxiety and depression. Poverty, distressed marital relationship and marital break-up during the child's first five years also produced small, but significant, increases in risk of high anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence. Stable, single-parent status was not found to be a risk factor. There was no evidence of marked gender differences in risk factors, other than poverty, which had a stronger impact for girls than boys. Overall, the results suggest that maternal anxiety and depression, poverty, parent relationship conflict and marital break-up during early childhood are associated with small, but significant, increased risk of anxiety-depression symptoms in adolescence.
Antioxidants and basal cell carcinoma of the skin: A nested case–control study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S10552-004-8022-1
Abstract: To investigate the relationship between basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and antioxidant nutrients, specifically carotenoids, vitamin E and selenium. The Nambour Skin Cancer Study is an ongoing, community-based study of randomly selected adult residents of a township in sub-tropical Queensland, Australia. Using a nested case-control design, incident cases of BCC (n=90) were compared with age and sex matched controls (n=90). Dietary exposure was measured using food frequency questionnaire estimates of intake as well as serum biomarkers. Other determinants of skin cancer including sun exposure were also considered. Dietary intakes were adjusted for energy intake, and serum carotenoids and vitamin E were adjusted for serum cholesterol. Odds ratios were calculated across quartiles of dietary intake and serum biomarkers and linear trends were assessed using logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex and supplement use. In this prospective study no significant associations were found between BCC and carotenoids, vitamin E or selenium, as measured by serum biomarkers or dietary intake, although there was a suggestion of a positive association with lutein intake.
Childhood maltreatment and high dietary fat intake behaviors in adulthood: A birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHIABU.2017.08.002
Abstract: Childhood maltreatment has been associated with a wide range of chronic medical conditions including obesity, other metabolic events and eating disorders. However, little is known about the association between childhood maltreatment and high dietary fat intake. This study addresses the extent to which co-occurring and specific forms of substantiated childhood maltreatment are associated with self-reported high dietary fat intake in adulthood and whether there is a gender-childhood maltreatment interaction in predicting this association. The study also examines the association between age at substantiation of maltreatment, number of childhood maltreatment substantiations and high dietary fat intake-related behaviors. The data were from a prospective Australian pre-birth mother-child dyads study, the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy. The study followed 7223 mother-child dyads following the birth of a live, singleton baby at the Mater hospital. Recruitment was early in pregnancy, and then follow-ups at 3-5days postpartum and again when the child was 6 months, 5, 14 and 21 years of age. The data were linked to agency-substantiated cases of childhood maltreatment 0-14 years. This study extended the data linkage to 3766 (47.4% female) participants who had complete data on dietary fat intake behaviors at the 21-year follow-up. Consecutive logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals for high dietary fat intake for multiple and specific forms of childhood maltreatment, as well as age at and number of childhood maltreatment substantiations. Finally, a gender-childhood maltreatment interaction term was used to predict the outcome. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, substantiated childhood maltreatment including physical abuse were associated with high dietary fat intake-related behaviors. Similarly, substantiation of childhood maltreatment between the ages of 5 and 14 years was significantly associated with high dietary fat intake-related behaviors as were two or more substantiations of maltreatment. Inclusion of gender-childhood maltreatment interaction only had a minor impact on the size and direction of the association. Chronic and severe forms of childhood maltreatment including physical abuse are associated with a higher rate of dietary fat intake in young adulthood. Further research to replicate this association might focus on possible neuro-hormonal mechanisms that might explain this behavior.
A multi-component integrated approach for the elimination of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China: design and baseline results of a 4-year cluster-randomised intervention trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2014.05.005
Abstract: Despite major successes in its control over the past 50years, schistosomiasis japonica continues to be a public health problem in the People's Republic of China (P.R. China). Historically, the major endemic foci occur in the lakes and marshlands along the Yangtze River, areas where transmission interruption has proven difficult. The current endemic situation may alter due to the closure of the Three Gorges Dam. Considerable environmental and ecological changes are anticipated that may result in new habitats for the oncomelanid intermediate snail host of Schistosoma japonicum (Sj), thereby increasing the risk of transmission. The current national control program for P.R. China involves a multi-component integrated strategy but, despite targeting multiple transmission pathways, certain challenges remain. As the Chinese government pushes towards elimination, there is a requirement for additional tools, such as vaccination, for long-term prevention. Whereas the zoonotic nature of schistosomiasis japonica adds to the complexity of control, it provides a unique opportunity to develop a transmission blocking vaccine targeting bovines to assist in the prevention of human infection and disease. Mathematical modelling has shown that control options targeting the various transmission pathways of schistosomiasis japonica and incorporating bovine vaccination, mass human chemotherapy and mollusciciding could lead to its elimination from P.R. China. Here we present the study design and baseline results of a four-year cluster randomised intervention trial we are undertaking around the schistosomiasis-endemic Dongting Lake in Hunan Province aimed at determining the impact on schistosome transmission of the multi-component integrated control strategy, including bovine vaccination using a heterologous "prime-boost" delivery platform based on the previously tested SjCTPI vaccine.
Erratum: Predictors of change in weight and waist circumference: 15-year longitudinal study in Australian adults (European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2014) 68 (309-315)) DOI :10.1038/ejcn.2013.260)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2015.13
Integrating biological and social processes in relation to early-onset persistent aggression in boys and girls.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2003
Childhood pneumonia: A neglected, climate-sensitive disease?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2010
Measurement of ovalocyte frequency in peripheral blood smears in defining ovalocytosis in Papua New Guinea
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1998
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-3156.1998.00308.X
Abstract: Red cell oval morphology is still the only accepted basis for the clinical or epidemiological diagnosis of ovalocytosis. Therefore it is important to know the errors when detecting and counting morphological ovalocytes. In all previous studies of ovalocytosis there was no assessment of the variation which may have occurred in classification due to smearing and staining techniques or the criteria for the diagnosis of ovalocyte morphology nor was inter or intraobserver variation assessed. We report how different peripheral blood smear methods influence the diagnosis of ovalocytosis in populations in the Madang and East Sepik Provinces in Papua New Guinea. We also examined within and between observer variation in the quantitative assessment of ovalocytosis at x 40 and x 100 microscopy powers. A modified method of making a thin malaria blood smear gave the best preservation of red cell morphology and was adopted for the quantitative ovalocytosis studies. A special haematology smear is unnecessary. Ovalocyte frequency estimations were similar when x 40 and x 100 lenses were used, but x 40 was preferable for assessing morphology. Two observers were consistent in their findings and produced very similar results for the high-quality smears from the planned Madang survey, and rather different results for the smears from the unplanned routine Sepik survey. We conclude that measurement error for ovalocytosis assessment can be quite small and unimportant, minimized by careful planning and quality control. Otherwise measurement error is substantial and threatens validity of classification and grading of ovalocytosis.
Socioeconomic Position, Cognitive Function, and Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescence: Findings From the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and Its Outcomes
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2005
DOI: 10.1097/01.PSY.0000188576.54698.36
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine the extent of clustering of smoking, high levels of television watching, overweight, and high blood pressure among adolescents and whether this clustering varies by socioeconomic position and cognitive function. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 3613 (1742 females) participants of an Australian birth cohort who were examined at age 14. Three hundred fifty-three (9.8%) of the participants had co-occurrence of three or four risk factors. Risk factors clustered in these adolescents with a greater number of participants than would be predicted by assumptions of independence having no risk factors and three or four risk factors. The extent of clustering tended to be greater in those from lower-income families and among those with lower cognitive function. The age-adjusted ratio of observed to expected co-occurrence of three or four risk factors was 2.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-4.06) among those from low-income families and 1.70 (95% CI, 1.34-2.16) among those from more affluent families. The ratio among those with low Raven's scores (nonverbal reasoning) was 2.36 (95% CI, 1.69-3.30) and among those with higher scores was 1.51 (95% CI, 1.19-1.92) similar results for the WRAT 3 score (reading ability) were 2.69 (95% CI, 1.85-3.94) and 1.68 (95% CI, 1.34-2.11). Clustering did not differ by sex. Among adolescents, coronary heart disease risk factors cluster, and there is some evidence that this clustering is greater among those from families with low income and those who have lower cognitive function.
Sunscreen and Prevention of Skin Aging
Publisher: American College of Physicians
Date: 04-06-2013
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002
Abstract: Sunscreen use and dietary antioxidants are advocated as preventives of skin aging, but supporting evidence is lacking. To determine whether regular use of sunscreen compared with discretionary use or β-carotene supplements compared with placebo retard skin aging, measured by degree of photoaging. Randomized, controlled, community-based intervention. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12610000086066). Nambour, Australia (latitude 26° S). 903 adults younger than 55 years out of 1621 adults randomly selected from a community register. Random assignment into 4 groups: daily use of broad-spectrum sunscreen and 30 mg of β-carotene, daily use of sunscreen and placebo, discretionary use of sunscreen and 30 mg of β-carotene, and discretionary use of sunscreen and placebo. Change in microtopography between 1992 and 1996 in the sunscreen and β-carotene groups compared with controls, graded by assessors blinded to treatment allocation. The daily sunscreen group showed no detectable increase in skin aging after 4.5 years. Skin aging from baseline to the end of the trial was 24% less in the daily sunscreen group than in the discretionary sunscreen group (relative odds, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.59 to 0.98]). β-Carotene supplementation had no overall effect on skin aging, although contrasting associations were seen in subgroups with different severity of aging at baseline. Some outcome data were missing, and power to detect moderate treatment effects was modest. Regular sunscreen use retards skin aging in healthy, middle-aged men and women. No overall effect of β-carotene on skin aging was identified, and further study is required to definitively exclude potential benefit or potential harm. National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.
Young adults' gambling and its association with mental health and substance use problems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-6405.2011.00815.X
Abstract: To examine the socio-demographic characteristics of young adults' gambling and its association with mental health and substance use behaviour. The study is based on 3,512 young adults (1648 males) for whom data from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) were available on self-report gambling, gambling expenditure, Achenbach's Young Adult Self Report and substance use at the 21-year follow-up of the MUSP. The participants' age ranged between 18.2 and 23.6 (mean = 20.6, standard deviation = 0.8) years. Two-fifths of the young adults reported gambling. Males reported more money spent on gambling and were significantly more likely to be at risk of problem gambling. Gambling and problem gambling were significantly more common in less-educated in iduals, those who had higher income or those who had a paid job. In iduals who reported gambling were more likely to smoke cigarettes, drink more than a glass of alcohol per day, use illicit drugs, or exhibit high levels of externalising behaviour than non-gamblers. The findings confirm the high prevalence of gambling and gambling expenditure in young adults. In iduals who are involved in gambling are more likely to report cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and use of illicit drugs. There is a need for further research to explore the mechanisms of association between gambling behaviour and in iduals' mental health and substance use. Substance abuse and mental health services are recommended to consider co-morbid gambling problems in treatment-seeking patients.
Bias influencing maternal reports of child behaviour and emotional state
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-07-2001
Abstract: Previous research has indicated that there may be only a modest degree of agreement between different reporters of a child's behaviour (mental health). This raises the possibility that some descriptions of the child's behaviour may reflect the personal characteristics of the respondent. We examine two potential sources of bias that may influence reports of a child's behaviour/mental health. The first is the mental or emotional impairment of the respondent the second concerns gender-related expectations of children. Mothers (and their children after the birth) were assessed at first clinic visit, 3-5 days after the birth, then 6 months, 5 years and 14 years after the birth. Some 70% of respondents giving birth remained in the study at the 14-year follow-up, leaving some 5277 cases for this analysis. At the 14-year follow-up, child behaviour (mental health) was assessed using the Child Behaviour Check List and the Youth Self Report. Maternal mental health was determined using the anxiety and depression subscales of the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory. Mothers who were not emotionally impaired reported fewer child behaviour problems than did the children themselves. As the mother's current emotional impairment increased, so her reports of the child's behaviour problems increased, when compared with the child's own reports. Further, mothers attributed more internalising symptoms to female respondents, and more externalising symptoms to male respondents, than did the child respondents themselves. Mothers differ systematically from their children when they are reporting their child's behaviour (mental health). The more emotionally impaired the mother, the greater the degree to which she imputes the child to have behaviour problems. Further, female children are attributed to have more internalising behaviours and male children externalising behaviours.
Measuring exposure to Schistosoma japonicum in China. III. Activity diaries, snail and human infection, transmission ecology and options for control
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00056-5
Abstract: We used activity diaries and snail detection to relate water contact and Schistosoma japonicum infection among a cohort of 178 residents on two islands in the Dongting Lake, China. Water exposure to each of 12 mapped water zones around the islands was calculated (m(2) min/day) for each subject. Infected Oncomelania hupensis hupensis snails in this area are focal and were found in only five of the 12 zones, with the highest rate being 5.7%. Thirty-one subjects (17%) were re-infected with a mean intensity of 63.2 epg. Mean water contact was 7.9 m(2) min/day 98% of water exposure was due to economic activity and only 2% due to swimming or bathing, washing and other necessities of daily life. Males had more exposure and infection than females (P<0.05). Infected subjects had more exposure (10.2 m(2) min/day) than those not infected (7.44 m(2) min/day) (P<0.05). Compared with uninfected subjects, those infected had 2.9 times more exposure in infected-snail zones (P<0.01). Also, human infection intensity (epg) correlated well with exposure to infected snail zones (r=0.552, P<0.01). People <20 years old had the highest re-infection (21.4%) and intensity (3.77 epg). Median exposure for 20-49-year-olds (9.00 m(2) min/day) was nearly double that of those aged 50 years old (5.5 m(2) min/day). We conclude that map-referenced water contact and snail evaluation boosts accuracy of activity-diary measurements in large transmission foci for the Asian schistosome. Protecting against faecal contamination of snail inhabited sites, and against occupational exposure for island residents, should be a priority of future research. Potential strategies for migrating buffaloes and families living on visiting fishing boats are explored.
Serological prevalence of echinococcosis and risk factors for infection among children in rural communities of southern Ningxia, China
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-07-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3156.2008.02101.X
Abstract: To assess the usefulness of serology as an indicator of Echinococcus transmission for developing preventive measures against echinococcosis in rural communities. Cross-sectional survey in 2002 among 861 children aged 7 to 18 years in Xiji County, Ningxia, China. Before ultrasound abdominal examination, a questionnaire was used to identify socioeconomic, sanitary and hygiene risk factors for echinococcal infection filter paper blood s les were collected from each child for specific antibody detection using EmP (Echinococcus multilocularis) and EgB (Echinococcus granulosus) antigens. Transmission of both E. multilocularis and E. granulosus occur in this area. Serological prevalence was far higher than disease prevalence in this age range. We found no gender-related differences of seroprevalence among the children, suggesting an equal chance of exposure to echinococcal egg-contaminated environments. The seroprevalence distribution was associated with changes in the ecology of wild hosts for E. multilocularis contamination, and with changes in socio-geographic features of the communities for E. granulosus contamination. Serological data obtained for children in mass surveys of echinococcosis appear to be a comprehensive and useful tool to monitor changes of transmission dynamics in humans and provide 'warning signals' to decision makers for the instigation of specific control measures against the disease.
The association between lung cancer incidence and ambient air pollution in China: A spatiotemporal analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2015.11.004
Abstract: China is experiencing more and more days of serious air pollution recently, and has the highest lung cancer burden in the world. To examine the associations between lung cancer incidence and fine particles (PM2.5) and ozone in China. We used 75 communities' data of lung cancer incidence from the National Cancer Registration of China from 1990 to 2009. The annual concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) and ozone at 0.1°×0.1° spatial resolution were generated by combing remote sensing, global chemical transport models, and improvements in coverage of surface measurements. A spatial age-period-cohort model was used to examine the relative risks of lung cancer incidence associated with the air pollutants, after adjusting for impacts of age, period, and birth cohort, sex, and community type (rural and urban) as well as the spatial variation on lung cancer incidence. The relative risks of lung cancer incidence related to a 10 µg/m(3) increase in 2-year average PM2.5 were 1.055 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.038, 1.072) for men, 1.149 (1.120, 1.178) for women, 1.060 (1.044, 1.075) for an urban communities, 1.037 (0.998, 1.078) for a rural population, 1.074 (1.052, 1.096) for people aged 30-65 years, and 1.111 (1.077, 1.146) for those aged over 75 years. Ozone also had a significant association with lung cancer incidence. The increased risks of lung cancer incidence were associated with PM2.5 and ozone air pollution. Control measures to reduce air pollution would likely lower the future incidence of lung cancer.
Spatial prediction of the risk of exposure to Echinococcus spp. among schoolchildren and dogs in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
Publisher: PAGEPress Publications
Date: 07-05-2018
DOI: 10.4081/GH.2018.644
Abstract: The geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp. infections in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) has been reported to be expanding in response to environmental change. The aim of the present study was to predict and compare the spatial distribution of human seropositivity for Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis and infections with these parasites in dogs in four counties in the south of NHAR to identify communities where targeted prevention and control efforts are required. Predicted seroprevalence of E. granulosus in schoolchildren and E. granulosus infections in dogs concurred spatially, whereas predicted seroprevalence of E. multilocularis in schoolchildren and E. multilocularis infections in dogs differed spatially. Enhanced vegetation index was significantly associated with E. multilocularis seropositivity among schoolchildren, and infections with E. granulosus and E. multilocularis in dogs. A positive association was also found between dog infection with E. granulosus and cultivated land, and a negative association between human seropositivity for E. granulosus and bare-land/artificial surfaces. The findings of this study support the importance of land cover and climatic variables in determining habitat suitability for Echinococcus spp. infections, and suggest that definitive hosts other than dogs (e.g. foxes) are important in defining the geographical risk of human seropositivity for E. multilocularis in NHAR.
Experimental investigation of a co-located wind and wave energy system in regular waves
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2023
Are children׳s asthmatic symptoms related to ambient temperature? A panel study in Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2014.05.032
Abstract: To examine the short-term effects of ambient temperature on respiratory symptoms for school children with asthma across Australia. A panel of 270 children (7-12 years) with asthma was recruited from six Australian cities. They were asked to record their respiratory symptoms every day in the morning (for night-time symptoms) and evening (for daytime symptoms) for four weeks. Daily ambient temperature, relative humidity and air pollution data were obtained from fixed monitors nearby. A mixed logistic regression model was used to examine the effects of ambient temperature on respiratory symptoms adjusted for children's sex, age, standing height, weight and air pollution. Subjects were specified as random effects. The relationships between ambient temperature and respiratory symptoms were linear. Increasing temperatures induced the risks of children's asthmatic symptoms, especially for "wheeze/chest tightness" and to a lesser extent for "cough hlegm". The effects were acute and lasted for four days (lag 0-3) in general. With increasing ambient temperature, boys were more at risk than girls. High ambient temperature is a risk factor for respiratory symptoms in children with asthma. As ambient temperature increases, policies and strategies for rising temperatures will be necessary to protect asthmatic children.
Heat Wave and Mortality: A Multicountry, Multicommunity Study
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 16-08-2017
DOI: 10.1289/EHP1026
Young adult pregnancy status and the risk of developing overweight and obesity among women and men
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-07-2018
DOI: 10.1111/COB.12262
Abstract: Pregnancies can end in miscarriage, birth or termination. Although it is well known that pregnancy results in weight gain across the life course, it is unknown whether pregnancies which end in termination and miscarriage contribute to this. The study used a sub-s le of 3630 adult offspring from the original cohort of the Mater University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) and its outcomes, in Brisbane, Australia. Anthropometric data were measured at 5, 14 and 21 years of age and experience of pregnancy including termination, miscarriage and births were self-reported at 21 years. Multivariable analyses were conducted to determine whether pregnancy status of young people independently associated with overweight or obesity status. The women who had at least one birth were more likely to have overweight (odds ratio [OR] 1.52 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 2.27) or obese (OR 2.38 95% CI: 1.58, 3.59) compared to women who did not experience any pregnancy. Women whose pregnancies were terminated or miscarried were at the same risk of overweight or obesity as women who did not experience any pregnancy. For men, there is no association between the pregnancies in their partners and the mean difference in their body mass index. Young women whose pregnancies result in a birth, but not terminations or miscarriages, are at greater risk of having overweight or obesity following the birth.
Maternal depression and family adversity: Linked pathways to offspring depression?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPSYCHIRES.2017.01.006
Abstract: There is conflicting evidence about the contribution of maternal depression and family adversity to depression experienced by offspring. Because maternal depression and family adversity are related, there is a need to determine how they independently contribute to offspring depression. Data are from a long-running prospective birth cohort study (Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes - MUSP). For this study some 2200 offspring were followed up at 30 years of age. We first examine the association between maternal depression and family adversity over the period from the pregnancy to the child reaching adulthood. Then we consider the extent to which maternal depression and family adversity trajectories over this period predict CIDI/DSM-IV episodes of depression in the offspring of these mothers at 30 years of age. We find a strong bi-directional association between maternal depression and family experiences of adverse life events over the entire period the child is at home. After adjustment, children reared in a family experiencing high levels of adverse life events are more likely to experience a lifetime ever DSM-IV diagnosis of depression, are more likely to have experienced multiple episodes of lifetime ever depression, and are more likely to report their first episode of depression was at a younger age. The findings suggest the association between maternal depression and offspring depression appears to be partly attributable to the higher levels of family adversity characteristic of depressed mothers.
Childhood Overweight Status Predicts Diabetes at Age 21 Years: A Follow‐up Study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2008.660
Abstract: We examined the prospective association of childhood BMI z-score and BMI categories (normal or overweight) with young adult diabetes, controlling for early life, childhood, and adolescence factors. A subs le of 2,639 young adults from the Mater-University study of pregnancy (MUSP) and its outcomes, a prospective birth cohort who were born in Brisbane, Australia and for whom we had measured height and weight at 5 years and self-reported diabetes at age 21 years. The risk of developing diabetes by age 21 years was greater among young adults who had greater BMI z-score or were overweight at age 5 years than those who had normal BMI at age 5 years. Young adults who were overweight at age 5 years had an increased odds ratio of 2.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29, 5.22, in age- and sex-adjusted model) of experiencing diabetes by age 21 years. Adjustment for potential confounders and mediators including intrauterine environmental factors, childhood dietary patterns, television watching, participation in sports and exercise, and current weight, did not substantively alter these associations. Overweight and increasing BMI z-score at childhood is an independent predictor of young adult's type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Findings of this study suggest that childhood BMI may be central to the development and rising incidence of all diabetes.
Applying GIS and Remote Sensing to the Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, China
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2002
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, and cancer risk
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2014
Growth in Young Adults Who Screen Positive for Non-Affective Psychosis: Birth Cohort Study
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1080/00048670802534333
Abstract: Objective: While birth cohort studies have shown that in iduals who develop non-affective psychosis show subtle deviations in cognitive and behavioural developmental trajectories, there is less evidence about deviations in physical growth in these in iduals. The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between behaviour and growth and maturation from infancy, through childhood and adolescence to early adulthood and the development of non-affective psychosis in young adults. Method: Based on a birth cohort of 3801 young adults, weight and length/height were examined at birth and at years 5, 14 and 21, together with pubertal maturation at year 14. Behavioural measures taken at years 5 and 14 were also examined. Screen-positive non-affective psychosis (SP-NAP) was assessed at year 21 using Composite International Diagnostic Interview, or a self-report checklist. The association between the behavioural and growth measures at birth and at years 5, 14 and 21, and SP-NAP at year 21 was examined using logistic regression. Results: There were 60 subjects in the cohort who were classified as having SP-NAP. In female subjects SP-NAP was significantly associated with being longer with a larger head circumference at birth, and less likely to be associated with being shorter at 21 years, with consistent trend associations for height between. There were no differences for weight. There was no significant association between the variables of interest in male subjects or for the total group. There was also no significant association between pubertal development at age 14 and risk of SP-NAP in either sex. Conclusions: Unlike developmental behavioural problems, which showed continuity from childhood through adolescence, SP-NAP was not associated with marked deviations in growth trajectory for male subjects, but the present data suggests that female subjects with SP-NAP had an altered skeletal growth trajectory.
Skin cancer in a subtropical Australian population: incidence and lack of association with occupation. The Nambour Study Group.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-1996
DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AJE.A008875
Abstract: Because it is not possible to monitor skin cancer accurately using routine methods, special surveys have been undertaken in Nambour, a typical subtropical community in Queensland, Australia. Estimates of incidence reported here are based on skin cancers medically treated between 1985 and 1992 and new cases diagnosed by dermatologists in two examination clinics in 1986 and 1992. Among men and women aged 18-69 years in 1986, age-adjusted incidence rates of basal cell carcinoma were 2,074 and 1,579 per 100,000 per year, respectively-the highest incidence rates of a specific cancer ever reported. Squamous cell carcinoma occurred at half the rate of basal cell carcinoma among men and at about one third the rate among women. Although as expected, fair skin, a history of repeated sunburns, and nonmalignant solar skin damage diagnosed by dermatologists were strongly associated with both types of skin cancer, outdoor occupation was not. Significant self-selection was observed among outdoor workers, whereby people with fair or medium complexions and a tendency to sunburn were systematically underrepresented among those in long-term outdoor occupations although they accounted for more than 80 percent of the community study s le. The mitigating effect of this selection bias may partly explain the paradox of the lack of quantitative evidence of a causal link between sun exposure and skin cancer in humans.
A 2-year prospective study in China provides epidemiological evidence for resistance in humans to re-infection with Schistosoma japonicum
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-1999
Abstract: In 1996, 250 people living in the Dongting-Lake region of China were selected for a 2-year study. All had been or were infected with Schistosoma japonicum. All were treated with praziquantel, although eggs of S. japonicum were only detected in stool s les from 75 of the subjects. In 1998, 213 (85.5%) of these subjects, then with a mean (S.D.) age of 40.2 (14.2) years, provided stool s les for final assessment. Forty-nine (23%) of the 213 were found to be re-infected in 1998, with a geometric mean intensity of infection among the infected of 64.5 eggs/g faeces. The rate of re-infection was highest among those aged < 10 years, declining with increasing age, and higher in males than females (27.3% v. 8.3% P < 0.005). The mean intensity of infection among the infected males was also higher than that among the infected females [72.4 (4.8) v. 17.8 (2.5) eggs/g P < 0.005]. Water contact by the subjects was estimated from activity diaries, for 141 days over the 2-year study period, and expressed as skin exposure, in m2-min/day. The mean exposure of a group of subjects was calculated by detransforming the mean of the fourth-root-transformed (i.e. normalized) values for the exposures of each subject within the group. Overall, the 213 in iduals had a mean exposure of 6.2 m2-min/day. Differences in occupation led to males having much higher mean water exposures than females (9.2 v. 1.1 m2-min/day). As there was an inverse association between age-specific exposure and age-specific re-infection intensity, the marked reduction seen in intensity of re-infection with increasing age is not attributable to decreasing exposure to water. Instead, the results of this 2-year cohort study provide evidence for age-dependent resistance to re-infection with S. japonicum. The 213 subjects who were followed up were classified, according to epidemiological outcome at the end of the study and the data on water contact, as 'susceptible' (N = 49 23%), 'insusceptible' (N = 29 13.6%) or of 'uncertain status' (N = 135 63.4%). Thus, 78 subjects who are potentially informative in terms of immunogenetics were identified. Further investigation of these in iduals should help to shed some light on the role of immunogenetic status in human immunity to Schistosoma japonicum.
An evaluation of Schistosoma japonicum infections in three villages in the Dongting lake region of China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(97)00077-6
Abstract: We examined three Chinese villages (one farming village and two fishing villages) in an area highly endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in order to study the prevalence, intensity of infection and the associated morbidities before the implementation of adequate control strategies. Socio-economic status, medical histories including the frequency and type of water contact, physical examinations, parasitological examinations and questionnaires relevant to the knowledge of schistosomiasis were performed on a random s le of 1542 in iduals (45% female 55% male). The prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum was 9.4% in the farming village and 16.5 and 26.2% in the fishing villages. Eighty-three percent of the infected population had light infections (8-100 eggs per gram stool (epg)) and only 6% had heavy infections (> 400 epg). Both the prevalence and intensity of infection varied significantly (P < 0.01) with the frequency of water contact. All the morbidity indicators (weakness, inability to work, diarrhoea, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among those infected with S. japonicum. Knowledge of schistosomiasis, in general, was unsatisfactory in all three villages 12.4% of the population was infected when their knowledge of schistosomiasis was good, whereas 26.6% of the population was infected when their knowledge was poor. Further, it appears that schistosomiasis control based on selective chemotherapy (praziquantel) of randomly selected stool-positive in iduals was ineffective in significantly reducing the prevalence of S. japonicum and its associated clinical manifestations in the villages under study.
Do low control response rates always affect the findings? Assessments of smoking and obesity in two Australian case-control studies of cancer (Australian New Zealand Journal of Public Health (2009) 33, 3 (312-319))
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2009
The Effect of Skin Examination Surveys on the Incidence of Basal Cell Carcinoma in a Queensland Community Sample: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2004
The Schistosoma japonicum self-cure phenomenon in water buffaloes: potential impact on the control and elimination of schistosomiasis in China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2013.10.007
Abstract: Schistosomiasis japonica, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, is an important zoonotic disease in China, the Philippines and small pockets of Indonesia. In addition to infecting people, S. japonicum can infect over 40 species of wild and domestic animals which have varying impacts on human infection. It is now generally accepted that bovines, particularly water buffaloes, are the major reservoir for human infection in China as they are naturally infected with schistosomes and deposit more eggs into the environment than humans or any other animal host. This complicates control efforts and the economic burden associated with schistosomiasis morbidity and mortality has taken its toll on both human and livestock populations. Over the last 50years, the schistosomiasis control program in China has made great strides in reducing prevalence and morbidity, and the Chinese authorities now aim to eliminate the disease nationwide in the next decade. Current Chinese control strategies place particular importance on interventions targeting bovines including: praziquantel treatment, barrier farming to prevent grazing in transmission areas, their replacement with mechanized tractors and possible bovine vaccination. A number of studies have shown that in the period following S. japonicum infection, the worm burden drops sharply in water buffaloes and some other animal hosts such as pigs. This is due to a self-cure phenomenon whereby there is parasite clearance by both immune and non-immune factors. Here we review studies investigating the self-cure effect, paying particular attention to S. japonicum infection in water buffaloes, and discuss its potential impact on the future schistosomiasis control and elimination efforts in China. Further understanding of the mechanism of self-cure in water buffaloes could be important for future schistosome vaccine design and delivery.
Do Childhood Sleeping Problems Predict Obesity in Young Adulthood? Evidence from a Prospective Birth Cohort Study
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-09-2007
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWM224
Abstract: It has been suggested that sleeping problems are causally associated with obesity in early life, but most studies examining this association have been cross-sectional. The authors used a population-based birth cohort of 2,494 children who were born between 1981 and 1983 in Brisbane, Australia, to examine the prospective association between early-life sleeping problems (at ages 6 months and 2-4 years) and obesity at age 21 years. The authors compared mean body mass indices (BMIs weight (kg)/height (m)2) and persons in the categories of overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9) and obesity (BMI > or =30) among offspring at age 21 years according to maternally reported childhood sleeping problems. They found that young adult BMI and the prevalence of obesity were greater in offspring who had had sleeping problems at ages 2-4 years than in with those who had not had sleeping problems. These associations were robust to adjustment for a variety of potential confounders, including offspring sex, maternal mental health, and BMI, and several mediators, including adolescent dietary patterns and television-watching. These findings provide some evidence for a long-term impact of childhood sleeping problems on the later development of obesity.
The impact of concordant and discordant comorbidities on patient-assessed quality of diabetes care
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-10-2015
DOI: 10.1111/HEX.12151
Unemployment and reproductive outcome. An Australian study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1989
DOI: 10.1111/J.1471-0528.1989.TB02390.X
Abstract: The Mater-University of Queensland Study involves the follow-up of 8556 pregnant women who were enrolled at their first clinic visit. This analysis compares four groups of women categorized according to their own and their partners' employment status. Group 1 comprised women unemployed, partners not unemployed. Group 2 comprised women not unemployed with unemployed partners. Group 3 comprised women and partners who were both unemployed. In group 4 neither partner was unemployed. Initial analysis showed that there was a significant association between birthweight and birthweight for gestational age, and unemployment as reported by mothers. After adjustment for lifestyle variables (principally smoking) there were no remaining statistically significant associations.
Spatiotemporal variation of PM1 pollution in China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
Spatial Distribution of Human Schistosoma japonicum Infections in the Dongting Lake Region, China
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-09-2009
Spatial incidence of dengue infections in Queensland, Australia - reply
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-06-2012
Risk Factors in the Development of Ocular Surface Epithelial Dysplasia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1994
DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(94)31328-5
Abstract: Ocular surface epithelial dysplasia involves a spectrum of diseases ranging from only minor eye irritation to blindness and potentially death. A case-control study involving 60 patients with ocular surface epithelial dysplasia treated between 1972 and 1991 and 60 age- and sex-matched in iduals was conducted to compare relative ultraviolet light exposures over their lifetimes. A standardized self-administered ultraviolet exposure questionnaire was used for assessment. Risk factors identified include phenotypic features such as fair skin (odds ratio [OR], 5.4 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1, 25.6), pale iris (OR, 1.8 95% CI, 0.9, 3.8), and propensity to sunburn (OR, 3.8 95% CI, 0.7, 19.7), history of previous skin cancers removed (OR, 15 95% CI, 2.0, 113.6), and being outdoors more than 50% of time in the first 6 years of life while living 30 degrees or less from the equator (OR, 7.5 95% CI, 1.8, 30.6). These risk factors suggest that ocular surface epithelial dysplasia is an ultraviolet light-related disease.
The importance of the local environment in the transmission of respiratory syncytial virus
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2014.06.021
Abstract: The role of the environment in the spread of respiratory infections is poorly understood, and consequently probably underappreciated. To improve our understanding of the environmental drivers of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) transmission, we examined RSV seasonality in two settings with unusual seasonal patterns: The Gambia (where RSV epidemics occur at different times of the year) and Southeast Florida (where RSV seasonality differs from the rest of mainland USA). We used published data to correlate the seasonality of RSV with rainfall and child nutrition in the Gambia, and with rainfall and temperature in Florida. In the Gambia, RSV incidence was more strongly and more consistently correlated with child nutrition (r = -0.73 [95%CI -0.90 to -0.38]) than with rainfall (r = 0.37 [95%CI 0.20 to 0.52]). In Southeast Florida RSV incidence was strongly correlated with rainfall two months previously (r = 0.65 [95%CI 0.40 to 0.81]) compared to North Florida where RSV incidence was strongly correlated with temperature (r = -0.75 [95%CI -0.87 to -0.56]). We propose that nutrition is the dominant environmental driver of RSV seasonality in the Gambia, while rainfall is the dominant driver of RSV seasonality in Southeast Florida. This reinforces the importance of an ecological scale understanding of disease transmission: only with such an evidence base can setting-specific recommendations be made for public health interventions that are targeted for maximum efficacy.
An Innovative Database for Epidemiological Field Studies of Neglected Tropical Diseases
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 26-05-2009
The Relationship between Low Family Income and Psychological Disturbance in Young Children: An Australian Longitudinal Study
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-1997
DOI: 10.3109/00048679709062679
Abstract: Objective: This study examines the relationship between low family income (LFI) experienced at different points in time, chronic low income status and its impact on child behaviour measured at 5 years of age. Method: Longitudinal data from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy were used to measure LFI in families at three points in time (the antenatal period, 6 months post birth and at 5 years cf age). Outcome variables were three independent groups of behaviour problems labelled as externalising, social, attentional and thought (SAT) problems, and internalising problems. These groups were developed from the Child Behaviour Checklist. An analysis based on logistic regression modelling was carried out examining the relationship between LFI and a range of intermediate variables known to be associated with child behaviour problems. Results: The more often families experienced low income, the higher the rate of child behaviour problems at age 5. Low family income was still independently associated with SAT behaviour problems after controlling for smoking in the first trimester, parenting styles, maternal depression and marital dysharmony at age 5. The association between LFI and internalising and externalising behaviour problems was largely mediated by maternal depression. Conclusion: Low family income is a significant factor in the aetiology of a variety of child behaviour problems. The mechanisms involved in the link between LFI and hildhood internalising and externalising behaviours involve the exposure of the children to maternal depression. However, the relationship between LFI and SAT behaviour problems remains to be elucidated.
High Incidence and Regression Rates of Solar Keratoses in a Queensland Community
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2000
DOI: 10.1046/J.1523-1747.2000.00048.X
Abstract: The presence of solar keratoses on the skin is one of the major risk factors for basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, which constitute a growing public health problem in today's white populations. In spite of this, little is known of the natural history of solar keratoses. We conducted follow-up studies to monitor the incidence, regression, and recurrence rates of solar keratoses in a random s le (N = 96) of the Nambour community in Queensland. At baseline, 43 participants (46%) were diagnosed with at least one solar keratosis [26 men (55%), 17 women (37%)] with a total count of 494 prevalent solar keratoses. The distribution of lesions per person was highly skewed, with 11 in iduals (12%) having 65% of the total number of solar keratoses. During 12 mo of follow-up, 614 incident solar keratoses were diagnosed (549 in men and 65 in women) 526 solar keratoses regressed and 53 prevalent solar keratoses recurred, giving a net 45% increase in solar keratosis numbers in men (from 354 to 512 solar keratoses) and a net 44% reduction in women (from 114 to 64). Regression rates were higher in prevalent (74%) than incident (29%) solar keratoses. Solar keratosis prevalence increased with age in both sexes, and in iduals with solar keratoses at baseline were over seven times more likely to develop additional solar keratoses in the next 12 mo than those without prevalent solar keratoses at baseline. These results show that the natural history of solar keratoses in the community is one of high turnover and that a small percentage of susceptible in iduals carry the major burden of solar keratoses in the community.
Validation of a food-frequency questionnaire assessment of carotenoid and vitamin E intake using weighed food records and plasma biomarkers: The method of triads model
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-10-2004
Abstract: Reliability or validity studies are important for the evaluation of measurement error in dietary assessment methods. An approach to validation known as the method of triads uses triangulation techniques to calculate the validity coefficient of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). To assess the validity of an FFQ estimates of carotenoid and vitamin E intake against serum biomarker measurements and weighed food records (WFRs), by applying the method of triads. The study population was a sub-s le of adult participants in a randomised controlled trial of beta-carotene and sunscreen in the prevention of skin cancer. Dietary intake was assessed by a self-administered FFQ and a WFR. Nonfasting blood s les were collected and plasma analysed for five carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene) and vitamin E. Correlation coefficients were calculated between each of the dietary methods and the validity coefficient was calculated using the method of triads. The 95% confidence intervals for the validity coefficients were estimated using bootstrap s ling. The validity coefficients of the FFQ were highest for alpha-carotene (0.85) and lycopene (0.62), followed by beta-carotene (0.55) and total carotenoids (0.55), while the lowest validity coefficient was for lutein (0.19). The method of triads could not be used for beta-cryptoxanthin and vitamin E, as one of the three underlying correlations was negative. Results were similar to other studies of validity using biomarkers and the method of triads. For many dietary factors, the upper limit of the validity coefficients was less than 0.5 and therefore only strong relationships between dietary exposure and disease will be detected.
Prostate Cancer Risk in Pre-Diabetic Men: A Matched Cohort Study
Publisher: Marshfield Clinic Research Institute
Date: 08-05-2013
Human susceptibility to Schistosoma japonicum in China correlates with antibody isotypes to native antigens
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90210-X
Abstract: Antibody isotypic responses (IgE, IgA, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) to Schistosoma japonicum antigens--adult worm (AWA), soluble egg (SEA) and the recombinant proteins TEG (22.6-kDa tegumental antigen, Sj22) and PMY (paramyosin, Sj97)--were measured (in 1998) in a cohort of 179 Chinese subjects 2 years post-treatment. Subjects in the highest intensity re-infection group (> 100 eggs per gram faeces) had significantly higher levels of IgG1 and IgG4 against AWA. Analysis of IgG4/IgE ratios for AWA and SEA linked IgG4 excess to re-infection and IgE excess to non-re-infection. Two years after chemotherapeutic cure, 29 subjects, who were re-infected or never infected but highly water-exposed, were classified as epidemiologically susceptible (n = 15) or epidemiologically insusceptible to infection (n = 14). IgG4 levels against native antigens (AWA and SEA) were higher in susceptible and IgE levels were higher in insusceptible but antibody responses to the recombinant proteins (PMY and TEG) showed no clear pattern or difference between susceptibility groups. These and earlier findings provide evidence that immunity develops against schistosomiasis japonica in China and that susceptibility/resistance correlates with antibody isotypes against native schistosome antigens.
Determining the Impact of a School-Based Health Education Package for Prevention of Intestinal Worm Infections in the Philippines: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Intervention Trial (Preprint)
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 04-03-2020
Abstract: epeated mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelminthics to at-risk populations is still the main strategy for the control of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. However, MDA, as a stand-alone intervention, does not prevent reinfection. Accordingly, complementary measures to prevent STH reinfection, such as health education and improved sanitation, as part of an integrated control approach, are required to augment the effectiveness of MDA for optimal efficiency and sustainability. he aim of this study is to determine the impact and generalizability of a school-based health education package entitled i The Magic Glasses /i for STH prevention in the Philippines. e conducted a cluster randomized controlled intervention trial, involving 2020 schoolchildren aged 9-10 years, in 40 schools in Laguna Province, Philippines, to evaluate the impact of the school-based health education package for the prevention of STHs. The trial was conducted over the course of 1 year (June 2016 to July 2017). A total of 20 schools were randomly assigned to the intervention arm, in which i The Magic Glasses Philippines /i health education package was delivered with the standard health education activities endorsed by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH) and the Department of Education (DepEd). The other 20 schools comprised the control arm of the study, where the DOH/DepEd’s standard health education activities were done. At baseline, parasitological assessments and a knowledge, attitude, and practice survey were carried out in all schools. In addition, height, weight, and hemoglobin levels were obtained from each child (after parental consent), and their school attendance and academic performance in English and mathematics were accessed from the school records. The baseline and 2 follow-up surveys were completed using the same study measurements and quality-control assessments. ey results from this cluster randomized intervention trial will shed light on the impact that i The Magic Glasses /i health education package will have against STH infections in schoolchildren in the province of Laguna, located on the Island of Luzon, in the Calabarzon Region of the Philippines. he results of the trial will be used to assess the generalizability of the impact of i The Magic Glasses /i health education package in different epidemiological and cultural settings, providing evidence for translation of this health education package into public health policy and practice in the Asian region and beyond. ustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number ACTRN12616000508471 www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=368849 ERR1-10.2196/18419
Repeated occurrence of basal cell carcinoma of the skin and multifailure survival analysis: Follow-up data from the Nambour Skin Cancer Prevention Trial
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 15-04-2005
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWI098
Abstract: The aim of this study was to apply multifailure survival methods to analyze time to multiple occurrences of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Data from 4.5 years of follow-up in a randomized controlled trial, the Nambour Skin Cancer Prevention Trial (1992-1996), to evaluate skin cancer prevention were used to assess the influence of sunscreen application on the time to first BCC and the time to subsequent BCCs. Three different approaches of time to ordered multiple events were applied and compared: the Andersen-Gill, Wei-Lin-Weissfeld, and Prentice-Williams-Peterson models. Robust variance estimation approaches were used for all multifailure survival models. Sunscreen treatment was not associated with time to first occurrence of a BCC (hazard ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.79, 1.45). Time to subsequent BCC tumors using the Andersen-Gill model resulted in a lower estimated hazard among the daily sunscreen application group, although statistical significance was not reached (hazard ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.59, 1.15). Similarly, both the Wei-Lin-Weissfeld marginal-hazards and the Prentice-Williams-Peterson gap-time models revealed trends toward a lower risk of subsequent BCC tumors among the sunscreen intervention group. These results demonstrate the importance of conducting multiple-event analysis for recurring events, as risk factors for a single event may differ from those where repeated events are considered.
Malaria control in central Malaita, Solomon Islands
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00055-3
Abstract: The present study investigated the use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets by communities in central Malaita, Solomon Islands. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected by: (1) questionnaire administration to 124 care-givers of children aged 0-10 years of age (2) 20 focus group discussions (3) two structured observations of bed net re-impregnation, and (4) interviews with key informants. Ninety-four percent of all care-givers had bed nets, but only 62% had sufficient bed nets for all household members. Fifty-two percent used bed nets throughout the year and 70% of care-givers reported that all their children slept under bed nets. Although coastal householders considered malaria and mosquitoes more of a problem than inland householders, overall bed net compliance did not differ. Factors affecting bed net ownership were cost and community expectation of free bed nets. Bed net use was affected by four factors: (1) seasonality (99% used bed nets during the rainy season, 52% used them all year) (2) mosquito nuisance (59% of respondents reported that protection against mosquitoes was the main reason for using a bed net) (3) weather (68% of care-givers would not use a bed net if the weather was hot), and (4) low density of mosquitoes (respondents who used bed nets as protection against mosquito nuisance were more likely not to use bed nets when mosquitoes were few than those who used bed nets for malaria protection (odds ratio (OR), 3.9 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-12.0). Protection against malaria was the main reason children slept under bed nets. Children from households where bed nets were used for malaria protection were more likely to sleep under bed nets than children from households where nets were used as protection from mosquitoes only (OR, 2.7 95% CI, 1.3-5.9). Other factors that affected children's bed net use were, age (users were significantly younger than non-users chi(2)=7.9, degrees of freedom=1, P=0.005) and sufficiency of bed nets (OR, 2.0 95% CI, 1. 3-7.0).
Mapping the Risk of Soil-Transmitted Helminthic Infections in the Philippines
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-09-2015
El Ninõ-Southern Oscillation, local weather and occurrences of dengue virus serotypes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-11-2015
DOI: 10.1038/SREP16806
Abstract: Severe dengue fever is usually associated with secondary infection by a dengue virus (DENV) serotype (1 to 4) that is different to the serotype of the primary infection. Dengue outbreaks only occur following importations of DENV in Cairns, Australia. However, the majority of imported cases do not result in autochthonous transmission in Cairns. Although DENV transmission is strongly associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate cycle and local weather conditions, the frequency and potential risk factors of infections with the different DENV serotypes, including whether or not they differ, is unknown. This study used a classification tree model to identify the hierarchical interactions between Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), local weather factors, the presence of imported serotypes and the occurrence of the four autochthonous DENV serotypes from January 2000–December 2009 in Cairns. We found that the 12-week moving average of SOI and the 2-week moving average of maximum temperature were the most important factors influencing the variation in the weekly occurrence of the four DENV serotypes, the likelihoods of the occurrence of the four DENV serotypes may be unequal under the same environmental conditions and occurrence may be influenced by changes in global and local environmental conditions in Cairns.
Do Participants With Different Patterns of Loss to Follow-Up Have Different Characteristics? A Multi-Wave Longitudinal Study
Publisher: Japan Epidemiological Association
Date: 2016
Development of an educational cartoon to prevent worm infections in Chinese schoolchildren
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2013
Case-control study in a subtropical Australian population to assess the relation between non-melanoma skin cancer and epidermodysplasia verruciformis human papillomavirus DNA in plucked eyebrow hairs
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000401)86:1<118::AID-IJC18>3.0.CO;2-2
Abstract: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis human papillomavirus (EV-HPV) DNA has been demonstrated in malignant and benign skin lesions and in hairs plucked from renal transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients. We investigated the association between EV-HPV DNA in hairs plucked from eyebrows and the occurrence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in a community-based study. Within a cohort of residents of a Queensland township (Nambour), nested case-control studies of recently developed NMSC (64 cases), basal-cell carcinoma (BCC) (51 cases) and squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) (25 cases) were conducted. EV-HPV DNA in hair and a small number of available tumour s les was detected using a nested PCR specific for EV-HPV types. EV-HPV DNA was detected in hairs from 94 of 143 in iduals (66%), and 36 (39%) of the s les contained 2 or more different EV-HPV types. Only known or putatively new EV-HPV types were detectable after sequencing 93 s les. EV-HPV status agreed for 12 of 20 subjects who had both hair and skin tumour s les available. In 4 of 5 pairs of positive s les, the same EV-HPV type was found. There were non-significant negative associations between EV-HPV and NMSC (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.34-1.8) and BCC (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.23-1.5) but a non-significant positive association with SCC (OR 2.00, 95% CI 0.50-8.0).
Schistosomiasis mass drug administration in the Philippines: lessons learnt and the global implications
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.MICINF.2014.10.006
Abstract: Schistosomiasis was first reported in the Philippines in 1906. A variety of treatments have been deployed to cure infection and to control the disease in the long-term. We discuss the journey to combat the disease in the Philippines and the lessons learnt which have implications for schistosomiasis control globally.
Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors in a Diabetic Cohort: Results from the Living With Diabetes Study
Publisher: Marshfield Clinic Research Institute
Date: 13-05-2013
Comparison of two approaches for measuring household wealth via an asset-based index in rural and peri-urban settings of Hunan province, China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-09-2010
Ask: a health advocacy program for adolescents with an intellectual disability: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-09-2012
Five-year impact of repeated praziquantel treatment on subclinical morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum in China
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90386-X
Abstract: We report the 5-year impact (1996-2001) of repeated praziquantel chemotherapy on subclinical morbidity related to Schistosoma japonicum infection. We repeated stool examinations and hepatosplenic ultrasonography in a cohort of 120 in iduals living on an island with endemic infection in Dongting Lake, China. Prevalence of schistosome infection fell by 43% and intensity (geometric mean eggs per gram) declined by 80% over the 5 years. However, transmission persisted at a dangerously high rate of 13% per year for re-infection or new infection in the cohort. The prevalence of left-lobe enlargement and dilated portal vein fell significantly (P 0.05). However, endpoint infection was even more strongly associated with left-lobe enlargement (57% versus 15%, P < 0.01). The proportions of subjects with improved parenchymal and periportal fibrosis were much higher than the proportions of subjects that progressed (P < 0.05). Reduction of prevalence and intensity of infection, and improvement of subclinical morbidity, were benefits of repeated treatments. Further research is needed to understand why some patients developed fibrosis despite substantial reductions in egg counts and to evaluate the functional importance of residual subclinical morbidity after chemotherapy-based control in the lake and marshland area of China.
Childhood dairy and calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in adulthood: 65-Year follow-up of the Boyd Orr cohort
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 29-07-2009
Abstract: Dairy consumption in childhood may have long-term effects on cardiovascular mortality through influencing the development of risk factors or programming effects. To investigate whether dairy and calcium consumption in childhood is associated with adult mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and all causes. In 1937-9, 4999 children in England and Scotland participated in a study of family food consumption, assessed from 7-day household food inventories. Cause of death was ascertained between 1948 and 2005 in 4374 traced cohort members with complete data. Per capita household intake estimates for dairy products and calcium were used as proxies for in idual intake. No strong evidence that a family diet in childhood high in dairy products was associated with CHD or stroke mortality was found. However, childhood calcium intake was inversely associated with stroke mortality (multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for highest versus lowest calcium group: 0.41 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 1.05 p for trend = 0.04), but not CHD mortality. All-cause mortality was lowest in those with the highest family dairy (HR = 0.77 95% CI 0.61 to 0.98 p for trend = 0.04) and calcium intake (HR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.98 p for trend = 0.05). Children whose family diet in the 1930s was high in calcium were at reduced risk of death from stroke. Furthermore, childhood diets rich in dairy or calcium were associated with lower all-cause mortality in adulthood. Replication in other study populations is needed to determine whether residual confounding explains part of these findings.
Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: Randomized trial follow-up
Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
Date: 20-01-2011
Abstract: Regular sunscreen use prevents cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma long term, but the effect on melanoma is highly controversial. We evaluated whether long-term application of sunscreen decreases risk of cutaneous melanoma. In 1992, 1,621 randomly selected residents of Nambour, a township in Queensland, Australia, age 25 to 75 years, were randomly assigned to daily or discretionary sunscreen application to head and arms in combination with 30 mg beta carotene or placebo supplements until 1996. Participants were observed until 2006 with questionnaires and/or through pathology laboratories and the cancer registry to ascertain primary melanoma occurrence. Ten years after trial cessation, 11 new primary melanomas had been identified in the daily sunscreen group, and 22 had been identified in the discretionary group, which represented a reduction of the observed rate in those randomly assigned to daily sunscreen use (hazard ratio [HR], 0.50 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.02 P = .051). The reduction in invasive melanomas was substantial (n = 3 in active v 11 in control group HR, 0.27 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.97) compared with that for preinvasive melanomas (HR, 0.73 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.81). Melanoma may be preventable by regular sunscreen use in adults.
Spatiotemporal analysis of indigenous and imported dengue fever cases in Guangdong province, China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-06-2012
Abstract: Dengue fever has been a major public health concern in China since it re-emerged in Guangdong province in 1978. This study aimed to explore spatiotemporal characteristics of dengue fever cases for both indigenous and imported cases during recent years in Guangdong province, so as to identify high-risk areas of the province and thereby help plan resource allocation for dengue interventions. Notifiable cases of dengue fever were collected from all 123 counties of Guangdong province from 2005 to 2010. Descriptive temporal and spatial analysis were conducted, including plotting of seasonal distribution of cases, and creating choropleth maps of cumulative incidence by county. The space-time scan statistic was used to determine space-time clusters of dengue fever cases at the county level, and a geographical information system was used to visualize the location of the clusters. Analysis were stratified by imported and indigenous origin. 1658 dengue fever cases were recorded in Guangdong province during the study period, including 94 imported cases and 1564 indigenous cases. Both imported and indigenous cases occurred more frequently in autumn. The areas affected by the indigenous and imported cases presented a geographically expanding trend over the study period. The results showed that the most likely cluster of imported cases (relative risk = 7.52, p 0.001) and indigenous cases (relative risk = 153.56, p 0.001) occurred in the Pearl River Delta Area while a secondary cluster of indigenous cases occurred in one district of the Chao Shan Area (relative risk = 471.25, p 0.001). This study demonstrated that the geographic range of imported and indigenous dengue fever cases has expanded over recent years, and cases were significantly clustered in two heavily urbanised areas of Guangdong province. This provides the foundation for further investigation of risk factors and interventions in these high-risk areas.
Associations of Excess Weight Gain During Pregnancy With Long-Term Maternal Overweight and Obesity: Evidence From 21-Year Postpartum Follow-Up
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2010
Childhood maltreatment and young adulthood hallucinations, delusional experiences, and psychosis: A longitudinal study
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 30-01-2017
Association of Psychiatric Disorders, Asthma and Lung Function in Early Adulthood
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-08-2010
DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2010.489141
Abstract: To examine the association between psychiatric disorders, asthma, and lung function in young adults. Data were from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). The study was based on 2443 young adults (1193 male and 1250 female) for whom data were available on psychiatric disorders, asthma, and respiratory function. Life time and last 12 months' generalized anxiety, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depressive disorders were assessed using a computerised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto). A Spirobank G spirometer system was used to measure forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF(25-75%)). Participants with mental health disorders were more likely to have experienced asthma before or to use asthma medication at 21 years. However, for both males and females, life time and last 12 months' experience of generalized anxiety, panic, PTSD, and depressive disorders were not statistically significantly associated with FVC, FEV(1), and FEF(25-75%), except a modest association with major depressive disorders for males. There is an association between mental health and asthma, but the relationship between mental health and lung function appeared to be confounded by the respondent's gender. More narrowly based prospective studies are required to determine the causal pathway between mental disorders and asthma.
Sunshine, rainfall, humidity and child pneumonia in the tropics: Time-series analyses
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 13-08-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268812001379
Abstract: Few studies have formally examined the relationship between meteorological factors and the incidence of child pneumonia in the tropics, despite the fact that most child pneumonia deaths occur there. We examined the association between four meteorological exposures (rainy days, sunshine, relative humidity, temperature) and the incidence of clinical pneumonia in young children in the Philippines using three time-series methods: correlation of seasonal patterns, distributed lag regression, and case-crossover. Lack of sunshine was most strongly associated with pneumonia in both lagged regression [overall relative risk over the following 60 days for a 1-h increase in sunshine per day was 0·67 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0·51–0·87)] and case-crossover analysis [odds ratio for a 1-h increase in mean daily sunshine 8–14 days earlier was 0·95 (95% CI 0·91–1·00)]. This association is well known in temperate settings but has not been noted previously in the tropics. Further research to assess causality is needed.
Health education and the control of intestinal worm infections in China: a new vision
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2014
Investigations into the association between soil-transmitted helminth infections, haemoglobin and child development indices in Manufahi District, Timor-Leste
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-04-2017
Health benefits from improved outdoor air quality and intervention in China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2016.03.066
Abstract: China is at its most critical stage of outdoor air quality management. In order to prevent further deterioration of air quality and to protect human health, the Chinese government has made a series of attempts to reduce ambient air pollution. Unlike previous literature reviews on the widespread hazards of air pollution on health, this review article firstly summarized the existing evidence of human health benefits from intermittently improved outdoor air quality and intervention in China. Contents of this paper provide concrete and direct clue that improvement in outdoor air quality generates various health benefits in China, and confirm from a new perspective that it is worthwhile for China to shift its development strategy from economic growth to environmental economic sustainability. Greater emphasis on sustainable environment design, consistently strict regulatory enforcement, and specific monitoring actions should be regarded in China to decrease the health risks and to avoid long-term environmental threats.
Panel Studies of Air Pollution on Children’s Lung Function and Respiratory Symptoms: A Literature Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-09-2012
DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2012.724129
Abstract: This article reviews panel studies of air pollution on children's respiratory health and proposes future research directions. The PubMed electronic database was used to search published original epidemiological studies in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to November 2011. Children's age was limited to ≤18 years old. A total of 33 relevant articles were obtained, with 20 articles relating to lung function, 21 articles relating to respiratory symptoms, and 8 articles examining both. Most studies suggested the adverse effects of air pollution on children's lung function and respiratory symptoms. Particles and NO(2) showed more significant results, whereas effects of SO(2) were not consistent. A few studies indicated that O(3) interacted with temperature and sometimes seemed to be a protective factor for children's respiratory health. Negative associations between air pollutants and pulmonary health were more serious in asthmatic children than in healthy subjects. However, many outcomes depended on the number of lag days. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) was the most usual measurement for children's lung function, followed by forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)). There are significant adverse effects of air pollution on children's pulmonary health, especially for asthmatics. Future studies need to examine the lag effects of air pollution on children's lung function and respiratory symptoms. Ambient temperature is predicted to change worldwide due to climate change, which will threaten population health. Further research is needed to examine the effects of ambient temperature and the interactive effects between air pollution and ambient temperature on children's lung function and respiratory symptoms.
Alcohol Consumption and the Risks of Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.1053/J.GASTRO.2008.12.052
Abstract: Alcohol has been declared a carcinogen for cancers of the esophagus, although the evidence relates largely to the squamous subtype. Evidence for an effect on adenocarcinomas is scant and inconsistent. We compared nationwide s les of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) (n=365) or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (EGJAC) (n=426) or esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) (n=303) with controls s led from a population register (n=1580). We used generalized additive models to assess nonlinear effects of self-reported alcohol intake on cancer risk, and calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariate logistic and piecewise regression. We observed no association between average weekly alcohol intake and EAC or EGJAC risk. For ESCC, the relationship with alcohol was nonlinear. At intakes of less than 170 g/wk there was no significant association at greater than this level, there was a significant linear effect (OR, 1.03 95% CI, 1.02-1.05 per 10 g alcohol/wk). For ESCC, but not EAC or EGJAC, a statistically significant multiplicative interaction between smoking and alcohol was observed (P=.02). In analyses by beverage type, ESCC risks, but not EAC or EGJAC, increased linearly with beer intake (OR, 1.05 95% CI, 1.04-1.07). Those who drank modest levels of wine (<50-90 g/wk) or port or spirits (<10-20 g/wk) had significantly lower risks of all 3 cancers than nondrinkers higher intakes were associated with increased risks of ESCC only. Alcohol intake above the recommended US dietary guidelines significantly increases the risk of ESCC, but not EAC or EGJAC. Smoking modifies the effect of alcohol intake on ESCC risk.
Cesarean Delivery and the Long-Term Risk of Offspring Obesity
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 12-2013
Energy-Harvesting Aided Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Reliable Ground User Localization and Communications Under Lognormal-Nakagami-m Fading Channels.
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 02-2021
Postnatal depression - Myth and reality: Maternal depression before and after the birth of a child
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-02-2000
Abstract: Much has been written about postnatal depression as a clinical condition. There is some evidence to suggest that a substantial proportion of women who give birth experience a depression in the postnatal period. This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of the mental health of a large s le of women who were in the early stages of pregnancy at entry to the study. Each participant was assessed for symptoms of depression at the first clinic visit (entry to the study), and reassessed at various intervals--at 3-5 days, at 6 months, and again at 5 years after the birth of the child--using the DSSI-D (Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory). Retrospective recall questions indicate that shortly after the birth the majority of women experienced some depressed mood. Of those who experienced depressed mood, the data suggest that the symptoms were not severe, nor did these symptoms generally continue beyond a few weeks. The longitudinal data indicate that levels of depression in our s le are highest either at the first clinic visit or at the 5-year follow-up. Rates of depression at the 6-month follow-up are relatively low by comparison. While most mothers experience periods of depressed mood after the birth of their baby, these periods are generally of short duration and of lesser intensity than a major depression. Mothers appear to experience increasing levels of symptoms of depression as their child grows up. Many of the "cases" of depression experienced at the 5-year follow-up represent a recurrence of a previous experience of depression.
Measuring exposure to S. japonicum in China. I. Activity diaries to assess water contact and comparison to other measures
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00063-1
Abstract: We introduce a new method, activity diaries, in order to evaluate human water contact among fishing communities in an area moderately endemic for Schistosoma japonicum in the Dongting Lake region of Southern China. Two hundred and forty-nine subjects (76% male) were followed prospectively over a 9-month-period in order to verify exposure and reinfection. Exposure was determined crudely with questionnaires, direct 12-h water observations, and more precisely with activity diaries and an adjusted exposure model which took into account the time of day, the duration of contact and the percent body surface area in contact with water. Cohort subjects filled in activity diaries for an average of 85 days as compared with 2 days for the direct water observations. The typical unadjusted mean daily water contact (duration) based on the activity diaries was 53 min with 62% of this time spent in fishing. In contrast, the direct water observations revealed an average daily duration of 149 min with 53% of the time spent in fishing. Human water contact patterns (min/day) by site, activity and body part exposed were examined with the activity diaries. In iduals in the 36-49-year-old age range had the highest degree of water contact. Most of this daily contact occurred by males on the hands (mean+/-S.D. 83.53+/-67.80 min/day) while fishing (mean+/-S.D. 87.84+/-8.88 min/day) on the lake (mean+/-S.D. 85.98+/-69.90 min/day). There was a strong positive log correlation (r=0.95) between the crude and adjusted (based on our derived exposure model) diary outcomes for the entire study s le, however, at higher exposure levels this relationship was differentially weaker (r=0.70). Results from this study suggest that current methods used in evaluating schistosomiasis exposure in China may overestimate and bias measures of the risk of infection. Activity diaries adjusted for the time of day, duration and the percent body surface area exposed are cost-effective and practical instruments to accurately quantify human exposure in the vast lake regions of Southern China where most of the endemic schistosomiasis japonica occurs.
Adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) polymorphisms correlate with the progression of nephropathy in Taiwanese male patients with type 2 diabetes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABRES.2014.04.015
Abstract: Polymorphisms of the ADIPOQ gene were associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in case-control studies predominantly among European populations. Gender may modify the ADIPOQ associated risk for DN. We investigated the association of 18 ADIPOQ polymorphisms with DN in a prospective Taiwanese cohort of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and explored whether gender plays a role in this genetic association. Selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADIPOQ were genotyped in 566 T2D patients with normoalbuminuria at baseline. DN was defined based on urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). The Cox proportional hazard model was used to explore the association of in idual SNP to DN events under different genetic models over a 6-year follow-up period. Analyses were further stratified by gender. In male patients, the adjusted hazard ratios under the recessive models were 1.81 for rs2241766 TT (vs. GT+GG, 95% CI=1.10-2.96, p=0.019) and 1.89 for rs1063537 CC (vs. CT+TT, 95% CI=1.15-3.11, p=0.013). In the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, males carrying rs2241766 TT (vs. GT+GG, p=0.050) and rs1063537 CC (vs. CT+TT, p=0.037) recessive homozygotes also had a reduced nephropathy-free survival rate. SNPs rs2241767 and rs2082940, both in strong correlation with tag SNP rs1063537 (r(2)≥ 0.96), were also associated with DN progression in males. In females, ADIPOQ polymorphisms were not associated with the progression of DN. ADIPOQ genetic polymorphisms rs2241766 (+45T>G), rs1063537, rs2241767 and rs2082940 were correlated with the progression of DN in Taiwanese male patients with T2D. The role of gender in this ADIPOQ genetic association needs to be further investigated in other populations.
Early life predictors of childhood intelligence: findings from the Mater‐University study of pregnancy and its outcomes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-02-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3016.2006.00704.X
Abstract: Growing evidence linking childhood intelligence with adult health outcomes suggests a need to identify predictors of this psychological characteristic. In this study, we have examined the early life determinants of childhood intelligence in a population-based birth cohort of in iduals born in Brisbane, Australia between 1981 and 1984. In univariable analyses, family income in the year of birth, maternal and paternal education, maternal age at birth, maternal ethnicity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, duration of labour, birthweight, breast feeding and childhood height, and body mass index were all associated with intelligence at age 14. In multivariable analyses, the strongest and most robust predictors of intelligence were family income, parental education and breast feeding, with these three variables explaining 7.5% of the variation in intelligence at age 14. Addition of other variables added little further explanatory power. Our results demonstrate the importance of indicators of socio-economic position as predictors of intelligence, and illustrate the need to consider the role of such factors in generating the association of childhood intelligence with adult disease risk.
Obstetric and perinatal factors as predictors of child behaviour at 5 years
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1997.TB01658.X
Abstract: To identify whether obstetric and perinatal factors are independent predictors of child behaviour at 5 years. The Mater University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) is a prospective cohort study of 8556 mothers enrolled in early pregnancy. The relationship of obstetric and perinatal factors, maternal lifestyle, age and gender of the child, and social disadvantage were examined as predictors of child behaviour in 5005 children completing a modified child behaviour checklist at 5 years. This checklist contained three independent groups of behaviour: externalizng, internalizing and SAT (social, attentional and thought problems). In the initial analysis a limited number of associations were present. After adjusting for measures of social disadvantage, only number of antenatal admissions was associated with child behaviour in all three scales, while maternal cigarette smoking in pregnancy and male gender were associated with externalising and SAT behaviours. Most common epidemiologic obstetric and perinatal risk factors were not independent predictors of behaviour problems in children at 5 years.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and environmental risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth intensity of infection in Timor-Leste, using real time PCR
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 27-03-2017
Multiple Risk Factor Model Predicting Cannabis Use and Use Disorders: A Longitudinal Study
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-12-2009
DOI: 10.3109/00952990903353415
Abstract: Identification of factors associated with the initiation and continuation of cannabis use is important for any preventive work. This study aimed to examine the early life course predictors of cannabis use and the development of cannabis use disorder in early adulthood. Data from Mater Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a population-based prospective birth cohort study. Participants were a cohort of 2,493 young adults who completed the life-time version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-computerized version (CIDI-Auto) at the 21-year follow-up, and for whom data were available from previous follow-ups. Ever use and age at first use of cannabis was assessed via self-report, and cannabis use disorder was measured based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria. Life course predictors were obtained between the child's birth and the 14-year follow-up. Of 2,493 young adults, 51.4% reported having ever used cannabis, and 21.1% of young adults were classified as having ever had a cannabis use disorder. Child's gender, changes in maternal marital status, maternal smoking, child school performance, childhood sexual abuse, early adolescence smoking and alcohol consumption, and adolescent aggression/delinquency were strongly associated with young adult cannabis use and use disorder. Exposure to multiple risk factors was associated with greater risk of outcomes. There are a number of strong predictors of cannabis use identified in this study. They suggest that the social context within which children are reared has a major influence on cannabis use and use disorders.
Schistosomiasis elimination - Authors' reply
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2011
The Australian Child Health and Air Pollution Study (ACHAPS): A national population-based cross-sectional study of long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution, asthma, and lung function
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2018.08.025
Abstract: Most studies of long-term air pollution exposure and children's respiratory health have been performed in urban locations with moderate pollution levels. We assessed the effect of outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO
Long-term Outcomes of Infant Behavioral Dysregulation
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 11-2012
Abstract: To determine whether maternal report of infant behavioral dysregulation at 6 months is associated with a higher prevalence of behavioral concerns at 5, 14, and 21 years of age and to assess the extent to which maternal and social factors may affect reported child behavior outcomes. From the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy cohort of 7223 live singleton babies, information on dysregulation was available for 6389 children at 6 months. Of those children, behavior data were available for 4836 at 5 years by using a modified Child Behavior Checklist, 4746 at 14 years by using a full Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report, and 3558 at 21 years by using a Young Adult Self-Report. Of the youth with dysregulation data at 6 months, 2308 completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at 21 years. Potential confounding and mediating factors were analyzed by using logistic regression. Maternal-reported behavioral dysregulation at 6 months was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of maternal-reported behavior problems at 5 and 14 years (P & .001), but not youth self-reported problems at 14 or 21 years, or Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnoses at 21 years. The strength of association between infant dysregulation and maternal-reported behaviors was greater at 5 years than at 14 years, and was substantially reduced by adjusting for maternal, social, and infant factors, especially potentially the mediating factors of maternal anxiety and depression. Infant behavioral dysregulation was a risk factor for maternal-reported behavior concerns at 5 and 14 years, although was unrelated to young adult mental health.
Law as clinical evidence: a new constitutive model of medical education and decision-making
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-01-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S11673-017-9836-3
Abstract: Over several decades, ethics and law have been applied to medical education and practice in a way that reflects the continuation during the twentieth century of the strong distinction between facts and values. We explain the development of applied ethics and applied medical law and report selected results that reflect this applied model from an empirical project examining doctors' decisions on withdrawing/withholding treatment from patients who lack decision-making capacity. The model is critiqued, and an alternative "constitutive" model is supported on the basis that medicine, medical law, and medical ethics exemplify the inevitable entanglement of facts and values. The model requires that ethics and law be taught across the medical education curriculum and integrated with the basic and clinical sciences and that they be perceived as an integral component of medical evidence and practice. Law, in particular, would rank as equal in normative authority to the relevant clinical scientific "facts" of the case, with graduating doctors having as strong a basic command of each category as the other. The normalization of legal knowledge as part of the clinician's evidence base to be utilized in practice may provide adequate consolation for clinicians who may initially resent further perceived incursions on their traditional independence and discretion.
Breast cancer incidence before and after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2014
Community surveys and risk factor analysis of human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 09-2006
Abstract: To determine the true community prevalence of human cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis (hydatid disease) in a highly endemic region in Ningxia Hui, China, by detecting asymptomatic cases. Using hospital records and "AE-risk" landscape patterns we selected study communities predicted to be at risk of human echinococcosis in Guyuan, Longde and Xiji counties. We conducted community surveys of 4773 in iduals from 26 villages in 2002 and 2003 using questionnaire analysis, ultrasound examination and serology. Ultrasound and serology showed a range of prevalences for AE (0-8.1% mean 2%) and CE (0-7.4% mean 1.6%), with the highest prevalence in Xiji (2% for CE, 2.5% for AE). There were significant differences in the prevalence of CE, AE and total echinococcosis between the three counties and villages (with multiple degrees of freedom). While hospital records showed 96% of echinococcosis cases attributable to CE, our survey showed a higher prevalence of human AE (56%) compared to CE (44%). Questionnaire analysis revealed that key risk factors for infection were age and dog ownership for both CE and AE, and Hui ethnicity and being female for AE. Drinking well-water decreased the risk for both AE and CE. Echinococcosis continues to be a severe public health problem in this part of China because of unhygienic practices/habits and poor knowledge among the communities regarding this disease.
Geographical distribution of human Schistosoma japonicum infection in The Philippines: tools to support disease control and further elimination
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Gender Difference in Offspring's Alcohol Use Disorder by 21 Years: A Longitudinal Study of Maternal Influences
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 29-09-2017
DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1363233
Abstract: There is little known about the extent to which maternal alcohol consumption influences offspring's alcohol use disorder. This study aims to examine whether different maternal alcohol consumption trajectories predict gender difference in adolescent alcohol use disorder at child age 21 years. Data are from a prospective cohort, the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) and its outcomes. The study involves 2531 mother-child pairs for whom data are available at the 21-year follow-up survey. Maternal alcohol consumption trajectories were determined by group-based trajectory modelling. Offspring's lifetime ever alcohol use disorder was assessed using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Over 14 years of follow-up after the birth of a child, three distinct alcohol consumption trajectories were identified (abstainer, low-stable. and moderate-escalating drinker). A maternal trajectory of moderate-escalating alcohol consumption independently predicted offspring's lifetime ever alcohol use disorder at 21 years after adjustment for a range of potential confounders. "Cross-gender influence" is observed in the study. A maternal life course pattern of alcohol consumption may have an independent effect on offspring alcohol consumption, with male offspring being more vulnerable to the effects of maternal alcohol use than are female offspring. Programs intended to address alcohol consumption by adolescents and young adults need to focus on the behaviors of both parents but acknowledging that maternal patterns of alcohol consumption may be particularly important for male offspring.
Intrauterine growth and intelligence within sibling pairs: findings from the Mater-University study of pregnancy and its outcomes
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2005
Regular Sunscreen Use and Risk of Mortality: Long-Term Follow-up of a Skin Cancer Prevention Trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.AMEPRE.2018.11.025
Abstract: Sunscreen is widely used to protect the skin from harmful effects of sun exposure. However, there are concerns that sunscreens may negatively affect overall health. Evidence of the general safety of long-term regular sunscreen use is therefore needed. The effect of long-term sunscreen use on mortality was assessed over a 21-year period (1993-2014) among 1,621 Australian adults who had participated in a randomized skin cancer prevention trial of regular versus discretionary sunscreen use (1992-1996). In 2018, an intention-to-treat analysis was conducted using Cox proportional hazards regression to compare death rates in people who were randomized to apply sunscreen daily for 4.5years, versus randomized to use sunscreen at their usual, discretionary level. All-cause mortality and deaths resulting from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes were considered. In total, 160 deaths occurred in the daily sunscreen group compared with 170 deaths in the discretionary sunscreen group (hazard ratio=0.94, 95% CI=0.76, 1.17) 59vs 76 cardiovascular disease deaths (hazard ratio=0.77, 95% CI=0.55, 1.08), 63vs 58 cancer deaths (hazard ratio=1.09, 95% CI=0.76, 1.57), and 45vs 44 deaths resulting from other causes (hazard ratio=1.02, 95% CI=0.67, 1.54) occurred respectively. Regular use of a sun protection factor 16 sunscreen on head, neck, arms, and hands for 4.5years did not increase mortality.
Capture-recapture analysis of all-cause mortality data in Bohol, Philippines
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-04-2011
Imported Dengue Cases, Weather Variation and Autochthonous Dengue Incidence in Cairns, Australia
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-12-2013
Early adolescent smoking and a web of personal and social disadvantage
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-10-2003
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.2003.00240.X
Abstract: To examine concurrent physical, educational, behavioural, social and family factors associated with cigarette smoking in adolescents at 14 years. This study reports cross-sectional data on 14-year-old adolescents and their mothers, drawn from a prospective cohort study commencing at the time of the first antenatal visit. At 14 years, 5247 adolescents completed questionnaires on current cigarette smoking. Adolescents and mothers completed health, psychological, school and social questionnaires relating to the youth. A total of 3864 adolescents were assessed physically, and undertook the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) and Ravens Progressive Matrices Test. Cigarette smoking at 14 years was associated with externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems, school suspension, contact with children's services and alcohol/illicit drug use. Apart from internalizing behaviour problems, these problems were more prevalent in boys. Poor school performance on maternal/adolescent reports was associated with increased smoking quantity for both genders, though WRAT scores were only decreased in male smokers. The Ravens Progressive Matrices Test scores were lower for boys with greater smoking quantity. The trend was less marked in girls. Body mass index and exercise frequency were not associated with cigarette smoking at 14 years, though girls who smoked had a higher reported prevalence of asthma. Parental smoking, marital conflict, maternal depression, lower income, and mothers aged in their teens and with a lower level of education at the time of this pregnancy were also positively associated with adolescent tobacco use. Findings of this study indicate that cigarette smoking, at this critical time of smoking initiation, is associated with a broad spectrum of personal and social disadvantage that needs to be considered in intervention strategies.
Associations between self-reported symptoms of prenatal maternal infection and post-traumatic stress disorder in offspring: Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2015.01.011
Abstract: Consistent evidence has linked a range of prenatal maternal infections with psychotic disorders in later life. However, the potential for this exposure to impact more common disorders requires further investigation. Participants came from the Mater University Study of pregnancy, a longitudinal, pre-birth cohort study which recruited pregnant mothers from a Brisbane hospital between 1981 and 1984. At age 21, 2439 offspring completed the CIDI-Auto. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate associations of self-reported symptoms of prenatal infection with a range of DSM-IV anxiety and affective diagnoses, while also testing for gender interactions. In multivariate analyses, self-reported symptoms of prenatal genital infection predicted Post-traumatic stress disorders (OR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.14, 4.95) and social phobias (OR=1.93, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.61), in addition to evidence for a gender interaction by which males (OR=6.04, 95% CI: 2.00, 18.30) but not females were at greater risk for PTSD. Further analyses among those with PTSD revealed the relationship to be stronger when excluding those not exposed to trauma (OR=3.21, 95% CI: 1.53, 6.72). We were unable to clinically or serologically verify the presence and the type of prenatal genital infection. This is the first study to show an association between self-reported symptoms of prenatal genital infections and two highly prevalent anxiety disorders among adult offspring. The relationship with PTSD was particularly strong and suggested that the exposure may primarily impact PTSD in males. Further research with the capacity to assess a fuller-range of specific prenatal infections is warranted to evaluate the potential of reducing the prevalence of these disorders.
Discovery of VHEγ-rays from the BL Lacertae object PKS 0548–322
Publisher: EDP Sciences
Date: 10-2010
A correlative study of ultrasound with serology in an area in China co‐endemic for human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-03-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3156.2007.01834.X
Abstract: We correlated ultrasound (US) imaging classifications for human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) with serology (ELISA and immunoblotting (IB) incorporating native and recombinant urified echinococcal antigens) in community surveys (2001-2003) and follow-up (2002 and 2003) of US-confirmed cases in Ningxia, China. One hundred and seventy-one cases (96 with AE, 75 with CE) were identified of these, US classification and serological data were obtained for 142 and 112 cases, respectively. Seropositive-rates increased in CE patients with highly viable unilocular cyst lesions (Types CL, CE 1 or CE 2) to degenerating primary lesions (CE 3), but then decreased in subjects with inactive (CE 4) or dead (CE 5) cysts. In contrast, there was a constant increase in seropositivity from the early (P1, P2) to the advanced stages (P3, P4) with AE cases. For US-confirmed cases, follow-up by US combined with serology is invaluable for studying the clinical progression of echinococcosis and for detecting recurrent cysts or reinfection post-treatment.
Palliative care and other physicians’ knowledge, attitudes and practice relating to the law on withholding/withdrawing lifesustaining treatment: survey results
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 22-05-2016
Abstract: To effectively care for people who are terminally ill, including those without decision-making capacity, palliative care physicians must know and understand the legal standing of Advance Care Planning in their jurisdiction of practice. This includes the use of advance directives/living wills and substitute decision-makers who can legally consent to or refuse treatment if there is no valid advance directive. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical specialists most often involved in end-of-life care in relation to the law on withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from adults without decision-making capacity. A pre-piloted survey was posted to specialists in palliative, emergency, geriatric, renal and respiratory medicine intensive care and medical oncology in three Australian States. Surveys were analysed using SPSS 20 and SAS 9.3. The overall response rate was 32% (867/2702) – 52% from palliative care specialists. Palliative care specialists and geriatricians had significantly more positive attitudes towards the law ([Formula: see text] p 0.001) and higher levels of knowledge about the withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatment law ([Formula: see text] p 0.001) than did the other specialists, while still having critical gaps in their knowledge. A high level of knowledge of the law is essential to ensure that patients’ wishes and decisions, expressed through Advance Care Planning, are respected to the maximum extent possible within the law, thereby according with the principles and philosophy of palliative care. It is also essential to protect health professionals from legal action resulting from unauthorised provision or cessation of treatment.
Environmental risk factors and changing spatial patterns of human seropositivity for Echinococcus spp. in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-03-2018
The Impact of Acupuncture on Neurological Recovery in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 15-12-2015
Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) has become a significant social and economic burden for patients and their families. The effect of acupuncture on neurological recovery in in iduals with SCI remains inconclusive despite previous studies and meta-analyses. The aim of the current study was to perform a more rigorous systematic review and bias-adjusted meta-analysis of studies so that the overall impact of acupuncture on neurological recovery in SCI can be determined. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) only were included and were searched for in seven databases through to August 2014. Four key outcomes were assessed: neurological recovery, motor function, sensory function, and functional recovery. Several statistical approaches were compared, models were tested for robustness using sensitivity analysis, and results are presented as weighted mean difference (WMD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous outcomes and relative risk (RR) for binary outcomes. The included studies' susceptibility to bias was also assessed. A total of 12 studies were included after exclusions were applied. Heterogeneity was evident among the studies included. Pooled analyses showed that acupuncture may have a beneficial effect on neurological recovery (RRs: 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.50), motor function (WMD: 6.86, 95% CI: 0.41-13.31), and functional recovery (SMD: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.56-1.21) and all statistical approaches concurred. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the smaller studies (s le size <30), those with acute disease, and studies that used varying acupuncture sessions demonstrated a larger magnitude of effect. However, studies were generally of poor quality and publication bias favoring positive studies was evident. Therefore, the benefit of acupuncture we report is by no means definitive and well-designed future studies are recommended to confirm this.
Childhood Behavioral Problems Predict Young Adults' BMI and Obesity: Evidence From a Birth Cohort Stud
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2008.594
Abstract: We examined whether behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence are associated with young adults' BMI and obesity, and tested whether childhood behavioral problems have a greater impact on young adults' obesity than adolescent behavioral problems. The data were from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) and Its Outcomes, a population-based birth cohort study commenced in Brisbane, Australia, in 1981. A subs le of 2,278 children for whom we had prospective information on their behavioral problems at ages 5 and 14 and measured BMI, and its categories (normal, overweight, and obese) at age 21 was chosen. Young adults who experienced behavioral problems at ages 5 or 14 had a greater average BMI and were more likely to be obese compared to young adults without behavioral problems at both ages. The childhood onset group was at greater risk of becoming obese by age 21 compared to the adolescent onset group (P = 0.04). These associations remained consistent after adjusting for a variety of potential covariates including maternal characteristics (i.e., demographics and life style), child dietary patterns, family meals, television (TV) watching, and participation in sports and exercise at 14 years. Childhood as well as persistent behavioral problems during childhood and adolescence predicts young adults' BMI and obesity. Although further studies are needed to confirm this association, there is a need for close monitoring of children presenting with behavioral problems.
Discovery of fast variability of the TeV γ-ray flux from the giant radio galaxy M87 with H.E.S.S.
Publisher: AIP
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1063/1.2757288
Early life course predictors of young adults' gambling
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-07-2012
Exclusive Development of a Single Type of Keratinocyte Skin Cancer: Evidence from an Australian Population–Based Cohort Study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
DOI: 10.1038/JID.2014.410
Abstract: Whether susceptible people develop both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or one type exclusively during life is unknown. We investigated this in an Australian community cohort of 1,191 adults aged 25-75 years by recording all new BCCs and SCCs for 16 years in people with no previous keratinocyte cancer. Among those who developed multiple skin cancers, age- and sex-specific incidence rates per 100,000 were calculated for those who developed BCC exclusively, SCC exclusively, or BCC and SCC. Corresponding relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) were estimated by Poisson regression. During follow-up, 116 people developed multiple keratinocyte cancers: 65 (56%) developed BCC exclusively (range 2-8 per person) 18 (16%) developed SCC exclusively (2-5 per person) and 28% developed both types. Of the 116, 88 had a BCC first, of whom 74% subsequently developed only BCCs, and 28 had SCC first, of whom 64% subsequently developed only SCCs. Incidence rates did not differ by sex in the BCC-only, SCC-only, or mixed groups, but they increased significantly with age especially in the SCC-only group. These findings suggest that the majority of people are prone to develop one type rather than a mix of keratinocyte cancers.
Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
Predictors of maternal misclassifications of their offspring's weight status: A longitudinal study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-11-2008
Effect of long-term intermittent supplementation with multiple micronutrients compared with iron-and-folic acid supplementation on Hb and micronutrient status of non-anaemic adolescent schoolgirls in rural Bangladesh
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 16-01-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511006908
Abstract: The present study examined whether long-term supplementation with once- and twice-weekly multiple micronutrients (MMN-1 and MMN-2) can improve Hb and micronutrient status more than twice-weekly Fe–folic acid (IFA-2) supplementation in non-anaemic adolescent girls in Bangladesh. An equal number of 324 rural schoolgirls aged 11–17 years were given MMN-1 or MMN-2 or IFA-2 supplements for 52 weeks in a randomised, double-blind trial. Blood s les were collected at baseline, and at 26 and 52 weeks of supplementation. The girls receiving IFA-2 supplements were more likely to be anaemic than the girls receiving MMN-2 supplements for 26 weeks (OR 5·1, 95 % CI 1·3, 19·5 P = 0·018). All three supplements reduced Fe deficiency effectively. Both the MMN-1 and MMN-2 groups showed significantly greater improvements in vitamins A, B 2 and C status than the girls in the IFA-2 group, as might be expected. Receiving a MMN-1 supplement was found to be less effective than MMN-2 supplement in improving Fe, vitamins A, B 2 and folic acid status. Receiving micronutrient supplements beyond 26 weeks showed little additional benefit in improving micronutrient status. In conclusion, given twice-weekly for 26 weeks, MMN supplements can improve micronutrient status effectively with no significant increase in Hb concentration compared with IFA supplements in non-anaemic Bangladeshi adolescent girls. However, it significantly reduces the risk of anaemia. Before any recommendations can be made, further research, including into cost-effectiveness, is needed to see whether MMN supplementation has any additional longer-term health benefits over that of IFA supplementation in this population.
Parental problems influencing the academic achievement of medical students: a prospective study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1991
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2923.1991.TB00084.X
Abstract: The 227 students offered places in the 1988 medical student intake at the University of Queensland were surveyed regarding their demographic characteristics. This was correlated with the students' subsequent performance and persistence during the first year of the medical course. Coming from a lower socioeconomic background and having family problems were both associated with either a decreased academic performance or an increased attrition rate. The results are discussed, relevant literature is reviewed and suggestions for further research are made.
Diabetes mellitus in the 21 years after a pregnancy that was complicated by hypertension: findings from a prospective cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.AJOG.2007.03.033
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and self-reported diabetes mellitus 21 years after delivery. The Mater-University of Queensland Study is a prospective cohort study of women who received antenatal care at a major public hospital in Brisbane, Australia, between 1981 and 1984 3639 women who completed the questionnaire at 21 years postpartum were included. Of the women without HDP, 7.4% reported a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus compared with 15.3% of the women with HDP (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.03 95% CI, 1.42, 2.91). After adjustment for all potentially explanatory variables, only prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and BMI at 21 years after delivery resulted in attenuation of the association (fully adjusted OR, 1.76 95% CI, 1.21, 2.56). In a smaller subgroup, waist circumference and BMI at 21 years had similar effects on point estimates (fully adjusted OR with BMI, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.11, 2.42] fully adjusted OR with waist, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.08, 2.40]). HDP are associated with reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus 21 years after delivery.
The Impact of Episodic and Chronic Poverty on Child Cognitive Development
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPEDS.2008.08.052
Abstract: To determine whether changes in family poverty between pregnancy, early childhood, and adolescence predict child cognitive development at 14 years of age. We conducted a population-based prospective birth cohort study of 7223 mothers who gave birth to a live singleton baby, observed to 14 years of age. Family income was measured on 4 occasions from pregnancy to the 14-year follow-up. Child cognitive development was measured at the 14-year follow-up using the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and Wide Range Achievement Test. Poverty experienced at any stage of the child's development is associated with reduced cognitive outcomes. Exposure to poverty for a longer duration (birth to 14 years) is more detrimental to cognitive outcomes than experiencing poverty at only 1 period. For each additional exposure to poverty, the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices scores declined by 2.19 units and the Wide Range Achievement Test scores declined by 1.74 units. Children experiencing family poverty at any developmental stage in their early life course have reduced levels of cognitive development, with the frequency that poverty is experienced predicting the extent of reduced cognitive scores.
Status of soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren in Laguna Province, the Philippines: Determined by parasitological and molecular diagnostic techniques
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-11-2017
Early childhood factors influencing health‐related quality of life in adolescents at 13 years
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-02-2004
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2004.00309.X
Abstract: To understand the relationship of health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) to early life experience. Eight thousand five hundred and fifty-six women enrolled in a prospective study at their first antenatal clinic visit. At 13 years, of 5345 women remaining, a consecutive s le of 901 mother/child pairs provided data on adolescent HR-QOL using the Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Report form (CHQ-PF50) and the Dartmouth COOP Functional Assessment Charts for Adolescents. The CHQ-PF50 yielded physical (PHS) and psychosocial (PSS) summary scores. We examined the relationship between health-related QOL and early childhood predictive variables. PHS was related to gestation, maternal health symptoms in pregnancy, maternal anxiety at 6 months, child health and hours of childcare at 5 years (P < 0.05). PSS was related to maternal age at index visit, maternal attitude to pregnancy, maternal satisfaction with care giving and maternal depression at 6 months, and child health and behaviour problems at 5 years (internalizing and social/attentional/thought (SAT) domains) (P < 0.05). Findings from adolescent self-reports were similar. This study has identified a number of early childhood determinants of adolescent HR-QOL. These findings add to evidence of the effects of early adversity on the developmental pathways of children and support the need for effective early intervention.
Validation of the importance of continua in representing delusional ideation in the general population
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCHRES.2018.02.041
Abstract: Previous studies have examined the distribution of psychotic like experiences (PLE) with the aim of informing the debate concerning the categorical versus continuous nature of psychosis. We extend this research by subjecting a number of competing models of delusional ideation to validation analysis to further examine previous findings. We constructed latent variable models representing the factor structure of delusional ideation reported previously, using self-reported delusional ideation (Peter's Delusional Inventory PDI) at age 21 in a general population prospective birth cohort study. After firstly eliminating models which exhibited poor fit we performed a longitudinal validation analyses among the competing models to investigate whether increasing levels of ideation were associated with developmental antecedents, correlates and distal indicators of psychotic disorder. Four latent variable models were found to adequately represent the delusional ideation data, two comprised exclusively of continua (a multidimensional 5 factor model and a bifactor model with 1 general and 4 specific factors), and two which included both categories and continua (two factor mixture models, each with 3 classes and 1 factor per class, but with varying levels of parameter restrictions). Exclusively categorical latent models obtained poor fit and the categorical components of hybrid models failed to discriminate on psychotic illness, while among the models incorporating continuous latent factors validation analyses did not clearly identify any model as better than the others. We provide novel evidence of the importance of continua in adequately and validly representing delusional ideation in the general population. Beyond this, our data suggests it is not possible to further refine the structure of delusional ideation in the general population.
Probing the ATIC peak in the cosmic-ray electron spectrum with H.E.S.S.
Publisher: EDP Sciences
Date: 21-10-2009
Demographic correlates of psychotic‐like experiences in young Australian adults
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-08-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0447.2008.01214.X
Abstract: Psychotic-like experiences (PLE) in the general community are common. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence and demographic correlates of PLE in young adults. The s le consisted of 2441 subjects aged 18-23 years. Subjects completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the 21-item Peters Delusional Inventory (PDI). Associations between age, gender, hallucinations and delusions were examined using logistic regression. Both CIDI hallucinations and delusions predicted high scores on the PDI. Younger age was significantly associated with endorsement of CIDI delusions [odds ratio (OR) = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48-0.92) and with PDI total scores (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.83). Women were significantly more likely to endorse items related to hallucinations (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.95) but not delusions. PLE are common in young adults. The mechanisms underpinning the age and gender gradients in PLE may provide clues to the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders.
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of malnutrition indicators in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh, 1999–2011
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 30-01-2018
DOI: 10.1017/S136898001700341X
Abstract: To examine changes in the spatial clustering of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age (under-5s) for the period 1999 to 2011 in Bangladesh. We used data from four nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 1999–2000, 2004, 2007 and 2011 in Bangladesh involving a total of 24 211 under-5s located in 1661 primary s ling units (PSU geographical unit of analysis) throughout Bangladesh. The prevalence of stunting (height/length-for-age Z -score −2), underweight (weight-for-age Z -score −2) and wasting (weight-for-height/length Z -score −2) at each PSU site and for each survey year were estimated based on the WHO child growth standard. The extent of spatial clustering was quantified using semivariograms. Whole of Bangladesh. Children under 5 years of age. Our results demonstrate that in 1999–2000 most PSU throughout Bangladesh experienced stunting, underweight and wasting prevalence which exceeded the WHO thresholds. By 2011, this situation improved, although in two of the six isions (Barisal and Sylhet) PSU still exhibited higher levels of malnutrition compared with other isions of the country. The pattern of spatial clustering for stunting, underweight and wasting also changed between 1999 and 2011 both at national and sub-national ( ision) levels. We identified isions where malnutrition indicators (stunting, underweight and wasting) remain highly clustered and other isions where they are more widely spread in Bangladesh. This has important implications on how interventions for malnutrition need to be delivered (geographically targeted interventions v . random interventions) within each ision of the country.
Spatial change in the risks of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China, 2005–2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess Sunscreen Application and Beta Carotene Supplementation in the Prevention of Solar Keratoses
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 04-2003
Modeling the Present and Future Incidence of Pediatric Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Associated with Ambient Temperature in Mainland China
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 05-04-2018
DOI: 10.1289/EHP3062
Dead reckoning: can we trust estimates of mortality rates in clinical databases?☆
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.EJCTS.2007.11.026
Abstract: Databases almost invariably contain some errors and improvements to the quality of recorded data are costly. We sought to assess the extent to which given levels of error in a clinical database can lead to misleading mortality rates being derived. We deliberately seeded a large database concerning congenital heart surgery involving over 17,600 operations, which we assumed to be error free, with errors at known rates of 0-20%. The effects of three different types of random error were explored: data omission, outcome miscoding (alive or dead) and the miscoding of procedures. For each error type, we compared the mortality rates calculated from the 'seeded' database to those calculated from the pristine database. Outcome miscoding typically results in overestimated mortality rates which for low-risk procedures may well give estimates over double the true value. Random data omission has relatively little effect. If procedure types are miscoded, procedure-specific mortality estimates for high-risk operations tend to be underestimates and those for low-risk operations overestimates. A mathematical model developed to examine these effects accurately forecasted the results of such error-seeding experiments. Software to implement this model is available free of charge on the Internet. Even small levels of data error can substantially affect the accuracy of mortality rate estimates, especially for low-risk operations. Such inaccuracy could lead to misleading analysis of institutional and in idual surgeons' results. Our results suggest that caution is warranted in interpreting the mortality estimates derived from clinical databases. Our analysis goes beyond the realms of surgical mortality and concerns all adverse events whose frequency is rare.
An evidence-based scale for the antecedents of depressive symptoms in Australian adults
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-07-2016
Abstract: To develop and test a self-reported scale designed to measure the antecedents of depression. Participants of the Sustainable Mastery of Innovative Lifelong Exercise (SMILE) Tai Chi program were invited to complete the scale for antecedents of depressive symptoms. The scale included questions regarding events/factors the participants have experienced over the past three months and preceded their depressive symptoms. The reliability of the questions was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha. Principal components analysis was used to examine if there were domains of interest across the scale questions. A total of 126 participants completed the scale. The scale had a good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.82). Principal components analysis identified three components (life events, psychosocial problems, and physical/health problems) in the scale and the components detected the root categories of depression in more than 56% of the cases. This simple self-administered scale has proven to provide a reliable measure for the antecedent factors of depression in the SMILE Tai Chi cohort further validation of the scale in different settings is encouraged.
Evidence for an integrated healthcare and psychosocial multidisciplinary model to address rough sleeping
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 26-08-2019
DOI: 10.1111/HSC.12835
Abstract: People who sleep rough/experience unsheltered homelessness face barriers accessing mainstream healthcare and psychosocial services. The barriers to service access exacerbate poor health, which in turn create additional challenges for rough sleepers to access health and psychosocial services, including stable housing. The study presents descriptive statistics to identify housing outcomes of people working with a Multidisciplinary Model that comprises integrated healthcare and psychosocial support, and qualitative data with clients and service providers to investigate how the Model is experienced and delivered in practice. Fieldwork was conducted between December 2016 and March 2018 with the Multidisciplinary Team operating in Cairns, in the far north of Australia. Qualitative data are drawn from in-depth interviews with 26 rough sleepers and 33 health and psychosocial service providers from the Multidisciplinary Team and the wider service system. Descriptive statistics show that 67% of clients who were sleeping rough were supported to immediately access stable housing, and at the end of the program, all clients remained housed. The qualitative findings illustrated how integrated healthcare and psychosocial outreach enabled people sleeping rough to overcome barriers they experienced accessing mainstream healthcare and other services. With the benefit of healthcare, people felt sufficiently well to engage with the psychosocial service providers to have their housing and other psychosocial needs addressed. This article demonstrates how in idual responsibility for and control over healthcare is not only a matter of the in idual, but also a matter requiring systems change and the active provision of resources to cater for the constraints and opportunities present in people's immediate environments.
Maternal Depression and the Quality of Marital Relationship: A 14-Year Prospective Study
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 12-2009
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the bidirectional association between symptoms of depression and quality of marital relationship in a population-based cohort of women. The bidirectional association was examined longitudinally in over 3694 women participating in the Mater-University study of Pregnancy, Brisbane, Australia, over a 14-year period. Women were interviewed 3-5 days postdelivery and again when the child was 6 months, 5 years, and 14 years of age. A transition model was developed to examine changes in exposures and risk factors over the 14 years of follow-up. Nearly 40% of the women with depressive symptoms continued to report symptoms, and a similar proportion of women who reported being in a poor quality marital relationship remained in a poor quality relationship over long periods of time. Approximately 1 in 10 women who had not reported symptoms of depression or a poor relationship in the previous phase did so at the subsequent phase. The bidirectional relationships between depressive symptoms and quality of marital relationship are both consistent and strong. Negative changes in either symptoms of depression or quality of marital relationship predicted a poor outcome. The estimated population attributable risk was similar for both depressive symptoms and quality of the marital relationship. The findings from this study suggest that symptoms of depression and quality of relationship are strongly associated with each other and that this association is bidirectional. Clinical intervention in poor quality marital relationships represents a logical approach to addressing symptoms of depression in women. Similarly, there needs to be a focus on family outcomes for those women with impaired mental health.
Hallucinations in adolescents and risk for mental disorders and suicidal behaviour in adulthood: Prospective evidence from the MUSP birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCHRES.2016.06.009
Abstract: Hallucinations, once equated with serious mental disorders, are common in adolescents. Given the high prevalence of hallucinations, it is important to determine if they are associated with adverse mental health outcomes in adulthood. This study compared the mental health outcomes of participants (aged 30-33years) in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) who reported hallucinations at (a) 14years only and (b) 14 and 21years versus cohort members without hallucinations. Participants (n=333) were aged between 30 and 33years and (a) reported hallucinations on the Youth Self-Report Questionnaire at 14 and/or the Young Adult Self-Report Questionnaire at 21years and (b) controls (n=321) who did not report hallucinations. Lifetime diagnoses of mental disorders were ascertained by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (DSM IV-TR) administered by clinical psychologists. Suicidal behaviour was measured by self report. Hallucinations at 14years only were not associated with an increased risk of mental disorders in adulthood. Hallucinations reported at both 14 and 21years were associated with lifetime diagnoses of psychotic disorders (OR, 8.84 95% CI: 1.61-48.43 and substance use disorders (OR, 2.34 95% CI: 1.36-4.07) and also strongly associated with lifetime suicide attempts (OR, 7.11 95% CI: 2.68-18.83). Most adolescents who experience hallucinations do not have an increased rate of mental disorder in adulthood however, those with hallucinations that are experienced at more than one point in time are at increased risk of suicidal behaviour and both psychotic and non-psychotic psychopathology.
Impact of Family Type and Family Quality on Child Behavior Problems: A Longitudinal Study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1997
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199710000-00017
Abstract: In the context of substantial changes in family types and even family quality in recent times, this study is concerned with the extent to which family type and quality impacts on child behavior problems. A s le of 8,556 pregnant women were enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal study. Details of changes in family type and family quality (assessed using Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale) were used to predict three second-order syndromes developed from the Child Behavior Checklist and administered to the mothers when the child was 5 years of age. Mothers who experienced no partner changes (married and single) reported the lowest rates of child behavior problems for the three syndromes used in this study. In addition, mothers who more often described their relationship with their partner as poor also reported the highest rate of child behavior problems across all three syndromes. Adjustment for possible confounders did not alter these findings. Both changes of partner and dyadic conflict appear to lead to child behavior problems, with the latter factor appearing to have a greater impact than the former. Mothers who experienced no partner changes and no conflict appeared to have children with the fewest behavior problems.
Do low control response rates always affect the findings? Assessments of smoking and obesity in two Australian case-control studies of cancer
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-6405.2009.00401.X
Abstract: Participation rates have been declining in case-control studies, particularly among controls, raising concerns about possible bias. Formal assessments of the effect of low participation on odds ratios (OR) are seldom presented however. We sought to quantify possible bias using multiple imputation techniques. Using data from two Australian case-control studies, we estimated the relative risks of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and adenocarcinoma (OAC), and serous ovarian cancer (SOC) associated with smoking and body mass index (BMI). We compared ORs observed using self-reported data from participating controls with ORs derived using imputed exposures for non-participating controls. Participating controls were less likely than non-participants to smoke currently. Smoking remained significantly associated with oesophageal cancer even under the most extreme assumption of smoking prevalence among non-participants (OSCC: observed OR 6.54, 4.62-9.28, imputed OR 3.94, 2.83-5.49 OAC: observed OR 2.69, 1.87-3.85 imputed OR 1.58, 1.13-2.22). For SOC however, risks associated with smoking were attenuated to null under plausible smoking assumptions among non-participants. BMI distributions were similar among participating and non-participating controls, and risk estimates were essentially unchanged. Bias is not an inevitable consequence of low control participation and depends on the association examined. Sensitivity analyses can assist in interpretation of results.
Multimorbidity prevalence and pattern in Indonesian adults: an exploratory study using national survey data
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-2015
Early life predictors of adolescent smoking: findings from the Mater‐University study of pregnancy and its outcomes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-08-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3016.2005.00674.X
Abstract: In this study we have examined the early life predictors of smoking at age 14 in a birth cohort of in iduals born in Brisbane, Australia between 1981 and 1984. In stratified and multivariable analyses maternal smoking throughout pregnancy and when the child was aged 14 were both associated with the child smoking: fully adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] comparing maternal smoking throughout pregnancy with never smoking was 1.40 [1.25, 1.65] and that comparing maternal smoking when the child was aged 14 with not smoking was 1.57 [1.19, 2.06]. The association of maternal smoking throughout pregnancy was specific for adolescent smoking and was not associated with alcohol consumption, TV viewing or self-report of poor school performance at age 14. Maternal and paternal educational attainment were also associated with smoking at age 14, with these associations attenuating towards the null with adjustment for childhood behavioural problems and cognitive function. There was no association of family income with smoking at age 14 once other explanatory variables were taken into account.
The employment of mothers and the outcomes of their pregnancies: an australian study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1989
DOI: 10.1016/S0033-3506(89)80074-5
Abstract: One of the more dramatic structural changes in a number of western industrial societies has involved the increased participation of women in the paid labour force. Little is known about the health consequences of this change. This paper reports the findings of a prospective longitudinal study of 8,556 pregnant women who were interviewed on three occasions early in their pregnancy, shortly after the birth of the baby and some six months later. Additional data were derived from the medical record of the delivery. The findings suggest that employed women and housewives differ in their health behaviour (e.g. number of missed appointments, attendance at antenatal classes, smoking) and emotional health in pregnancy, but that there are no significant differences between employed women and housewives in their physical health or pregnancy outcomes. Although none of the differences was statistically significant, virtually all of the indices of outcome were slightly more favourable for the housewives than for the employed women.
Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Date: 20-12-2018
Risk factors for helminth infections in a rural and a peri-urban setting of the Dongting Lake area, People’s Republic of China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2011.07.006
Abstract: Schistosomiasis japonica and soil-transmitted helminthiasis are endemic parasitic diseases in the People's Republic of China (PR China). As very few studies have reported on the distribution and interaction of multiple species helminth infections, we carried out a comparative study of households in a rural village and a peri-urban setting in the Dongting Lake area of Hunan province in November and December 2006 to determine the extent of single and multiple species infections, the underlying risk factors for infection, and the relationships with clinical manifestations and self-reported morbidity. In each household, stool s les were collected and subjected to the Kato-Katz method for identifying Schistosoma japonicum, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura infections. Clinical examinations were performed and questionnaire surveys conducted at both household and in idual subject levels. Complete parasitological, clinical and questionnaire data were obtained for 1,298 inhabitants of the two settings. The overall prevalences of single infections of S. japonicum, A. lumbricoides, hookworm and T. trichiura were 6.5%, 5.5%, 3.0% and 0.8%, respectively the majority of the infections were of light intensity. We found significant negative associations between wealth and infections with S. japonicum and A. lumbricoides. Clinical manifestations of splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and anaemia were prevalent (9.0%, 3.7% and 10.9%, respectively), the latter two being significantly (P<0.05) associated with schistosomiasis. Self-reported symptoms were more common among females but there was considerable under-reporting in both sexes when relying only on spontaneous recall. Our findings may guide the design and targeting of a more equitable, comprehensive and integrated parasitic disease control programme in Hunan province and in other areas of PR China.
Long-term changes in childhood malnutrition are associated with long-term changes in maternal BMI: evidence from Bangladesh, 1996–2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Abstract: Nutritional transition (from under- to overnutrition) among women of reproductive age (15-49 y) is becoming increasingly common in many developing countries, including Bangladesh. However, the influence of this transition on the nutritional status of children <5 y of age (U5s) is unknown. The aim was to determine whether a nutritional transition has taken place in the past 15 y (1996-2011) among U5s and their mothers in Bangladesh and to examine how the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and malnutrition in U5s has changed over time. We analyzed data assembled from 5 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1996 and 2011 in Bangladesh to describe the nutritional status of 28,941 U5s and their mothers. A Poisson regression model was used to examine the associations between maternal BMI and stunting, underweight, and wasting in U5s over time. A nutritional transition among mothers of U5s was observed between 1996 and 2011. The height- or length-for-age and weight-for-age z score distributions of U5s showed consistent improvement however, there was no indication of a nutritional transition. An interaction was found between maternal BMI categorized as underweight [BMI (kg/m A nutritional transition among U5s has yet to occur in Bangladesh. However, our results indicate that improvement in maternal BMI in the past 15 y was accompanied by a reduction in malnutrition in U5s.
Psychopathology During Childhood and Adolescence Predicts Delusional-Like Experiences in Adults: A 21-Year Birth Cohort Study
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1176/APPI.AJP.2008.08081182
Abstract: Community surveys have shown that many otherwise well in iduals report delusional-like experiences. The authors examined psychopathology during childhood and adolescence as a predictor of delusional-like experiences in young adulthood. The authors analyzed prospective data from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a birth cohort of 3,617 young adults born between 1981 and 1983. Psychopathology was measured at ages 5 and 14 using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and at age 14 using the Youth Self-Report (YSR). Delusional-like experiences were measured at age 21 using the Peters Delusional Inventory. The association between childhood and adolescent symptoms and later delusional-like experiences was examined using logistic regression. High CBCL scores at ages 5 and 14 predicted high levels of delusional-like experiences at age 21 (odds ratios for the highest versus the other quartiles combined were 1.25 and 1.85, respectively). Those with YSR scores in the highest quartile at age 14 were nearly four times as likely to have high levels of delusional-like experiences at age 21 (odds ratio=3.71). Adolescent-onset psychopathology and continuous psychopathology through both childhood and adolescence strongly predicted delusional-like experiences at age 21. Hallucinations at age 14 were significantly associated with delusional-like experiences at age 21. The general pattern of associations persisted when adjusted for previous drug use or the presence of nonaffective psychoses at age 21. Psychopathology during childhood and adolescence predicts adult delusional-like experiences. Understanding the biological and psychosocial factors that influence this developmental trajectory may provide clues to the pathogenesis of psychotic-like experiences.
Maternal exposure to heatwave and preterm birth in B risbane, A ustralia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-08-2013
Abstract: To quantify the short-term effects of maternal exposure to heatwave on preterm birth. An ecological study. A population-based study in Brisbane, Australia. All pregnant women who had a spontaneous singleton live birth in Brisbane between November and March in 2000-2010 were studied. Daily data on pregnancy outcomes, meteorological factors, and ambient air pollutants were obtained. The Cox proportional hazards regression model with time-dependent variables was used to examine the short-term impact of heatwave on preterm birth. A series of cut-off temperatures and durations were used to define heatwave. Multivariable analyses were also performed to adjust for socio-economic factors, demographic factors, meteorological factors, and ambient air pollutants. Spontaneous preterm births. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) ranged from 1.13 (95% CI 1.03-1.24) to 2.00 (95% CI 1.37-2.91) by using different heatwave definitions, after controlling for demographic, socio-economic, and meteorological factors, and air pollutants. Heatwave was significantly associated with preterm birth: the associations were robust to the definitions of heatwave. The threshold temperatures, instead of duration, could be more likely to influence the evaluation of birth-related heatwaves. The findings of this study may have significant public health implications as climate change progresses.
The Diet of Steady Drinkers with Special Reference to Social Variables
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1989
DOI: 10.1111/J.1360-0443.1989.TB00565.X
Abstract: The influence of a number of variables on the diets of 65 steady drinkers from alcohol rehabilitation units on Merseyside, United Kingdom was investigated. All drank principally beer or spirits. Social variables studied included age, sex, living alone or with others, employment status and socio-economic status. Alcohol-related variables included quantity consumed and preferred beverage. Dietary outcome was assessed in terms of the variety of foods and the number of meals eaten per week. Living alone proved by far the most important determinant of reduced diet. Spirit drinkers ate more meals than beer drinkers, but only if living with others. Increased alcohol consumption related modestly to fewer foods and meals being consumed. Drinkers living alone constitute a much larger proportion of those entering rehabilitation programmes in Queensland, Australia than in the United Kingdom. The present findings may help to explain the high incidence in Queensland of thiamin deficiency syndromes including the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
A 5-year longitudinal study of schistosomiasis transmission in Shian village, the Anning River Valley, Sichuan Province, the Peoples' Republic of China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-03-2011
Abstract: Schistosoma japonicum is a major public health concern in the Peoples' Republic of China (PRC), with over one million people infected and another 50 million living in areas at risk of infection. Based on ecological, environmental, population genetic and molecular factors, schistosomiasis transmission in PRC can be categorised into four discrete ecosystems or transmission modes. It is predicted that the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) will impact upon the transmission of schistosomiasis in the PRC, with varying degree across the four transmission modes. We undertook longitudinal surveillance from 2002 to 2006 in sentinel villages both above and below the TGD across five provinces (Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui and Sichuan) to determine whether there was any impact of the TGD on schistosomiasis transmission during its construction. Here we present the results from a schistosomiasis-endemic village located above the dam in Sichuan Province. Baseline results showed a human S. japonicum prevalence of 42.0% (95% CI: 36.6-47.5). At follow-up, results showed that the incidence of S. japonicum infection in the selected human cohort in Shian decreased by three quarters from 46% in 2003 to 11.3% in 2006. A significant (P 0.01) downward trend was also evident in the yearly adjusted (for water contact) odds ratios. Over the four years of follow-up, the incidence of S. japonicum infection in bovines declined from 11.8% in the first year to zero in the final year of follow-up. The substantial decrease in human (75%) and bovine (100%) incidence observed in Shian village can probably be attributed to the annual human and bovine PZQ treatment of positives as seen in drug (PZQ) intervention studies in other parts of PRC. If an increase in schistosome transmission had occurred as a result of the TGD, it would be of negligible size compared to the treatment induced decline seen here. It appears therefore that the construction of the TGD had virtually no impact on schistosomiasis transmission in Shian village over the period of study. Furthermore, contrary to previous reports from Sichuan downplaying the role of animals in human schistosome transmission, bovines may indeed play a role.
Smoking behaviour in pregnancy and its impact on smoking cessation at various intervals during follow‐up over 21 years: a prospective cohort study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-11-2012
Abstract: To determine whether mothers who quit or reduce their level of smoking in pregnancy comprise a group of health-conscious women who are disproportionally likely to adopt a healthier smoking lifestyle in the medium to longer term, compared with women who continue to smoke during pregnancy. A prospective cohort study. A public hospital in Australia. A cohort of 6703 in idual mothers who completed both initial phases of data collection in 1981-1983 mothers who smoked daily (2992) before pregnancy were included in this study. Mothers were interviewed at 3-5 days post-delivery, 6 months, 5 years, 14 years and 21 years to determine their smoking status. An inverse probability-weighted Poisson regression with a robust error variance was fitted to the data using a log-link function and a binary response variable for smoking outcome, and adjusting for several possible confounding factors. Smoking cessation at several follow-up points, for up to 21 years. Of the mothers who smoked daily before pregnancy, 12, 23, 37 and 41% reported having ceased smoking at 6 months and at 5, 14 and 21 years, respectively. The decision to quit smoking during pregnancy was found to be independently associated with a higher rate ratio (RR) of smoking cessation at 6 months (RR 30.60, 95% CI 20.50-45.69), 5 years (RR 4.36 95% CI 3.61-5.27), 14 years (RR 2.42, 95% CI 2.12-2.75) and 21 years (RR 1.86 95% CI 1.60-2.15), after adjusting for several possible confounding factors. Pregnancy appears to be an opportunity for successfully quitting smoking, regardless of socio-economic circumstances or demographic background.
Income, Gender, and Forms of Intimate Partner Violence
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-07-2017
Abstract: Poverty and socioeconomic disadvantage place demands on intimate relationships and provide fertile ground for disagreements and conflicts. It is not known whether poverty also leads to intimate partner violence (IPV). This study investigates the association between income and forms of IPV victimization for both males and females. We also examine whether income inequalities are related to IPV and whether the gender balance of household income contributes to IPV victimization. Data are from a cohort of 2,401 young offspring (60.3% females) who participated at the 30-year follow-up of the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy in Brisbane, Australia. Participants completed questionnaires including their income details and the Composite Abuse Scale. Within low-income families, both partners experience higher levels of IPV. Females’ income is not independently related to experiencing IPV either for females or males. Females and males experience a higher rate of IPV when the husband earns a low income. When considering partners’ relative income, families in which both partners earned a low income experienced higher levels of almost all forms of IPV. Income (im)balance in which females earn more or partners both have higher income was less often associated with the experience OF IPV IPV appears to be mutually experienced in the setting of the poverty. Objective economic hardship and scarcity create a context which facilitates IPV for both partners in a relationship.
Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0352
Abstract: Half of all cancers in the United States are skin cancers. We have previously shown in a 4.5-year randomized controlled trial in an Australian community that squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) but not basal cell carcinomas (BCC) can be prevented by regular sunscreen application to the head, neck, hands, and forearms. Since cessation of the trial, we have followed participants for a further 8 years to evaluate possible latency of preventive effect on BCCs and SCCs. After prolonged follow-up, BCC tumor rates tended to decrease but not significantly in people formerly randomized to daily sunscreen use compared with those not applying sunscreen daily. By contrast, corresponding SCC tumor rates were significantly decreased by almost 40% during the entire follow-up period (rate ratio, 0.62 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.99). Regular application of sunscreen has prolonged preventive effects on SCC but with no clear benefit in reducing BCC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006 (12):2546–8)
The relationship between erythrocyte transketolase activity and the ‘TPP effect’ in Wernicke's encephalopathy and other thiamine deficiency states
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1990
DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(90)90072-Z
Abstract: Patients (n = 104) were judged to be thiamine deficient by the criteria of erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETK) less than 0.6 U/g of hemoglobin, or greater than 17% increase in this activity on addition of thiamine pyrophosphate in vitro (TPP effect). ETK activated by TPP in vitro (AETK) was related to ETK by a linear regression of slope greater than or equal to 1, implying that transketolose apoenzyme (apoTK) was constant or decreased as ETK decreased. For most patient groups the value of apoTK was 0.1 U/g and the slope 1.033 to 1.050. In the subgroup of non-vomiting drinkers with Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), the slope of the linear regression of AETK on ETK was 1.21, so that apoTK decreased as ETK decreased. Comparison of these data is consistent with a difference in the TK of WE drinkers from that of others. Generally, any variation of TPP effect was due only to variation of ETK. We recommend measurement of ETK, without TPP effect, for the assessment of thiamine nutrition.
DNA-based vaccines protect against zoonotic schistosomiasis in water buffalo
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
Air pollution and fasting blood glucose: A longitudinal study in China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.09.132
Abstract: Limited studies have examined the associations between air pollutants [particles with diameters of 10 μm or less (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] and fasting blood glucose (FBG). We collected data for 27,685 participants who were followed during 2006 and 2008. Generalized Estimating Equation models were used to examine the effects of air pollutants on FBG while controlling for potential confounders. We found that increased exposure to NO2, SO2 and PM10 was significantly associated with increased FBG levels in single pollutant models (p<0.001). For exposure to 4 days' average of concentrations, a 100 μg/m(3) increase in SO2, NO2, and PM10 was associated with 0.17 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.15-0.19), 0.53 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.42-0.65), and 0.11 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.07-0.15) increase in FBG, respectively. In the multi-pollutant models, the effects of SO2 were enhanced, while the effects of NO2 and PM10 were alleviated. The effects of air pollutants on FBG were stronger in female, elderly, and overweight people than in male, young and underweight people. In conclusion, the findings suggest that air pollution increases the levels of FBG. Vulnerable people should pay more attention on highly polluted days to prevent air pollution-related health issues.
The effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease in elderly people in Australian and New Zealand cities
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 07-2006
DOI: 10.1289/EHP.8674
Abstract: The goal of this study was to estimate the associations between outdoor air pollution and cardiovascular hospital admissions for the elderly. Associations were assessed using the case-crossover method for seven cities: Auckland and Christchurch, New Zealand and Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney Australia. Results were combined across cities using a random-effects meta-analysis and stratified for two adult age groups: 15-64 years and >/= 65 years of age (elderly). Pollutants considered were nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, daily measures of particulate matter (PM) and ozone. Where multiple pollutant associations were found, a matched case-control analysis was used to identify the most consistent association. In the elderly, all pollutants except O3 were significantly associated with five categories of cardiovascular disease admissions. No associations were found for arrhythmia and stroke. For a 0.9-ppm increase in CO, there were significant increases in elderly hospital admissions for total cardiovascular disease (2.2%) , all cardiac disease (2.8%), cardiac failure (6.0%), ischemic heart disease (2.3%), and myocardial infarction (2.9%). There was some heterogeneity between cities, possibly due to differences in humidity and the percentage of elderly people. In matched analyses, CO had the most consistent association. The results suggest that air pollution arising from common emission sources for CO, NO2, and PM (e.g., motor vehicle exhausts) has significant associations with adult cardiovascular hospital admissions, especially in the elderly, at air pollution concentrations below normal health guidelines. Relevance to clinical and professional practice: Elderly populations in Australia need to be protected from air pollution arising from outdoor sources to reduce cardiovascular disease.
The association between substantiated childhood maltreatment, asthma and lung function: A prospective investigation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPSYCHORES.2017.08.003
Abstract: Asthma reflects multiple and likely complex causal pathways. We investigate the possibility that childhood maltreatment is one such causal pathway. Childhood maltreatment can be interpreted as a form of early life adversity and like other life adversities may predict a range of negative health outcomes, including asthma. A total of 3762 young adults (52.63% female) from the Mater Hospital-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) participated in this study. MUSP is a prospective Australian birth cohort study of mothers consecutively recruited during their first antenatal clinic visit at Brisbane's Mater Hospital from 1981 to 1983. The study followed both mother-child dyads to the age of 21years after birth. Participants reported whether they had been diagnosed by a physician with asthma by the 21-year follow-up. Trained research assistants also performed gender- and height-standardized lung function tests using a Spirobank G spirometer system attached to a laptop computer. We linked this dataset with data obtained from the child protection services and which comprised all substantiated cases of childhood maltreatment in the MUSP cohort. Substantiations of childhood maltreatment included children in an age range of 0-14years. The experience of any childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse, was independently associated with self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma by the 21-year follow-up. The association was no longer significant after adjustment for a range of confounders and covariates in neglected children. Childhood maltreatment, including multiple events, was not associated with lung function in adjusted models. Childhood maltreatment, including emotional abuse, was associated with lifetime ever asthma. This was in contrast to the absence of an association with objective measures of lung function. More research is indicated on the effect of childhood maltreatment on lung function using objective measures. In the meantime, there should be a greater awareness of the potential impact of childhood maltreatment on the potential to develop asthma, as well as of the possibility that asthma in adulthood may precede childhood maltreatment.
Bayesian estimation of the dynamics of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza transmission in Queensland: A space–time SIR-based model
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2016.01.013
Abstract: A pandemic strain of influenza A spread rapidly around the world in 2009, now referred to as pandemic (H1N1) 2009. This study aimed to examine the spatiotemporal variation in the transmission rate of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 associated with changes in local socio-environmental conditions from May 7-December 31, 2009, at a postal area level in Queensland, Australia. We used the data on laboratory-confirmed H1N1 cases to examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of transmission using a flexible Bayesian, space-time, Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) modelling approach. The model incorporated parameters describing spatiotemporal variation in H1N1 infection and local socio-environmental factors. The weekly transmission rate of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was negatively associated with the weekly area-mean maximum temperature at a lag of 1 week (LMXT) (posterior mean: -0.341 95% credible interval (CI): -0.370--0.311) and the socio-economic index for area (SEIFA) (posterior mean: -0.003 95% CI: -0.004--0.001), and was positively associated with the product of LMXT and the weekly area-mean vapour pressure at a lag of 1 week (LVAP) (posterior mean: 0.008 95% CI: 0.007-0.009). There was substantial spatiotemporal variation in transmission rate of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 across Queensland over the epidemic period. High random effects of estimated transmission rates were apparent in remote areas and some postal areas with higher proportion of indigenous populations and smaller overall populations. Local SEIFA and local atmospheric conditions were associated with the transmission rate of pandemic (H1N1) 2009. The more populated regions displayed consistent and synchronized epidemics with low average transmission rates. The less populated regions had high average transmission rates with more variations during the H1N1 epidemic period.
Pregnancy Hazards Associated with Low Maternal Body Mass Indices
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1993
DOI: 10.1111/J.1479-828X.1993.TB02051.X
Abstract: Analysis of the obstetric records of 41,955 public patients with singleton pregnancies at the Mater Misericordiae Mothers' Hospital, South Brisbane, showed a significant association (increased odds ratio) between Low Maximum Pregnancy Maternal Body Mass Index (Quetelets Index 20-24.6 and maternal anaemia, the use of intravenous tocolysis, low birth-weight (< 1,500 g and < 2,500 g), low Apgar score (< 7 at 5 minutes) and perinatal mortality. Parturients with a Very Low Body Mass Index (Quetelets Index < 20) had even greater odds ratios in respect of the above obstetric hazards. Both the Low and Very Low Body Mass Index cohorts had significantly reduced risks of having hypertension (both essential and preecl tic) or having their labours induced or augmented. The results are presented as odds ratios with confidence limits after controlling for the potentially confounding covariables of maternal age, parity, smoking habits and gestational age.
HLA class II antigens positively and negatively associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in a Chinese population
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00132-1
Abstract: To identify possible associations between host genetic factors and the onset of liver fibrosis following Schistosoma japonicum infection, the major histocompatibility class II alleles of 84 in iduals living on an island (Jishan) endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in the Poyang Lake Region of Southern China were determined. Forty patients exhibiting advanced schistosomiasis, characterised by extensive liver fibrosis, and 44 age and sex-matched control subjects were assessed for the class II haplotypes HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1. Two HLA-DRB1 alleles, HLA-DRB1*0901 (P=0.012) and *1302 (P=0.039), and two HLA-DQB1 alleles, HLA-DQB1*0303 (P=0.012) and *0609 (P=0.037), were found to be significantly associated with susceptibility to fibrosis. These associated DRB1 and DQB1 alleles are in very strong linkage disequilibrium, with DRB1*0901-DQB1*0303 and DRB1*1302-DQB1*0609 found as common haplotypes in this population. In contrast, the alleles HLA-DRB1*1501 (P=0.025) and HLA-DQB1*0601 (P=0.022) were found to be associated with resistance to hepatosplenic disease. Moreover, the alleles DQB1*0303 and DRB1*0901 did not increase susceptibility in the presence of DQB1*0601, indicating that DQB1*0601 is dominant over DQB1*0303 and DRB1*0901. The study has thus identified both positive and negative associations between HLA class II alleles and the risk of in iduals developing moderate to severe liver fibrosis following schistosome infection.
Australian doctors’ knowledge of and compliance with the law relating to end-of-life decisions: implications for LGBTI patients
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-10-2018
DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2017.1385854
Abstract: In most developed countries, competent patients have the legal right to refuse any medical treatment Advance Care Planning mechanisms extend this right to non-competent patients. However, some groups, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people, risk their wishes not being respected if they lose capacity, more than others. Little is known about medical practitioners' knowledge of, or attitudes to, the law in this area, especially in relation to LGBTI people, or how the law influences their decision-making. An Australian postal survey explored knowledge and attitudes of medical specialists to legal issues relating to withdrawing/ withholding life-sustaining treatment from adults without capacity. One scenario (the focus of this paper) asked which of four plausible substitute decision-makers, including a same-sex partner, had the legal authority to make such decisions. The overall response rate was 32% (867/2702). Less than one-third of respondents correctly identified the same-sex partner as the legally authorised decision-maker. LGBTI people face multiple obstacles to having their end-of-life wishes respected. Where healthcare providers are also ignorant of the partner's legal right to make such decisions, the problem is compounded. Improved legal education for clinicians and promotion of educational resources for members of the LGBTI community is needed.
Differences in ethical attitudes between registered nurses and medical students
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2003
DOI: 10.1191/0969733003NE590OA
Abstract: In this study we compared the ethical attitudes of a group of experienced, predominantly female, registered nurses (n = 67) with those of a group of final year, mixed sex, medical students (n = 125). The purpose was to determine the basis of differences in attitudes that could lead to ethical disagreements between these two groups when they came to work together. A questionnaire developed to explore ethical attitudes was administered and the responses of the two groups were compared using t-tests. Because of the preponderance of females among the nurses an analysis of variance of the gender-adjusted scores for each group was also carried out. On comparing the responses, the nurses differed significantly from the medical students in a number of ethical domains. A potential source of conflict between these two groups is that the nurses were inclined to adopt the perspective of patients but the medical students identified with their profession. When corrected for the effects of gender, the differences persisted, indicating that it was discipline that determined the differences. We recommend that students of nursing and medicine receive ethics education together, and that more open dialogue between doctors and nurses with respect to their different ethical viewpoints is needed in the work setting. This article will be of interest to educators of students of medicine and nursing, as well as to doctors and nurses who are eager to improve their professional relations and thereby improve patient care.
Herbal and nutrient complementary medicines for weight loss: community pharmacists' practices, attitudes, recommendations, information and education needs
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 16-12-2015
DOI: 10.1111/IJPP.12232
Abstract: To investigate pharmacists' herbal/nutrient weight loss complementary medicine (WLCM) practices in the context of other pharmacist weight management support practices (provision of lifestyle advice, orlistat and meal replacement treatments) and gain insight into their attitudes, recommendations, information and education needs. Pharmacists from a randomly selected s le of 214 community pharmacies from different socioeconomic areas in the Greater Brisbane region, Australia, were invited to complete a survey to explore their weight management practices, with a specific focus on herbal/nutrient WLCM practices. Data collected from the s le group represented pharmacist practices within the metropolitan Greater Brisbane region. This survey achieved a 51% response rate. During weight management consultations, a high proportion of customers (37%) sought advice from community pharmacists relating to WLCMs relative to other weight management practices however, only a small proportion (10%) of pharmacists recommended them. Most were also found to be using resources that may not be evidence-based or do not provide sufficient WLCMs' information. Study results highlight the need for pharmacy professional bodies to develop evidence-based continuing education programmes to assist consumers with popular and widely available WLCMs products.
The antecedents of non‐affective psychosis in a birth‐cohort, with a focus on measures related to cognitive ability, attentional dysfunction and speech problems
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-03-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0447.2009.01470.X
Abstract: Adults with non-affective psychosis show subtle deviations in a range of developmental trajectories as children and adolescents. Based on a birth-cohort (n = 3801), we examined the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPTV) at age 5, and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) and Wide Range Achievement Test reading scale (WRAT-R) at age 14. Items related to speech problems and attentional dysfunction were available from maternal- or self-report. At age 21, we identified 60 cohort members who were screen-positive for non-affective psychosis (SP-NAP). Impaired performance on the PPVT and RSPM (but not WRAT-R) predicted SP-NAP for males only. Male cohort members in the highest quartile for attentional dysfunction at ages 5 and 14 were about 5-8 times more likely to develop SP-NAP. SP-NAP in males was significantly associated with speech problems at age 14. Males who develop non-affective psychoses have subtle impairments in cognitive capacity prior to the development of their psychotic disorder.
HIV Prevalence Among Tuberculosis Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-01-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S10461-018-02386-4
Abstract: HIV associated tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality is a major concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the level of HIV infection among TB patients is vital for adequate response. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of HIV in TB patients in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model was performed. Potential sources of heterogeneity in the prevalence estimates were explored using meta-regression analysis. We identified 68 studies that collectively included 62,969 TB patients between 1990 and 2017. The overall estimate of HIV prevalence in TB patients was 31.8% (95% CI 27.8-36.1). There was substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence estimates in Southern, Central, Eastern, and Western sub-Saharan Africa regions (43.7, 41.3, 31.1 and 25.5%, respectively). We noted an apparent reduction in the estimate from 33.7% (95% CI 27.6-40.4) in the period before 2000 to 25.7% (95% CI 17.6-336.6) in the period after 2010. The Eastern and Southern sub-Saharan Africa region had higher prevalence [34.4% (95% CI 29.3-34.4)] than the Western and Central region [27.3% (95% CI 21.6-33.8)]. The prevalence of HIV in TB patients has declined over time in sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that this is due to strengthened HIV prevention and control response and enhanced TB/HIV collaborative activities. Countries and regions with high burdens of HIV and TB should strengthen and sustain efforts in order to achieve the goal of ending both HIV and TB epidemics in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.
Socioeconomic disadvantage and child morbidity: An Australian longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(93)90123-L
Abstract: While an extensive body of literature has demonstrated an association between socioeconomic status and child mortality, there have been relatively few papers which discuss the impact of socioeconomic inequality on child morbidity. This absence of data is partly attributable to methodological problems (need for large s les, the difficulty of assessing morbidity) and partly to the absence of relevant official health statistics. This paper reports results from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) and its outcomes. The s le comprises 8556 consecutive pregnancies, of which over 90% were followed up to birth. Of those mothers giving birth, approx. 70% of children were successfully given a health assessment five years after the birth (mothers report of the child's health using a set of standard indicators). The results indicate a consistent pattern with the children of the most socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers manifesting the worst health. Thus children living in socioeconomic disadvantage have a higher rate of health service utilisation, more chronic health problems and poorer dental health. The paper discusses some social policies for redressing these inequalities.
Production of interleukin-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from residents of a marshland area in China endemic for Schistosoma japonicum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S1383-5769(99)00015-X
Abstract: Interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine production was assessed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 67 in iduals living in an area endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in China (Dongting Lake, Hunan Province), and 11 control subjects from a non-endemic part of the same Province. Production of IL-10 was measured following in vitro stimulation of PBMC using whole parasite extract (SWAP) or a panel of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum antigens (22-kDa tegumental membrane-associated antigen, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, paramyosin, 14-kDa fatty acid-binding protein and 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase) which are of recognized interest in the development of protective immunity to schistosomiasis. Significantly, PBMC isolated from the exposed population compared with the non-exposed population produced higher levels of IL-10. There was a trend towards higher mean levels of IL-10 release in putatively resistant (insusceptible) (consistently egg negative but highly exposed) in iduals compared with susceptible (egg-positive) subjects from the exposed population. Analysis of in idual exposure (the duration of water contact and the percent body surface area in contact with water, expressed as m2 h/day) vs. IL-10 production indicated a weak but consistent and statistically significant inverse correlation, with lower levels of exposure being associated with higher levels of IL-10. These results suggest an association between IL-10 production and resistance to S. japonicum in subjects from this Chinese population exposed to infection.
Adolescents bullying and young adults body mass index and obesity: a longitudinal study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-11-2012
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2012.182
Abstract: To examine whether adolescent males and females who were victims of bullying were at greater risk of a higher body mass index (BMI) and obesity by young adulthood. Secondary analysis of data from a community-based cohort study. A sub-s le of 1694 offspring (50% males) who were participants in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), Brisbane, and who provided bullying information at 14 years and physical assessment at 21 years. BMI and its categories as normal, overweight or obese at 21 years. One in two adolescent males and one in three adolescent females reported that they had been bullied at school by others. We found that adolescent males and females who were bullied were at a significantly greater risk of a higher BMI and obesity by young adulthood. Fourteen-year-old males who were occasionally/often bullied at school had 0.64 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02, 1.27) kg m(2) greater mean BMI by 21 years compared with males who were never bullied by 14 years. This mean difference in BMI was 1.52, (95% CI: 0.75, 2.29) kg m(2) for females. Similarly, the odds of being obese were 2.54 (95% CI: 1.58, 4.09) times at 21 years for those males who were bullied occasionally/often compared with adolescent males who were never bullied. For females, this was 2.18 (95% CI: 1.40, 3.39). Overweight adolescents who experienced bullying had the greatest increase in BMI by young adulthood. Adjusting for potential confounding or mediating factors, the associations remain strong for males but are attenuated for females. The findings of this study suggest that both male and female adolescents who were bullied often/sometimes by their peer group at 14 years were at greater risk of higher BMI and obesity by young adulthood.
Mothers' Mental Illness and Child Behavior Problems: Cause-Effect Association or Observation Bias?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2000
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200005000-00013
Abstract: A number of studies have consistently found that a mother's mental health (particularly her level of depression) is a strong predictor of mental health problems experienced by her child(ren). However, the validity of this finding is in doubt because the majority of these studies have relied on maternal reports as indicators of children's behavior. This prospective, longitudinal study examines data on the mental health of the mother from prior to the birth of her child to when the child reaches 14 years of age. Child behavior is measured at 14 years of age using reports from mother and child. Mother and child responses are compared to provide an indication of the possible magnitude of maternal observation bias in the reporting of child behavior problems. Anxious and/or depressed mothers tend to report more cases of child behavior problems than do their mentally healthy counterparts or children themselves. Differences between mothers and youths in reporting behavior problems appear to be related to the mothers' mental health. Current maternal mental health impairment appears to have a substantial effect on the reporting of child behavior problems by the mother, thereby raising questions about the validity of reports of child behavior by persons who are currently emotionally distressed.
Farm exposures, parental occupation, and risk of Ewing's sarcoma in Australia: A national case-control study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2002
Abstract: It has been suggested that parental occupation, particularly farming, increased the risk of Ewing's sarcoma in the offspring. In a national case-control study we examined the relationship between farm and other parental occupational exposures and the risk of cancer in the offspring. Cases were 106 persons with confirmed Ewing's sarcoma or peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Population-based controls (344) were selected randomly via telephone. Information was collected by interview (84% face-to-face). We found an excess of case mothers who worked on farms at conception and/or pregnancy (odds ratio (OR)=2.3. 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-12.0) and a slightly smaller excess of farming fathers, more case mothers usually worked as laborers, machine operators, or drivers (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 0.9-3.9). Risk doubled for those whose mothers handled pesticides and insecticides, or fathers who handled solvents and glues, and oils and greases. Further, more cases lived on farms (OR= 1.6, 95% CI 0.9-2.8). In the 0-20 years group, the risk doubled for those who ever lived on a farm (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-3.9), and more than tripled for those with farming fathers at conception and/or pregnancy (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.0-1 1.9). Our data support the general hypothesis of an association of Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors with farming, particularly at younger ages. who represent the bulk of cases, and are more likely to share etiologic factors.
Relationships between environmental factors and lung function of asthmatic subjects in South East Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2000
DOI: 10.1097/00043764-200009000-00006
Abstract: Few panel studies have investigated the relationships between air pollutants and air spora and lung function change in asthmatic subjects. This article examines the association of outdoor air pollutant concentrations and air spora with the decrease in lung function (measured by morning peak expiratory flow) of two groups of asthmatic subjects in the subtropical environment of South East Queensland, Australia. Lung function responses were stratified by age, allergy status, and location, and seasonal effects were examined. Allergy status and age were found to be important, with air pollutants such as ozone and particles associated with decreases in lung function in allergic in iduals older than 15 years. Fungal spore counts were strongly associated with a decrease in lung function in allergic adults, especially in those over 54 years, only in seasons when these air spora peak. Analysis for the entire study period indicates that the effect of ozone on peak expiratory flow in the allergic group can sometimes be confounded by air spora effects, indicating that in a subtropical climate the impact of ozone on asthma severity can be accurately estimated only when the confounding effects of air spora are included.
SOCIAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DECISION TO RELINQUISH A BABY FOR ADOPTION
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-02-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-6405.1990.TB00039.X
Abstract: Little is known about the characteristics, social circumstances and mental health of women who give a child up for adoption. This paper reports data from a longitudinal study of 8556 women interviewed initially at their first obstetrical visit. In total, 7668 proceeded to give birth to a live singleton baby, of which 64 then relinquished the baby for adoption. Relinquishing mothers were predominantly 18 years of age or younger, in the lowest family income group, single, having an unplanned and/or unwanted baby and reported that they were not living with a partner. These women were somewhat more likely to manifest symptoms of anxiety and depression both prior, and subsequent to, the adoption, but the majority of relinquishing mothers were of 'normal' mental health. The decision to relinquish a baby appears to be a consequence of an unwanted pregnancy experienced by an economically deprived single mother rather than the result of emotional or psychological sychiatric considerations. These findings document a particular dimension of the impact of poverty on health.
Comparing doctors' legal compliance across three Australian states for decisions whether to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining medical treatment: Does different law lead to different decisions?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-11-2017
Preschool Children and Behaviour Problems
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2000
DOI: 10.1177/0907568200007004004
Abstract: Toddler/child behaviour problems have received relatively little previous attention. Prior studies have implicated a wide variety of factors in the aetiology of child behaviour problems but many of these factors are correlated and little is known about their independent contributions. Four broad categories of factors have been associated with child behaviour problems: (1) maternal social and economic characteristics (2) maternal lifestyle (3) maternal mental state/child-rearing practices and (4) maternal and child physical health. The study took a s le of 5296 families from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) for whom 5-year prospective data are available. The major predictors of toddler behaviour problems were the mother's and child's health, and the mother's mental state. The mother's sociostructural characteristics and lifestyle made little or no additional contribution to the prediction models. It is, however, salutary to note that the majority of children who are classified as having high levels of troublesome behaviour do not fall into any of the risk categories. A variety of explanations and interpretations of the data is considered.
Exposure to low concentrations of air pollutants and adverse birth outcomes in Brisbane, Australia, 2003–2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.12.050
Abstract: It's unclear whether exposures to low-level air pollution have adverse effects on birth outcomes, and which trimester-specific pregnant exposure is sensitive. To investigate the effects of maternal exposure during each trimester and the whole pregnancy to particles with aerodynamic diameter<2.5μm (PM Daily data on birth records, air quality, and weather conditions were collected in Brisbane, Australia during 2003-2013. Mean concentrations of air pollutants were calculated for each trimester of pregnancy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations between air pollution and birth outcomes. Multi-pollutant models and stratified analyses by ambient temperature were performed. Exposures to PM Exposures to low-level air pollutants are related to adverse birth outcomes. More effective policies for air quality control could contribute to improving neonatal health.
Incidence of Basal Cell Carcinoma Multiplicity and Detailed Anatomic Distribution: Longitudinal Study of an Australian Population
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2009
DOI: 10.1038/JID.2008.234
Abstract: A proportion of in iduals are affected multiple times by basal cell carcinoma (BCC), but the rate and extent to which this occurs is unknown. We therefore prospectively estimated BCC incidence in a subtropical Australian population, focusing on the rate at which persons develop multiple primary BCCs and the precise anatomic sites of BCC occurrence. Between 1997 and 2006, 663 BCCs were confirmed in 301 of 1,337 participants in the population-based Nambour Skin Cancer Study. The incidence of persons affected multiple times by primary BCC was 705 per 100,000 person years compared to an incidence rate of people singly affected of 935 per 100,000 person years. Among the multiply and singly affected alike, site-specific BCC incidence rates were far highest on facial subsites, followed by upper limbs, trunk, and then lower limbs. We conclude that actual BCC tumor burden is much greater in the population than is apparent from normal incidence rates. Anatomic distribution of BCC is consistent with general levels of sun exposure across body sites.
Family structure, marital discord and offspring’s psychopathology in early adulthood: a prospective study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-08-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00787-013-0464-0
Abstract: With marital breakdown and discord relatively common, we examined whether family structure and the quality of marital relationship have a long-term impact on offspring's psychopathology in early adulthood. This study aimed to examine the association of family structure and marital discord in the family with a wide range of offspring's mental health and problem behaviours at 21 years. Data were from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a population based birth cohort study, which commenced in Brisbane, Australia in 1981. Mothers and children were followed up at birth, 6 months and 5, 14 and 21 years after the initial interview. Marital status and marital quality were assessed at the 14 year follow-up. Young Adult Self-Report sub-scales of mental health and problem behaviours were measured at the 21-year follow-up. Type of family structure and the quality of marital relationship (at the 14-year follow-up) predicted offspring's psychopathology at 21 years. When a selected group of confounding factors were included in the multivariate analyses, children who lived with a step-father, un-partnered mother, or in families where parents had conflict in marital relationship reported higher symptoms of psychopathology at 21 years. The association between marital problems and young adult psychopathology does not appear to be confounded by a wide range of confounding variables. Further research is needed to explore the mechanism of these associations to develop preventive programmes.
Hernias and Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours: a pooled analysis and meta-analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2005
Diagnosis and treatment of hypertension 21 years after a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-08-2011
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Cannabis Use in Early Adulthood: Findings from an Australian Birth Cohort Study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-07-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S10508-007-9172-5
Abstract: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with a wide range of health problems later in life. The impact of CSA on young adults' use of cannabis remains under-studied. We examined the extent to which exposure to CSA was associated with increased rates of use of cannabis in early adulthood in a birth cohort of 3,285 Australian children followed-up to the age of 21 years, when retrospective reports of CSA were obtained from s le participants along with information on their use of cannabis at 21 years. Young adult men and women who reported experiencing CSA had significantly higher rates of frequent use of cannabis in early adulthood, defined as use of cannabis at least "every few days." In multivariate analyses, men who reported a history of CSA had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.1 (95% CI = 1.1-3.9) for frequent use of cannabis at the age of 21 years. For women, there was an OR of 3.9 (95% CI = 2.4-6.3). Family and in idual factors measured earlier in the study did not confound these associations. The findings suggest that children experiencing CSA have a substantially greater risk of use of cannabis and, in particular, its frequent use in early adulthood. Further research is required to explore factors that explain the pathway linking CSA and use of cannabis in early adulthood.
A cluster-randomised intervention trial against Schistosoma japonicum in the Peoples' Republic of China: Bovine and human transmission
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 12-06-2009
Adolescents' perceived weight associated with depression in young adulthood: A longitudinal study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2007.369
Continuity and discontinuity of trouble sleeping behaviors from early childhood to young adulthood in a large Australian community-based-birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.SLEEP.2012.07.003
Abstract: To examine the continuity and discontinuity of trouble sleeping behaviors (TSB) from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood in a community-based prospective birth cohort study. The original study comprised 7223 mother-offspring pairs who were followed prospectively at pregnancy, 6 months, 5, 14 and 21 years post-delivery. Participant numbers differ by follow-up stages. There were 3184 offspring for whom we have consistently collected information on TSB retrospectively at 2-4 years, and prospectively at 14 and 21 years of age. These comprised maternal-reported offspring TSB at 2-4 years and 14 years, and offspring-reported trouble sleeping at 14 and 21 years. One in two children had persistent trouble sleeping from 2-4 to 14 years and two-thirds from 14 to 21 years. In the adjusted analysis, compared with 2-4-years-old children with no trouble sleeping, those who experienced trouble sleeping were 1.20 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.44) times more likely to have trouble sleeping at 21 years. Similarly, adolescents who experienced trouble sleeping were 1.94 (95% CI: 1.66, 2.27) times more likely to experience trouble sleeping at 21 years. There is a continuity of TSB from early childhood through adolescence and young adulthood, although the persistence of TSB is strongest from adolescence to young adulthood. Interventions improving sleep in young children may prevent longer term difficulties in adolescents and young adults.
Regular sunscreen use is a cost-effective approach to skin cancer prevention in subtropical settings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1038/JID.2009.141
Abstract: In many developed countries, total costs to health systems for cutaneous basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are among the highest of all cancers, yet the investment value of preventive measures remains unknown. Using primary data from a randomized controlled trial, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of a skin cancer prevention initiative based on regular sunscreen use. Compared with usual practice (discretionary use), the sunscreen intervention cost an additional USD 106,449 (2007) to prevent 11 BCCs, 24 SCCs, and 838 actinic keratoses among 812 residents over 5 years. These health outcomes required an annual average investment of USD 0.74 per person and saved the Australian government a total of USD 88,203 in health-care costs over the same period. Such community-based interventions promoting regular sunscreen use among Caucasians in subtropical settings can prevent skin cancer and related skin tumors in practical ways and with great cost efficiency.
Noncommunicable diseases and risk factors in adult populations of several Pacific Islands: Results from the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of Qigong and Tai Chi for depressive symptoms
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.CTIM.2015.05.001
Abstract: Qigong and Tai Chi are the two most popular traditional Chinese exercises, known as mind-body movement therapies. Previous studies suggest that Qigong and Tai Chi may be beneficial in reducing depressive symptoms. This was the first study to systematically review and compare the effects of Qigong and Tai Chi on depressive symptoms. A systematic search of six electronic databases was undertaken through to February 2014, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which reported depressive symptoms measured by a depressive symptom rating scale. The standardized mean difference in depressive symptoms score between Qigong or Tai Chi and a control group (at the end of follow-up) was extracted as a primary outcome. The secondary outcome was the standardized mean gain in symptom score (SMG) relative to the baseline from in idual arms of the RCTs for various forms of care including Qigong, Tai Chi, usual care, other exercise, education and miscellaneous interventions. Thirty studies with a total of 2328 participants (823 males and 1505 females) were included. A significant effect was found for the Qigong interventions (Cohen's d -0.48 95% CI -0.48 to -0.12 SMG -0.52, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.26). There was no significant effect seen for Tai Chi for the primary endpoint. No mean change in symptom scores were seen for Tai Chi, usual care, other exercises, education and the 'miscellaneous' group in pre-post assessment in single arms. The Qigong results were found to be robust in sensitivity analyses. Qigong appears to be beneficial for reducing depressive symptom severity. However, given the low quality of the included studies and the documented evidence of publication bias, these results should be viewed cautiously.
Behavioural and cognitive associations of short stature at 5 years
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1999
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.1999.00427.X
Abstract: To determine the extent to which childhood short stature is associated with cognitive, behavioural and chronic health problems, and whether these problems could be attributed to recognized adverse biological, psychosocial or psychological factors. At their first antenatal session, 8556 women were enrolled in a prospective study of pregnancy. When their children were 4 and 6 years of age, mothers completed a detailed questionnaire concerning their child's health and behaviour. A Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) was completed by the child at 5 years of age. Z scores were used to categorize height measurements in 3986 children. The relationship of these height categories with the child's health, and behavioural and cognitive problems was then examined. No association was found between height and symptoms of chronic disease or behaviour problems in boys or girls. On the unadjusted analysis, mean PPVT-R scores were significantly lower in boys with heights < 3 percentile and 3-< 10 percentile compared with study children between 10 to 90 percentile (P < 0.01). Scores were similarly significantly lower in girls with heights < 3 percentile and 3-10 percentile (P = 0.01). Even after adjusting for psychosocial and biological confounders, short stature remained a significant predictor for lower PPVT-R scores in both boys and girls, although height only accounted for 1.1% of the variance in scores in boys and 0.5% of the variance in PPVT-R scores in girls. Psychosocial factors had a greater role than height in determining PPVT-R scores at 5 years of age. These findings suggest a significant, though small, association between height and PPVT-R scores at 5 years of age, independent of psychosocial disadvantage and known biological risk factors.
Is short-term exposure to ambient fine particles associated with measles incidence in China? A multi-city study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2017.03.046
Abstract: China's rapid economic development has resulted in severe particulate matter (PM) air pollution and the control and prevention of infectious disease is an ongoing priority. This study examined the relationships between short-term exposure to ambient particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5µm (PM Data on daily numbers of new measles cases and concentrations of ambient PM A 10µg/m We provide new evidence that measles incidence is associated with exposure to ambient PM
THE IMPACT OF HEALTH CENTRES IN BRISBANE ON SOME COMMUNITY HEALTH INDICATORS
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-03-2010
DISCOVERY OF VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION FROM CENTAURUS A WITH H.E.S.S.
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 19-03-2009
HLA Class II antigens are associated with resistance or susceptibility to hepatosplenic disease in a Chinese population infected with Schistosoma japonicum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00020-4
Abstract: The major histocompatibility Class II alleles of 108 in iduals living in an area endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in China were determined to identify possible immunogenetic associations with advanced schistosomiasis. Two alleles, HLA-DRB1*1202 (P = 0.002) and HLA-DQA*0601 (P = 0.001) were strongly associated with resistance to advanced disease. In contrast, HLA-DQB1*05031 (P = 0.02) was associated with susceptibility to advanced schistosomiasis. The remaining alleles showed no association with advanced disease. Allele DRB1*1202 co-occurred with allele DQA1*0601 therefore, their independent protective effects could not be ascertained. In contrast, alleles DQA1*0601 and DQB1*05031 never co-occurred and had opposite and significant effects on the occurrence of disease.
Impact of Increased Economic Burden Due to Human Echinococcosis in an Underdeveloped Rural Community of the People's Republic of China
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-09-2010
Simulation Comparison of the Quality Effects and Random Effects Methods of Meta-analysis
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2015
Land cover change during a period of extensive landscape restoration in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.04.124
Abstract: Environmental change has been a topic of great interest over the last century due to its potential impact on ecosystem services that are fundamental for sustainable development and human well-being. Here, we assess and quantify the spatial and temporal variation in land cover in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), China. With high-resolution (30m) imagery from Landsat 4/5-TM and 8-OLI for the entire region, land cover maps of the region were created to explore local land cover changes in a spatially explicit way. The results suggest that land cover changes observed in NHAR from 1991 to 2015 reflect the main goals of a national policy implemented there to recover degraded landscapes. Forest, herbaceous vegetation and cultivated land increased by approximately 410,200ha, 708,600ha and 164,300ha, respectively. The largest relative land cover change over the entire study period was the increase in forestland. Forest growth resulted mainly from the conversion of herbaceous vegetation (53.8%) and cultivated land (30.8%). Accurate information on the local patterns of land cover in NHAR may contribute to the future establishment of better landscape policies for ecosystem management and protection. Spatially explicit information on land cover change may also help decision makers to understand and respond appropriately to emerging environmental risks for the local population.
Global Variation in the Effects of Ambient Temperature on Mortality
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2014
Prevalence, intensity and risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infection in a South Indian fishing village
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2004
Daily use of beta carotene supplements did not prevent skin cancer, but daily sunscreen use reduced the incidence of squamous cell carcinomas
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-2000
DOI: 10.1136/EBM.5.3.91
Early overweight and pubertal maturation—pathways of association with young adults’ overweight: a longitudinal study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-11-2008
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2008.220
Abstract: Objectives of this study were to examine the prospective association of childhood body mass index (BMI) and overweight and pubertal stages with BMI and overweight in early adulthood independent of each other. A population-based prospective birth cohort. We used a population-based prospective birth cohort of 2897 (52% men) young adults who were born during 1981-1983 in Brisbane, Australia, and for whom we had puberty stages using Tanner scale at 14 years and measured BMI at 5 years of age. Pubertal stages at adolescent and BMI and its categories at 21 years. We found that increasing BMI and overweight at 5 years of age predict the advanced stages of puberty. An advanced stage of puberty predicts young adults' BMI and overweight status at 21 years. When taking both childhood BMI and pubertal status into consideration, we found that being overweight at 5 years substantively increases BMI at 21 years, regardless of the stage of puberty reported at 14 years. We also found that subjects with normal BMI at 5 years but with higher stages of puberty at 14 years had threefold greater risk to be overweight at 21 years compared with their counterparts. All associations remained consistent after controlling for potential confounders. Although this study underscores the impact of both child overweight and pubertal development on young adults' obesity, the mechanism that further explains the impact of puberty needs to be identified.
Participants Who Left a Multiple-Wave Cohort Study Had Similar Baseline Characteristics to Participants Who Returned
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.ANNEPIDEM.2006.01.008
Abstract: Research on determinants of an in idual's pattern of response, considered as a profile across time, for cohort studies with multiple waves is limited. In this prospective population-based pregnancy cohort, we investigated baseline characteristics of participants after partitioning them according to their history of response to different interview waves. Data are from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy 1981 to 1983 cohort, Brisbane, Australia. Complete baseline information was collected for 7223 of 7535 eligible in iduals (95.9%). Follow-up occurred at 6 months, 5 years, and 14 years. Response rates were 93.0%, 72.5%, and 71.8%. Participants were allowed to leave and reenter the study. Participants were categorized as always, intermittent, or never responders. Intermittent responders were categorized further as leavers (responded at least once before leaving the study) or returners (left the study before reentering). Participants who always responded were older, more educated, married, Caucasian, and nonsmokers and had higher incomes. Intermittent responders shared similar baseline characteristics. Relative risk for being an intermittent responder was located between risks for always or never responding. Participants who left and reentered the study had baseline characteristics similar to participants who responded at least once and then left the study.
Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-07-2019
Does attrition affect estimates of association: A longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPSYCHIRES.2018.12.022
Abstract: Survey research frequently involves missing cases attributable to refusals to participate, lack of success in accessing all potential respondents or loss to follow-up in longitudinal studies. There is concern that those not recruited or those lost are a select group whose absence from a study may bias the findings of the study. This study provides a test of the extent to which selective loss to follow-up in a longitudinal study may lead to biased findings. The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy collected baseline information for 7718 pregnant women. Follow-ups occurred five years, 14 years, 21 years and 27 years after the birth, for 6753 eligible women. Participants at baseline were partitioned according to follow-up status for each follow-up. We compare baseline (at recruitment) measures of association, with these same measures of association for those retained in the study (Group A) and those lost to follow-up (Group B) at each phase of data. Using univariate logistic regression we compared the strength of association between maternal mental health and various baseline socio-demographic factors for different rates of loss to follow-up. Estimates of association at baseline, and at each follow-up are similar irrespective of the rate of loss to follow-up and whether the comparison is with those retained in the study or those lost to follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences in 90.8% of baseline comparisons with Group A, and 96.9% of comparisons with Group B measures of association. We conclude that differential loss to follow-up rarely affects estimates of association. We suggest that loss to follow-up may produce misleading findings only in circumstances where loss to follow-up is combined with a number of other sources of bias.
The effects of tai chi in centrally obese adults with depression symptoms
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1155/2015/879712
Abstract: This study examined the effects of Tai Chi, a low-impact mind-body movement therapy, on severity of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in centrally obese people with elevated depression symptoms. In total, 213 participants were randomized to a 24-week Tai Chi intervention program or a wait-list control group. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 12 and 24 weeks. Outcomes were severity of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, leg strength, central obesity, and other measures of metabolic symptom. There were statistically significant between-group differences in favor of the Tai Chi group in depression (mean difference = −5.6 units, P 0.001 ), anxiety (−2.3 units, P 0.01 ), and stress (−3.6 units, P 0.001 ) symptom scores and leg strength (1.1 units, P 0.001 ) at 12 weeks. These changes were further improved or maintained in the Tai Chi group relative to the control group during the second 12 weeks of follow-up. Tai Chi appears to be beneficial for reducing severity of depression, anxiety, and stress and leg strength in centrally obese people with depression symptoms. More studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm the findings. This trial is registered with ACTRN12613000010796 .
Should law have a role in end-of-life care?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2012
The data management of a phase III efficacy trial of an 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and related satellite studies conducted in the Philippines
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-06-2012
Abstract: A large phase III placebo-controlled, randomized efficacy trial of an investigational 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia in children less than 2 years of age was conducted in the Philippines from July 2000 to December 2004. Clinical data from 12,194 children who were given either study vaccine or placebo was collected from birth up to two years of age for the occurrence of radiologically proven pneumonia as the primary endpoint, and for clinical pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease as the secondary endpoints. Several tertiary endpoints were also explored. Along the core trial, several satellite studies on herd immunity, cost-effectiveness of the study vaccine, acute otitis media, and wheezing were conducted. We describe here in detail how the relevant clinical records were managed and how quality control procedures were implemented to ensure that valid data were obtained respectively for the core trial and for the satellite studies. We discuss how the task was achieved, what the challenges were and what might have been done differently. There were several factors that made the task of data management doable and efficient. First, a pre-trial data management system was available. Secondly, local committed statisticians, programmers and support staff were available and partly familiar to clinical trials. Thirdly, the personnel had undergone training during trial and grew with the task they were supposed to do. Thus the knowledge needed to develop and operate clinical data system was fully transferred to local staff. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN62323832
Associations of duration, intensity, and quantity of smoking with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 13-05-2008
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWN091
Abstract: Smoking has been identified as a risk factor for esophageal cancer however, there is evidence that magnitudes and patterns of association differ by histologic type. The authors aimed to measure and compare the independent effects of various dimensions of smoking (duration, intensity, total dose, and time since quitting) on risks of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEJAC), and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). They used data from a population-based Australian case-control study (2002-2005) comprising 367 EAC cases, 426 GEJAC cases, and 309 ESCC cases and 1,580 controls. Multivariate logistic and generalized additive logistic regression (for nonlinear dose effects) were used. Ever smokers had significantly higher risks of EAC (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 2.3), GEJAC (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.8, 3.2), and ESCC (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 2.0, 4.0) than did never smokers however, there were significant differences in magnitude and patterns of association between subtypes. When multiple dimensions of smoking were assessed concurrently, duration was significantly associated with all three subtypes but intensity was associated only with GEJAC and ESCC, and the associations were nonlinear. For all types of esophageal cancer, time since quitting was independently associated with approximately 15-19% risk reductions per decade.
Projecting environmental suitable areas for malaria transmission in China under climate change scenarios
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2017.12.021
Abstract: The proportion of imported malaria cases in China has increased over recent years, and has presented challenges for the malaria elimination program in China. However, little is known about the geographic distribution and environmental suitability for malaria transmission under projected climate change scenarios. Using the MaxEnt model based on malaria presence-only records, we produced environmental suitability maps and examined the relative contribution of topographic, demographic, and environmental risk factors for P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria in China. The MaxEnt model estimated that environmental suitability areas (ESAs) for malaria cover the central, south, southwest, east and northern regions, with a slightly wider range of ESAs extending to the northeast region for P. falciparum. There was spatial agreement between the location of imported cases and area environmentally suitable for malaria transmission. The ESAs of P. vivax and P. falciparum are projected to increase in some parts of southwest, south, central, north and northeast regions in the 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s, by a greater amount for P. falciparum under the RCP8.5 scenario. Temperature and NDVI values were the most influential in defining the ESAs for P. vivax, and temperature and precipitation the most influential for P. falciparum malaria. This study estimated that the ESA for malaria transmission in China will increase with climate change and highlights the potential establishment of further local transmission. This model should be used to support malaria control by targeting areas where interventions on malaria transmission need to be enhanced.
The Nambour Skin Cancer and Actinic Eye Disease Prevention Trial: design and baseline characteristics of participants.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1994
DOI: 10.1016/0197-2456(94)90008-6
Abstract: The Nambour Skin Cancer and Actinic Eye Disease Prevention Trial (the Nambour Trial) is a field trial conducted in an unselected adult population in Australia. Using a randomized 2 x 2 factorial design, the principal aim is to evaluate whether regular use of high-protection sunscreen and/or dietary supplementation with beta-carotene (30 mg daily) can alter the incidence rates of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin over a minimum follow-up time of 4.5 years. Changes in the incidence of solar keratoses and actinic eye disease and the rate of photoaging after intervention will also be investigated. In 1992, 1626 participants between the ages of 25 and 75 years were enrolled, all of whom had been randomly selected from residents of the southeastern Queensland township of Nambour for an earlier skin cancer prevalence survey. This paper describes the background to the trial and its design, with respect to evaluation of effects on actinic skin disease, and documents the baseline characteristics of participants recruited into the Nambour Trial.
Distance to health services affects local-level vaccine efficacy for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) among rural Filipino children
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 18-02-2014
Abstract: Although pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are widely available in industrialized nations, the cost of these vaccines and the strategy of universal vaccination of infants, as endorsed by the World Health Organization, are daunting obstacles to the adoption of these vaccines in developing countries. Using spatial epidemiological methods to examine the spatial variation in vaccine efficacy (VE) in an 11-valent PCV trial in Bohol, Philippines, we suggest an alternative strategy to universal vaccination. Our main finding suggests that areas with poor access to healthcare have the highest VE. An alternative vaccination strategy could target vaccination to areas where children are most likely to benefit, rather than focus on nationwide immunization.
Does Childhood Sexual Abuse Predict Young Adult's BMI? A Birth Cohort Study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2007.250
Abstract: The objective was to identify the extent to which childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with BMI and overweight status in young adulthood and to examine whether any associations differ by gender. The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is a prospective birth cohort from a population-based s le involving 7223 singletons whose mothers were enrolled in the 1980s at the first antenatal visit. The present cohort consisted of a subgroup of 2461 young adults who had both self-reported CSA data and measured BMI at 21 years. Of 1273 men, 10.5% reported non-penetrative and 7.5% reported penetrative CSA before age 16 years. Of 1305 women, 20.6% reported non-penetrative and 7.9% reported penetrative CSA by age 16 years. We found young women's BMI and the prevalence of overweight at age 21 were greater in those who experienced penetrative CSA. This association was robust to adjustment for a variety of potential confounders. However, there was no association between non-penetrative CSA and BMI in women and no association between either category of CSA and BMI in men. There was statistical evidence for a gender difference in the association of CSA with mean BMI at age 21 (p value for statistical interaction <0.01 in all models). These findings suggest that among women, penetrative CSA is associated with greater BMI and increased odds of being overweight in later life, whereas in men, this association does not hold. This gender difference may reflect differences between women and men in the relationship between psychological trauma and body image or may be a chance subgroup finding.
Early childhood predictors of early onset of smoking: A birth prospective study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2013.05.009
Abstract: Early onset of smoking is associated with subsequent abuse of other substances and development of negative health outcomes. This study aimed to examine early life predictors of onset of smoking in an Australian young cohort. Data were from the Mater Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a population-based prospective birth cohort study (1981-2012). The present study is based on a cohort of 3714 young adults who self-reported smoking status and age of onset of smoking at the 21-year follow-up. Of these, data were available for 3039 on early childhood factors collected between the baseline and 14-year follow-up of the study. Of 3714 young adults, 49.6% (49.9% males and 49.3% females) reported having ever smoked cigarettes. For those who had ever smoked, mean and median ages at first smoke were 15.5 and 16.0years, respectively. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis mother's education, change in maternal marital status, maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, maternal depression and child externalizing when the child was 5years statistically significantly predicted early onset of smoking. The data suggest that in iduals exposed to personal and environmental risk factors during the early stage of childhood are at increased risk of initiation to cigarette smoking at an earlier age. Identification of the pathways of association between these early life factors and initiation to cigarette smoking may help reduce risk of tobacco smoking in adolescents and its adverse consequences.
Does adolescent's exposure to parental intimate partner conflict and violence predict psychological distress and substance use in young adulthood? A longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHIABU.2014.07.001
Abstract: Little is known about the extent to which parental conflict and violence differentially impact on offspring mental health and substance use. Using data from a longitudinal birth cohort study this paper examines: whether offspring exposure to parental intimate partner violence (involving physical violence which may include conflicts and/or disagreements) or parental intimate partner conflict (conflicting interactions and disagreements only) are associated with offspring depression, anxiety and substance use in early adulthood (at age 21) and whether these associations are independent of maternal background, depression and anxiety and substance use. Data (n=2,126 women and children) were taken from a large-scale Australian birth-cohort study, the Mater University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). IPC and IPV were measured at the 14-year follow-up. Offspring mental health outcomes--depression, anxiety and substance use--were assessed at the 21-year follow-up using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Offspring of women experiencing IPV at the 14-year follow-up were more likely to manifest anxiety, nicotine, alcohol and cannabis disorders by the 21-year follow-up. These associations remained after adjustment for maternal anxiety, depression, and other potential confounders. Unlike males who experience anxiety disorders after exposure to IPV, females experience depressive and alcohol use disorders. IPV predicts offspring increased levels of substance abuse and dependence in young adulthood. Gender differences suggest differential impact.
Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Indonesian adults aged ≥40 years: Findings from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS)
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 24-08-2016
Maternal exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution and preterm birth in Brisbane, Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-07-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1471-0528.2006.01010.X
Abstract: [corrected] There is evidence that maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. To assess preterm birth (PTB) in relation to maternal exposure to ambient air pollution. Retrospective cohort. Brisbane, Australia. A total of 28,200 singleton live births for the period of 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2003. Average maternal exposure estimates for ambient particulate matter (PM(10) and bsp), ozone (O(3)) and nitrogen dioxide were calculated over the first 3 months after last menstrual period (LMP) and the last 3 months prior to birth (in idually and combined as trimesters). PTB was defined as gestation <37 weeks and odds ratios (OR) were calculated for PTB per interquartile range increase in the maternal exposure estimate for each pollutant. Various covariates were controlled for, including season of birth. Exposure to PM(10) and O(3) during trimester one was associated with an increased risk of PTB (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.25 and OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.10-1.45, respectively). The PM(10) exposure effect associated with trimester one was strongly related to exposure during the first month post-LMP (PM(10), month one OR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.13-1.26). These results suggest that maternal exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution is associated with PTB.
Family and early life factors associated with changes in overweight status between ages 5 and 14 years: findings from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-03-2005
Abstract: To describe different patterns of overweight status between ages 5 and 14 y and examine the role of modifiable family and early life characteristics in explaining different patterns of change between these two ages. A population-based prospective birth cohort. A total of 2934 children (52% males) who were participants in the Mater-University study of pregnancy, Brisbane, and who were examined at ages 5 and 14 y. Four patterns of change in overweight/obesity status between ages 5 and 14 y: (i) normal at both ages (ii) normal at 5 y and overweight/obese at 14 y (iii) overweight/obese at 5 y and normal at 14 y (iv) overweight/obese at both ages. Of the 2934 participants, 2018 (68.8%) had a normal body mass index (BMI) at ages 5 and 14 y, 425 (14.5%) changed from a normal BMI at age 5 y to overweight or obese at age 14 y, 175 (6.0%) changed from being overweight or obese at age 5 y to normal weight at age 14 y and 316 (10.8%) were overweight or obese at both ages 5 and 14 y. Girls were more likely to make the transition from overweight or obese at age 5 y to normal at 14 y than their boy counterparts. Children whose parents were overweight or obese were more likely to change from having a normal BMI at age 5 y to being overweight at 14 y (fully adjusted RR: 6.17 (95% CI: 3.97, 9.59)) and were more likely to be overweight at both ages (7.44 (95% CI: 4.60, 12.02)). Birth weight and increase in weight over the first 6 months of life were both positively associated with being overweight at both ages. Other explanatory factors were not associated with the different overweight status transitions. Parental overweight status is an important determinant of whether a child is overweight at either stage or changes from being not overweight at 5 y to becoming so at 14 y.
A prospective longitudinal study of social, psychological and obstetric factors in pregnancy: response rates and demographic characteristics of the 8556 respondents
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1989
DOI: 10.1111/J.1471-0528.1989.TB02388.X
Abstract: This paper introduces the Mater Misericordiae Mothers' Hospital-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a prospective study of 8556 pregnant women interviewed at their first clinic visit, and subsequently interviewed some days after the birth of the baby and again 6 months later. Additional data were derived from the medical record of the pregnancy and delivery. The study was designed to assess the impact of social, psychological and obstetric factors on pregnancy outcome. We present here details of the study design, s ling, response rates and demographic characteristics of the s le.
Preschool children perceived by mothers as irregular eaters: Physical and psychosocial predictors from a birth cohort study
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2008
The weekly associations between climatic factors and Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China, 2005–2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2017
Abstract: Meteorological factors play a crucial role in malaria transmission, but limited evidence is available from China. This study aimed to estimate the weekly associations between meteorological factors and Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China. The Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model was used to examine non-linearity and delayed effects of average temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine hours, wind speed and atmospheric pressure on malaria. Average temperature was associated with P. vivax and P. falciparum cases over long ranges of lags. The effect was more immediate on P. vivax (0-6 weeks) than on P. falciparum (1-9 weeks). Relative humidity was associated with P. vivax and P. falciparum over 8-10 weeks and 5-8 weeks lag, respectively. A significant effect of wind speed on P. vivax was observed at 0-2 weeks lag, but no association was found with P. falciparum. Rainfall had a decreasing effect on P. vivax, but no association was found with P. falciparum. Sunshine hours were negatively associated with P. falciparum, but the association was unclear for P. vixax. However, the effects of atmospheric pressure on both malaria types were not significant at any lag. Our study highlights a substantial effect of weekly climatic factors on P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria transmission in China, with different lags. This provides an evidence base for health authorities in developing a malaria early-warning system.
Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-07-2021
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0008824
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 × 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0·71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50·2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5 × 5-km location. The formidable scale of data collection required to map onchocerciasis endemicity across the African continent presents an opportunity to use spatial data to identify areas likely to be suitable for onchocerciasis transmission. National onchocerciasis elimination programmes may wish to consider prioritising these IUs for mapping surveys as human resources, laboratory capacity, and programmatic schedules may constrain survey implementation, and possibly delaying MDA initiation in areas that would ultimately qualify.
Young adult problem behaviour outcomes of adolescent bullying
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 16-05-2011
DOI: 10.1108/17596591111132936
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to report on the association between bullying victimisation and various internalizing and externalizing behaviours including anxiety and depression, somatic problems, withdrawn behaviour, aggressive and delinquent behaviour. Data for this research come from the Mater‐University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy and its Outcomes (MUSP) a prospective cohort study of mothers and their children which began in Brisbane in 1981, assessing the impact of experiences of being bullied at 14 years of age and YASR outcomes at 21 years of age. Brisbane is the capital city of the State of Queensland, Australia. The site for the research was the Brisbane Mater Misericordiae Mothers' Hospital (MMH), which is one of the two major obstetric units in Brisbane. In effect all pregnant women attending a publicly‐funded obstetrical service over a three‐year period were recruited to the study (about 50 percent of women attend public obstetrical services in Queensland). The authors find that: first, there is no association between the experience of being bullied and young adult anxiety and depression, as well as some other outcomes (withdrawn, intrusive behaviour) second, for both males and females, there are increased rates of attention problems for those children who have been bullied and third, males and females respond somewhat differently to being bullied, with males reporting more aggressive behaviour and females reporting more somatic problems. Overall, the findings suggest that the likely impact of being bullied may not be widespread across mental health domains, and that the impact may differ somewhat depending upon whether the person bullied is a male or female.
Diabetes and cancer I: risk, survival, and implications for screening
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-05-2012
Long-term increase in sunscreen use in an Australian community after a skin cancer prevention trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2005.10.007
Abstract: Given the public health burden of skin cancer in white populations, an increase in sun protective behavior is needed. In a high-risk community, we assessed long-term sunscreen use among people who had participated in a randomized trial of daily sunscreen application for prevention of skin cancer. In 1992, 1621 residents of the subtropical Australian township of Nambour were randomly allocated to either daily or discretionary sunscreen use until 1996. From 1997 to 2002, we monitored by questionnaires their ongoing sunscreen use. People who had never or irregularly used sunscreen when in summer sun before the trial were more likely (P < 0.0001) to be sustaining regular application especially to their face (20% vs. 11%) and forearms (14% vs. 5%) if they had been allocated to daily, not discretionary, use of sunscreen for 5 years. Regular voluntary sunscreen use for skin cancer prevention can be sustained by sun-sensitive people in the long term. Habit formation appears to be an important goal for sun protection programs among those living, or on vacation, in sunny places.
A controlled clinical trial on the cardiovascular effects of single doses of pseudoephedrine in hypertensive patients.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1989
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2125.1989.TB05441.X
Abstract: Twenty hypertensive patients received single oral doses of pseudoephedrine 60 mg or placebo in a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial. Systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were measured at 5 min intervals for 30 min prior to and 210 min after the administration of pseudoephedrine or placebo. Statistically significant differences between the two treatments were observed with changes in systolic blood pressure (P less than 0.03) and heart rate (P less than 0.01) but not in diastolic (P greater than 0.03) and mean arterial blood pressure (P greater than 0.1). Minor differences in the number of reported side effects between the two treatments were not statistically significant.
Epidemiologic Features of Schistosoma Japonicum among Fishermen and other Occupational Groups in the Dongting Lake Region (Hunan Province) of China
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 09-1997
DOI: 10.4269/AJTMH.1997.57.302
Abstract: In this study we examined 1,909 in iduals (53% males and 47% females) to determine the current status of Schistosoma japonicum among the people in five fishing villages situated on two islands (large, Qingshan island small, Niangashan island) in the Dongting Lake region in Hunan Province, the People's Republic of China. The results of this study indicate that the overall prevalence for schistosomiasis on the two islands is 16%. Two distinct peaks in prevalence (29%) were observed at 25-35 years of age and again at 45-55 years of age for both the large and small islands. On the small island the overall prevalence (24%) varied significantly (P < 0.01) from the large island (15%). Fishermen had the highest prevalence (22.4%) among all the occupational groups examined but students produced the highest worm intensity (geometric mean = 69 eggs per gram [epg] of feces). There was a significant difference (P 401 epg) with S. japonicum, the distribution pattern was similar for each of the five villages. The majority (76-88%) of the population remains uninfected. Lightly infected in iduals had the highest prevalence (7-12%) followed by moderately infected in iduals (1-9%). Only a very small percentage of the population was heavily infected (0-2%). Hepatomegaly along the midsternal line (MSL > or = 3) was commonly seen in both uninfected (21%) and infected in iduals (1939%). Subjects heavily infected with S. japonicum reported significantly higher (P < 0.05) cases of liver enlargement when compared with those uninfected. The reported cases of abdominal pain for both uninfected (9%) and infected in iduals (4-19%) was relatively high. Lightly and moderately infected in iduals reported significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) more episodes of abdominal pain than those uninfected. The occurrence of diarrhea was low (5%) for uninfected in iduals but this clinical feature was significantly (P < 0.01) more prevalent in both the lightly and heavily infected categories (8-17%).
A prospective study of measured body size and height and risk of keratinocyte cancers and melanoma
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2015.12.006
Abstract: The potential influence of measured body weight and height on keratinocyte skin cancer risk has scarcely been studied. Some evidence indicates melanoma risk increases as self-reported height increases, but an association with body mass index (BMI) is less certain. We measured body weight and height of 1171 Australian men and women in a community-based skin cancer study in Queensland and prospectively examined the association of BMI, body surface area (BSA) and height and incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma while accounting for skin phenotype, sun exposure, clinical/cutaneous signs of chronic photodamage and other risk factors. During 16 years of follow-up, 334 and 188 participants newly developed BCC and SCC, respectively 28 participants were diagnosed with primary melanoma. BMI and BSA were unrelated to skin cancer incidence. After full adjustment, height was significantly associated with SCC development in men (relative risk (RR)=1.66 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.11-2.48, for ≥175cm vs ≤171cm, Ptrend=0.017), and BCC in women (Ptrend=0.043). Melanoma in men, was similarly positively associated with height (RR per 5cm increment=1.55 95%CI 0.97-2.47, P=0.067) though not significantly. This study shows that after adjusting for sun exposure tall stature may be a risk factor for the most common types of skin cancer BCC, SCC, and melanoma, while body mass and surface area appear unrelated to risk.
Epidemiological identification of Chinese individuals putatively susceptible or insusceptible to Schistosoma japonicum: a prelude to immunogenetic study of human resistance to Asian schistosomiasis
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-1998
Abstract: An epidemiological method, field-tested in Hunan, China, to identify residents potentially susceptible or insusceptible to endemic schistosomiasis japonica is described, as a prelude to selection of subjects for immunogenetic studies. After an initial cross-sectional survey on two islands (Qingshan and Niangashan--population 2990) in 1995-1996, an informative cohort (N = 249) was selected for treatment and 9-month follow-up to measure exposure and re-infection. Both the population prevalence (15.8%) and the geometric mean intensity of infection (26.2 eggs/g faces) indicated that the islands were moderately endemic for schistosomiasis. Exposure measurements revealed a strong, positive, linear association (r = 0.70) between daily activity diaries and direct water-contact observation. In iduals identified as stool-positive for schistosomiasis had significantly more water contact than those who were egg-negative (P = 0.03). Almost all (93%) of the cohort had ultrasonographic evidence of periportal fibrosis before treatment but in only 1.2% was this fibrosis scored > 1 in terms of the stages identified by the World Health Organization. At the follow-up it was possible to classify the 249 subjects into three, distinct, exposure-infection epidemiological groups. The first group (N = 20) was susceptible to re-infection and constituted 8% of the cohort. The second group (N = 61) was apparently insusceptible to re-infection despite the continuing high levels of exposure and included 24% of the cohort. The other 68% of the cohort (N = 168) remained uninfected but were at most only moderately exposed, or had a status indeterminate due to non-compliance. This epidemiological identification of susceptibles and insusceptibles for schistosomiasis japonica' links field and ongoing laboratory studies aimed at characterising the genetic and immunological factors associated with resistance to re-infection and/or disease.
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy Predicts Adult Offspring Cardiovascular Risk Factors – Evidence from a Community-Based Large Birth Cohort Study
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 19-07-2012
Screening in early childhood for risk of later mental health problems: A longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
Risk factors for infection with soil-transmitted helminths during an integrated community level water, sanitation, and hygiene and deworming intervention in Timor-Leste
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2018.12.006
Abstract: Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions have been advocated as important complements to deworming programs to improve soil-transmitted helminth control. Evidence for the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene on soil-transmitted helminth infections is mixed, and based mainly on cross-sectional studies. In this study, we assessed associations between in idual- and household-level water, sanitation and hygiene variables and soil-transmitted helminth infections, using data collected during the 2 year follow-up study period of the WASH for WORMS randomised controlled trial in Timor-Leste. Data were collected across four surveys, conducted at 6 monthly intervals in 23 communities. We analysed water, sanitation and hygiene and sociodemographic variables as risk factors for infection with Necator americanus, Ascaris spp., and undifferentiated soil-transmitted helminth infection, using generalised linear mixed models to account for clustering at community, household and participant levels. Water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors were examined both concurrently and with a 6 month lag period that coincided with the most recent deworming. The analysis included 2333 participants. Factors associated with N. americanus infection included age group, male sex (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-4.2), working as a farmer (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4), and completing secondary school or higher (aOR 0.29, 95% CI 0.16-0.53). Risk factors for Ascaris spp. infection included age group, living in a dwelling with more than six people (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3), having a tube well or borehole as the household water source (aOR 3.7, 95% CI 1.3-10.8), and using a latrine shared between households 6 months previously (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.3). Handwashing before eating was protective against infection with any soil-transmitted helminth (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.95). In the context of regular deworming, few water, sanitation and hygiene-related factors were associated with soil-transmitted helminth infections. Future research examining the role of water, sanitation and hygiene in soil-transmitted helminth transmission is required, particularly in low transmission settings after cessation of deworming. Identifying improved indicators for measuring water, sanitation and hygiene behaviours is also a key priority.
Spatial clustering and socio-demographic determinants of HIV infection in Ethiopia, 2015–2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJID.2019.02.046
Abstract: Amhara Region has the largest at-risk population in Ethiopia, with widespread traditional practices that are likely to increase transmission of HIV. However, the identification and characterization of HIV hotspots within this region have not been undertaken. This study aimed to explore and describe the geographical pattern of HIV infection using notification data in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Data on HIV infection at the district level were obtained from the Amhara Regional Health Bureau. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive (CAR) model was used to explore the association between HIV infection and socio-demographic variables in OpenBUGS. A total of 35 210 new HIV cases were reported during 2015-2017 in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Metema and Mirab Armacho districts were found to be hotspots throughout the study period. There was a decrease in HIV infection in 2016 (odds ratio 0.77, 95% credible interval (CrI) 0.72-0.82) and 2017 (odds ratio 0.71, 95% CrI 0.60-0.76) as compared with HIV infection in 2015. HIV infection increased by 1.004 (95% CrI 1.001-1.008) and 1.47 (95% CrI 1.11-3.59) for a one-unit increase in the proportion of the population who had never attended school and migrants, respectively. This study identified spatial clustering of HIV infection in Amhara Region, with a slight reduction in the annual infection rates from 2015 to 2017. The proportion of the population who were migrants or who had a low educational status was associated with a high risk of infection. Access to HIV counselling and the promotion of condom utilization, integrated with other health care services, targeting those with a lower level of education and seasonal migrants, are important strategies for the prevention of new HIV infections.
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in Chinese schoolchildren by administration of a questionnaire
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90997-X
Abstract: This paper describes a rapid, simple, cost-effective questionnaire for screening school-aged children at risk for Asian schistosomiasis in China. Five hundred and thirty-two children, aged 8-14 years, were selected from 3 schools in an area moderately endemic for Schistosoma japonicum in Hunan province. The questionnaire, comprising 15 multiple-choice questions, was administered by teachers in order to collect both ethnographic and epidemiological data relevant to current S. japonicum infections. This was followed by Kato-Katz thick smear stool examinations, miracidium hatching tests, and soluble egg antigen-enzyme linked immunosorbent assays in order to validate the efficacy of the questionnaire approach. The results from a combination of all 3 procedures indicated that the overall schistosomiasis prevalence in the 3 schools was 29.9% (138/472). Six risk factors (episodes of diarrhoea, frequency of water contact, school grade attained, weakness, past history of S. japonicum infection(s), and whether a subject had been previously treated for schistosomiasis) in the questionnaire were determined by logistic regression to be highly statistically significant predictors of in idual current infection. The sensitivity (93.7%), specificity (91.9%) and low cost (c. US$ 0.6/true positive case) associated with the 6 variables model make the questionnaire approach a very useful diagnostic tool for screening marshland and lake communities at high risk for schistosomiasis in China before selective treatment with praziquantel or diagnostic follow-up. An even simpler 3 variables 'yes/no' model was derived from the questionnaire and found to be nearly as good at predicting in idual infection (sensitivity 86.2% and specificity exceeding 97.6%) and extremely simple to use. If validated in other ecological settings in China the questionnaire, modified or as presented here, could be adopted by the national schistosomiasis control programme.
A novel duplex ddPCR assay for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica: proof of concept in an experimental mouse model
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-03-2017
DOI: 10.1017/S003118201700021X
Abstract: The current World Health Organization strategic plan targets the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2025 and accurate diagnostics will play a pivotal role in achieving this goal. DNA-based detection methods provide a viable alternative to some of the commonly used tests, notably microscopy and serology, for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. The detection of parasite cell-free DNA in different clinical s les is a recent valuable advance, which provides significant benefits for accurate disease diagnosis. Here we validated a novel duplex droplet digital PCR assay for the diagnosis of Chinese (SjC) and Philippine (SjP) strains of Schistosoma japonicum infection in a mouse model. The assay proved applicable for both SjC and SjP infections and capable of detecting infection at a very early intra-mammalian stage in conveniently obtainable s les (urine and saliva) as well as in serum and feces. The target DNA copy numbers obtained in the assay showed a positive correlation with the infection burden assessed by direct traditional parasitology. The potential to detect parasite DNA in urine and saliva has important practical implications for large-scale epidemiological screening programmes in the future, particularly in terms of logistical convenience, and the assay has the potential to be a valuable additional tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.
Vaccine trial as probe to define the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia disease
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2005
Physicians' experiences with end-of-life decision-making: survey in 6 European countries and Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-02-2008
Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: Prospects and Challenges for the 21st Century
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 04-2001
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.2.270-295.2001
Abstract: Schistosomiasis japonica is a serious communicable disease and a major disease risk for more than 30 million people living in the tropical and subtropical zones of China. Infection remains a major public health concern despite 45 years of intensive control efforts. It is estimated that 865,000 people and 100,250 bovines are today infected in the provinces where the disease is endemic, and its transmission continues. Unlike the other schistosome species known to infect humans, the oriental schistosome, Schistosoma japonicum, is a true zoonotic organism, with a range of mammalian reservoirs, making control efforts extremely difficult. Clinical features of schistosomiasis range from fever, headache, and lethargy to severe fibro-obstructive pathology leading to portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatosplenomegaly, which can cause premature death. Infected children are stunted and have cognitive defects impairing memory and learning ability. Current control programs are heavily based on community chemotherapy with a single dose of the drug praziquantel, but vaccines (for use in bovines and humans) in combination with other control strategies are needed to make elimination of the disease possible. In this article, we provide an overview of the biology, epidemiology, clinical features, and prospects for control of oriental schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China.
Bilharzia in the Philippines: past, present, and future
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJID.2013.09.011
Abstract: Schistosomiasis japonica has a long history in the Philippines. In 1975, 24 endemic provinces were identified in the northern, central, and southern islands of the Philippines. More than five million people were at risk, with approximately one million infected. In 2003, new foci of infection were found in two provinces in the north and central areas. For the past 30 years, human mass drug administration (MDA), utilizing the drug praziquantel, has been the mainstay of control in the country. Recent studies have shown that the schistosomiasis prevalence ranges from 1% to 50% within different endemic zones. Severe end-organ morbidity is still present in many endemic areas, particularly in remote villages with poor treatment coverage. Moreover, subtle morbidities such as growth retardation, malnutrition, anemia, and poor cognitive function in infected children persist. There is now strong evidence that large mammals (e.g. water buffaloes, cattle) contribute significantly to disease transmission, complicating control efforts. Given the zoonotic nature of schistosomiasis in the Philippines, it is evident that the incidence, prevalence, and morbidity of the disease will not be controlled by MDA alone. There is a need for innovative cost-effective strategies to control schistosomiasis in the long term.
Increasing socioeconomic inequalities in male cirrhosis of the liver mortality: Australia 1981-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2007
DOI: 10.1080/09595230701247699
Abstract: Liver cirrhosis mortality is an indicator of harms associated with high levels of alcohol consumption. There is good evidence that changes in political and economic systems can lead to changing patterns of liver cirrhosis mortality. Socioeconomic inequalities in liver cirrhosis mortality have been periodically reported but there are few studies of changes in socioeconomic inequalities in liver cirrhosis mortality over time. This paper examines changes in socioeconomic inequalities in liver cirrhosis mortality in Australia for the period 1981 - 2002. Age standardised, liver cirrhosis mortality rates were calculated for occupational groupings for Australia 1981 - 2002. Occupations were grouped into non-manual and manual categories, and there was imputation for missing data. Despite decreasing overall liver cirrhosis mortality rates over time, liver cirrhosis mortality continues to account for about 3% of all deaths. Manual workers have consistently experienced liver cirrhosis mortality rates which are twice or more the rate experienced by non-manual workers. These inequalities appear to have increased in recent years and currently appear to be at historic highs (manual workers have mortality rates of about 2.5 times those of non-manual workers). Increasing socioeconomic inequalities in liver cirrhosis mortality in Australia suggest that lower SES groups have, over time, increased their level of harmful alcohol consumption relative to middle and higher SES groups. It is suggested that this might be attributed to a relative improvement in the affordability of alcohol over time.
Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence in Current and Prior Relationships
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 14-09-2017
Abstract: Although much available research indicates that intimate partner violence (IPV) is male perpetrated, growing recent evidence suggests a gender symmetry model of family violence. This article examines gender differences in IPV in current and prior relationships reported by young adults. Data comprised 2,060 young adults (62.1% females) who participated in the 30-year follow-up of the Mater Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) in Brisbane, Australia. The Composite Abuse Scale was used to measure IPV during the last 12 months in the respondents’ most recent relationship. Similar proportions of males and females reported leaving their prior relationships. Both males and females who were not currently in a relationship reported experiencing much higher rates of IPV than those who were in a relationship. There were no differences in the past experience of IPV between males and females who were not currently in a relationship, but males in a current relationship reported they experienced most forms of IPV more often than did females. IPV typically involves both male and female perpetrators and victims. It does appear that the majority of relationships involving higher rates of IPV were dissolved. IPV was more likely to have occurred in relationships that ended than in relationships that persisted. Males more often remain in an abusive relationship and report experiencing higher rates of IPV in their current relationships compared with females.
Droplet Digital PCR Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis: Parasite Cell-Free DNA Detection in Diverse Clinical Samples
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 27-09-2017
Abstract: Schistosomiasis japonica remains a major public health and socioeconomic concern in Southeast Asia. Sensitive and accurate diagnostics can play a pivotal role in achieving disease elimination goals. We previously reported a novel droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay targeting the mitochondrial gene nad1 to diagnose schistosomiasis japonica. The tool identified both prepatent and patent infections using Schistosoma japonicum DNA isolated from serum, urine, salivary glands, and feces in a murine model. The assay was validated here using clinical s les collected from 412 subjects resident in an area moderately endemic for schistosomiasis in the Philippines. S. japonicum DNA present in human stool, serum, urine, and saliva was detected quantitatively with high sensitivity. The capability to diagnose cases of human schistosomiasis using noninvasively collected clinical s les, the higher level of sensitivity obtained compared with the microscopy-based Kato-Katz test, and the capacity to quantify infection intensity have important public health implications for schistosomiasis control and programs targeting other neglected tropical diseases. This verified ddPCR method represents a valuable new tool for the diagnosis and surveillance of schistosomiasis, particularly in low-prevalence and low-intensity areas approaching elimination and in monitoring where disease emergence or re-emergence is a concern.
Health status of Thai migrants in Brisbane: Findings from a cross-sectional investigation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
Association of bullying with adolescent health‐related quality of life
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2003
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.2003.00184.X
Abstract: To examine the relationship between being bullied and health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in adolescence. Subjects were a cohort of 805 adolescents with a mean age of 13.6 years (standard deviation 0.2 years). An adolescent questionnaire elicited the frequency of being bullied. HR-QOL was measured using the Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Report Form (CHQ-PF50) and Dartmouth COOP Functional Health Assessment Charts for Adolescents. Thirty-six per cent of boys and 38 per cent of girls reported being bullied at least weekly. Adolescent psychosocial HR-QOL was inversely related to frequency of being bullied, while physical HR-QOL was not related. Peer bullying is an important determinant of adolescent HR-QOL with a negative impact on psychosocial well-being.
Longitudinal association between physical activity engagement during adolescence and mental health outcomes in young adults: A 21-year birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPSYCHIRES.2017.06.013
Abstract: Previous studies provide mixed evidence that physical activity engagement (PAE) in adolescence is associated with later mental health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the association between PAE at age 14 and mental health outcomes at age 21 using a large birth cohort study. Prospective data from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, consisting of 3493 young adults, were analyzed. PAE at age 14 was estimated using self-report, and participants were categorized into (1) frequent, (2) infrequent, or (3) no PAE group. Mental health outcomes at age 21 consisted of (1) common mental disorders, (2) psychosis-related outcomes, and, (3) emotional and behavioral problems. The association between PAE in adolescence and later mental health outcomes in young adulthood was examined using logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and adolescent psychopathology. No PAE at age 14 was associated with the increased likelihood of lifetime diagnosis of any affective disorder, elevated delusional ideation, and endorsement of visual perceptual disturbance at age 21. Conversely, infrequent PAE at age 14 was associated with the decreased likelihood of subsequent lifetime diagnosis of any substance use disorder. Our findings suggest that lack of PAE in adolescence influences some, but not all, later mental health outcomes. Interventions to increase PAE in adolescence may represent an opportunity to prevent future mental health problems.
Acute Impact of Hourly Ambient Air Pollution on Preterm Birth
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1289/EHP200
Did socio-ecological factors drive the spatiotemporal patterns of pandemic influenza A (H1N1)?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2012.03.010
Abstract: Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) has a significant public health impact. This study aimed to examine the effect of socio-ecological factors on the transmission of H1N1 in Brisbane, Australia. We obtained data from Queensland Health on numbers of laboratory-confirmed daily H1N1 in Brisbane by statistical local areas (SLA) in 2009. Data on weather and socio-economic index were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the Australian Bureau of Statistics, respectively. A Bayesian spatial conditional autoregressive (CAR) model was used to quantify the relationship between variation of H1N1 and independent factors and to determine its spatiotemporal patterns. Our results show that average increase in weekly H1N1 cases were 45.04% (95% credible interval (CrI): 42.63-47.43%) and 23.20% (95% CrI: 16.10-32.67%), for a 1 °C decrease in average weekly maximum temperature at a lag of one week and a 10mm decrease in average weekly rainfall at a lag of one week, respectively. An interactive effect between temperature and rainfall on H1N1 incidence was found (changes: 0.71% 95% CrI: 0.48-0.98%). The auto-regression term was significantly associated with H1N1 transmission (changes: 2.5% 95% CrI: 1.39-3.72). No significant association between socio-economic indexes for areas (SEIFA) and H1N1 was observed at SLA level. Our results demonstrate that average weekly temperature at lag of one week and rainfall at lag of one week were substantially associated with H1N1 incidence at a SLA level. The ecological factors seemed to have played an important role in H1N1 transmission cycles in Brisbane, Australia.
A Follow‐Up Study of Patients with Alcohol‐Related Brain Damage in the Community
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1988
The association between the longitudinal course of common mental disorders and subsequent physical activity status in young adults: A 30-year birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPSYCHIRES.2018.12.003
Abstract: Low physical activity is a major public health concern. There has been extensive research examining the role of physical activity as a potentially modifiable risk factor for the onset of mental illness. However, fewer studies have reported how mental disorders affect future physical activity. Using data from a large birth cohort, the current study explored the association between the longitudinal course of common mental disorders (affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders, as well as any common mental disorder) and subsequent physical activity status among young adults living in Australia. Prospective data from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, consisting of 1611 young adults, were analyzed. The longitudinal course of mental disorder diagnoses between ages 21 and 30 was derived from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Physical activity status at age 30 was estimated using International Physical Activity Questionnaire long form. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between the longitudinal course of common mental disorders between 21 and 30 years and subsequent physical activity status at age 30. After adjusting for confounding factors, there was no association between the longitudinal course of affective disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, or any common mental disorder at ages 21 and 30 and physical activity status at age 30. Our findings suggest that there is no longitudinal association between the common mental disorder diagnoses and physical activity status among young adults living in Australia.
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Prediction of outcome of preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1993.TB00461.X
Abstract: Forty-four preterm infants of less than 30 weeks gestation and birthweight < or = 1250 g, with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring mechanical ventilation for at least 28 days, were reviewed. Twenty-seven infants (61%) survived 17 died. There were no significant differences between survivors and non-survivors with respect to birthweight, gestational age, sex, Apgar score at 5 min or pulmonary diagnosis. Non-survivors displayed more severe changes on chest X-ray than the survivors. Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), ventilator rate (VR), ventilator index and mean airways pressure were significantly higher in the non-surviving infants on days 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28, with non-survivors also having significantly higher alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients and lower arterial-alveolar oxygen ratios than the survivors. Discriminant analysis with cross-validation by pairing PIP and VR on day 28 produced a positive predictive value for non-survival of 88% and a negative predictive value of 89%. This result was better than was obtained for any other pair of ventilator parameter or oxygenation index. Discriminant analysis by combining X-ray appearances with ventilator settings did not improve the prediction. Having established a statistical model based on the PIP and VR of ventilator-dependent preterm infants on day 28, the outcome can be predicted with a high degree of confidence. This has the immediate potential application of indicating to staff in the neonatal unit a realistic approach to take when counselling parents of these infants.
Knee pain during the first three months after unilateral total knee arthroplasty: A multi-centre prospective cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.ARTH.2013.02.029
Abstract: Many patients have an unfavourable pain outcome post total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This multi-centre prospective cohort study recorded weekly pain scores one week before TKA and 12 weeks post TKA. 96 patients were enrolled into the study. Patients kept a record of their weekly scores pre-operation and post-operation by using the visual acuity score. Pain was ided into "best" pain score (lowest pain score) and "worst" pain score (highest pain score). Patients with a pre-operative pain scores ≤ 4 were identified as an at risk group for poor pain outcome. Female gender, age and anaesthetics type were not identified as risk factors for poor pain outcome. Pain trajectory analysis also identified general patterns of pain response post TKA.
Spatial analysis of notified dengue fever infections
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 15-04-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268810000713
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the spatial clustering and dynamic dispersion of dengue incidence in Queensland, Australia. We used Moran's I statistic to assess the spatial autocorrelation of reported dengue cases. Spatial empirical Bayes smoothing estimates were used to display the spatial distribution of dengue in postal areas throughout Queensland. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) maps and logistic regression models were used to identify spatial clusters and examine the spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of dengue. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of dengue was clustered during each of the three periods of 1993–1996, 1997–2000 and 2001–2004. The high-incidence clusters of dengue were primarily concentrated in the north of Queensland and low-incidence clusters occurred in the south-east of Queensland. The study concludes that the geographical range of notified dengue cases has significantly expanded in Queensland over recent years.
Ambient temperature and emergency department visits: Time-series analysis in 12 Chinese cities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2017.02.010
Abstract: The association between ambient temperature and mortality has been well documented worldwide. However, limited data are available on nonfatal health outcomes, such as emergency department visits (EDVs), particularly from China. To examine the temperature-EDV association in 12 Chinese cities and to assess the modification effects by region, gender and age. Daily meteorological data and non-accidental EDVs were collected during 2011-2014. Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear model was applied to examine the temperature-lag-EDV association in each city. The effect estimates were pooled using multivariate meta-analysis at the national and regional level. Stratified analyses were performed by gender and age-groups. Sensitivity analyses adjusting for air pollution and relative humidity were conducted. A total of 4,443,127 EDVs were collected from the 12 cities. Both cold and hot temperatures were associated with increased risk of EDVs, with minimum-mortality temperature located at 64th percentile of temperature. The effect of cold temperature appeared on day 2 and persisted until day 30, causing a cumulative relative risk (RR) of 1.80 (1.54, 2.11). The effect of hot temperature appeared immediately and lasted until day 3, with a cumulative RR of 1.15 (1.03, 1.29). The effect of temperature on EDVs was similar in male and female but was attenuated with increasing age. The effect of cold temperature on EDVs was greater in southern areas of the country whereas the hot effect was greater in northern cities. The association was robust to a large range of sensitivity analyses. In China, there is a U-shaped association between temperature and risk of EDVs that is independent of air pollution and humidity. The temperature-EDV association varies with latitude and age-groups but is not affected by gender. Forecasting models for hospital emergency departments may be improved if temperature is included as an independent predictor.
Timing and Chronicity of Family Poverty and Development of Unhealthy Behaviors in Children: A Longitudinal Study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2009.12.001
Abstract: To examine the impact of the timing and duration of family experiences of poverty over the child/adolescent early life course on child aggressive/delinquent behavior and tobacco and alcohol consumption. Data were taken from a large scale population based birth cohort study with repeated follow-ups until 21 years after the birth. Poverty was measured during the pregnancy, 6 months, 5 years, and 14 years after the birth. Aggressive/delinquent behavior was measured at 14- and 21-year follow-ups. Tobacco and alcohol consumption were measured at the 21-year follow-up. In multivariate analysis, family poverty experienced at the 14-year follow-up predicted persistent aggressive/delinquent behavior as well as smoking and higher levels of alcohol consumption at the 21-year follow-up. However, the strongest associations were for recurrent experiences of family poverty, with the group that experienced repeated poverty (3-4 times) being more than twice more likely to be aggressive/delinquent at both 14 and 21 years, and to drink more than one glass of alcohol per day at 21 years. Repeated experiences of poverty in early childhood and adolescence are strongly associated with a number of negative health-related behavior outcomes. Experience of poverty in the early adolescence seems to be the most sensitive period for such exposure.
Hospital and community surveys reveal the severe public health problem and socio‐economic impact of human echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3156.2006.01633.X
Abstract: A comprehensive study of human echinococcosis (caused by Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis), including assessment of hospital records, community surveys and patient follow-up, was conducted in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), China. In contrast to hospital records that showed 96% of echinococcosis cases were caused by cystic echinococcosis (CE), 56% of cases detected in active community surveys were caused by alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The AE and CE cases co-existed frequently in the same village, even occurring in the same patient. A serious public health problem caused by echinococcosis was evident in southern NHAR, typified by: a long diagnostic history for both AE and CE (7.5 years) compared with a shorter treatment history (4.7 years) a significant mortality rate (39%) caused by AE in one surveyed village, where patients had no previous access to treatment family aggregation of CE and AE cases a high proportion of both AE (62.5%) and CE (58%) in females a high rate of recurrent surgery (30%) for CE demonstrated by surgical records and frequent symptomatic recurrences (51%) because of discontinuous or sporadic access to chemotherapy for AE. The disease burden for both human AE and CE is thus very severe among these rural communities in NHAR, and this study provides the first attempt to determine the costs of morbidity and surgical intervention of human CE and AE cases both at the hospital and community level in this setting. This information may be useful for assessing the cost effectiveness of designing effective public health programs to control echinococcosis in this and other endemic areas in China and elsewhere.
Depression following marital problems: different impacts on mothers and their children? A 21-year prospective study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-06-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S00127-010-0253-8
Abstract: With increased rates of marital breakdown it is important to identify the long-term mental health outcomes of marital problems and marital change for mothers and their children. Of particular interest is the possibility that mothers may benefit from leaving a relationship, but their children may not. This study examines the effects of marital quality and marital change on symptoms of depression in mothers and their children over 21 years. Data (3,512 mothers and 3,334 children) were from Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a population-based birth cohort study, which commenced in Brisbane, Australia, in 1981. Mothers and children were followed up at birth, 6 months and 5, 14 and 21 years after the initial interview. Marital status and marital quality were assessed at 5 and 14 years. Symptoms of depression were assessed in mothers and children at the 21-year follow-up. A poor-quality marital relationship at the 14-year follow-up was associated with increased symptoms of depression in both mothers (+3.3 symptoms) and children (+1.1 symptoms) 7 years later. Symptoms of depression in the mother improved if she changed to unpartnered status (-1.31 symptoms) however, children experienced an increase in depression (+1.30 symptoms). There was a substantial increase in mothers' depression (+3.9 symptoms) associated with a poor reconstructed relationship but no change for children (0.68). Marital transitions may improve symptoms of depression in the mothers but not in their children. Clinical decisions for families living in some difficult marital relationships need to take into account the association between maternal and child mental health particularly evidence from clinical s les that remission of depression in the mother improves outcomes for the child.
Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality in tropical Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
Abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is most common during the rainy season in a number of low- to middle-income tropical settings, a pattern driven by seasonal changes in climate and nutrition. We investigated the seasonality of RSV in the high-income tropical setting of North Queensland, Australia. We used RSV hospital admissions data from Cairns and Townsville to assess the seasonality of RSV. We examined the seasonal scale associations between selected meteorological exposures and RSV admissions using cross-correlation of weekly data. In both Cairns and Townsville, RSV admissions were highest in the latter half of the rainy season. In Cairns, RSV admissions were most strongly correlated with rainfall four weeks previously. In Townsville, RSV admissions were most strongly correlated with rainfall six weeks previously. The seasonality of RSV in the tropical setting of North Queensland appears to be driven by seasonal variations in rainfall. Further research is needed to assess the impact of climate on RSV incidence in the tropics.
Socio‐economic Status and pregnancy outcome. An Australian study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-0009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1471-0528.1989.TB02389.X
Abstract: A prospective cohort of 8556 pregnant women attending the Mater Misericordiae Mothers' Hospital in Brisbane was examined to consider the impact of socio-economic status on pregnancy outcome. The indicators of socio-economic status selected were family income, maternal education and paternal occupational status. Pregnancy outcomes considered were preterm delivery, low birthweight, low birthweight for gestational age, and perinatal death. Subsidiary analyses were also undertaken for Apgar scores, time to establish respiration, need for mechanical respiration and admission to intensive care. Before adjustment, the main consistent association was between the occupational status of the father and three measures of perinatal morbidity. Initial adjustment for the mother's socio-demographic background and weight/height ratio reduced the strength and statistical significance of the above associations, while further adjustment for lifestyle variations between the three status groups further reduced the above associations to marginal statistical significance. The findings suggest that observed class differences in pregnancy outcome are attributable to the mother's personal characteristics (height/weight, parity) and her lifestyle.
Echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northwest China
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.TRSTMH.2008.01.007
Abstract: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), due to E. multilocularis, are endemic to large areas of north and northwest China. Here we review features of a severe focus of AE and CE in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), northwest China. We describe for NHAR the results of surveys of hospital surgical and clinical records, including treatment of AE and CE, and active community detection of asymptomatic/early-stage cases and patient follow-up using questionnaire analysis, ultrasound examinations and serology. We compare the key risk factors for both AE and CE in this setting with those reported from other areas. In addition, we document the socio-economic factors impacting on treatment and control of AE and CE. This update indicates that echinococcosis continues to be highly endemic in NHAR and exemplifies the serious public health problem that the disease presents, particularly in poor rural areas. Extensive community surveys of echinococcosis are required throughout northwest China, especially in rural communities. These will enable earlier detection of echinococcosis cases, thereby improving treatment outcomes, and reveal the true epidemiological picture regarding the disease in this region, with a view to developing and implementing new strategies for future control.
The Association of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy with Weight Gain over the Subsequent 21 Years: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 14-06-2007
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWM099
Abstract: Obesity is an important risk factor for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, but most cases of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy occur in women of normal weight. There may be predisposing factors to both hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and obesity. To test this hypothesis, the authors compared changes in body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) over time in women with and without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. They used data from 3,572 women who received antenatal care at a major public hospital in Brisbane, Australia, between 1981 and 1984 and who were followed up for 21 years. A total of 318 women (8.9%) had experienced hypertensive disorders in the index pregnancy, and 233 of them (73.3%) had a baseline body mass index of or=5 kg/m2 were 59% greater for women who experienced hypertensive disorders of pregnancy compared with those who did not (odds ratio=1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.24, 2.04). The authors concluded that hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with increased weight gain over 21 years.
Reactogenicity and tolerability of a non-adjuvanted 11-valent diphtheria-tetanus toxoid pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Filipino children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2008.10.026
Abstract: In a phase three randomized, double-blind, saline-placebo controlled study conducted in Bohol, Philippines, we assessed the reactogenicity of an 11-valent PCV (11PCV) when given simultaneously with EPI vaccines at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age in a subset of 252 and 126 children who were followed-up by passive and active surveillance, respectively. In passive surveillance (parents' observation), redness was observed in 14.4% vs. 11.8%, swelling in 8% vs. 3.9%, induration in 13.6% vs. 8.6%, and pain in 54.4% vs. 47.2% of 11PCV and placebo infants, respectively, after the first dose of the vaccine. Redness at injection site was significantly more common with 11PCV than placebo infants after the third dose (13.6% vs. 3.2%, p=0.005). Crying (53.6% vs. 48%), irritability (48% vs. 46.4%), and fever (22.4% vs. 19.6%) were commonly observed in 11PCV and placebo infants, respectively, after the first dose. Loss of appetite was significantly more common among 11PCV (12%) than placebo (4.7%) infants but only after the first dose of the vaccine (P=0.04). The number of reactions decreased in both groups with subsequent doses. The non-adjuvanted 11PCV vaccine was found to be well-tolerated among Filipino infants.
Erratum: Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including community-associated methicillin-resistant strains, in Queensland adults (Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2009) vol. 15 (149-155))
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
Association between Gestational Weight Gain and Postpartum Diabetes: Evidence from a Community Based Large Cohort Study
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 11-12-2013
Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in the Lakes and Marshlands of China
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 30-12-2008
Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) in Type 2 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-11-2016
Abstract: The Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) was designed to measure care congruent with several elements of the chronic care model (CCM), including self-management support and delivery system design. However, support for the a priori 5-subscale structure of the PACIC in previous research has been conflicting. Thus, we aim to investigate psychometric characteristics of the PACIC including the content and stability of its construct over time. A population-based prospective cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes was conducted in Queensland, Australia, from 2008 ( N = 3,761) to 2010 ( N = 3,040). Participants completed annually the 20-item PACIC as well as measures of providers’ adherence to guideline-recommended self-management support activities. We used exploratory factor analysis to determine its factor structure and examined internal consistency as well as agreement between the PACIC at baseline with repeated measurements at follow-up after 1 and 2 years. We also determined a criterion-related validity using multinomial logistic regression to explore PACIC’s association with providers’ self-management support. A one-factor structure was deemed optimal according to our findings. High internal consistency and moderate agreement within the scales over time were observed. Higher PACIC scores predicted better providers’ self-management support. In conclusion, the PACIC is a reliable, valid, and reproducible instrument for assessment of diabetes care, and we recommend its promotion and use as a single scale rather than subscales as originally proposed.
Performance Analysis of Uplink NOMA Systems with Hardware Impairments and Delay Constraints over Composite Fading Channels
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 07-2021
Projecting future temperature-related mortality in three largest Australian cities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2015.09.041
Abstract: We estimated net annual temperature-related mortality in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne in Australia using 62 global climate model projections under three IPPC SRES CO2 emission scenarios (A2, A1B and B1). In all cities, all scenarios resulted in increases in summer temperature-related deaths for future decades, and decreases in winter temperature-related deaths. However, Brisbane and Sydney will increase the net annual temperature-related deaths in the future, while a slight decrease will happen in Melbourne. Additionally, temperature-related mortality will largely increase beyond the summer (including January, February, March, November and December) in Brisbane and Sydney, while temperature-related mortality will largely decrease beyond the winter in Melbourne. In conclusion, temperature increases for Australia are expected to result in a decreased burden of cold-related mortality and an increased burden of heat-related mortality, but the balance of these differences varied by city. In particular, the seasonal patterns in temperature-related deaths will be shifted.
Faecal egg aggregation in humans infected with Schistosoma japonicum in China1The distribution of parasite helminth infections among hosts are typically aggregated, where aggregation is defined as the
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00022-9
Abstract: In this study we examine the variation in Schistosoma japonicum egg counts caused by differences in worm loads between in iduals and the variability of egg counts within in iduals with a given worm load. Six villages were selected from an area moderately endemic for Asian schistosomiasis in the Dongting Lake region (Hunan province), China. From a total population of 3451 in iduals (53.8% male x = 31 years), 163 subjects were identified as consistently stool egg-positive based on three successive positive Kato-Katz (KK) smears (41.67 mg/smear) obtained from one stool specimen. The distribution of eggs among in iduals was found to be strongly aggregated (k = 0.27), but the distribution within the three smears was found to be only slightly aggregated (k = 2.59), indicating only minor clustering of eggs in stools. The relatively slight clustering of eggs within stool specimens suggests that a single KK smear may be quite adequate for detecting in iduals moderately to heavily infected (> 100 eggs/g stool (epg)), as needed for a strategy of morbidity control. However, for estimating the true prevalence of infection in a community, or for obtaining an accurate estimate of egg excretion for research studies, multiple KK smears are warranted.
Associations of excess weight gain during pregnancy with long-term maternal overweight and obesity: evidence from 21 y postpartum follow-up
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2010
Abstract: The contribution of gestational weight gain (GWG) to the development of obesity may have important implications for mothers in their later lives. However, whether GWG is a strong predictor of body mass index (BMI) 2 decades after the index pregnancy is unknown. We examined the long-term effect of GWG by using a community-based birth cohort study. We followed a subs le of 2055 women from an original cohort of 7223 women who gave birth in Brisbane, Australia, between 1981 and 1983. Multivariable regression and multinomial regression were used to examine the independent associations of GWG per gestational week and Institute of Medicine (IOM) categories of combined prepregnancy BMI and GWG with BMI and its categories 21 y after the index pregnancy. In analyses using GWG per week as a continuous exposure variable, maternal BMI (in kg/m(2)) increased, on average, by 0.52 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.73) for a 0.1-kg/wk greater GWG. This association became stronger when adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI. Analyses with IOM categories showed a greater postnatal increase in BMI for women defined as having excessive GWG (3.72, on average 95% CI: 3.12, 4.31) than for women with adequate GWG. The women who gained excess weight during pregnancy had increased odds of being overweight [odds ratio (OR): 2.15 95% CI: 1.64, 2.82] or obese (OR: 4.49 95% CI 3.42, 5.89) 21 y after the index pregnancy. These associations were independent of other potential factors. Weight gain during pregnancy independently predicts the long-term weight gain and obesity of women.
Determining the Impact of a School-Based Health Education Package for Prevention of Intestinal Worm Infections in the Philippines: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Intervention Trial
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 25-06-2020
DOI: 10.2196/18419
Abstract: Repeated mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelminthics to at-risk populations is still the main strategy for the control of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. However, MDA, as a stand-alone intervention, does not prevent reinfection. Accordingly, complementary measures to prevent STH reinfection, such as health education and improved sanitation, as part of an integrated control approach, are required to augment the effectiveness of MDA for optimal efficiency and sustainability. The aim of this study is to determine the impact and generalizability of a school-based health education package entitled The Magic Glasses for STH prevention in the Philippines. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled intervention trial, involving 2020 schoolchildren aged 9-10 years, in 40 schools in Laguna Province, Philippines, to evaluate the impact of the school-based health education package for the prevention of STHs. The trial was conducted over the course of 1 year (June 2016 to July 2017). A total of 20 schools were randomly assigned to the intervention arm, in which The Magic Glasses Philippines health education package was delivered with the standard health education activities endorsed by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH) and the Department of Education (DepEd). The other 20 schools comprised the control arm of the study, where the DOH/DepEd’s standard health education activities were done. At baseline, parasitological assessments and a knowledge, attitude, and practice survey were carried out in all schools. In addition, height, weight, and hemoglobin levels were obtained from each child (after parental consent), and their school attendance and academic performance in English and mathematics were accessed from the school records. The baseline and 2 follow-up surveys were completed using the same study measurements and quality-control assessments. Key results from this cluster randomized intervention trial will shed light on the impact that The Magic Glasses health education package will have against STH infections in schoolchildren in the province of Laguna, located on the Island of Luzon, in the Calabarzon Region of the Philippines. The results of the trial will be used to assess the generalizability of the impact of The Magic Glasses health education package in different epidemiological and cultural settings, providing evidence for translation of this health education package into public health policy and practice in the Asian region and beyond. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number ACTRN12616000508471 www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=368849 DERR1-10.2196/18419
Child developmental delay and socio-economic disadvantage in Australia: A longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(92)90252-L
Abstract: Socio-economic inequalities in adult and child health in Australia have been an issue of national concern. While a large body of data has discussed adult health, there have been relatively few Australian reports of socio-economic inequalities in child health. This occurs in a context where there have been increases in the proportion of Australian children living in poverty and where there has been an increased interest in child developmental delay as an indicator of child health status. This paper reports the result of a longitudinal study of pregnancy outcomes and one indicator of child health, namely child developmental delay. Three indicators of socio-economic status (chronic socio-economic disadvantage, mother's education, family income) were used to predict child developmental delays observed some 5 1/2 years after the study commenced. Mothers who had the lowest socio-economic status (using any of the indicators) had substantially higher rates of children manifesting developmental delays.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of combined praziquantel and artemether treatment for acute schistosomiasis japonica in China
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 10-2008
Abstract: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining artemether (AM) and praziquantel (PZQ) in different regimens for treating acute schistosomiasis japonica. We undertook a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial within four specialized schistosomiasis hospitals in the Dongting Lake region, Hunan province, China, between May 2003 and December 2005. Study participants were randomized into one of four treatment regimes: group A received 60 mg/kg PZQ + 6 mg/kg AM group B received 60 mg/kg PZQ + AM placebo group C received 120 mg/kg PZQ + 6 mg/kg AM and group D received 120 mg/kg PZQ + AM placebo. All participants were followed up over a 45-day period. The primary endpoint of the trial was human infection status (determined by positive stool examination). Secondary endpoints involved clinical observations and blood biochemistry, including monitoring haemoglobin and alanine aminotransferase levels over time. Treatment efficacies of the four different treatment regimens were 98.0%, 96.4%, 97.7% and 95.7% for group A, B, C, and D respectively (P > 0.05). The group B had a greater treatment efficacy (96.4%) than the group D (95.7%) (P > 0.05). Group A treatment was better for clearance of fever (P < 0.05) and resulted in a shorter hospitalization time (P < 0.05). This is the first report of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for evaluating combined chemotherapy with AM and two different dosages (60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg) of PZQ in the treatment of acute schistosomiasis japonica in China. The combination of AM and PZQ chemotherapy did not improve treatment efficacy compared with PZQ alone. PZQ given as a dosage of 60 mg/kg (1 day, 3 x 20 mg/kg doses at 4-5 hour intervals) may be as effective as a dosage of 120 mg/kg (6 days, 20 mg/kg for each day split into 3 doses at 4-5 hour intervals).
Attributable risks of emergency hospital visits due to air pollutants in China: A multi-city study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2017.05.026
Abstract: Air pollution is associated with risks of mortality in China, but the evidence is still limited for morbidity. This study aims to examine overall effects of ambient air pollutants on emergency hospital visits (EHVs) at the national level in China and calculate corresponding attributable risks. We collected daily data for EHVs from 33 largest hospitals in China between Oct 2013 and Dec 2014, as well as daily measurements of particulate matter (PM
Positive Maternal Attitude to the Family Eating Together Decreases the Risk of Adolescent Overweight
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2005
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2005.172
Abstract: To determine whether maternal attitude towards the family regularly eating together and maternal report of how often the family eat together are associated with adolescent offspring overweight. A cross-sectional mother-child-linked analysis was carried out using 14-year follow-up data from a population-based prospective birth cohort of 3795 children (52% males) who were participants in the Mater-University study of pregnancy, Brisbane, Australia. Maternal reports on family eating pattern reported at age 14 were used. The prevalence of overweight at age 14 was 24.1% (95% confidence interval (CI), 22.3, 26.1) for males and 27.1% (CI, 25.1, 29.2) for females. The majority of mothers (78%) reported that the family ate together at least once a day, but only 43% reported that they felt that family eating together was important. The offspring of women who felt that the family eating together was not important had increased odds of being overweight at age 14 (odds ratio, 1.27 95% CI, 1.05, 1.53) in age- and sex-adjusted models. Adjustment for potential confounding factors had no substantive effect on the association. There was no association between maternal reports of how often the family actually did eat together and overweight at age 14 in the offspring. These findings suggest that maternal attitude towards family eating patterns, but not maternal report of how often the family do eat together, are associated with childhood overweight status. Maternal attitude towards family eating (as opposed to a report of actual frequency at one time-point) may reflect broader maternal influences (beyond family eating pattern) on their child's diet and eating patterns over a long time course.
Total laparoscopic versus open surgery for stage 1 endometrial cancer: The LACE randomized controlled trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CCT.2006.03.004
Abstract: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in Australia and the US. Current standard treatment involves open surgery to remove the uterus, and both tubes and ovaries (TAH). The Laparoscopic Approach to Cancer of the Endometrium (LACE) trial was designed to assess equivalence of performing this in a total laparoscopic approach (TLH). Patient recruitment was designed to proceed along two stages to accommodate for a potential increase in patient requests of laparoscopic surgery. During the first stage, patients are randomised in a 2:1 allocation to receive TLH or TAH, with the primary endpoint quality of life (QoL) at 6 month post-surgery, requiring 180 patients to be enrolled to have 80% power at alpha=0.05 to detect a clinically significant difference of 8 points on the Functional Assessment of Cancer General (FACT-G) QoL instrument. If additional recruitment of patients seems impossible after accrual of 180 patients, this cohort will be followed for 4 years, and disease free survival (DFS) of patients treated by TLH will be compared to DFS within the endometrial cancer population. During the second stage, recruitment will be extended to a total of 590 patients in a 1:1 TLH:TAH allocation, to assess the equivalence with respect to DFS with 80% power and alpha=0.05. Equivalence will be assumed if the difference in DFS does not exceed 7% at 4 years. Secondary outcomes include treatment related morbidity costs and cost-effectiveness patterns of recurrence and overall survival. All data from this multicentre study will be entered using online electronic case report forms (e-CRF), allowing real time assessment of data completeness and patient follow-up. The LACE trial will establish the equivalence of a TLH approach for patients with stage 1 endometrial cancer following a two stage protocol to accommodate potential threats to patient recruitment through requests for laparoscopic surgery.
The prevalence and determinants of solar keratoses at a subtropical latitude (Queensland, Australia)
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-1998
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2133.1998.02560.X
Abstract: We report the association between skin pigmentation and in idual sun exposure, and the occurrence of solar keratoses (SKs) in an unselected population, quantified for the first time. SKs were examined in a representative s le of 197 residents of the community of Nambour in Queensland, Australia. Estimates of sun exposure were combined with a measure of ultraviolet (UV) flux to estimate actual UV exposure, both occupational and recreational, during childhood and adult life. The number of episodes of painful sunburn was used as a measure of intermittent, intense UV exposure. Eight-three participants (43%) had at least one SK, while 35 (18%) had more than 10 SKs diagnosed. The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the development of SKs were higher in in iduals with fair (OR = 14.1) or medium skin (OR = 6.5), compared with olive-skinned in iduals. In iduals with poor ability to develop a suntan were similarly at increased risk compared with others. High levels of occupational UV exposure during adult life were confirmed as being strongly associated with prevalent SKs (OR = 2.4 for heavy/maximal adult exposure), with an even stronger association seen in those in iduals with multiple SKs (OR = 4.3 for maximal adult exposure). Although no clear association was demonstrated between SK prevalence and accumulated childhood sun exposure, a history of even one episode of sunburn in childhood was strongly associated with SK prevalence (peak OR of 5.9 for one sunburn).
Malnutrition: a risk factor for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection and hospitalization
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2014
Seasonal abundance of Anopheles farauti (Diptera: Culicidae) sibling species in far north Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-37.1.153
Abstract: In the Cairns area of far north Queensland, Australia, the seasonal abundance of Anopheles farauti Laveran sibling species was studied at 6 locations, representing 3 habitat types, between August 1995 and September 1997. A total of 45,401 An. farauti s.l. was collected using CO2 + octenol baited CDC light traps, and consisted of 29,565 An. farauti No. 2, 14,214 An. farauti No. 3, and 1,622 An. farauti s.s. The relative abundance of all 3 species differed significantly by season and location. An. farauti No.2 was the dominant species except in Cairns, where An. farauti s.s. was most abundant, and at Ninds Creek, where An. farauti No. 3 predominated. The dominant species at each location was present year round, although peaks in seasonal abundance were observed. An. farauti s.s. populations were highest during the wet season (January-April). In lowland freshwater sw habitats and 1 brackish location, An. farauti No. 2 was more abundant during the wet season. However, at the highland freshwater sw habitat, populations of An. farauti No. 2 were highest during the late dry season and early wet season (October-December). There was a significant positive correlation of both temperature and rainfall with An. farauti s.s. and An. farauti No. 2 trap collections. There was a negative correlation between An. farauti No. 3 and temperature, indicating that this species may be more abundant during cool weather. Although there were significant relationships among weather variables and An. farauti s.l. collections, correlation values were generally low, indicating that other factors may contribute to variability among An. farauti sibling species trap collections.
A cluster randomized controlled cross-over bed net acceptability and preference trial in Solomon Islands: community participation in shaping policy for malaria elimination
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2009
Surgical programme at Royal Alexandra Hospital, Sydney, for Papua New Guinea children with congenital heart disease, 1978–1994
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2002
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.2002.00757.X
Abstract: To report the history of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children (RAHC) Papua New Guinea (PNG) cardiac surgical programme and describe the selection, preoperative clinical features and postoperative outcome of children with congenital heart disease managed by the programme. Details for each of the PNG cardiac patients admitted to RAHC following selection by visiting cardiologists between 1978 and 1994 were entered into a database, and analysed and interpreted. A congenital heart defect was confirmed in 165 of the 170 children selected. The male to female ratio was 1:1 and the mean age on admission to RAHC was 5.5 years. Almost all of the children for whom data were available (98%) had a weight for age and 41% had a height for age less than the 3rd centile. One-sixth had delayed milestones. A large number were tachypnoeic, in heart failure, or had pulmonary hypertension on admission. Ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot were the commonest defects, and lesions such as aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta and transposition of the great arteries were absent or rare. Thirty-one (19%) of the children selected initially did not receive surgery because of pulmonary hypertension, or because the lesions did not fall within the programme guidelines for operation. One hundred and twenty-nine children had corrective and four had palliative procedures. Half of the operated children had postoperative complications. Eight children died, all following open-heart procedures, giving a case fatality rate of 6%. Preoperative tachypnoea, hepatomegaly, cardiac failure and pulmonary hypertension were strongly associated with poor outcome. The programme was an arduous exercise for all organizations concerned, but achieved comparatively good short-term outcomes. The experience gained should assist in planning for similar programmes.
Point: Sunscreen Use Is a Safe and Effective Approach to Skin Cancer Prevention
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 10-2007
Population characteristics, health and social issues among Filipinas in Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2001
Risk of human helminthiases: geospatial distribution and targeted control
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJID.2016.12.013
Abstract: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2012 among 22 rural barangays in Northern Samar, the Philippines in order to determine the prevalence of single and multiple species helminth infections, their geospatial distribution and underlying risk factors. A total of 10,434 in iduals who had completed both a medical questionnaire and a stool examination were included in the analysis. Barangay specific prevalence rates were displayed in ArcMap. The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection was found to be the highest at 62.4%, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and S. japonicum with the prevalence rates of 40.2%, 31.32%, and 27.1%, respectively. 52.7% of people were infected with at least two parasites and 4.8% with all four parasites. Males aged 10-19 years were the most vulnerable to coinfection infection. Students, fishermen, farmers and housewives were the most vulnerable occupations for co-infection of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Considerable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution was observed for the different parasite species. There was a considerably higher risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infection in villages with no schistosomiasis infection (P<0.0001) regardless of MDA treatment. A better understanding of the geospatial distribution of multi-parasitism will guide future integrated strategies leading to elimination.
Defined Engineered Human Myocardium With Advanced Maturation for Applications in Heart Failure Modeling and Repair
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-05-2017
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024145
Abstract: Advancing structural and functional maturation of stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes remains a key challenge for applications in disease modeling, drug screening, and heart repair. Here, we sought to advance cardiomyocyte maturation in engineered human myocardium (EHM) toward an adult phenotype under defined conditions. We systematically investigated cell composition, matrix, and media conditions to generate EHM from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts with organotypic functionality under serum-free conditions. We used morphological, functional, and transcriptome analyses to benchmark maturation of EHM. EHM demonstrated important structural and functional properties of postnatal myocardium, including: (1) rod-shaped cardiomyocytes with M bands assembled as a functional syncytium (2) systolic twitch forces at a similar level as observed in bona fide postnatal myocardium (3) a positive force-frequency response (4) inotropic responses to β-adrenergic stimulation mediated via canonical β 1 - and β 2 -adrenoceptor signaling pathways and (5) evidence for advanced molecular maturation by transcriptome profiling. EHM responded to chronic catecholamine toxicity with contractile dysfunction, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte death, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide release all are classical hallmarks of heart failure. In addition, we demonstrate the scalability of EHM according to anticipated clinical demands for cardiac repair. We provide proof-of-concept for a universally applicable technology for the engineering of macroscale human myocardium for disease modeling and heart repair from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes under defined, serum-free conditions.
The heritability of delusional‐like experiences
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-08-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0447.2012.01905.X
Abstract: Delusional-like experiences (DLE) are common in the general community and are associated with a family history of mental illness. The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability of DLE. The Peter's Delusional Inventory (PDI) was administered to a population-based cohort of mothers (n = 2861, aged 35-67 years) and their adult offspring (n = 3079, aged 18-23 years). Heritability of DLE was estimated from the sum scores of the 21 item PDI under the assumption that the covariance between mother-offspring scores is attributable to shared additive genetic factors. The means (medians and standard deviations) for the total PDI scores for the mothers and their offspring were 3.6 (3.0, 3.0) and 5.0 (4.0, 3.5), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient between mother and offspring PDI scores was 0.17 (P < 0.001). The heritability was estimated to be 0.35 (standard error 0.04). Heritable factors contribute to over a third of the variance of PDI scores in this population. In light of the association between a family history of a wide range of mental disorders and DLE, these experiences may represent a useful quantitative endophenotype for genetic studies of common mental disorders in population settings.
Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2022
A national cross-sectional study of exposure to outdoor nitrogen dioxide and aeroallergen sensitization in Australian children aged 7–11 years
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Temperature Variability and Mortality: A Multi-Country Study
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1289/EHP149
Breastfeeding is protective to diabetes risk in young adults: a longitudinal study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-12-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00592-014-0690-Z
Abstract: It is unclear whether any breastfeeding or a certain duration of breastfeeding is protective against the development of diabetes in adult offspring. We followed a sub-s le of 3,595 offspring born in the Mater Hospital in Brisbane, Australia between 1981 and 1983 and for whom we had doctor diagnosed self-reported diabetes at age 21 years and maternal reported duration of breastfeeding at 6-month post-natal follow-up. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the independent associations of duration of breastfeeding (never breastfeed, breastfed <4 months and breastfed ≥4 months) with offspring diabetes by age 21 years. Of 3,595 young adults, 45 (1.25 %) developed diabetes by age 21 years. The odds ratio of experiencing diabetes was 0.58 (95 % CI 0.29, 1.16) for offspring who were breastfed <4 months, and it was 0.29 (95 % CI 0.13, 0.63), for offspring who were breastfed at least 4 months compared to the never breastfed offspring. Adjusting for potential confounding and mediating factors including maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking, offspring sports, TV and their BMI at 21 years did not substantially alter this association. Findings of this study suggest that infants who are breastfed for longer than 4 months have a substantial protective effect against the development of diabetes in young adulthood, which is independent of current BMI. Promoting breastfeeding for a minimum of 4 months may be a useful strategy for the prevention of diabetes among young adults.
Poor Growth and Pneumonia Seasonality in Infants in the Philippines: Cohort and Time Series Studies
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-06-2013
Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Long-term intermittent multiple micronutrient supplementation enhances hemoglobin and micronutrient status more than iron + folic acid supplementation in bangladeshi rural adolescent girls with nutritional anemia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Abstract: Previous short-term supplementation studies showed no additional hematologic benefit of multiple micronutrients (MMN) compared with iron + folic acid (IFA) in adolescent girls. This study examines whether long-term once- or twice-weekly supplementation of MMN can improve hemoglobin (Hb) and micronutrient status more than twice-weekly IFA supplementation in anemic adolescent girls in Bangladesh. Anemic girls (n = 324) aged 11-17 y attending rural schools were given once- or twice-weekly MMN or twice-weekly IFA, containing 60 mg iron/dose in both supplements, for 52 wk in a randomized double-blind trial. Blood s les were collected at baseline and 26 and 52 wk. Intent to treat analysis showed no significant difference in the Hb concentration between treatments at either 26 or 52 wk. However, after excluding girls with hemoglobinopathy and adjustment for baseline Hb, a greater increase in Hb was observed with twice-weekly MMN at 26 wk (P = 0.045). Although all 3 treatments effectively reduced iron deficiency, once-weekly MMN produced significantly lower serum ferritin concentrations than the other treatments at both 26 and 52 wk. Both once- and twice-weekly MMN significantly improved riboflavin, vitamin A, and vitamin C status compared with IFA. Overall, once-weekly MMN was less efficacious than twice-weekly MMN in improving iron, riboflavin, RBC folic acid, and vitamin A levels. Micronutrient supplementation beyond 26 wk was likely important in sustaining improved micronutrient status. These findings highlight the potential usefulness of MMN intervention in this population and have implications for programming.
Associations of Gestational Weight Gain With Offspring Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure at 21 Years of Age
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-04-2009
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.813436
Abstract: Background— Maternal weight gain in pregnancy is positively associated with offspring body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk in childhood, but whether this increased risk extends into adulthood or results in increases in other cardiovascular risk factors such as elevated blood pressure (BP) is unclear. Methods and Results— We used a population-based birth cohort of 2432 in iduals (50% male) born in Brisbane, Australia, between 1981 and 1983 to prospectively examine the association between maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring BMI and BP at 21 years. On average, each mother gained 14.8 kg (SD, 5.1 kg) during her pregnancy. At 21 years of age, offspring mean BMI, systolic BP, and diastolic BP were 24.2 kg/m 2 (SD, 4.9 kg/m 2 ), 116.4 mm Hg (SD, 14.5 mm Hg), and 67.7 mm Hg (SD, 8.5 mm Hg), respectively. Offspring BMI was on average 0.3 kg/m 2 (95% confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.4 kg/m 2 ) higher for each 0.1-kg/wk greater GWG after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Systolic BP also was greater (0.2 mm Hg per 0.1 kg 95% confidence interval, −0.2 to 0.6) in offspring whose mothers had higher GWG. Although this association was not statistically significant, it was consistent in magnitude with the association of maternal GWG with offspring BMI and of offspring BMI with BP. Conclusions— Our findings show that greater GWG is associated with greater offspring BMI into early adulthood and that this may translate into higher systolic BP in offspring. Further large studies are required to confirm an effect of GWG on a range of offspring cardiovascular risk factors.
High Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciola gigantica in Bovines from Northern Samar, the Philippines
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-02-2015
Beliefs and Practices of Patients with Advanced Cancer: Implications for Communication
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-06-2004
Item ordering of personal disturbance scale (DSSI/sAD) in a longitudinal study; using Mokken scale analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
The generational transmission of socioeconomic inequalities in child cognitive development and emotional health
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00286-7
Abstract: Socioeconomic inequalities in the health of adults have been largely attributed to lifestyle inequalities. The cognitive development (CD) and emotional health (EH) of the child provides a basis for many of the health-related behaviours which are observed in adulthood. There has been relatively little attention paid to the way CD and EH are transmitted in the foetal and childhood periods, even though these provide a foundation for subsequent socioeconomic inequalities in adult health. The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) is a large, prospective, pre-birth cohort study which enrolled 8556 pregnant women at their first clinic visit over the period 1981-1983. These mothers (and their children) have been followed up at intervals until 14 years after the birth. The socioeconomic status of the child was measured using maternal age, family income, and marital status and the grandfathers' occupational status. Measures of child CD and child EH were obtained at 5 and 14 years of age. Child smoking at 14 years of age was also determined. Family income was related to all measures of child CD and EH and smoking, independently of all other indicators of the socioeconomic status of the child. In addition, the grandfathers' occupational status was independently related to child CD (at 5 and 14 years of age). Children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families (previous generations' socioeconomic status as well as current socioeconomic status) begin their lives with a poorer platform of health and a reduced capacity to benefit from the economic and social advances experienced by the rest of society.
Seasonality and temperature effects on fasting plasma glucose: A population-based longitudinal study in China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABET.2016.01.002
Abstract: To examine the seasonality and effects of temperature on levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG). We collected health data from the Kailuan cohort study. FPG, blood pressure and in idual information including age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, drinking habit, physical activities, income, work type, education level, and history of diabetes, were collected for each participant. Daily weather conditions were collected during the study period of 2006-2011. A total of 49,417 participants who had three times of health examination were included to the analyses. Generalized additive mixed models were used to examine the effects of temperature and seasonality on FPG levels, while controlling for potential confounders. FPG level was higher in winter and spring than that in autumn and summer. For all participants, the FPG winter level increased 0.31mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.28-0.33mmol/L] in comparison with autumn. The association between temperature and FPG levels was U-shaped. For all participants, the change in FPG levels associated with extreme cold temperature (-6.7°C), moderate cold temperature (2.4°C), moderate hot temperature (23.7°C), and with extreme hot temperature (28.1°C), in comparison with threshold (18.1°C) were 0.12mmol/L (95% CI: 0.10-0.14mmol/L), 0.10 (95% CI: 0.09-0.12mmol/L), 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04-0.08mmol/L), and 0.12mmol/L (95% CI: 0.08-0.16mmol/L), respectively. The findings suggest that there may be strong relationships between FPG levels and season and ambient temperature. In particular, there were higher FPG levels in the winter and at extreme cold and hot temperatures.
Medical education and law: withholding/withdrawing treatment from adults without capacity
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1111/IMJ.12759
Abstract: Law is increasingly involved in clinical practice, particularly at the end of life, but undergraduate and postgraduate education in this area remains unsystematic. We hypothesised that attitudes to and knowledge of the law governing withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from adults without capacity (the WWLST law) would vary and demonstrate deficiencies among medical specialists. We investigated perspectives, knowledge and training of medical specialists in the three largest (populations and medical workforces) Australian states, concerning the WWLST law. Following expert legal review, specialist focus groups, pre-testing and piloting in each state, seven specialties involved with end-of-life care were surveyed, with a variety of statistical analyses applied to the responses. Respondents supported the need to know and follow the law. There were mixed views about its helpfulness in medical decision-making. Over half the respondents conceded poor knowledge of the law this was mirrored by critical gaps in knowledge that varied by specialty. There were relatively low but increasing rates of education from the undergraduate to continuing professional development (CPD) stages. Mean knowledge score did not vary significantly according to undergraduate or immediate postgraduate training, but CPD training, particularly if recent, resulted in greater knowledge. Case-based workshops were the preferred CPD instruction method. Teaching of current and evolving law should be strengthened across all stages of medical education. This should improve understanding of the role of law, ameliorate ambivalence towards the law and contribute to more informed deliberation about end-of-life issues with patients and families.
The effect of breastfeeding on child development at 5 years: A cohort study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-10-2001
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.2001.00702.X
Abstract: It is uncertain to what degree the relationship between breastfeeding and later cognitive development is a true biological effect, or is confounded by psychosocial factors. The study aim was to further investigate this relationship and the effect of duration of breast feeding on cognitive development. A total of 3880 children were followed from birth. Breastfeeding duration was measured by questionnaire at 6 months of age and a Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Revised (PPVT-R) was administered at 5 years. PPVT-R scores were adjusted for the effects of a large array of biological and psychosocial confounders. The relationship between breastfeeding and the mean PPVT-R scores were examined using analysis of variance and multiple linear regression. A strong positive relationship was demonstrated between breastfeeding and the PPVT-R scores with increasing scores with increased duration of breastfeeding. After adjusting for a wide range of biological and social factors, the adjusted mean for those breastfed for 6 months or more was 8.2 points higher for females and 5.8 points for males when compared to those never breastfed. These findings suggest a significant benefit to child development is conferred by breastfeeding and is related independently to longer periods of breastfeeding.
Real-time PCR diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum in low transmission areas of China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2018
Estimating the prevalence of Echinococcus in domestic dogs in highly endemic for echinococcosis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2018
Epidemiology of Schistosoma japonicum in China: morbidity and strategies for control in the Dongting Lake region
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00201-5
Abstract: Dongting Lake, covering a very large surface water area of 2691km(2), is located in Hunan Province in the southern part of the People's Republic of China. It is the second-largest freshwater lake in China and plays an important role in regulating the amount of water in the Yangtze River, China's longest river. The annual water level of the lake changes by as much as 15m, rising in summer and falling in winter. Asian schistosomiasis has been endemic in the Dongting Lake region for centuries and it has had a devastating effect on the public health of the local people. After a difficult struggle for more than four decades, a concerted programme, supported by the World Bank Loan and instigated in 1992, has resulted in remarkable progress in the control of the disease in many endemic areas of the region. However, the great challenge remains to consolidate and maintain the achievements made to date. The Schistosoma japonicum intermediate host (Oncomelania hupensis hupensis) snail habitats are huge, estimated at 1768km(2) in 1996 these are increasing at a rate of 34.7km(2) annually due to high silt deposition from the Yangtze River itself and from the connecting rivers in Hunan province, and construction of embankments in the Dongting Lake region. It is anticipated that the construction of the Three Gorges Super Dam, the largest engineering project ever undertaken, will substantially extend the range of the snail habitats and increase the number of new schistosomiasis cases. In many areas, human re-infections with S. japonicum after drug (praziquantel) treatment remain unacceptably high (up to 20% of those treated are re-infected annually) due to occupational (mainly fishing) water contact. This paper reviews the history and the current status of schistosomiasis control in the lake region, it explores the epidemiological factors which influence the prevalence of the infection and the disease it causes, and it provides insight into future approaches to control which might finally eradicate the infection.
Does substantiated childhood maltreatment lead to poor quality of life in young adulthood? Evidence from an Australian birth cohort study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-02-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S11136-017-1517-5
Abstract: To examine the independent effect of single and multiple forms of substantiated childhood maltreatment (CM) on quality of life (QoL), controlling for selected potential confounders and/or covariates, and concurrent depressive symptoms. We used data from a prospective pre-birth cohort of 8556 mothers recruited consecutively during their first antenatal clinic visit at the Mater Hospital from 1981 to 1983 in Brisbane, Australia. The data were linked to substantiated cases of CM reported to the child protection government agency up to the age of 14 years. The s le consisted of 3730 (49.7% female) young adults for whom there were complete data on QoL at the 21-year follow-up. The mean age of participants was 20.6 years. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between CM and QoL measured at the 21-year follow-up. There were statistically significant associations between exposure to substantiated CM and poorer QoL. This also applied to the subcategories of childhood physical abuse, childhood emotional abuse (CEA), and neglect. These associations were generally stable after adjusting for confounders/covariates and concurrent depressive symptoms, except physical abuse. CEA with or without neglect significantly and particularly predicted worse subsequent QoL. Exposure to any substantiated maltreatment substantially contributed to worse QoL in young adulthood, with a particular association with CEA and neglect. Prior experiences of CM may have a substantial association with subsequent poorer QoL.
Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a 21-year birth cohort study
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-07-2008
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291708003760
Abstract: Birth cohort studies have shown that in iduals who develop non-affective psychoses display subtle deviations in behaviour during childhood and adolescence. We had the opportunity to examine the widely used Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR) to explore the antecedents of non-affective psychosis. Based on a birth cohort of 3801 young adults, psychopathology was assessed at years 5 and 14 using the CBCL and/or the YSR. Screen-positive non-affective psychosis (SP-NAP) was assessed at year 21 by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) or a self-report checklist. The association between childhood symptoms and SP-NAP was examined using logistic regression. Of the cohort, 60 subjects were classified as SP-NAP. In males, SP-NAP was associated with higher scores: ( a ) on year 5 CBCL ‘Total’, ‘Aggression’ and ‘Social, Attention and Thought’ scores ( b ) on year 14 CBCL ‘Social’, ‘Attention’ and ‘Delinquency’ scores, and ( c ) YSR ‘Total’ and many YSR subscores. These associations were less clear for females. Hallucinations at year 14 were associated with SP-NAP for both sexes. Boys with high ‘Total’ scores at both years 5 and 14 were at greatest risk of SP-NAP (a 5-fold risk), followed by boys and girls whose ‘Social, Attention and Thought’ scores either increased or remained high from years 5 to 14 (3- to 13-fold risk). In iduals who screen positive for non-affective psychosis show increased psychopathology during childhood and adolescence. The psychopathological trajectory of children who go on to develop schizophrenia anticipates the heterogeneity associated with the full clinical syndrome.
Does temperature modify short-term effects of ozone on total mortality in 60 large eastern US communities? --- An assessment using the NMMAPS data
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2007.10.001
Abstract: Many studies have indicated that ozone is associated with morbidity and mortality. A few studies have reported that the association is heterogeneous across seasons and geographic regions. However, little information is available on whether both temperature and geographic factors simultaneously modify the ozone effect. This study used a Poisson regression model to explore whether temperature modifies the effect of ozone on mortality in the 60 large eastern US communities during April to October, 1987-2000. Results show that temperature modified ozone-mortality associations and that such modification varied across geographic regions. In the northeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with an increase of 2.22% (95% posterior interval [PI]: 1.19%, 3.13%), 3.06% (95% PI: 2.21%, 3.76%) and 6.22% (95% PI: 4.77%, 7.56%) in mortality at low, moderate and high temperature level, respectively, while in the southeast region a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with an increase of 1.13% (95% PI:-1.12%, 3.18%), 1.50% (95% PI: 0.22%, 2.81%) and 1.29% (95% PI:-0.33%, 2.96%) in mortality, respectively. We concluded that temperature synergistically modified the ozone-mortality association in the northeast region, but such a pattern was not apparent in the southeast region. Thus, both temperature and geographic factors should be considered in the assessment of ozone effects.
Alcohol use in the P acific region: Results from the STEP wise approach to surveillance, G lobal S chool‐B ased S tudent H ealth <
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-09-2015
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.12328
Abstract: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for disease and injury in Pacific Island countries and territories (PICT). This paper examines drinking patterns across 20 PICTs. We synthesised published data from the STEPwise approach to surveillance or similar surveys for adults 25-64 years, and from the Global School-Based Student Health surveys and Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) for youth. We examined current and heavy drinking, and for adults also frequency of consumption. Using YRBSS, we studied trends in youth alcohol use in US-affiliated PICTs between 2001 and 2013. Alcohol consumption in adults and youth varied considerably across PICTs. In eight PICT populations, over 60% of male adults were current drinkers. Male adults consumed alcohol more frequently and engaged in heavy drinking more than female adults. Similar gender differences occurred in current and heavy drinking among youth. Across 10 PICTs, current drinking prevalence in males 13-15 years ranged from 10% to over 40%. Declines in alcohol use among grade 9-12 students were observed in YRBSS, although the magnitude differed by island and sex. Alcohol consumption varies widely between PICTs. There are marked gender differences in use and abstention. There is scope in PICTs for implementation of best practice strategies to reduce alcohol-related harm. These need to be gender responsive and cognisant of concerning patterns of youth drinking. Strengthening surveillance of alcohol use and its consequences is vital to inform and monitor the impact of national and regional policies. [Kessaram T, McKenzie J, Girin N, Roth A, Vivili P, Williams G, Hoy D. Alcohol use in the Pacific region: Results from the STEPwise approach to surveillance, Global School-Based Student Health Survey and Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016 :412-423].
Prenatal alcohol exposure and attention, learning and intellectual ability at 14 years: A prospective longitudinal study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.EARLHUMDEV.2006.05.011
Abstract: A range of adverse birth outcomes is associated with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. To examine the effects of moderate levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on children's intellectual ability, learning and attention at 14 years of age. The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy involves a prospective birth cohort of 7223 singletons whose mothers were enrolled at the first antenatal visit. At 14 years, 5139 mothers and adolescents completed attentional and learning questionnaires, and 3731 adolescents completed psychometric assessments. For adolescents, the Wide Range Achievement Test--Revised (WRAT-R) and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Test (Raven's) were administered. Mothers completed the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and adolescents completed the Youth Self Report (YSR). Learning was assessed by a series of questions in the mother and adolescent questionnaires. Maternal measures included the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, and the extent of binge drinking. For consumption of or =1 glasses/day. Exposure in late pregnancy was associated with increased prevalence of overall learning difficulty in the unadjusted, although not the adjusted analysis. Binge drinking was associated with a higher prevalence of Raven's score <85 (1 standard deviation). Although a number of study limitations need to be considered, the results suggest that consumption at the level of <1 drink/day does not lead to adverse outcomes in relation to attention, learning and cognitive abilities, as measured in the current research.
Trajectories and Predictors of Women’s Depression Following the Birth of an Infant to 21 Years: A Longitudinal Study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S10995-014-1589-6
Abstract: Little is known about the long-term mental health of women following the birth of an infant. This study describes the 21 year trajectory of women's depression following the birth of an infant and identifies early predictors of post-birth maternal depression trajectories. The s le comprises 2,991 women from the Mater and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy. Using the Delusions-Symptoms-States-Inventory, depression was measured at 6 months, 5, 14 and 21 years after the birth. These measures were clustered and in addition bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to test for significant association between the groups and a range of maternal socio-demographic, psychological and pregnancy-related factors. Two depression trajectories were produced, a no-low depression group (79.0 %) and a high-escalating depression group (21.0 %). The strongest predictors for a high-escalating depression group were conflict in the partner-relationship (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001) and stress (p < 0.001) in the antenatal period, having many pregnancy symptoms (p < 0.001), being younger (p < 0.001) and having poorer social networks (p < 0.001). To a lesser extent not completing high school (p < 0.05), being unsure about wanting the pregnancy (p < 0.05) and not wanting contact with the infant following the birth (p < 0.05) were also predictors for high-escalating depression trajectory. Our findings suggest a sub-s le of mothers experience persistent depressive symptoms over a 21 year period following the birth of their infant. Partner conflict, inadequate social supports and poor mental health during the pregnancy, rather than factors relating to the birth event, contribute to women's depressive symptoms in the long-term. Given the identification of early markers for persistent depression, there may be opportunities for intervention for at-risk pregnant women.
The medium-to-long-term outcome of Papua New Guinean children after cardiac surgery
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1179/027249304225013321
Abstract: This study reports the medium-to-long-term outcome in Papua New Guinean (PNG) children selected to undergo cardiac surgery at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Sydney, Australia between 1978 and 1994. Follow-up ranged from 4 to 20 (median 11) years. The cohort comprised 125 children who had surgery and 31 who were initially selected in PNG for surgery but who on further investigation were found to be unsuitable. Through strenuous attempts, local health workers, the media and village and church leaders traced 122 (98%) of the operated and 29 (94%) of the non-operated children. One of the operated children and six of the non-operated children had died, giving respective survival rates among those traced of 99% and 79%. Altogether, 106 (88%) of the 121 operated and 20 (87%) of the 23 non-operated survivors were reviewed. Ninety-nine (93%) of the surgical patients were asymptomatic and all fulfilled the New York Heart Association criteria (NYHAC) class I or II. Mild pulmonary hypertension or residual defects of no haemodynamic significance were present in 47 (44%). In contrast, all 11 survivors from the 18 children originally classified as having inoperable lesions were symptomatic, all in NYHAC classes III or IV, six were on cardiac medication and four had been admitted at least once in the previous year. Ninety-two of 96 (96%) of the surgical group had a normal exercise test and 75 of 96 (78%) had normal chest X-rays. Thirty-nine of 99 had a normal electrocardiogram whilst the remainder had changes related to the underlying lesion and the surgery performed. This study shows that the PNG children who had cardiac surgery at RAHC between 1978 and 1994 had good medium-to-long-term survival.
Efficacy of an 11-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Against Radiologically Confirmed Pneumonia Among Children Less Than 2 Years of Age in the Philippines
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2009
Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
How does domestic violence affect women’s mental health?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-01-1999
Abstract: In this paper we compare the mental health of women who reported domestic violence and women who reported no abuse in their lifetime. A longitudinal study was conducted with women, 16 to 74 years (n = 358), who attended the emergency department of a major public hospital in Australia. Our aim was to investigate the nature of symptoms and pattern of mental illness associated with domestic violence. The results of the baseline data reported in this paper showed that women who experienced abuse as adults suffered more ill-effects to their mental health than women who did not experience such abuse also that women who experienced both adult and child abuse suffered more ill-effects than women who experienced abuse either as an adult or child.
Multiplex real-time PCR monitoring of intestinal helminths in humans reveals widespread polyparasitism in Northern Samar, the Philippines
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2015.02.011
Abstract: The global socioeconomic importance of helminth parasitic disease is underpinned by the considerable clinical impact on millions of people. While helminth polyparasitism is considered common in the Philippines, little has been done to survey its extent in endemic communities. High morphological similarity of eggs between related species complicates conventional microscopic diagnostic methods which are known to lack sensitivity, particularly in low intensity infections. Multiplex quantitative PCR diagnostic methods can provide rapid, simultaneous identification of multiple helminth species from a single stool s le. We describe a multiplex assay for the differentiation of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma, Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, building on our previously published findings for Schistosoma japonicum. Of 545 human faecal s les examined, 46.6% were positive for at least three different parasite species. High prevalences of S. japonicum (90.64%), A. lumbricoides (58.17%), T. saginata (42.57%) and A. duodenale (48.07%) were recorded. Neither T. solium nor N. americanus were found to be present. The utility of molecular diagnostic methods for monitoring helminth parasite prevalence provides new information on the extent of polyparasitism in the Philippines municipality of Palapag. These methods and findings have potential global implications for the monitoring of neglected tropical diseases and control measures.
Reply to M.A. Goldenhersh et al.
Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
Date: 20-06-2011
The role of maternal education in the 15‐year trajectory of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in B angladesh
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-02-2015
DOI: 10.1111/MCN.12178
Community perceptions of health, illness and care: Identifying issues for indigenous communities
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-01-1999
Abstract: Community meetings, interviews with key informants, and focus groups were used to document major health concerns and problems among Indigenous women in Queensland, as part of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. In this article, we analyze understandings of "community" as used in Australian health research and among Indigenous women. We then examine health issues as identified and experienced by women and explore the gaps that exist between community concerns, in idual health status, and service delivery.
Clinical signs of photodamage are associated with basal cell carcinoma multiplicity and site: A 16‐year longitudinal study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.25277
Abstract: Although sun exposure is known to be associated with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), it is not known what determines multiple occurrences of BCCs among sporadically affected in iduals or why BCCs develop on uncommonly sun-exposed body sites like the trunk. In a prospective community-based skin cancer study in Queensland, Australia, we studied all participants who experienced a histologically confirmed BCC from 1992 to 2007. Sun exposure history was monitored, and dermatologists documented phenotype at baseline and signs of photodamage over the study period. Anatomic sites of all incident BCCs were recorded. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using logistic regression. Of 401 participants who developed a new BCC during the 16 years of follow-up, 232 (58%) developed more than 1. Male sex (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.5-5.3) and age 60 or over (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.5-11.8) but not skin type were associated with highest BCC counts among those affected. Participants with high numbers of solar keratoses were most likely to experience the highest BCC counts overall (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.4-13.5). Moreover, occurrences of BCC on the trunk (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.4-7.6) and on the limbs (OR = 3.7, 95% CI 2.0-7.0) were strongly associated with high numbers of solar keratoses on these sites, respectively. Among those newly affected by BCC, chronic cutaneous sun damage predicts those who will be affected by more than 1 BCC, while chronic sun damage on the trunk and limbs predicts BCC occurrence on the trunk and limbs, respectively.
WASH for WORMS: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of the Impact of a Community Integrated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene and Deworming Intervention on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 06-03-2019
Two-year impact of praziquantel treatment for Schistosoma japonicum infection in China: re-infection, subclinical disease and fibrosis marker measurements
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90274-8
Abstract: We studied a community cohort of 193 in iduals exposed to endemic Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Dongting Lake region of China to assess subclinical morbidity and the 2-year benefit of curative therapy (praziquantel) administered in 1996. Prevalence and intensity of S. japonicum infection before treatment were 28% and 192 eggs per gram faeces (epg), respectively. Two years after cure, 22% of the cohort were re-infected, but with a lighter intensity (67 epg). Sixty-four subjects (37%) showed significant improvement in ultrasound parenchyma images after treatment and 51 subjects (54%) showed significant improvement of periportal fibrosis. Left-lobe enlargement also reversed (P < 0.05) and splenomegaly reversed in 6 of 8 cases and developed in only 1. Two years post-treatment a dilated portal vein became less frequent, but the decline was not significant (16% vs 11%, P < 0.05). The serum levels of laminin and collagen IV associated with re-infection and intensity and hyaluronic acid levels correlated with ultrasound findings (P < 0.01). Overall, treatment induced a marked decrease in subclinical hepatosplenic morbidity attributable to S. japonicum although low-intensity re-infection after treatment remained relatively frequent. Stratified analysis and logistic models evaluated potential confounding factors for assessment of treatment effects on hepatic fibrosis. S. japonicum infection and moderate-heavy alcohol intake interacted: improvement in parenchymal morbidity was impeded among drinkers (P < 0.05). Chemotherapy focused on at-risk residents controls prevalent subclinical hepatic fibrosis but re-infection indicates the need for complementary control strategies.
Real-time PCR Demonstrates High Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines: Implications for Surveillance and Control
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 21-01-2015
A threshold analysis of dengue transmission in terms of weather variables and imported dengue cases in Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1038/EMI.2013.85
Relationship between childhood short stature and academic achievement in adolescents and young adults – a longitudinal study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2010.01816.X
Abstract: To determine if short stature at 14 or 21 years and patterns of 'catch-up' growth from 5 to 14 or 21 years are related to academic achievement in adolescents. The Mater University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is a longitudinal study of 7223 singleton infants born between 1981 and 1984. Data were available for cross-sectional analyses of 3785 adolescents of whom 2149 were seen as young adults. Longitudinal patterns of growth were examined for 2936 subjects from 5 to 14 years and 1753 subjects from 5 to 21 years. Adolescents or young adults with height <10th centile had a lower mean Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) score in adolescence and at 21 years than those of normal height (2.7 and 3.0 points, respectively) and increased odds of a WRAT score <85 (1.57 and 1.87, respectively) and learning difficulties (1.61 and 1.78, respectively). For growth patterns from 5 to 14 years, adolescents short at 5 years, irrespective of height at 14 years, had a lower mean WRAT score and increased odds of WRAT score <85 and learning difficulties. However, for growth patterns from 5 to 21 years, only the group short at both ages had increased learning difficulties. Youth short at 14 years or at 21 years and those persistently short have an increased prevalence of academic difficulties. Catch-up growth by 21, although not 14 years, was associated with improved outcomes.
The Reliability of Dietary Assessment in Problem Drinkers with Indications of Cross‐National Differences
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1987
Parental occupation and Ewing's sarcoma: Pooled and meta‐analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-05-2005
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.20933
Abstract: Etiologic data on Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) are limited, with only 5 case-control studies reported. Interesting associations, particularly related to parental occupation, have been noted, but results are somewhat inconsistent. We conducted a pooled analysis of 3 case-control studies to assess the overall associations between parental occupation and ESFT. The pooled analysis provided data on parental occupational exposure on 199 cases of ESFT and 1,451 controls. The pooled odds ratio for the periconception and gestation periods were 2.3 (95% CI = 1.3-4.1) for children whose fathers had worked on farms and 3.9 (95% CI = 1.6-9.9) for those whose mothers had farmed. For the periconception and gestation periods, there was a 3.5-fold increased risk for those with both parents having farmed and a doubling of risk for those with at least one parent having farmed pattern of increasing risk with increasing number of years of postnatal parental exposure to farms was seen. No other occupational group (or more narrowly defined occupations) had other than minor inconsistent associations with the occurrence of ESFT. In addition, we conducted a meta-analysis of farm occupation (a main risk factor) including all 4 case-control studies that collected required information to consider parental occupation. Results of the meta-analysis were consistent with those from the pooled analysis. This collaborative analysis of available in idual data on parental occupation and ESFT in the offspring provides evidence supporting the hypothesis of an association between ESFT and parental occupation in farming.
Do cannabis and amphetamine use in adolescence predict adult life success: a longitudinal study
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-02-2022
Influence of motivational and demographic factors on performance in the medical course: a prospective study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1994
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2923.1994.TB02528.X
Abstract: A questionnaire was completed by students entering the University of Queensland (Australia) MB BS course in 1983 and 1984 (n = 399). It contained wide-ranging questions regarding the decision to enter medicine, including how, why and when the decision was reached. Demographic data were also collected. All but two students have now completed their involvement with the course. The most important determinant of qualifying MB BS was geographical, metropolitan students doing so in greatest proportion. High levels of course performance were predicted by father's occupation, and being aware of a widely held attitude, namely that it would be a pity not to enter medicine if able to do so. Several gender differences are noted. Finally, it was noteworthy that the predictive aspects of questionnaire responses did not lessen as students progressed through the course.
Swarm Learning for decentralized and confidential clinical machine learning
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-05-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41586-021-03583-3
Abstract: Fast and reliable detection of patients with severe and heterogeneous illnesses is a major goal of precision medicine 1,2 . Patients with leukaemia can be identified using machine learning on the basis of their blood transcriptomes 3 . However, there is an increasing ide between what is technically possible and what is allowed, because of privacy legislation 4,5 . Here, to facilitate the integration of any medical data from any data owner worldwide without violating privacy laws, we introduce Swarm Learning—a decentralized machine-learning approach that unites edge computing, blockchain-based peer-to-peer networking and coordination while maintaining confidentiality without the need for a central coordinator, thereby going beyond federated learning. To illustrate the feasibility of using Swarm Learning to develop disease classifiers using distributed data, we chose four use cases of heterogeneous diseases (COVID-19, tuberculosis, leukaemia and lung pathologies). With more than 16,400 blood transcriptomes derived from 127 clinical studies with non-uniform distributions of cases and controls and substantial study biases, as well as more than 95,000 chest X-ray images, we show that Swarm Learning classifiers outperform those developed at in idual sites. In addition, Swarm Learning completely fulfils local confidentiality regulations by design. We believe that this approach will notably accelerate the introduction of precision medicine.
The association between adolescent psychopathology and subsequent physical activity in young adulthood: a 21-year birth cohort study
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 19-06-2017
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717001660
Abstract: The beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) for both physical and mental wellbeing are well established. Given that adolescence presents a critical developmental period during which life-long patterns of PA become established, the exploration of the longitudinal impact of adolescent psychopathology on adult PA status is of interest. We analysed prospective data from 3663 young adults who participated in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy. Psychopathology was measured using the Youth Self-Report (YSR) at age 14. Participants’ engagement in three types of PA (vigorous exercise, moderate exercise and walking) at age 21 were dichotomised into either ‘none’ or ‘any’. For our main analysis, we examined the association between the YSR score and subsequent PA engagement using logistic regression. We also conducted sensitivity analyses of longitudinal associations between the YSR internalising and externalising symptoms score at age 14 and PA engagement at age 21. We found no longitudinal association between the total YSR score at age 14 and PA engagement at age 21. In addition, there was no longitudinal association between the YSR internalising or externalising symptoms and PA engagement. Our findings suggest that there is no longitudinal association between adolescent psychopathology and PA in young adulthood.
Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is an independent predictor for symptoms of middle ear disease at five years' postdelivery.
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 08-1999
Abstract: Although an increasing body of literature has demonstrated a link between in utero exposure to cigarette smoke and childhood morbidity, the extent to which such exposure is associated with middle ear disease (MED) is less certain. We hypothesized that in utero exposure to cigarette smoke was associated with an increased risk of MED and aimed to calculate the proportion of disease at 5 years' postdelivery attributable to cigarette exposure during pregnancy. Methods. At their first antenatal session, 8556 women were enrolled in a prospective study of pregnancy. Mothers were followed during pregnancy, at birth, at 6 months' and at 5 years' postdelivery and completed a detailed questionnaire aimed at assessing the frequency of acute (& month) and subacute (1–3 months) symptoms of MED and ear surgery. The relationship between MED and smoking status during pregnancy was then examined and subsequently adjusted simultaneously for smoking status at other times and for other potentially confounding variables. Results. In the adjusted analyses, acute ear infections were associated with consumption of 1 to 9 cigarettes (OR: 1.6 95% CI: 1.1–2.5), 10 to 19 cigarettes (OR: 2.6 95% CI: 1.6–4.2) and 20+ cigarettes (OR: 3.3 95% CI: 1.9–5.9) per day at the first clinic visit. For subacute ear infections, an association was present with consumption of 10 to 19 cigarettes (OR: 2.6 95% CI: 1.4–5.0) and 20+ cigarettes (OR: 2.8 95% CI: 1.3–6.0) at the first clinic visit. In utero exposure to 20+ cigarettes per day at the first clinic visit was also associated with an increased risk of ear surgery by 5 years' postdelivery (OR: 2.9 95% CI: 1.3–6.6). These associations were independent of smoking at 6 months and at 5 years, age and gender of the child, breastfeeding history, maternal age, maternal education, maternal employment at 5 years, marital status at 5 years, socioeconomic status, use of day care, and the number of siblings or children in the household. A population attributable risk percent at 5 years of 39.4% for acute ear infections, 37.9% for subacute ear infections, and 30.0% for previous ear surgery was found for in utero exposure to cigarette smoke at the first clinic visit. Conclusions. Smoking at the first clinic visit was associated with an increased risk of MED and ear surgery at 5 years of age. The frequency of maternal smoking in the general population gives rise to a high population attributable risk percent for MED. Therefore, it is a significant contributor to childhood morbidity and provides another reason why women should be encouraged to avoid smoking during pregnancy.
Gender differences in delinquency at 21 years following childhood maltreatment: A birth cohort study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
Obstetrical outcomes of Aboriginal pregnancies at a major urban hospital
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-02-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-6405.1994.TB00223.X
Abstract: While a number of previous papers have documented the poor general health of Australia's Aboriginal population, relatively few have considered the health of Aborigines living in Australia's urban centres. In this latter instance, Aborigines have access to conventional medical services and they live in a physical environment that does not differ greatly from that experienced by the lower-class white population. Of course, racial, familial and economic differences may continue to influence differentially the perceived accessibility of services to Aborigines and their non-Aboriginal neighbours. This paper compares the pregnancy outcomes of Aboriginal women and non-Aboriginal women living in a major urban centre in Australia. The data indicate that urban Aboriginal women have adverse pregnancy outcomes at one and a half to two times the rate experienced by the non-Aboriginal population. Much of the difference can be attributed to lifestyle variations in the groups being compared.
Air pollution, temperature and pediatric influenza in Brisbane, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2013.06.022
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of weather variables in influencing the incidence of influenza. However, the role of air pollution is often ignored in identifying the environmental drivers of influenza. This research aims to examine the impacts of air pollutants and temperature on the incidence of pediatric influenza in Brisbane, Australia. Lab-confirmed daily data on influenza counts among children aged 0-14years in Brisbane from 2001 January 1st to 2008 December 31st were retrieved from Queensland Health. Daily data on maximum and minimum temperatures for the same period were supplied by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Winter was chosen as the main study season due to it having the highest pediatric influenza incidence. Four Poisson log-linear regression models, with daily pediatric seasonal influenza counts as the outcome, were used to examine the impacts of air pollutants (i.e., ozone (O3), particulate matter≤10μm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) and temperature (using a moving average of ten days for these variables) on pediatric influenza. The results show that mean temperature (Relative risk (RR): 0.86 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.82-0.89) was negatively associated with pediatric seasonal influenza in Brisbane, and high concentrations of O3 (RR: 1.28 95% CI: 1.25-1.31) and PM10 (RR: 1.11 95% CI: 1.10-1.13) were associated with more pediatric influenza cases. There was a significant interaction effect (RR: 0.94 95% CI: 0.93-0.95) between PM10 and mean temperature on pediatric influenza. Adding the interaction term between mean temperature and PM10 substantially improved the model fit. This study provides evidence that PM10 needs to be taken into account when evaluating the temperature-influenza relationship. O3 was also an important predictor, independent of temperature.
Maternal intimate partner violence victimization and child maltreatment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHIABU.2018.05.017
Abstract: There is some limited evidence of an association between maternal intimate partner victimization (IPV) and children's experience of maltreatment. Using data from a longitudinal study, we examine whether this relationship is independent of range of potential confounders including socio-economic, familial and psychological factors. Data were taken from the 14 and 30-year follow-ups of the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) in Australia. A subs le of 2064 mothers and children (59.0% female) whose data on maternal IPV and child maltreatment was available, were analysed. In families with maternal IPV, two in five children reported being maltreated, compared to one in five children maltreated in families without maternal IPV. Except for sexual maltreatment which was consistently higher in female offspring, there was no gender differences in experiencing different types of maltreatment in families manifesting maternal IPV. Although both males and females were at increased risk of child maltreatment in families where mothers were victimized by their male partners, male children were more likely to be emotionally maltreated. The main associations were substantially independent of measured confounders, except for father's history of mental health problems which attenuated the association of maternal IPV victimization and male offspring's physical abuse. Our findings confirm that there is a robust association between maternal IPV and child maltreatment. Both maternal IPV victimization and child maltreatment co-occur in a household characterized by conflict and violence. Consequences of IPV go beyond the incident and influence all family members. Efforts to reduce child maltreatment may need to address the greater level of IPV associated with the cycle of family violence.
Life course outcomes for women with different alcohol consumption trajectories: A population-based longitudinal study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-05-2016
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.12428
Abstract: Relatively little is known about the consequences for women of sustained higher levels of alcohol consumption. We examine three outcomes (marital relationship, reproductive health and well-being) for women with different alcohol consumption trajectories over 21 years. Data were from a prospective cohort study in Brisbane, Queensland (n = 3337). Group-based trajectory modeling measured women's alcohol consumption trajectories spanning 21 years. Outcomes were measured using a self-report questionnaire at the 27-year follow-up. Four trajectories of women's alcohol consumption were identified: abstaining, low-stable drinkers, moderate-escalating drinkers and heavy-escalating drinkers. Abstaining predicts positive outcomes measured at the 27-year follow-up such as being married, never having a orce, never having multiple partners, and fewer pregnancy terminations. Moderate and heavy-escalating trajectories predict being unmarried, having multiple partners, having fewer children, having a termination of a previous pregnancy, and reporting lower levels of well-being at the 27-year follow-up. The escalating-trajectory group is of particular interest as membership of this group is associated with a wide range of adverse life course outcomes by the 27-year follow-up. The consequences of moderate and heavy-escalating alcohol trajectories in a community s le of women whose pattern of alcohol consumption do not reach clinical criteria of problem drinking have not previously been described. Women with these sustained patterns of alcohol consumption are an appropriate target group for intervention programs. programs. [TranNT, Clavarino A,WilliamsGM,Najman JM. Life course outcomes for women with different alcohol consumption trajectories: A population-based longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016 :763-771].
Changes in medical student attitudes as they progress through a medical course
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-1998
DOI: 10.1136/JME.24.2.110
Abstract: To explore the way ethical principles develop during a medical education course for three groups of medical students--in their first year, at the beginning of their penultimate (fifth) year and towards the end of their final (sixth) year. Survey questionnaire administered to medical students in their first, fifth and final (sixth) year. A large medical school in Queensland, Australia. Approximately half the students in each of three years (first, fifth and sixth) provided data on a voluntary basis, a total of 385 students. At the point of entry, minor differences were found between medical students and first year law and psychology students. More striking were differences between male and female medical students, suggesting early socialization had a substantial impact here. Results indicate that substantial changes in attitude have developed by the beginning of fifth year with little change thereafter. Gender difference persisted. Some difference in ethical attitudes were found when groups of different ethnic backgrounds were compared. The impact of a move to a graduate medical course, which gives high priority to ethics within a professional development domain, can now be evaluated.
Estimating spatiotemporal distribution of PM1 concentrations in China with satellite remote sensing, meteorology, and land use information
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2017.10.011
Abstract: PM To estimate spatial and temporal variations of PM Two types of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, Dark Target (DT) and Deep Blue (DB), were combined. Generalised additive model (GAM) was developed to link ground-monitored PM The results of 10-fold cross-validation showed R GAM with satellite-retrieved AOD, meteorology, and land use information has high predictive ability to estimate ground-level PM
Ultrastructural and biochemical localization of N-RAP at the interface between myofibrils and intercalated disks in the mouse heart
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 10-11-2001
DOI: 10.1021/BI0107445
Abstract: N-RAP is a recently discovered muscle-specific protein found at cardiac intercalated disks. Double immunogold labeling of mouse cardiac muscle reveals that vinculin is located immediately adjacent to the fascia adherens region of the intercalated disk membrane, while N-RAP extends approximately 100 nm further toward the interior of the cell. We partially purified cardiac intercalated disks using low- and high-salt extractions followed by density gradient centrifugation. Immunoblots show that this preparation is highly enriched in desmin and junctional proteins, including N-RAP, talin, vinculin, beta1-integrin, N-cadherin, and connexin 43. Electron microscopy and immunolabeling demonstrate that N-RAP and vinculin are associated with the large fragments of intercalated disks that are present in this preparation, which also contains numerous membrane vesicles. Detergent treatment of the partially purified intercalated disks removed the membrane vesicles and extracted vinculin and beta1-integrin. Further separation on a sucrose gradient removed residual actin and myosin and yielded a fraction morphologically similar to fasciae adherentes that was highly enriched in N-RAP, N-cadherin, connexin 43, talin, desmin, and alpha-actinin. The finding that N-RAP copurifies with detergent-extracted intercalated disk fragments even though beta-integrin and vinculin have been completely removed suggests that N-RAP association with the adherens junction region is mediated by the cadherin system. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that recombinant N-RAP fragments bind alpha-actinin in a gel overlay assay. In addition, immunofluorescence shows that N-RAP remains bound at the ends of isolated, detergent-treated cardiac myofibrils. These results demonstrate that N-RAP remains tightly bound to myofibrils and fasciae adherentes during biochemical purification and may be a key constituent in the mechanical link between these two structures.
SOCIAL CLASS, RELIGION AND CONTRACEPTIVE FAILURE IN A SAMPLE OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN BRISBANE
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-02-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-6405.1984.TB00461.X
Abstract: Eating habits are established during childhood and track into adolescence and later in life. Given that these habits have a large public health impact and influence the increasing rates of childhood obesity worldwide, there is a need for effective, evidence-based prevention trials promoting healthy eating habits in the first 2 years of life. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the effect of an eHealth intervention called Food4toddlers, aiming to promote healthy dietary habits in toddlers by targeting parents' awareness of their child's food environment (i.e., how food is provided or presented) and eating environment (e.g., feeding practices and social interaction). This paper describes the rationale, development, and evaluation design of this project. We developed a 6-month eHealth intervention, with the extensive user involvement of health care nurses and parents of toddlers. This intervention is in line with the social cognitive theory, targeting the interwoven relationship between the person, behavior, and environment, with an emphasis on environmental factors. The intervention website includes recipes, information, activities, and collaboration opportunities. The Food4toddlers website can be used as a mobile application. To evaluate the intervention, a two-armed pre-post-follow-up randomized controlled trial is presently being conducted in Norway. Parents of toddlers (n = 404) were recruited via social media (Facebook) and 298 provided baseline data of their toddlers at age 12 months. After baseline measurements, participants were randomly allocated to an intervention group or control group. Primary outcomes are the child's diet quality and food variety. All participants will be followed up at age 18 months, 2 years, and 4 years. The results of this trial will provide evidence to increase knowledge about the effectiveness of an eHealth intervention targeting parents and their toddler's dietary habits. ISRCTN92980420 . Registered 13 September 2017. Retrospectively registered.
The effect of partners' ethnicity on the health of Filipinas in Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2001
Does particulate matter modify the association between temperature and cardiorespiratory diseases?
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 11-2006
DOI: 10.1289/EHP.9266
Abstract: A number of studies have shown that both temperature and air pollution are associated with health outcomes. In assessing air pollution effects, temperature is usually considered a confounder. However, only a few recent studies considered air pollution as confounders while assessing temperature effects. Few studies are available on whether or not air pollution modifies the temperature-disease relationship. In this study, we used three parallel Poisson generalized additive models to examine whether particulate matter < 10 mum in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) modified the effects of minimum temperature on cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality in Brisbane, Australia. Results show that PM10 statistically significantly modified the effects of temperature on respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions, all nonexternal-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality at different lags. The enhanced adverse temperature effects were found at higher levels of PM10, but no clear evidence emerged for interactive effects on respiratory and cardiovascular emergency visits. Three parallel models produced similar results, which strengthened the validity of findings. We conclude that it is important to evaluate the modification role of air pollution in the assessment of temperature-related health impacts.
Road to the elimination of schistosomiasis from Asia: the journey is far from over
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
Cigarette smoking and age of menopause: A large prospective study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.MATURITAS.2012.05.004
Abstract: One of the possible consequences of tobacco consumption is that it contributes to an earlier age of menopause, though the causal relationship is yet to be confirmed. This study aimed to examine the prospective association between smoking and earlier age of menopause in a cohort of middle age Australian women after adjustment for a number of potential confounders. 21-Year follow-up of a cohort prospective study, Brisbane, Australia. Age of menopause measured at the 21-year follow-up. Smoking and menopausal status were assessed by self-report. Other covariates were measured prospectively in the previous follow-ups. This study is based on 3545 women who provided data on their menopausal status at the 21-year follow-up of the study, and prospective as well as concurrent data on smoking. In univariate analysis tobacco smoking during the reproductive life course, socio-economic status and gravidity were significantly associated with earlier age of menopause. In multivariate analyses women who smoked cigarettes were more likely to experience earlier menopause than non-smokers. Compared to current smokers, risk of early menopause was significantly lower in those women who quit smoking in the past. The data suggest that the impact of smoking is independent of other covariates associated with both smoking and age of menopause. The findings raise the possibility that effective quit smoking interventions may lead to a later age of menopause, and reduce the risk of adverse health consequences of early menopause.
Immunisation coverage of Queensland indigenous two-year-old children by cluster sampling and by register
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-6405.2007.00013.X
Abstract: To obtain, through a survey, estimates of immunisation coverage in a birth cohort of Indigenous children, and to compare survey estimates with those obtained from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR) for the same birth cohort of Indigenous children. Cluster s ling of a birth cohort of two-year-old Indigenous children across Queensland, stratified according to accessibility/remoteness from services, was undertaken in 2003. An innovative method of identifying participants was used. Survey results of 10 vaccine doses were compared with ACIR data. The survey obtained a 4% s le of the birth cohort (137 children). Universally recommended vaccines showed high levels of coverage at 12 and 24 months, and survey estimates were slightly higher than ACIR estimates. Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine dose 3 (DTPa3) coverage was 93.8% (95% CI 88.0-99.6) by 12 months on survey and 87.5% on ACIR. Coverage was not timely and a lag phase of 4-6 months occurred for each vaccine dose. Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine dose 2 (Hib2), scheduled for the age of four months, reached 90% coverage by nine months of age in the survey children. Both methods reported here provided similar results. These data indicate that ACIR Indigenous reporting rates have increased and coverage estimates are comparable to those provided by a survey. Immunisation coverage appears to be high, and the main remaining challenge in further reducing vaccine-preventable disease in Indigenous children is to improve immunisation timeliness.
Individual, school-related and family characteristics distinguish co-occurrence of drinking and depressive symptoms in very young adolescents
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-06-2016
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.12303
Abstract: Alcohol misuse and depressed mood are common during early adolescence, and comorbidity of these conditions in adulthood is associated with poorer health and social outcomes, yet little research has examined the co-occurrence of these problems at early adolescence. This study assessed risky and protective characteristics of pre-teens with concurrent depressed mood/early alcohol use in a large school-based s le. School children aged 10-14 years (n = 7289) from late primary and early secondary school classes in government, Catholic and independent sectors participated with parental consent in the cross-sectional Healthy Neighbourhoods Study. Key measures included depressed mood, recent alcohol use, school mobility, family relationship quality, school engagement and coping style. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to identify school and family-related factors that distinguished those with co-occurring drinking and depressive symptoms from those with either single condition. Gender and school-level interactions for each factor were evaluated. Co-occurring conditions were reported by 5.7% of students [confidence interval (CI)95 5.19, 6.19]. Recent drinkers were more likely than non-drinkers to have symptoms consistent with depression (odds ratio 1.80 CI95 1.58, 2.03). Low school commitment was associated with co-occurring drinking/depressive symptoms (odds ratio 2.86 CI95 2.25, 3.65 compared with null condition). This association appeared to be weaker in the presence of adaptive stress-coping skills (odds ratio 0.18 CI95 0.14, 0.23). We have identified factors that distinguish pre-teens with very early co-occurrence of drinking and depressed mood, and protective factors with potential utility for school-based prevention programmes targeting these conditions. [Salom CL, Kelly AB, Alati R, Williams GM, Patton GC, Williams JW. In idual, school-related and family characteristics distinguish co-occurrence of drinking and depressive symptoms in very young adolescents. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016 :387-396].
Maternal cigarette smoking and child psychiatric morbidity: a longitudinal study.
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 07-1998
Abstract: Objective. Previous studies have linked maternal smoking during pregnancy with behavioral disturbance in children. However, additional evidence is needed to address the causality of the relationship. The present study analyses result from an Australian cohort of 5342 5-year-old children whose mothers were recruited early in pregnancy. Methods. Smoking history was gathered for prepregnancy, first clinic visit (FCV), late pregnancy, and when the child was 6 months and 5 years of age. Behavior problems at the age of 5 were assessed using a modified Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) shown to have high agreement with the complete CBCL. This resulted in the formation of three scales: internalizing social, attentional and thought and externalizing behavior problems, which were then dichotimized at the 90th percentile in each case. Logistic regression was used to model these outcomes as a function of maternal smoking at five time points during which it was assessed. A series of models explored the effect of additional adjustment for confounding. The predictors of attrition (29.5%) throughout the cohort were also identified by multivariate modeling. Results. The final analysis was carried out on a cohort of mother-child pairs for whom data and child behavior outcomes were complete. The mean age of children was 5 years, 6 months with a range from 4 to 6 years. The mean age of mothers at the time of birth of the child was 25 years, with a range from 13 to 47 years. Mothers lost to follow-up were more likely to be younger, single, and less well-educated than those who continued participation, although maternal smoking was not an independent determinant. Unadjusted analyses showed strong associations between externalizing child behavior and maternal smoking during pregnancy and at the 5-year follow-up, with relative risks (RRs) up to 2.6 for children of women smoking at least 20 cigarettes per day at the first antenatal clinic visit. A clear dose-response relationship existed in most relationships with higher levels of smoking being associated with higher rates of externalizing behavior problems. Weaker relationships occurred for internalizing behavior and social, attentional and thought behavior problems. Multivariate analysis of the timing in more detail that the association between maternal smoking and child behavior problems persisted, although the evidence for dose-response diminished. Moreover, it was primarily associated with smoking as determined by questions asked at the FCV (RR = 1.52, 2.03, 2.16) for 1 to 9, 10 to 19, and ≥20 cigarettes per day, respectively, compared with nonsmoking and secondarily by smoking determined at the 5-year follow-up (RR = 1.52, 1.87, 1.29) for 1 to 9, 10 to 19, and ≥20 cigarettes per day respectively, compared with nonsmoking. This association appeared to be independent of a wide range of possible confounders such as maternal age, education, social class, marital status and mental health, gestation at FCV, complications during pregnancy, the child's sex, gestational age at birth, and age at last follow-up. Adjustments were also made for the mother's employment since birth, family structure, and maternal mental health at the time of the CBCL assessment. Associations between externalizing behavior problems and maternal smoking at other times, and those between other behavioral problems examined and maternal smoking were not significant. Conclusion. Although previous studies have found evidence for an association between maternal smoking and child behavior problems, the strength of this study lies in its size, its detailed and consistent measurement of maternal smoking, and its ability to control for many social and biological factors linked to maternal smoking and child behavior. The statistical evidence for a causal relationship between maternal smoking as measured at the first antenatal clinic visit and the development of externalizing behavior in children is strongly suggestive, because of the specificity of effect and timing, and the adjustment for a comprehensive range of other risk factors. An alternative explanation that mothers who smoke might be inclined to report behavior problems differently was considered unlikely because the effect was specific to externalizing behavior and the major exposure occurred 5 years before the reported behavior. Additionally, the existence of a factor (beyond those already included in the analysis) that might be related to both behavior problems and any propensity to misreport smoking seems sufficiently implausible to rule out misclassification of smoking status as another alternative explanation for the findings. The timing of the relationship between smoking in pregnancy and externalizing behavior problems, and its independence of small for gestational age status at birth, suggests that placental insufficiency and oxygen deprivation are not important in the pathogenesis. It is possible that nicotine in the fetal brain derived from maternal smoking may alter gene expression and the nature and function of the nicotine receptors developing in early pregnancy. The presence of a separate, although slightly weaker, association between concurrent maternal smoking and externalizing child behavior suggests both biological and social explanations, including a direct psychopharmocologic effect of nicotine through passive smoking. Assuming the relationship to be causal, it is estimated that maternal smoking in early pregnancy may account for 25% of externalizing (aggressive) behavior while maternal smoking when the child is 5 years old may account for an additional 16%. These findings provide further support for antismoking programs in pregnancy and in young family settings.
Diabetes and cancer II: role of diabetes medications and influence of shared risk factors
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-04-2012
Schistosomiasis research in the Dongting lake region and its impact on local and national treatment and control in China
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 30-08-2011
Synthesising 30 Years of Mathematical Modelling of Echinococcus Transmission
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 29-08-2013
Family Poverty Over the Early Life Course and Recurrent Adolescent and Young Adult Anxiety and Depression: A Longitudinal Study
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Date: 09-2010
Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether exposure to family poverty over a child's early life course predicts adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression. Methods. We used a birth cohort study of a s le of women in Brisbane, Australia, who were recruited in early pregnancy and whose children were followed up on at ages 14 and 21 years. Some 2609 mothers and adolescents provided usable data at the 14- and 21-year follow-ups. Results. After adjustment for poverty at other phases, poverty at the 14-year follow-up was the strongest predictor of adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression. The more frequently the child was exposed to poverty, the greater was the risk of that in idual being anxious and depressed at both the 14- and 21-year follow-ups. Conclusions. Family poverty predicts higher rates of adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression. Increased frequency of child exposure to poverty is a consistent predictor of adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression. Repeated experiences of poverty over a child's early life course are associated with increased levels of poor mental health.
Host preferences and feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Kowanyama, Cape York Peninsula, northern Queensland
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1979
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300018952
Abstract: Closely spaced stable traps were used to determine the preferences of mosquitoes for 6 vertebrates at Kowanyama, northern Queensland, on 4 occasions during the wet and dry seasons of 1974–75. A total of 44 626 mosquitoes from 35 taxa was collected and compared with 26 215 specimens of 15 taxa trapped at Charleville, south-west Queensland, in February 1976. Host preference was analysed in detail for 11 species Anopheles bancroftii Giles, An. amictus Edw., An. annulipes Wlk., An. farauti Lav. , An. meraukensis Venhuis, Aedes bancroftianus Edw., Ae. normanensis (Tayl.), Ae. vittiger (Skuse), Culex annidirostris Skuse, Cx. quinquefasciatus Say (= fatigans Wied.) and Mansonia uniformis (Theo.). All species in these experiments, including the important vector of arboviruses, Cx. annulirostris , preferred mammalian baits, especially calf, although An. bancroftii and Cx. quinquefasciatus preferred man. Blood-meals of 5802 engorged mosquitoes of 21 taxa collected from natural resting sites at Kowanyama village were analysed by the precipitin test. Mammals, particularly dogs, were the most important hosts. Cx. squamosus (Tayl.) and Cx. quinquefasciatus were the only species to feed extensively on birds (75–6 and 28–7%, respectively). Uranotaenia albescens Tayl. fed almost entirely on hibia. No seasonal shifts in feeding of An. bancroftii, An. annulipes, Cx. annulirostris or Cx. quinquefasciatus were evident from either host-preference or host-feeding patterns, the latter being evaluated using a ‘ Feeding Index ’. These results are discussed in relation to the transmission of arboviruses, particularly Murray Valley encephalitis virus and pulmonary dirofilariasis of man and dogs in Australia.
Forecasting the progress towards the target of Millennium Development Goal 1C in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-02-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014003279
Abstract: To estimate the average annual rates of reduction of stunting, underweight and wasting for the period 1996 to 2011, and to evaluate whether Bangladesh will be expected to achieve the target of Millennium Development Goal 1C of reducing the prevalence of underweight by half by 2015. We used five nationwide, cross-sectional, Demographic and Health Survey data sets to estimate prevalence of undernutrition defined by stunting, underweight and wasting among children under 5 years of age using the WHO child growth standards. We then computed the average annual rates of reduction of prevalence of undernutrition using the formula derived by UNICEF. Finally, we projected the prevalence of undernutrition for the year 2015 using the estimated average annual rates of reduction. Nationwide covering Bangladesh. Children under 5 years of age ( n 28 941). The prevalence of stunting decreased by 18·8 % (from 60·0 % to 41·2 %), underweight by 16·0 % (from 52·2 % to 36·2 %) and wasting by 5·1 % (from 20·6 % to 15·5 %) during 1996 to 2011. The overall average annual rates of reduction were 2·84 %, 2·69 % and 2·47 %, respectively, for stunting, underweight and wasting. We forecast that in 2015, the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting will be 36·7 %, 32·5 % and 14·0 %, respectively, at the national level. The prevalence of undernutrition is likely to remain high in rural areas, in the Sylhet ision and in the poorest wealth quintile. Bangladesh is likely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 1C target of reducing the prevalence of underweight by half by 2015. However, it is falling behind in reducing stunting and further investment is needed to reduce in idual, household and environmental determinants of stunting in Bangladesh.
Use of quantitative PCR to assess the efficacy of albendazole against Necator americanus and Ascaris spp. in Manufahi District, Timor-Leste
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-06-2018
Impact of “Grain to Green” Programme on echinococcosis infection in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETPAR.2014.08.023
Abstract: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic among the human population of Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, where the prevalence is estimated to be between 2.2% and 3.6%. Government-run sheep abattoirs in Xiji County have closed in recent years and, as a consequence, slaughter is carried out mostly at rural market places. The market place in Xinglong Township, Xiji County, is home to an increasing number of stray dogs and the lack of government control over slaughter practices potentially favours Echinococcus granulosus transmission. A survey of sheep, goats and cattle reared in Xiji County was conducted in Xinglong Market and Xinglong Township to determine prevalence and transmission dynamics of E. granulosus infection. The liver and lungs of all livestock aged one year and older were examined macroscopically post mortem visual examination and palpation of organs determined overall prevalence of E. granulosus. Cysts consistent in appearance with E. granulosus were observed in 2/184 sheep (prevalence 1.0%) and 1/55 of the cattle examined (prevalence 1.8%) 0/13 goats were found to be infected. However, microscopic examination of these suspected cysts failed to confirm these s les as E. granulosus, giving a prevalence of confirmed infection of zero percent in all three species. The prevalence of liver fluke was 61.3% in sheep and 12.7% in cattle with a significant difference between males and females (p ≤ 0.001). Considering the high prevalence of echinococcosis in the local human population, the absence of CE observed among commercially slaughtered livestock was surprising. Several explanations for this discrepancy and their implications are proposed.
Neonatal cranial ultrasonography as predictor of 2 year outcome of very low birthweight infants
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1989
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1989.TB01418.X
Abstract: Real time ultrasound scans using an ATL 300C sector scanner with 5-7.5 MHz transducer were performed on days 1, 4, 7 and thereafter as clinically necessary on 153 consecutively discharged very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. One hundred and forty-six long-term survivors were assessed fully at 2 years. The prevalence of cerebroventricular haemorrhage (CVH) in these survivors was 34.2% (grade 1-21.2% grade 2-4.8% grade 3-3.4% grade 4-4.8%), ventricular dilatation 19.9% (including 4.1% with ventriculoperitoneal shunt), and ischaemia 9%. Impairments at 2 years were classified as nil, mild, moderate, severe or multiply severe, based on the criteria of Kitchen et al. Overall, 120 infants (82.2%) were unimpaired and 6.2% had mild, 3.4% had moderate, 4.1% had severe and 4.1% had multiply severe impairment. The major factors associated with impairment were gestational age less than 28 weeks, birthweight less than 1000 g, vaginal delivery, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, pulmonary air leaks and CVH. When these factors were reanalysed in a logistic regression model for odds ratios, only CVH (P less than 0.005) and birth by spontaneous vaginal delivery (P less than 0.05) were significant. The prevalence of impairment was 11.4% with no CVH, 6.5% grade 1, 71% grade 2, 20.0% grade 3 and 100.0% grade 4 CVH. The sensitivity of CVH of grade 2 or greater as a screening test was 64.7% for impairment, 78.6% for cerebral palsy and 70% for severe intellectual handicap. The mean general quotient (GQ) (Griffiths) at 2 years for infants with CVH was 89.1, and 97.5 for those without CVH (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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