ORCID Profile
0000-0003-2190-8301
Current Organisation
Bond University
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.UROLOGY.2011.08.039
Abstract: To investigate the effects of tissue stretch and muscarinic receptor stimulation on the spontaneous activity of the urothelium/lamina propria and identify the specific receptor subtype mediating these responses. Isolated strips of porcine urothelium with lamina propria were set up for in vitro recording of contractile activity. Muscarinic receptor subtype-selective antagonists were used to identify the receptors influencing the contractile rate responses to stretch and stimulation with carbachol. Isolated strips of urothelium with lamina propria developed spontaneous contractions (3.7 cycles/min) that were unaffected by tetrodotoxin, Nω-nitro-L-arginine, or indomethacin. Carbachol (1 μM) increased the spontaneous contractile rate of these tissue strips by 122% ± 27% (P < .001). These responses were significantly depressed in the presence of the M3-selective muscarinic antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (10-30 nM) but were not affected by the M1-selective antagonist pirenzepine (30-100 nM) or the M2-selective antagonist methoctramine (0.1-1 μM). Stretching of the tissue also caused an increase in the spontaneous contractile rate, and these responses were abolished by atropine (1 μM) and low concentrations of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (10 nM). Darifenacin, oxybutynin, tolterodine, and solifenacin (1 μM) all significantly depressed the frequency responses to carbachol (1 μM). The urothelium with the lamina propria exhibits a spontaneous contractile activity that is increased during stretch. The mechanism appears to involve endogenous acetylcholine release acting on M3 muscarinic receptors. Anticholinergic drugs used clinically depress the responses of these tissues, and this mechanism might represent an additional site of action for these drugs in the treatment of bladder overactivity.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-04-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12894-020-00619-0
Abstract: Inflammation is often associated with several bladder dysfunctions, including overactive bladder (OAB) and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/PBS). As such, inflammation of the bladder and the actions of inflammatory mediators may contribute to the development of urinary symptoms. This study assessed the actions of PGE 2 , PGF 2 , PGD 2 , TXA 2 , and PGI 2 on urinary bladder urothelium with lamina propria (U& LP), and detrusor smooth muscle. Studies were carried out using isolated tissue baths, where strips of porcine bladder U& LP or detrusor were exposed to varying concentrations of prostaglandin agonists (1 μM and 10 μM). All assessed prostaglandin agonists contracted both the U& LP and detrusor smooth muscle, with the rank order of contractile response effectiveness as: PGE 2 PGF 2α TXA 2 PGD 2 PGI 2 . In U& LP, treatment with PGE 2 (10 μM) increased tonic contractions by 1.36 ± 0.09 g ( n = 42, p 0.001) and phasic contractions by 40.4 ± 9.6% ( n = 42, p 0.001). In response to PGF 2α (10 μM), U& LP tonic contractions increased by 0.79 ± 0.06 g ( n = 14, p 0.001) and phasic activity by 13.3% ± 5.3% ( n = 15, p 0.05). In detrusor preparations, PGE 2 (10 μM) increased tonic contractions by 1.32 ± 0.13 g ( n = 38, p 0.001) and PGF 2α (10 μM) by 0.97 ± 0.14 g ( n = 12, p 0.001). Only 34% ( n = 48) of all detrusor preparations exhibited spontaneous activity prior to the addition of any agonist at a frequency of 2.03 ± 0.12 cpm. In preparations that did not exhibit initial phasic activity, all of the prostaglandin agonists were capable of commencing phasic activity. The urinary bladder U& LP and detrusor respond to a variety of prostaglandin agonists, with their activation resulting in direct contractions, as well as increases to spontaneous contractile activity. This study presents the prostaglandin receptor system as a potential therapeutic target for lower urinary tract dysfunction.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-06-2020
DOI: 10.1111/NYAS.14411
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-09-2012
DOI: 10.1111/AAP.12000
Abstract: Acetylcholine, and to a lesser extent ATP, mediates neurogenic contractions of bladder smooth muscle. Recently, the urothelium and lamina propria have also been shown to have contractile properties, but the neurotransmitters involved in mediating responses to nerve stimulation have not been investigated. Isolated strips of porcine urothelium with lamina propria were electrically field stimulated and contractions recorded. Drugs interfering with neurotransmission were then employed to identify which neurotransmitters mediated responses. Strips of urothelium/lamina propria developed spontaneous contractions with a frequency of 3.5±0.1 cycles min⁻¹ and litude of 0.84±0.06 g. Electrical field stimulation at 5, 10, and 20 Hz resulted in frequency-related contractions (1.13±0.36 g, 1.59±0.46 g and 2.20±0.53 g, respectively, n=13), and these were reduced in the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 μm) by 77±20% at 5 Hz, 79±7% at 10 Hz and 74±12% at 20 Hz (all P<0.01), indicating they were predominantly neurogenic in nature. Neither the muscarinic antagonist atropine (10 μm), the adrenergic neurone blocker guanethidine (10 μm) nor desensitization of the purinergic receptors with α,β-methylene ATP (10 μm) affected the contractile litude. Similarly, responses were not affected by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NNA (100 μm) or drugs that interfere with peptide neurotransmission (capsaicin, NK2 antagonist GR159897, protease inhibitors). In conclusion, electrical depolarization of the nerves present in the porcine urothelium/lamina propria results in frequency-dependent contractions, which are predominantly neurogenic in nature. These contractions are resistant to drugs that inhibit the adrenergic, cholinergic and purinergic systems. The neurotransmitter involved in the responses of this tissue is therefore unknown but does not appear to be a peptide.
Publisher: Office of the Academic Executive Director, University of Tasmania
Date: 16-08-2023
DOI: 10.53761/1.20.6.14
Abstract: Accessible and equitable education is a national priority recently highlighted by the Indian and Australian Governments. New developments in web-based architecture allow augmented reality (AR) lessons to be delivered via smartphone. Although educational technology is commonplace in the Australian curriculum, it is unclear if Indian tertiary students would be welcoming towards web-based mobile learning due to a historically slower uptake and only recent availability of connected devices in their educational system. This study evaluated feedback after using a web-deployed AR smartphone-based application across both Australia (70 participants) and India (100 participants) to see if this technology can assist in capacity building on a global scale. From thematic analyses on the provided feedback, it was identified that Australian students were more focused on the benefits received from the educational technology. In contrast, Indian students were far less critical of the embedded lesson, and more interested in the prospect of introducing the specific technology into their curricula. The data suggests that a rollout of web-based mobile AR for learning in countries more digitally-native should likely prioritise the content within it. Alternatively, for countries recently-introduced to educational technology, such as India, a rollout should focus on embedding the technology itself first. Although there is a risk of learners being distracted by the technology, smartphone web-based AR presents an excellent option to equitably provide a modern, innovative intervention, regardless of wealth, location, or status.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-06-2023
Publisher: Association for Learning Technology
Date: 02-05-2022
Publisher: Bangkok Dusit Medical Service (BDMS)
Date: 26-02-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-08-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S11255-023-03748-1
Abstract: Radiotherapy is a prominent therapy for many malignant and non-malignant disorders, though it can cause side effects such as radiation-induced cystitis. Current research has highlighted a role for mast cells and macrophages in the prognosis of such radiation-induced toxicities. However, the prognostic value of these immune cells in the pathophysiology of radiation-induced cystitis is not clear. As such, a systematic review was conducted to assess myeloid-lineage immune cells for their prognostic value in radiation-induced cystitis to address this gap in literature. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO, and searches were performed in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases for pre-clinical rodent studies on radiation-induced cystitis. After de-duplication, 153 articles were screened for relevancy by title and abstract. Title and abstract screening deemed 64 studies irrelevant. The remaining 85 studies were full-text screened, yielding seven unique articles for data extraction. Most included studies had an unclear risk of bias. The findings of this systematic review suggest that the prognostic value of myeloid-lineage immune cells in radiation-induced cystitis is still unclear, indicating a need for further research in this field. Although the studies reviewed provide some insight into the role of these immune cells in disease pathology, the limited number of studies and unclear risk of bias further highlights a need for additional, high-quality research in this area. In summary, this systematic review highlights a need to understand the involvement of immune cells in radiation-induced cystitis pathophysiology and lay the groundwork for further research in this area. PROSPERO registration: CRD42022345960
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-08-2016
DOI: 10.1111/IJU.13172
Abstract: To examine the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT serotonin) on the contractile properties of the urothelium and lamina propria, as a better understanding of bladder physiology might aid the development of new treatments. Strips of porcine urothelium and lamina propria were suspended in gassed Krebs-bicarbonate solution, and cumulative concentration-response curves for 5-HT were generated in the absence and presence of 5-HT antagonists, Nω-nitro-l-arginine and indomethacin. Responses to α-methyl-5-HT were also examined. Strips of urothelium/lamina propria developed spontaneous contractions, whereas the addition of 5-HT induced concentration-dependent increases in contractile tone with maximal contractions of 50.43 ± 2.78 mN/g tissue weight (n = 100). Tonic contractions to 5-HT were unchanged in the presence of Nω-nitro-l-arginine (100 μmol/L) or indomethacin (5 μmol/L). Selective concentrations of the antagonists methiothepin (5-HT The results show that contractile responses of the urothelium/lamina propria to 5-HT are predominantly mediated through the 5-HT
Publisher: F1000 Research Ltd
Date: 08-02-2019
DOI: 10.15694/MEP.2019.000025.1
Abstract: This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Becoming a doctor involves a series of transitions that require medical students to be equipped with the appropriate knowledge, skills, confidence and professional approach at each step. This pilot cross-sectional study canvassed five cohorts immediately after completing Years 1-5 in a five-year undergraduate medical program (Gold Coast, Australia) regarding their preparedness for the next year. The survey, an amalgamation of two validated inventories, was tailored for each year group to include the expected competencies in five areas. Despite a low response, those who did participate provided valuable information regarding their competence and confidence in terms of their interpersonal and intrapersonal skills, their clinical skills, their ability to apply their theoretical knowledge and investigations. Time management and balancing work and their studies were some areas in which support might be needed. Generally, all student felt comfortable with the communication and physical examination skills but up to half of some of the more senior students were not confident towards dealing with a violent patient and about 20% did not feel at ease communicating and assessing a patient with a mental health issue. Students identified two other areas that requiring curriculum interventions: Working with patients who might be using non-allopathic medications and calculating drug doses. As both impact on patient outcomes, a follow-up study is required. Different recruitment strategies need to be investigated.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-02-2021
DOI: 10.1002/ASE.2049
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 31-05-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.EJPHAR.2011.11.020
Abstract: In the bladder, nitric oxide (NO) is released from neuronal and non-neuronal sources, but its actions are unclear. Strips of urothelium plus lamina propria contract in response to agonists and develop spontaneous phasic contractions, and the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of NO on this activity. Isolated strips of urothelium/lamina propria from porcine bladder developed spontaneous contractions (3.5 ± 0.3 cycles/min) and contracted in response to carbachol and electrical field stimulation (EFS). The NO synthase inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA, 100 μM) had no effects on the tissues, but the NO donors diethylamine NONOate (DEANO, 100 μM) and nitroprusside (10 μM) caused relaxation, slowed the spontaneous rate of contractions and inhibited responses to carbachol. Maximum tonic contractions to carbachol were reduced by 17 ± 4% (P<0.001) and 35 ± 5% (P<0.001) by DEANO and nitroprusside respectively and the potency of carbachol was also reduced. Carbachol also increased the spontaneous frequency of contraction and these rate responses were again inhibited by DEANO and nitroprusside, but unaffected by L-NNA. Similarly, responses to EFS were significantly depressed (52-70%) by DEANO (P<0.05), but were unaffected by L-NNA. These data demonstrate spontaneous contractile activity and also nerve and agonist-induced tonic contractile activity within the urothelium and lamina propria. This activity is sensitive to depression by NO, but NO does not appear to be spontaneously released to influence this activity, nor does it appear to be released by muscarinic receptor stimulation. However the results suggest that in situations where NO production is increased, NO can influence the contractile activity of this tissue.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-01-2022
DOI: 10.1002/ASE.2244
Abstract: Of the many disruptive technologies being introduced within modern curricula, the metaverse, is of particular interest for its ability to transform the environment in which students learn. The modern metaverse refers to a computer‐generated world which is networked, immersive, and allows users to interact with others by engaging a number of senses (including eyesight, hearing, kinesthesia, and proprioception). This multisensory involvement allows the learner to feel part of the virtual environment, in a way that somewhat resembles real‐world experiences. Socially, it allows learners to interact with others in real‐time regardless of where on earth they are located. This article outlines 20 use‐cases where the metaverse could be employed within a health sciences, medicine, anatomy, and physiology disciplines, considering the benefits for learning and engagement, as well as the potental risks.
Publisher: Korean Association of Anatomists
Date: 2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-03-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-40384-1
Abstract: The mechanisms underlying bladder contractile disorders such as overactive bladder are not fully understood, and there is limited understanding of the receptor systems modulating spontaneous bladder contractions. We investigated the potential for histamine to have a role in mediating contractility of the urothelium with lamina propria (U& LP) or detrusor via the H1-H4 histamine receptor subtypes. Isolated strips of porcine U& LP or detrusor smooth muscle were mounted in gassed Krebs-bicarbonate solution and responses to histamine obtained in the absence and presence of selective receptor antagonists. The presence of histamine increases the frequency of U& LP spontaneous phasic contractions and baseline tensions. In response to histamine, H1-antagonists pyrilamine, fexofenadine and cyproheptadine were effective at inhibiting contractile responses. Cimetidine (H2-antagonist) enhanced increases in baseline tension in response histamine, whereas amthamine (H2-agonist) induced relaxation. Although thioperamide (H3/H4-antagonist) increased baseline tension responses to histamine, selective H1/H2-receptor antagonism revealed no influence of these receptors. In detrusor preparations, pyrilamine, fexofenadine and cyproheptadine were effective at inhibiting baseline tension increases in response to histamine. Our findings provide evidence that histamine produces contractile responses both in the U& LP and detrusor via the H1-receptor, and this response is significantly inhibited by activation of the H2-receptor in the U& LP but not the detrusor.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 12-2023
Abstract: Ninety-five percent of Westerners do not consume the recommended daily vegetable intake, exacerbating the incidence of obesity, malnutrition, and nutritional deficiencies such as fibre. This article reviews the literature from PUBMED, ERIC, and Web of Science, as well as Internet sites and government resources, to identify what should be considered important inclusions relating to dietary vegetable (including legumes and pulses) intake content in university Physiology subjects. The primary aim is to advance the competency relating to good nutrition knowledge for future health professionals to enable them to guide and counsel patients and clients toward better health. A review of the literature provides scant nutritional content relating to vegetable intake, particularly across Physiology subjects and health professional programs in general. A review of country dietary guidelines yielded discrepancies and ambiguity around recommended daily vegetable intake, including what constitutes essential vegetables. Educators responsible for embedding nutritional information in the curriculum would therefore be challenged to find reliable, evidence-based resources. Adding quality curriculum content on the importance of vegetable intake also promotes some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 2 ( Zero Hunger), thereby contributing to SDG 3 ( Good Health and Well-Being). This article offers recommendations on how to embed content relating to the importance of dietary vegetables for good health, and guidance for educators of health professions programs wanting to improve their curriculum content relating to adequate nutrition.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-11-2021
DOI: 10.1002/NAU.24839
Abstract: Biological rationale suggests that parasympathomimetics (cholinergic receptor stimulating agents) could be beneficial for patients with underactive bladder. However, no systematic review with meta‐analysis addressing potential benefits or adverse effects exists. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness, both benefits and harms, of using parasympathomimetics for the treatment of underactive bladder. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO, and searches undertaken in PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL, including randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials of patients with underactive bladder, comparing parasympathomimetic to placebo, no treatment, or other pharmaceuticals. Risk ratios, odds ratios, and mean differences were calculated. Twelve trials with 3024 participants were included. There was a significant difference between parasympathomimetics and comparators (favoring parasympathomimetics) in the number of patients with urinary retention (risk ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3–0.98, p = 0.04, low quality of evidence). There was no difference in mean postvoid volume overall (MD −41.4 ml, 95% CI −92.0 to 9.1, p = 0.11, low quality of evidence). There was a significant difference at up to 1 week post‐intervention, favoring parasympathomimetics (MD −77.5 ml, 95% CI −90.9 to −64.1, p 0.001, low quality of evidence), but no difference at 1 month post‐intervention. There was no difference in adverse events (odds ratio 1.19, 95% CI 0.62–2.28, p = 0.6, moderate quality of evidence). The evidence supporting the use of parasympathomimetics is of low quality, with relatively short follow‐up durations. Overall, it is not possible to draw clear evidence‐based conclusions from the current literature, presenting the use of parasympathomimetics for treating underactive bladder as a key area that requires future well‐controlled clinical trials.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31904-5_5
Abstract: Advances in consumer-level educational technologies show great promise for enhancing the learning experiences of students in health and medicine. There are particular benefits to using a combination of various devices and technologies when teaching challenging concepts. These include augmented reality-enabled devices enriched with accompanying 3D printed models, or virtual reality sessions coupled with online quizzes or revision activities. Tablet applications can also be integrated while students engage concurrently in desktop-based online learning. This mixing and merging of different technologies can allow educators to focus on the strengths of each device, while mitigating limitations arising from a single mode's stand-alone use. This chapter describes a series of options to integrate multiple digital modes when educating health science and medical students using technology. It also presents the opportunity for health professional program graduates to be trained in teaching using technology, as their future careers can be enhanced by an ability to educate effectively, or from the skills developed when incorporating innovations such as serious games into a health curriculum. With the dynamic and ever-changing nature of health and medical education, educators can find great benefits when introducing multimodal digital learning into their respective courses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-07-2020
DOI: 10.1111/MEDU.14251
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-01-2023
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 09-2023
Abstract: This is the first time Australia-wide agreement has been reached on the core concepts of physiology with the Delphi method. Embedding of the core concepts will result in consistency in physiology curricula, improvements to teaching and learning, and benchmarking across Australian universities.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19385-0_3
Abstract: The introduction of online learning and interactive technology into tertiary education has enabled biomedical science and medical faculties to provide students with quality resources for off-c us study. This encompasses online self-directed learning, interactive blogs, quizzes, recordings of lectures and other resources. In addition, textbooks are now supplemented with interactive online learning tools, meaning that the student now has more accessibility than ever to engage with content. However, in biomedical sciences and medicine, technology has also enhanced the in-classroom experience. Anatomical and physiological visualisations in virtual, augmented and mixed reality provide students with an unprecedented ability to explore virtual content in-class, while learning remains structured by the facilitator and teaching team. This chapter will provide insights into the past use of technology to enhance off-c us learning, and then focus on the range of visualisations utilised within the laboratory or classroom in order to facilitate learning in biomedical sciences and medicine, including: augmented reality, virtual reality mixed reality and Holograms 3D printing simulated dissections and anatomy simulation tables and "Smart" tablets and touchscreen devices.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-09-2022
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 18-03-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-17651/V1
Abstract: Background: Inflammation is often associated with several bladder dysfunctions, including overactive bladder (OAB) and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/PBS). As such, inflammation of the bladder and the actions of inflammatory mediators may contribute to the development of the urinary symptoms. This study assessed the actions of PGE 2 , PGF 2 , PGD 2 , TXA 2 , and PGI 2 on the urinary bladder urothelium with lamina propria (U& LP), as well as the detrusor smooth muscle.Methods: Studies were carried out using isolated tissue baths, where strips porcine bladder U& LP or detrusor were exposed to varying concentrations of prostaglandin agonists (1 µM and 10 µM).Results: All assessed prostaglandin agonists contracted both the U& LP and detrusor smooth muscle, with the rank order of contractile response effectiveness as: PGE 2 PGF 2α TXA 2 PGD 2 PGI 2 . In U& LP, treatment with PGE 2 (10 µM) increased tonic contractions by 1.36 ± 0.09 g (n = 42, p 0.001) and phasic contractions by 40.4 ± 9.6% (n = 42, p 0.001). In response to PGF 2α (10 µM), U& LP tonic contractions increased by 0.79 ± 0.06 g (n = 14, p 0.001) and phasic activity by 13.3% ± 5.3% (n = 15, p 0.05). In detrusor preparations, PGE 2 (10 µM) increased tonic contractions by 1.32 ± 0.13 g (n = 38, p 0.001) and PGF 2α (10 µM) by 0.97 ± 0.14 g (n = 12, p 0.001). Only 34% (n = 48) of all detrusor preparations exhibited spontaneous activity prior to the addition of any agonist at a frequency of 2.03 ± 0.12 cpm. In preparations that did not exhibit initial phasic activity, all of the prostaglandin agonists were capable of commencing phasic activity.Conclusions: The urinary bladder U& LP and detrusor respond to a variety of prostaglandin agonists, with their activation resulting in direct contractions, as well as increases to spontaneous contractile activity. This study presents the prostaglandin receptor system as a potential therapeutic target for lower urinary tract dysfunction.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-06-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S40670-023-01809-9
Abstract: There is a growing trend towards using virtual models within medical programs. In some disciplines, the use of human s les or cadavers is increasingly being replaced by technology-enhanced modes of delivery. Although this transition can occur with some success, the impact of virtual representations to replace depictions of disease states from dissected s les displayed in acrylic pathological specimen jars has never been investigated. This study assessed medical student perceptions of replacing teaching through physical specimens (i.e. specimen jars or real tissue) with virtual models across cardiovascular, neural, musculoskeletal, haematology, endocrine and immunological pathology curricula. Seventy-four year 2 ( n = 31) and year 5 ( n = 43) medical students participated in the study. After being provided with a demonstration of a potential tablet-based lesson on lung pathology using augmented reality, participants completed a Likert-scale survey and provided written feedback. Questions requested thoughts on the usefulness of the 3D-virtual model compared to physical specimens and whether current teaching in pathology could be replaced by technology-enhanced practices. Most students (58.15%) disagreed on the replacement of physical specimens with virtual models. Furthermore, over half the students (55.4%) indicated that the replacement of physical specimens with augmented reality models would not be beneficial for pathology learning. Nearly two-thirds of students believed that the absence of physical specimens would negatively impact their knowledge. Nonetheless, many students would appreciate the opportunity to revise pathology away from the labs with virtual options. As such, an overwhelming number of students (89.2%) would prefer having both physical specimens and virtual models for learning. This study identifies that technology-enhanced learning may be a suitable supplement alongside traditional hands-on teaching but should not replace the use of pathological specimens within a medical curriculum.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-08-2022
DOI: 10.1111/MEDU.14892
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-10-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.UROLOGY.2012.09.011
Abstract: To investigate the role of adrenoceptor subtypes in regulating the spontaneous contractile activity of the inner lining of the urinary bladder (urothelium/lamina propria). The responses of isolated strips of porcine urothelium/lamina propria to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, and isoprenaline were obtained in the absence and presence of receptor subtype-selective antagonists. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was undertaken to assess the expression of adrenoceptor genes. The tissues expressed all α1- and β-adrenoceptor subtypes, with the α1A-, α1B-, and β2-adrenoceptors the predominant receptors at the messenger RNA level. In the functional experiments, the rate of phasic contractions and the basal tension were increased by the α1-adrenoceptor agonists phenylephrine (100 μM) and A61603 (10 μM). The rate and tension responses to phenylephrine were reduced by low concentrations of tamsulosin (3 nM) and RS100329 (10 nM) but were unaffected by BMY7378 (100 nM), prazosin (10 nM), and RS17053 (1 μM). In contrast, isoprenaline and salbutamol (both 1 μM) induced a relaxation of tissues and slowing of phasic contractions. The rate and tension responses to isoprenaline were inhibited by propranolol (100 nM) or a combination of CGP20712A (30 nM) and ICI118551 (70 nM). The rate responses were also significantly inhibited by ICI118551 alone (70 nM). Although all α1- and β-adrenoceptor subtypes were expressed in the pig urothelium/lamina propria, the α1A/L-adrenoceptor appeared to mediate increases in the contractile rate and tension. The β-adrenoceptor induced inhibition of spontaneous contractile activity appears to be predominately mediated by β2-adrenoceptors, with β1- and β2-adrenoceptors possibly involved in the tension responses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-12-2021
DOI: 10.1111/BJET.13049
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-07-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2009
DOI: 10.1002/NAU.20808
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-08-2020
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2021-053616
Abstract: Immersive technologies such as virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) can potentially help health professionals and trainees understand psychological symptoms and responsive behaviours associated with dementia within a safe and supportive learning environment. This integrative review sought to ascertain the types of VR and AR-based interventions used in dementia education and training and its efficacy to improve knowledge and attitudes of health professionals or trainees. The protocol was submitted to PROSPERO and literature published from 2000 onwards was searched in eight databases: CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC and Scopus. A total of 19 articles were included and assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Methodological quality varied across studies. VR rather than AR-based intervention are used in dementia education and training for health professional and trainees. Immersive virtual learning potentially enhance knowledge, attitudes, empathy and sensitivity of health professionals and trainees. While promising, there remains a lack of conclusive and robust evidence to fully recommend the introduction and inclusion of immersive virtual learning in dementia education and training. Additional rigorously designed research studies with larger s le sizes are needed to confirm the benefits on attitudes, empathy, sensitivity and knowledge. CRD42020182083.
Publisher: Cambridge Media
Date: 11-2022
Publisher: ACM
Date: 28-11-2016
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-06-2010
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 12-2023
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-01-2017
DOI: 10.1002/JCLA.22142
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2020
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 03-2023
DOI: 10.1152/AJPCELL.00441.2022
Abstract: The influence of extracellular and intracellular calcium on smooth muscle contractile activity varies between organs. In response to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation, the urinary bladder detrusor muscle has shown a 70% dependence on extracellular calcium, whereas the urothelium and lamina propria (U& LP) has a 20%–50% dependence. However, as this only accounts for partial contractile activity, the contribution of intracellular calcium and calcium sensitization pathways remains unclear. This study assessed the role of intracellular signaling pathways on GPCR-mediated urinary bladder U& LP contraction. Porcine U& LP responses to activation of the G q/11 -coupled muscarinic, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), neurokinin, prostaglandin, and angiotensin II receptors were assessed with three selective inhibitors of store-released intracellular calcium, 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and ruthenium red, and three Rho kinase inhibitors, fasudil, Y-27632, and GSK269962. There was no discernible impact on receptor agonist-induced contractions of the U& LP after blocking intracellular calcium pathways, suggesting that this tissue is more sensitive to alterations in the availability of extracellular calcium. However, an alternative mechanism of action for GPCR-mediated contraction was identified to be the activation of Rho kinase, such as when Y-27632 significantly reduced the GPCR-mediated contractile activity of the U& LP by approximately 50% ( P 0.05, n = 8). This suggests that contractile responses of the bladder U& LP do not involve a significant release of calcium from intracellular stores, but that G q/11 -coupled receptor activation causes calcium sensitization via Rho kinase. This study highlights a key role for Rho kinase in the urinary bladder, which may provide a novel target in the future pharmaceutical management of bladder contractile disorders.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-02-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-04-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-03-2023
DOI: 10.1002/NAU.25176
Abstract: Antimuscarinic medications are the first‐line treatments for overactive bladder, the most common form of bladder dysfunction. Their primary action is thought to block detrusor muscarinic receptors. It is unclear, however, if these therapeutics have actions on other tissues within the lower urinary tract. This study assessed whether clinical antimuscarinics have a functional impact on urothelium with lamina propria (U& LP) tissue. Strips of porcine detrusor and U& LP were mounted in carbogen‐gassed Krebs‐bicarbonate solution at 37°C. The tissues were paired with carbachol‐response curves performed in the absence or presence of each antimuscarinic. pEC50 values for each curve were analyzed and estimated affinities calculated. Both detrusor and U& LP tissues contracted with muscarinic receptor stimulation, which was inhibited by commonly used antimuscarinics. In detrusor s les ( p 0.001 for all), right parallel shifts from the control were observed in response to oxybutynin (1 µM), solifenacin (1 µM), tolterodine (1 µM), darifenacin (100 nM), trospium (100 nM) and fesoterodine (100 nM). This shift was consistent in U& LP s les, with no significant differences between the two layers. The data suggests that clinical antimuscarinics are as effective at inhibiting tonic contractions of the U& LP as they are on detrusor, presenting the U& LP as an alternate target of these medications in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 23-06-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-04-2017
DOI: 10.1002/ASE.1696
Abstract: Although cadavers constitute the gold standard for teaching anatomy to medical and health science students, there are substantial financial, ethical, and supervisory constraints on their use. In addition, although anatomy remains one of the fundamental areas of medical education, universities have decreased the hours allocated to teaching gross anatomy in favor of applied clinical work. The release of virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) devices allows learning to occur through hands-on immersive experiences. The aim of this research was to assess whether learning structural anatomy utilizing VR or AR is as effective as tablet-based (TB) applications, and whether these modes allowed enhanced student learning, engagement and performance. Participants (n = 59) were randomly allocated to one of the three learning modes: VR, AR, or TB and completed a lesson on skull anatomy, after which they completed an anatomical knowledge assessment. Student perceptions of each learning mode and any adverse effects experienced were recorded. No significant differences were found between mean assessment scores in VR, AR, or TB. During the lessons however, VR participants were more likely to exhibit adverse effects such as headaches (25% in VR P < 0.05), dizziness (40% in VR, P < 0.001), or blurred vision (35% in VR, P < 0.01). Both VR and AR are as valuable for teaching anatomy as tablet devices, but also promote intrinsic benefits such as increased learner immersion and engagement. These outcomes show great promise for the effective use of virtual and augmented reality as means to supplement lesson content in anatomical education. Anat Sci Educ 10: 549-559. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 29-06-2022
DOI: 10.1111/HSC.13896
Abstract: Despite evidence that stroke education is important and effective, low rates of stroke education are reported worldwide. Many stroke survivors and carers report that current stroke information does not meet their needs. The aim of the current study was to explore the perceptions of stroke survivors and carers towards stroke education in an Australian health context. A qualitative descriptive approach using focus groups was used to explore education received and preferred content, format and timing of education. Data were analysed inductively using qualitative content analysis to identify key categories, sub-categories and an overarching theme. Fifteen stroke survivors and four carers participated. Four categories emerged: the timing of stroke education, the content of stroke education, the format of stroke education, and reactions to stroke education. Each category contained a number of sub-categories. One overarching theme was woven through the transcripts: everyone is different and has different needs. Overall, participants generally expressed positive attitudes towards stroke education. Participants reported that education should occur at multiple timepoints and in a mixed format. All participants reported receiving stroke education in hospital, but not in the community. Stroke survivors preferred group education, while carers did not share this preference. Both stroke survivors and carers desired information about post-stroke physical changes and computer use however, stroke survivors desired additional information spanning a variety of areas such as motivation and driving. Tailoring of stroke education for each in idual is critical to ensure that education meets the needs of stroke survivors and carers from the hospital to the community.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 31-01-2018
DOI: 10.3390/INFO9020031
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-02-2022
DOI: 10.1111/MEDU.14756
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 31-03-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FPHYS.2022.841181
Abstract: With many common bladder diseases arising due to abnormal contractions, a greater understanding of the receptor systems involved may aid the development of future treatments. The aim of this study was to identify any difference in the involvement of extracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) across prominent contractile-mediating receptors within cells lining the bladder. Strips of porcine urothelium and lamina propria were isolated from the urinary bladder dome and mounted in isolated tissue baths containing Krebs-bicarbonate solution, perfused with carbogen gas at 37°C. Tissue contractions, as well as changes to the frequency and litude of spontaneous activity were recorded after the addition of muscarinic, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, neurokinin-A, prostaglandin E2, and angiotensin II receptor agonists in the absence and presence of 1 µM nifedipine or nominally zero Ca 2+ solution. The absence of extracellular Ca 2+ influx after immersion into nominally zero Ca 2+ solution, or the addition of nifedipine, significantly inhibited the contractile responses ( p & 0.05 for all) after stimulation with carbachol (1 µM), histamine (100 µM), 5-hydroxytryptamine (100 µM), neurokinin-A (300 nM), prostaglandin E2 (10 µM), and angiotensin II (100 nM). On average, Ca 2+ influx from extracellular sources was responsible for between 20–50% of receptor-mediated contractions. This suggests that although the specific requirement of Ca 2+ on contractile responses varies depending on the receptor, extracellular Ca 2+ plays a key role in mediating G protein-coupled receptor contractions of the urothelium and lamina propria.
Publisher: Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education
Date: 29-11-2017
DOI: 10.14742/AJET.3840
Abstract: Consumer-grade virtual reality has recently become available for both desktop and mobile platforms and may redefine the way that students learn. However, the decision regarding which device to utilise within a curriculum is unclear. Desktop-based VR has considerably higher setup costs involved, whereas mobile-based VR cannot produce the quality of environment due to its limited processing power. This study aimed to compare performance in an anatomical knowledge test between two virtual reality headsets, the Oculus Rift and Gear VR, as well as to investigate student perceptions and adverse health effects experienced from their use. An identical lesson on spine anatomy was presented to subjects using either the Oculus Rift or Gear VR, with no significant differences observed in test scores from participants using either device, with both groups answering 60% of the questions correctly. However, 40% of participants experienced significantly higher rates of nausea and blurred vision when using the Gear VR (P 0.05). It was established that the more cost effective mobile-based VR was just as suitable for teaching isolated-systems than the more expensive desktop-based VR. These outcomes show great promise for the effective use of mobile-based virtual reality devices in medical and health science education.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-09-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S40670-022-01635-5
Abstract: Disease education is a fundamental component in health science and medicine curricula, as it prepares students for their progression into health profession careers. However, this requires an ability to integrate concepts across multiple disciplines. Technology-enhanced interventions may bridge this gap, and this study assessed the effectiveness of a textbook-style or a three-dimensional mixed reality (MR, a hybrid of augmented and virtual reality) HoloLens resource for student learning and knowledge retention using asthma as a model of disease. Sixty-seven first-year undergraduate health science and medical students were randomized into two groups to complete a lesson on the physiology, anatomy, pathology, and pharmacology of asthma, delivered through either a textbook-style ( n = 34) or MR ( n = 33) resource. Participants took part in the study in small groups and completed the intervention and surveys in separate areas of a large laboratory space. A pre-test prior to the lesson included multiple-choice questions, with the post-test having additional multiple-choice questions to assess learning. A follow-up test to assess retention was performed two weeks later. Pre- and post-test scores revealed increased learning across both the textbook ( p = 0.001) and MR ( p = 0.05) interventions, although higher test results were obtained by those using the textbook-style resource ( p 0.05). There was no difference between groups in knowledge retention scores. Although the textbook-style resource was more effective for increasing test results, participants perceived MR as more favorable, highlighting the experience as enjoyable and useful. This study presents MR as an option for integration in cases where educators wish to enhance student enjoyment of the learning experience. However, the results suggest that traditional text-based resources persist as a fundamental delivery mode within a modern curriculum.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 21-07-2023
Abstract: There are well-described impacts of biological rhythms on human physiology. With the increasing push for routine blood tests for preventative medical care and clinical and physiological research, optimizing effectiveness is paramount. This study aimed to determine whether it is feasible to assess diurnal variations of peripheral lymphocyte prevalence using finger prick blood in a small s le size. Using polychromatic flow cytometry, the prevalence of lymphocytes was assessed using 25 µL fingertip blood s les at 8 AM and 5 PM from 8 participants. TH cells and B cells showed significantly higher percentages in the 5 PM s les, whereas NK cells demonstrated a significantly higher morning percentage. T cells, leukocytes, and cytotoxic T cells showed no significant changes. The detection of diurnal variations demonstrates that small blood volumes can be used to detect lymphocyte variations. The lower blood volume required provides a new testing method for clinical and research settings.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 03-11-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2022.1049932
Abstract: A Code Red has been declared for the planet and human health. Climate change (e.g., increasing temperatures, adverse weather events, rising sea levels) threatens the planet's already declining ecosystems. Without urgent action, all of Earth's inhabitants face an existential threat. Health professions education should therefore prepare learners to not only practice in a changing world, but authentic educational activities should also develop competencies for global and planetary citizenship. Planetary health has been integrated across the five-year Bond University (Australia) medical curriculum. It begins in the second week of Year 1 and ends with a session on Environmentally Sustainable Healthcare in the General Practice rotation in the final year. The purpose of this article is to describe the outcomes of the first 5 years (2018–2022) of a learner-centered planetary health assignment, underpinned by the 2030 United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in the second year of a five-year medical program. Using systems and/or design thinking with a focus on SDG13 ( Climate Action ) plus a second SDG of choice, self-selected teams of 4–6 students submit a protocol (with feedback) to develop a deliverable “product” for an intended audience. Data analysis of the first 5 years of implementation found that the most frequently selected SDGs in addition to SDG13 were: SDG12 Sustainable Production and Consumption (41% of teams), mostly relating to healthcare emissions and waste SDG3 Health and Well-being (22%), generally involving the impact of air pollution and SDG6 Clean Water and Sanitation (15%). A survey at the concluding conference garnered student feedback across various criteria. The planetary health assignment is authentic in that teams provide solutions to address climate change. Where appropriate, final “products” are sent to local or federal ministers for consideration (e.g., policy proposals) or integrated into the curriculum (e.g., learning modules). We believe that the competencies, attitudes, and values fostered through engagement with planetary health. Throughout the medical program, as evidenced by their evaluations, stands students in good stead to be change agents, not only in clinical practice but in society. An awareness has been created about the need for planetary citizenship in addition to global citizenship.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 12-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-03-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-60967-7
Abstract: Inflammatory mediators may have a role in various lower urinary tract disorders. Histamine is known to induce significant increases in both the tension and frequency of spontaneous phasic contractions in both urothelium with lamina propria (U& LP) and detrusor muscle via the activation of H1 receptor in juvenile animal models. However, it is unclear whether age affects these contractile responses to histamine. This study assessed the histamine receptor subtypes mediating contraction in juvenile and adult porcine bladders and compared the urothelium with lamina propria and detrusor responses to histamine. Isolated tissue bath studies were conducted using strips of porcine U& LP and detrusor obtained from juvenile (6 months) and adult (3 years) animals exposed to histamine receptor agonists and antagonists. Treatment with histamine (100 µM) in U& LP of juvenile animals caused increases in baseline tension by 47.84 ± 6.52 mN/g (p 0.001, n = 51) and by 50.76 ± 4.10 mN/g (p 0.001, n = 55) in adult animals. Furthermore, the frequency of spontaneous phasic contractions was significantly enhanced in response to histamine in U& LP of both juvenile and adult tissues (p 0.001 for both age groups). Treatment with an H2 agonist in U& LP of juvenile animals decreased baseline tension by 13.97 ± 3.45 mN/g (n = 12, p 0.05), but had no effect in adult animals. Inhibition of H1 receptors resulted in significantly reduced contractile responses of U& LP and detrusor to histamine in both juvenile and adult animals (p 0.05). Treatment with an H2 receptor antagonist significantly enhanced contractions in juvenile preparations (n = 10, p 0.05) but had no effect in adult preparations (n = 8). In detrusor, treatment with histamine (100 µM) in juvenile tissues showed a significantly higher increase in baseline tension of 19.10 ± 4.92 mN/g (n = 51) when compared to adult tissues exhibiting increases of 8.21 ± 0.89 mN/g (n = 56, p 0.05). The increases in the baseline tension were significantly inhibited by the presence of H1 receptor antagonists in both juvenile and adult detrusor preparations. Treatment with either the H2 receptor antagonist or agonist in detrusor had no effect on both juvenile and adult tissues. Therefore, the histamine receptor system may play an essential role in the maintenance of bladder function or in bladder dysfunction observed in some lower urinary tract disorders.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 09-2023
Abstract: This article proposes the inclusion of a core concept regarding “integration” into physiology-based curricula, with the descriptor “cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems interact to create and sustain life.” This concept expands prior knowledge and applies physiological understanding to real-world scenarios and introduces contexts such as medications, diseases, and aging to the student learning experience. To comprehend the topics within the Integration core concept, students will need to apply learned material from earlier semesters.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-02-2023
DOI: 10.1186/S41239-022-00378-Y
Abstract: Educational institutions are increasingly investing into digital delivery, acquiring new devices, and employing novel software and services. The rising costs associated with maintenance, in combination with increasing redundancy of older technologies, presents multiple challenges. While lesson content itself may not have changed, the educational landscape constantly evolves, where tertiary institutions are incorporating new modes of content delivery, hybrid-style learning, and interactive technologies. Investments into digital expansions must be taken with caution, particularly prior to the procurement of technology, with a need for the proposed interventions’ scalability, sustainability, and serviceability to be considered. This article presents the Triple-S framework for educators, administrators, and educational institutions, and outlines ex les of its application within curricula. The paper synthesises research evidence to provide the foundation underlying the key principles of the Triple-S framework, presenting a useful model to use when evaluating digital interventions. Utilising the framework for decisions regarding the acquisition of educational technology, devices, software, applications, and online resources can assist in the assurance of viable and appropriate investments. Graphical Abstract
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-06-2022
Abstract: Stroke education is a key factor in minimising secondary stroke risk, yet worldwide stroke education rates are low. Technology has the potential to increase stroke education accessibility. One technology that could be beneficial is augmented reality (AR). We developed and trialled a stroke education lesson using an AR application with stroke patients and significant others. A feasibility study design was used. Following development of the AR stroke education lesson, 19 people with stroke and three significant others trialled the lesson then completed a customised mixed method questionnaire. The lesson involved narrated audio while participants interacted with a model brain via a tablet. Information about participant recruitment and retention, usage, and perceptions were collected. Fifty-eight percent ( n = 22) of eligible in iduals consented to participate. Once recruited, 100% of participants ( n = 22) were retained. Ninety percent of participants used the lesson once. Most participants used the application independently (81.82%, n = 18), had positive views about the lesson (over 80% across items including enjoyment, usefulness and perception of the application as a good learning tool) and reported improved confidence in stroke knowledge (72.73%, n = 16). Confidence in stroke knowledge post-lesson was associated with comfort using the application ( p = 0.046, Fisher’s exact test) and perception of the application as a good learning tool ( p = 0.009, Fisher’s exact test). Technology-enhanced instruction in the form of AR is feasible for educating patients and significant others about stroke. Further research following refinement of the lesson is required.
No related grants have been discovered for Christian Moro.