ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6082-937X
Current Organisation
Macquarie University
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In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy | Mineral Processing/Beneficiation | Environmental Technologies | Atmospheric Aerosols | Climate Change Processes | Other Chemical Sciences | Mineral Processing | Environmental Science and Management not elsewhere classified | Environmental Technologies | Petroleum and Coal Geology | Natural Products Chemistry | Geology | Geochemistry | Atmospheric Sciences | Resources Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Manufacturing Engineering not elsewhere classified | Environmental Impact Assessment | Environmental Chemistry (incl. Atmospheric Chemistry) | Environmental Monitoring | Environmental Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Palaeoclimatology | Engineering And Technology Not Elsewhere Classified | Environmental And Occupational Health And Safety | Flow Analysis | Environmental Engineering | Inorganic Geochemistry | Organic Geochemistry | Environmental Chemistry (Incl. Atmospheric Chemistry) |
Mining and Extraction of Iron Ores | Basic Iron and Steel Products | Iron and steel (e.g. ingots, bars, rods, shapes and sections) | Atmospheric Composition (incl. Greenhouse Gas Inventory) | Management of Gaseous Waste from Manufacturing Activities (excl. Greenhouse Gases) | Basic metal products (incl. Smelting) | Atmospheric Processes and Dynamics | Management of Solid Waste from Mineral Resource Activities | Materials performance and processes | Child health | Earth sciences | Environmentally Sustainable Mineral Resource Activities not elsewhere classified | Air quality | Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water in Marine Environments | Ceramics | Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Australia (excl. Social Impacts) | Conservation and efficiency | Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Air Quality | Coal | Oil and gas | Energy transformation not elsewhere classified | Oil and Gas Exploration | Environmental health
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 28-02-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1996
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1995
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-10-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 28-09-2017
DOI: 10.5194/ACP-17-11623-2017
Abstract: Abstract. Mercury is a toxic element of serious concern for human and environmental health. Understanding its natural cycling in the environment is an important goal towards assessing its impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Due to the unique chemical and physical properties of mercury, the atmosphere is the dominant transport pathway for this heavy metal, with the consequence that regions far removed from sources can be impacted. However, there exists a dearth of long-term monitoring of atmospheric mercury, particularly in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. This paper presents the first 2 years of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) measurements taken at the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS) in northern Australia, as part of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS). Annual mean GEM concentrations determined at ATARS (0.95 ± 0.12 ng m−3) are consistent with recent observations at other sites in the Southern Hemisphere. Comparison with GEM data from other Australian monitoring sites suggests a concentration gradient that decreases with increasing latitude. Seasonal analysis shows that GEM concentrations at ATARS are significantly lower in the distinct wet monsoon season than in the dry season. This result provides insight into alterations of natural mercury cycling processes as a result of changes in atmospheric humidity, oceanic/terrestrial fetch, and convective mixing, and invites future investigation using wet mercury deposition measurements. Due to its location relative to the atmospheric equator, ATARS intermittently s les air originating from the Northern Hemisphere, allowing an opportunity to gain greater understanding of inter-hemispheric transport of mercury and other atmospheric species. Diurnal cycles of GEM at ATARS show distinct nocturnal depletion events that are attributed to dry deposition under stable boundary layer conditions. These cycles provide strong further evidence supportive of a multi-hop model of GEM cycling, characterised by multiple surface depositions and re-emissions, in addition to long-range transport through the atmosphere.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1995
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Date: 05-2004
DOI: 10.1175/2093.1
Abstract: The Australian Air Quality Forecasting System (AAQFS) is the culmination of a 3-yr project to develop a numerical primitive equation system for generating high-resolution (1–5 km) short-term (24–36 h) forecasts for the Australian coastal cities of Melbourne and Sydney. Forecasts are generated 2 times per day for a range of primary and secondary air pollutants, including ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particles that are less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10). A preliminary assessment of system performance has been undertaken using forecasts generated over a 3-month demonstration period. For the priority pollutant ozone it was found that AAQFS achieved a coefficient of determination of 0.65 and 0.57 for forecasts of peak daily 1-h concentration in Melbourne and Sydney, respectively. The probability of detection and false-alarm rate were 0.71 and 0.55, respectively, for a 60-ppb forecast threshold in Melbourne. A similar level of skill was achieved for Sydney. System performance is also promising for the primary gaseous pollutants. Further development is required before the system can be used to forecast PM10 confidently, with a systematic overprediction of 24-h PM10 concentration occurring during the winter months.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1998
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2010.01.009
Abstract: This work presents agronomic values of a biochar produced from wastewater sludge through pyrolysis at a temperature of 550 degrees C. In order to investigate and quantify effects of wastewater sludge biochar on soil quality, growth, yield and bioavailability of metals in cherry tomatoes, pot experiments were carried out in a temperature controlled environment and under four different treatments consisting of control soil, soil with biochar soil with biochar and fertiliser, and soil with fertiliser only. The soil used was chromosol and the applied wastewater sludge biochar was 10tha(-1). The results showed that the application of biochar improves the production of cherry tomatoes by 64% above the control soil conditions. The ability of biochar to increase the yield was attributed to the combined effect of increased nutrient availability (P and N) and improved soil chemical conditions upon amendment. The yield of cherry tomato production was found to be at its maximum when biochar was applied in combination with the fertiliser. Application of biochar was also found to significantly increase the soil electrical conductivity as well as phosphorus and nitrogen contents. Bioavailability of metals present in the biochar was found to be below the Australian maximum permitted concentrations for food.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1998
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1984
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1994
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 10-11-2016
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 21-04-2017
DOI: 10.5194/ACP-2017-307
Abstract: Abstract. Mercury is a toxic element of serious concern for human and environmental health. Understanding its natural cycling in the environment is an important goal towards assessing its impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Due to the unique chemical and physical properties of mercury, the atmosphere is the dominant transport pathway for this heavy metal, with the consequence that regions far removed from sources can be impacted. However, there exists a dearth of long-term monitoring of atmospheric mercury, particularly in the tropics and southern hemisphere. This paper presents the first two years of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) measurements taken at the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS) in northern Australia, as part of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS). Annual mean GEM concentrations determined at ATARS (0.95 ± 0.12 ng m−3) are consistent with recent observations at other sites in the southern hemisphere. Comparison with GEM data from other Australian monitoring sites suggests a concentration gradient that decreases with increasing latitude. Seasonal analysis shows that GEM concentrations at ATARS are significantly lower in the distinct wet monsoon season than in the dry season. This result provides insight into alterations of natural mercury cycling processes as a result of changes in atmospheric humidity, oceanic/terrestrial fetch and convective mixing, and invites future investigation using wet mercury deposition measurements. Due to its location relative to the atmospheric equator, ATARS intermittently s les air originating from the northern hemisphere, allowing an opportunity to gain greater understanding of inter-hemispheric transport of mercury and other atmospheric species. Diurnal cycles of GEM at ATARS show distinct nocturnal depletion events that are attributed to dry deposition under stable boundary layer conditions. These cycles provide strong further evidence for the multi-hop model of global GEM cycling, whereby long-range transport is characterised by multiple surface depositions and re-emissions, rather than continuous transport over long distances.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 10-11-2016
DOI: 10.5194/ACP-2016-866
Abstract: Abstract. The SAFIRED (Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season) c aign took place from 29th of May, 2014 until the 30th June, 2014 at the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS) in the Northern Territory, Australia. The purpose of this c aign was to investigate emissions from fires in the early dry season in northern Australia. Measurements were made of biomass burning aerosols, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic carbons, greenhouse gases, radon, mercury cycle, and trace metals. Aspects of the biomass burning aerosol emissions investigated included emission factors of various emitted species, physical and chemical aerosol properties, aerosol aging, micronutrient supply to the ocean, nucleation, and aerosol water uptake. Over the course of the month-long c aign, biomass burning signals were prevalent and emissions from several large single burning events were observed at ATARS. Biomass burning emissions dominated the gas and aerosol concentrations in this region. Nine major biomass burning events were identified and associated with intense or close in idual smoke plumes. Dry season fires are extremely frequent and widespread across the northern region of Australia, which suggests that the measured aerosol and gaseous emissions at ATARS are likely representative of signals across the entire region of north Australia. Air mass forward trajectories show that these biomass burning emissions are carried north west over the Timor Sea and could influence the atmosphere over Indonesia and the tropical atmosphere over the Indian Ocean. The outcomes of this c aign will be numerous. This region is an environment with little human impact and provides a unique look into the characteristics of biomass burning aerosol without the influence of other significant emission sources. Relationships between the aerosol physical and chemical properties, gas concentrations and meteorological data for the entire month will provide fundamental knowledge required to understand the influence of early dry season burning in this tropical region on the atmosphere. In this paper we present characteristics of the biomass burning observed at the s ling site and provide an overview of the more specific outcomes of the SAFIRED c aign.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1990
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2000
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 31-05-2018
Abstract: Abstract. One of the key challenges in atmospheric chemistry is to reduce the uncertainty of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission estimates from vegetation to the atmosphere. In Australia, eucalypt trees are a primary source of biogenic emissions, but their contribution to Australian air sheds is poorly quantified. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) has performed poorly against Australian isoprene and monoterpene observations. Finding reasons for the MEGAN discrepancies and strengthening our understanding of biogenic emissions in this region is our focus. We compare MEGAN to the locally produced Australian Biogenic Canopy and Grass Emissions Model (ABCGEM), to identify the uncertainties associated with the emission estimates and the data requirements necessary to improve isoprene and monoterpene emissions estimates for the application of MEGAN in Australia. Previously unpublished, ABCGEM is applied as an online biogenic emissions inventory to model BVOCs in the air shed overlaying Sydney, Australia. The two models use the same meteorological inputs and chemical mechanism, but independent inputs of leaf area index (LAI), plant functional type (PFT) and emission factors. We find that LAI, a proxy for leaf biomass, has a small role in spatial, temporal and inter-model biogenic emission variability, particularly in urban areas for ABCGEM. After removing LAI as the source of the differences, we found large differences in the emission activity function for monoterpenes. In MEGAN monoterpenes are partially light dependent, reducing their dependence on temperature. In ABCGEM monoterpenes are not light dependent, meaning they continue to be emitted at high rates during hot summer days, and at night. When the light dependence of monoterpenes is switched off in MEGAN, night-time emissions increase by 90–100 % improving the comparison with observations, suggesting the possibility that monoterpenes emitted from Australian vegetation may not be as light dependent as vegetation globally. Targeted measurements of emissions from in situ Australian vegetation, particularly of the light dependence issue are critical to improving MEGAN for one of the world's major biogenic emitting regions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1998
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 17-11-2017
DOI: 10.5194/ACP-17-13681-2017
Abstract: Abstract. The SAFIRED (Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season) c aign took place from 29 May until 30 June 2014 at the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS) in the Northern Territory, Australia. The purpose of this c aign was to investigate emissions from fires in the early dry season in northern Australia. Measurements were made of biomass burning aerosols, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic carbons, greenhouse gases, radon, speciated atmospheric mercury and trace metals. Aspects of the biomass burning aerosol emissions investigated included emission factors of various species, physical and chemical aerosol properties, aerosol aging, micronutrient supply to the ocean, nucleation, and aerosol water uptake. Over the course of the month-long c aign, biomass burning signals were prevalent and emissions from several large single burning events were observed at ATARS.Biomass burning emissions dominated the gas and aerosol concentrations in this region. Dry season fires are extremely frequent and widespread across the northern region of Australia, which suggests that the measured aerosol and gaseous emissions at ATARS are likely representative of signals across the entire region of north Australia. Air mass forward trajectories show that these biomass burning emissions are carried north-west over the Timor Sea and could influence the atmosphere over Indonesia and the tropical atmosphere over the Indian Ocean. Here we present characteristics of the biomass burning observed at the s ling site and provide an overview of the more specific outcomes of the SAFIRED c aign.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1991
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 21-01-2010
DOI: 10.1021/EF900473P
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 08-02-2018
Abstract: Abstract. Passive air s lers (PASs) for gaseous mercury (Hg) were deployed for time periods between 1 month and 1 year at 20 sites across the globe with continuous atmospheric Hg monitoring using active Tekran instruments. The purpose was to evaluate the accuracy of the PAS vis-à-vis the industry standard active instruments and to determine a s ling rate (SR the volume of air stripped of gaseous Hg per unit of time) that is applicable across a broad variety of conditions. The sites spanned a wide range of latitudes, altitudes, meteorological conditions, and gaseous Hg concentrations. Precision, based on 378 replicated deployments performed by numerous personnel at multiple sites, is 3.6 ± 3.0 %*, confirming the PAS's excellent reproducibility and ease-of-use. Using a SR previously determined at a single site, gaseous Hg concentrations derived from the globally distributed PASs deviate from Tekran-based concentrations by 14.2 ± 10 %. A recalibration using the entire new data set yields a slightly higher SR of 0.1354 ± 0.016 m3 day−1. When concentrations are derived from the PAS using this revised SR the difference is reduced to 8.8 ± 7.5 %. At the mean gaseous Hg concentration across the study sites of 1.54 ng m−3, this represents an ability to resolve concentrations to within 0.13 ng m−3. Adjusting the s ling rate to deployment specific temperatures and wind speeds does not decrease the difference in active–passive concentration further (8.7 ± 5.7 %), but reduces its variability by leading to better agreement in Hg concentrations measured at sites with very high and very low temperatures and very high wind speeds. This value (8.7 ± 5.7 %) represents a conservative assessment of the overall uncertainty of the PAS due to inherent uncertainties of the Tekran instruments. Going forward, the recalibrated SR adjusted for temperature and wind speed should be used, especially if conditions are highly variable or deviate considerably from the average of the deployments in this study (9.89 °C, 3.41 m s−1). Overall, the study demonstrates that the s ler is capable of recording background gaseous Hg concentrations across a wide range of environmental conditions with accuracy similar to that of industry standard active s ling instruments. Results at sites with active speciation units were inconclusive on whether the PASs take up total gaseous Hg or solely gaseous elemental Hg primarily because gaseous oxidized Hg concentrations were in a similar range as the uncertainty of the PAS.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 18-11-2007
DOI: 10.1021/EF0604083
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.06.182
Abstract: Combustion emissions are of growing concern across all Pacific Island Countries, which account for >10,000 km
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1989
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 04-11-2006
DOI: 10.1021/EF060407A
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 08-02-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1983
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1992
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 08-10-1999
DOI: 10.1021/EF990036G
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1992
Publisher: Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research
Date: 2016
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 26-04-2018
Abstract: Abstract. Passive air s lers (PASs) for gaseous mercury (Hg) were deployed for time periods between 1 month and 1 year at 20 sites across the globe with continuous atmospheric Hg monitoring using active Tekran instruments. The purpose was to evaluate the accuracy of the PAS vis-à-vis the industry standard active instruments and to determine a s ling rate (SR the volume of air stripped of gaseous Hg per unit of time) that is applicable across a wide range of conditions. The sites spanned a wide range of latitudes, altitudes, meteorological conditions, and gaseous Hg concentrations. Precision, based on 378 replicated deployments performed by numerous personnel at multiple sites, is 3.6 ± 3.0 %1, confirming the PAS's excellent reproducibility and ease of use. Using a SR previously determined at a single site, gaseous Hg concentrations derived from the globally distributed PASs deviate from Tekran-based concentrations by 14.2 ± 10 %. A recalibration using the entire new data set yields a slightly higher SR of 0.1354 ± 0.016 m3 day−1. When concentrations are derived from the PAS using this revised SR the difference between concentrations from active and passive s ling is reduced to 8.8 ± 7.5 %. At the mean gaseous Hg concentration across the study sites of 1.54 ng m−3, this represents an ability to resolve concentrations to within 0.13 ng m−3. Adjusting the s ling rate to deployment specific temperatures and wind speeds does not decrease the difference in active–passive concentration further (8.7 ± 5.7 %), but reduces its variability by leading to better agreement in Hg concentrations measured at sites with very high and very low temperatures and very high wind speeds. This value (8.7 ± 5.7 %) represents a conservative assessment of the overall uncertainty of the PAS due to inherent uncertainties of the Tekran instruments. Going forward, the recalibrated SR adjusted for temperature and wind speed should be used, especially if conditions are highly variable or deviate considerably from the average of the deployments in this study (9.89 ∘C, 3.41 m s−1). Overall, the study demonstrates that the s ler is capable of recording background gaseous Hg concentrations across a wide range of environmental conditions with accuracy similar to that of industry standard active s ling instruments. Results at sites with active speciation units were inconclusive on whether the PASs take up total gaseous Hg or solely gaseous elemental Hg primarily because gaseous oxidized Hg concentrations were in a similar range as the uncertainty of the PAS.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2005
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 13-11-2019
Abstract: Pembrolizumab is a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting the receptor programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), with anti-tumour activity demonstrated for many malignancies. Such immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with many immune-related adverse events including rash, colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, endocrinopathy and, rarely, haematological adverse events, including immune-related thrombocytopenia. We report a 60-year-old female with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer treated with pembrolizumab every three weeks. Following her fifth cycle, she presented to our hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Thrombocytopenia developed the next day and, after detailed investigations, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was diagnosed. Pembrolizumab was immediately ceased and plasma exchange commenced along with IV methylprednisolone 250 mg daily for three days followed by oral prednisolone. After five days of plasma exchange, platelet counts normalised and haemolytic anaemia resolved. Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune disorder caused by an inhibitory autoantibody against ADAMTS-13. While most cases of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura are idiopathic, certain conditions (e.g. bacterial infection, autoimmune disorders, malignancies) and medications are associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Other potential causes were eliminated in our patient. As acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune disorder, pembrolizumab, given its unique mechanism of action and association with immune-related adverse events, is believed to be implicated in the development of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. This case is one of only two linking anti-PD-1 therapy to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura development (the other occurring in a patient on nivolumab plus ipilimumab). Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is life-threatening and clinicians are advised to be aware of its possible occurrence in immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated patients.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2007
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 05-1990
DOI: 10.1021/EF00021A011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 07-1988
DOI: 10.1021/EF00010A004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2002
Publisher: EJournal Publishing
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 10-11-2009
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 18-10-2017
DOI: 10.5194/ACP-2017-911
Abstract: Abstract. One of the key challenges in atmospheric chemistry is to reduce the uncertainty of biogenic emission estimates from vegetation to the atmosphere. In Australia, eucalypt trees are a primary source of biogenic emissions, but their contribution to Australian air sheds is poorly quantified. CSIRO developed the Australian Biogenic Canopy and Grass Emissions Model (ABCGEM) 15 years ago to investigate this issue. Previously unpublished, ABCGEM is applied as an inline biogenic emissions inventory to model volatile organic compounds in the air shed overlaying Sydney, Australia. For comparison, biogenic emissions are calculated by the well-accepted Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) for the same region using the same meteorological inputs. The two models use independent inputs of Leaf Area Index (LAI), Plant Functional Type (PFT) and emission factors. We find that LAI, a proxy for leaf biomass, has a small role in spatial, temporal and inter-model biogenic emission variability, particularly in urban areas for ABCGEM. After removing LAI as the source of the differences, we found large differences in the emission activity function for monoterpenes. In MEGAN monoterpenes are partially light dependent, reducing their dependence on temperature. In ABCGEM monoterpenes are not light dependent, meaning they continue to be emitted at high rates during hot summer days, and at night. Comparison with observations suggests that monoterpenes emitted from Australian vegetation may not be as light dependent as vegetation globally, as assumed in MEGAN. The simplified ABCGEM model is comparable with the state-of-the-art MEGAN model when measured by normalised mean bias values between the models and observed atmospheric isoprene and monoterpene observations. Observed ratios of isoprene to monoterpene carbon in south east Australia are approximately unity. ABCGEM replicates this ratio for both emission rates and predicted concentrations, while MEGAN over-estimates by a factor of 4. This suggests the correct balance between isoprene and monoterpene emissions in ABCGEM, but their magnitudes need further assessment. We estimate the uncertainty in Australian BVOC emissions to be a factor of 2 for isoprene and 3 for monoterpenes. This study identifies the uncertainties associated with the ABCGEM emission estimates, and data requirements necessary to improve isoprene and monoterpene emissions estimates for the application of both ABCGEM and MEGAN in Australia.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 07-11-2007
DOI: 10.1021/EF060405Q
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1991
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1986
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-1981
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1991
Publisher: European Center of Sustainable Development
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1998
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-08-2010
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 23-02-2009
DOI: 10.1021/EF800824D
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1071/EN08074
Abstract: Environmental Context. Motor vehicle emissions of toxic chemicals are a major contributor to urban air pollution, and to potential human health problems. Diesel vehicles have historically been major sources of smoke and fine particles that contain a wide range of toxic species. In this study the effects of vehicle type and fuel quality on the cancer forming risk of toxic compounds in diesel exhaust are determined. It is found that the major risk is due to toxic compounds such as benzene formed during fuel combustion in the vehicle engine. Abstract. Diesel vehicles are an important source of emission of air pollutants, particularly toxic compounds with potential health impacts. Current developments in engine design and fuel quality are expected to reduce these emissions, but many older vehicles will make a major contribution to urban pollutant concentrations and related health impacts for many years. In this study the relative inhalation risk of emissions of a range of toxic compounds are reported using data from a study of in-service vehicles driven through urban drive cycles using a range of diesel fuel formulations. The fuels ranged in sulfur content from 24 to 1700 ppm, and in total aromatics from 7.7 to 33 mass%. Effects of vehicle type and fuel composition on the risk of emissions of a range of toxic species are reported. The results show that the inhalation cancer risk is dominated for most of the vehicles and the testing modes by emissions of the combustion derived products, particularly benzene, naphthalene, and formaldehyde, and not by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene. Based on the relative risk represented by these toxic species, improved fuel quality does not result in significant reductions in the relative inhalation cancer risk. However, this conclusion may be affected by additional toxic species and fine particles present in diesel exhaust, which were not included in this study.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1992
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 18-10-2017
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-1992
DOI: 10.1021/EF00032A004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1997
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00231-9
Abstract: The oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME, 340 ppm in 10% O2) has been studied experimentally in an atmospheric pressure laminar flow reactor in the temperature range from 240 degrees C to 700 degrees C for residence times in the range 2-4 s. The influence of nitric oxide additions up to 620 ppm to the feed gases has also been investigated. Products of reaction were determined by FTIR. In the absence of NO, reaction is first detected at about 260 degrees C. The products in the low-temperature region include formaldehyde (HCHO), and formic acid (HCOOH). The addition of NO leads to the appearance of methyl formate (CH3OCHO). While the overall behaviour of the system can be explained qualitatively in terms of typical low-temperature hydrocarbon ignition, recently published chemical kinetic models for DME ignition do not allow for the formation of these formate species. We find no experimental evidence for the formation of hydroperoxymethyl formate (HPMF, HOOCH2OCHO) which is predicted by the models to be a significant stable intermediate at temperatures below 350 degrees C. Since both formic acid and methyl formate have potentially harmful health effects, these observations may have significant implications for use of DME as a diesel fuel.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1994
Publisher: The Society of Materials Engineering for Resources of Japan
Date: 1995
DOI: 10.5188/IJSMER.3.194
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1990
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 07-1990
DOI: 10.1021/EF00022A015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.07.340
Abstract: China currently faces environmental challenges of lower air quality, partly as a result of industrial activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of iron and steelmaking facilities to regional air quality in four selected industry dominated urban centres in China. Nine different particle size ranges present in atmospheric particles collected from four sites in Kunming (KM), Wuhan (WH), Nanjing (NJ) and Ningbo (NB) were analysed and compared with particles collected at one background site at the Ningbo Nottingham University (UN) with very little industrial influence in China. Similar mass concentration levels of particulate matter PM
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2017.08.021
Abstract: The Pacific Islands carry a perception of having clean air, yet emissions from transport and burning activities are of concern in regard to air quality and health. Ultrafine particle number concentrations (PNCs), one of the best metrics to demonstrate combustion emissions, have not been measured either in Suva or elsewhere in the Islands. This work provides insight into PNC variation across Suva and its relationship with particle mass (PM) concentration and composition. Measurements over a short monitoring c aign provide a vignette of conditions in Suva. Ambient PNCs were monitored for 8 day at a fixed location, and mobile PNC s ling for two days. These were compared with PM concentration (TSP, PM
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1991
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 10-1982
DOI: 10.1021/ES00104A005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1987
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1995
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2010.09.008
Abstract: The important challenge for effective management of wastewater sludge materials in an environmentally and economically acceptable way can be addressed through pyrolytic conversion of the sludge to biochar and agricultural applications of the biochar. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on production of wastewater sludge biochar and evaluate the properties required for agronomic applications. Wastewater sludge collected from an urban wastewater treatment plant was pyrolysed in a laboratory scale reactor. It was found that by increasing the pyrolysis temperature (over the range from 300 °C to 700 °C) the yield of biochar decreased. Biochar produced at low temperature was acidic whereas at high temperature it was alkaline in nature. The concentration of nitrogen was found to decrease while micronutrients increased with increasing temperature. Concentrations of trace metals present in wastewater sludge varied with temperature and were found to primarily enriched in the biochar.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1989
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1999
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9918(199908)28:1<126::AID-SIA633>3.0.CO;2-V
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1998
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-07-2010
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 26-10-2021
DOI: 10.1108/AAAJ-11-2017-3232
Abstract: This paper furthers research into the potential contribution of pollutant databases for corporate accountability. We evaluate the quality of corporate and government mercury reporting via the Australian National Pollutant Inventory (NPI), which underpins Australia's reporting under the Minamata Convention, a global agreement to reduce mercury pollution. The qualitative characteristics of accounting information are used as a theoretical frame to analyse ten interviews with thirteen interviewees as well as 54 submissions to the 2018 governmental enquiry into the NPI. While Australian mercury accounting using the NPI is likely sufficient to meet the expected Minamata reporting requirements (especially in comparison to developing countries), we find significant limitations in relation to comparability, accuracy, timeliness and completeness. These limitations primarily relate to government (as opposed to industry) deficiencies, caused by insufficient funding. The findings suggest that multiple factors are required to realise the potential of pollutant databases for corporate accountability, including appropriate rules, ideological commitment and resourcing The provision of additional funding would enable the NPI to be considerably improved (for mercury as well as other pollutants), particularly in relation to the measurement and reporting of emissions from diffuse sources. Whilst there have been prior reviews of the NPI, none have focused on mercury, whilst conversely prior studies which have discussed mercury information have not focused on the NPI. In addition, no prior NPI studies have utilised interviews nor have engaged directly with NPI regulators. There has been little prior engagement with pollutant databases in social and environmental accounting (SEA) research.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1994
DOI: 10.1007/BF00806046
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2007.10.017
Abstract: Emissions from coal fired power stations are known to be a significant anthropogenic source of fine atmospheric particles, both through direct primary emissions and secondary formation of sulfate and nitrate from emissions of gaseous precursors. However, there is relatively little information available in the literature regarding the contribution emissions make to the ambient aerosol, particularly in the ultrafine size range. In this study, the contribution of emissions to particles smaller than 0.3 mum in the ambient aerosol was examined at a s ling site 7 km from two large Australian coal fired power stations equipped with fabric filters. A novel approach was employed using conditional s ling based on sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) as an indicator species, and a relatively new s ler, the TSI Nanometer Aerosol S ler. S les were collected on transmission electron microscope (TEM) grids and examined using a combination of TEM imaging and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for qualitative chemical analysis. The ultrafine aerosol in low SO(2) conditions was dominated by diesel soot from vehicle emissions, while significant quantities of particles, which were unstable under the electron beam, were observed in the high SO(2) s les. The behaviour of these particles was consistent with literature accounts of sulfate and nitrate species, believed to have been derived from precursor emissions from the power stations. A significant carbon peak was noted in the residues from the evaporated particles, suggesting that some secondary organic aerosol formation may also have been catalysed by these acid seed particles. No primary particulate material was observed in the minus 0.3 mum fraction. The results of this study indicate the contribution of species more commonly associated with gas to particle conversion may be more significant than expected, even close to source.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 06-12-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2014.04.025
Abstract: The improved understanding of mass and elemental distributions of industrial air particles is important due to their heterogeneous atmospheric behaviour and impact on human health and the environment. In this study, particles of different size ranges were collected from three sites in Australia located in the vicinity of iron and steelmaking industries and one urban background site with very little industrial influence. In order to determine the importance of the type of industrial activity on the urban atmospheric quality, the industrial sites selected in this study were in the close proximity to two blast furnace operated and one electric arc furnace based steelmaking sites. The chemical compositions of the collected air particles were analysed using the proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. This study revealed significantly higher metal concentrations in the atmospheric particles collected in the industrial sites, comparing to the background urban site, demonstrating local influence of the industrial activities to the air quality. The modality types of the particles were found to be variable between the mass and elements, and among elements in the urban and industrial areas indicating that the elemental modal distribution is as important as particle mass for particle pollution modelling. The highest elemental number distribution at all studied sites occurred with particle size of 0.1 μm. Iron was found as the main dominant metal at the industrial atmosphere in each particle size range. The industrial Fe fraction in the submicron and ultrafine size particles was estimated at up to 95% which may be released from high temperature industrial activities with the iron and steelmaking industries being one of the major contributors. Hence, these industrial elemental loadings can highly influence the atmospheric pollution at local urban and regional levels and are required to consider in the atmospheric modelling settings.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 07-1989
DOI: 10.1021/EF00016A011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
Publisher: University of California Press
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1525/ELEMENTA.2020.070
Abstract: Mercury is a toxic bioaccumulative pollutant, with the atmosphere being the primary pathway for global distribution. Although atmospheric mercury cycling has been extensively monitored and modeled across the Northern Hemisphere, there has long been a dearth of mercury data for the Southern Hemisphere. Recent efforts in Australia are helping to fill this gap, with new observational records that span environments ranging from cool temperate to warm tropical climates and near-source to background conditions. Here, we review recent research on atmospheric mercury in Australia, highlighting new observational constraints on atmospheric concentrations, emissions, and deposition and, where possible, comparing these to model estimates. We also provide our best estimate of the current Australian atmospheric mercury budget. Ambient mercury observations collected to date show unique features not captured at other observing sites across the Southern Hemisphere, including very low concentrations at inland sites and a monsoon season drawdown in the tropical north. Previously compiled estimates of Australian anthropogenic mercury emissions differ substantially due to both methodological differences (e.g., assumptions about mercury control technology in coal-fired power plants) and recent closures of major Australian mercury sources, and none are appropriate for modern-day Australia. For mercury emissions from biomass burning, new measurements from Australian smoke plumes show emission factors for both savanna and temperate forest fires are significantly lower than measured elsewhere in the world, and prior estimates based on non-Australian data are likely too high. Although significant uncertainties remain, our analysis suggests that emissions from terrestrial sources (both newly released and legacy) significantly exceed those from anthropogenic sources. However, recent bidirectional air-surface flux observations suggest this source is likely balanced by deposition and surface uptake at local scales. Throughout, we highlight lingering uncertainties and identify critical future research needs for understanding Australian atmospheric mercury and its role in Southern Hemisphere mercury cycling.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.08.225
Abstract: Health implications of air pollution vary dependent upon pollutant sources. This work determines the value, in terms of reduced mortality, of reducing ambient particulate matter (PM
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 1988
DOI: 10.1039/C39880000766
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 21-01-2010
DOI: 10.1021/EF900557P
Start Date: 10-2011
End Date: 12-2014
Amount: $310,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2004
End Date: 12-2007
Amount: $440,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 11-2017
End Date: 12-2021
Amount: $450,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 09-2008
End Date: 12-2011
Amount: $360,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 07-2006
End Date: 12-2009
Amount: $270,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 12-2014
End Date: 04-2020
Amount: $330,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 03-2016
End Date: 06-2019
Amount: $648,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2013
End Date: 12-2013
Amount: $280,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 09-2015
End Date: 12-2016
Amount: $630,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 12-2003
End Date: 06-2004
Amount: $10,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2010
End Date: 12-2010
Amount: $160,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity