ORCID Profile
0000-0003-0514-0865
Current Organisation
Macquarie University
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Publisher: Department of Polymer Engineering, Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineering
Date: 2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Springer US
Date: 2006
Publisher: American Thoracic Society
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1164/AJRCCM-CONFERENCE.2011.183.1_MEETINGABSTRACTS.A2661
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-04-2021
DOI: 10.1002/ART.41610
Abstract: Clinical heterogeneity, a hallmark of systemic autoimmune diseases, impedes early diagnosis and effective treatment, issues that may be addressed if patients could be classified into groups defined by molecular pattern. This study was undertaken to identify molecular clusters for reclassifying systemic autoimmune diseases independently of clinical diagnosis. Unsupervised clustering of integrated whole blood transcriptome and methylome cross‐sectional data on 955 patients with 7 systemic autoimmune diseases and 267 healthy controls was undertaken. In addition, an inception cohort was prospectively followed up for 6 or 14 months to validate the results and analyze whether or not cluster assignment changed over time. Four clusters were identified and validated. Three were pathologic, representing “inflammatory,” “lymphoid,” and “interferon” patterns. Each included all diagnoses and was defined by genetic, clinical, serologic, and cellular features. A fourth cluster with no specific molecular pattern was associated with low disease activity and included healthy controls. A longitudinal and independent inception cohort showed a relapse–remission pattern, where patients remained in their pathologic cluster, moving only to the healthy one, thus showing that the molecular clusters remained stable over time and that single pathogenic molecular signatures characterized each in idual patient. Patients with systemic autoimmune diseases can be jointly stratified into 3 stable disease clusters with specific molecular patterns differentiating different molecular disease mechanisms. These results have important implications for future clinical trials and the study of nonresponse to therapy, marking a paradigm shift in our view of systemic autoimmune diseases.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-02-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9020137
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 15-11-2010
Abstract: Respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are a significant and increasing global health problem. These diseases are characterized by airway inflammation, which develops in response to various stimuli. In asthma, inflammation is driven by exposure to a variety of triggers, including allergens and viruses, which activate components of both the innate and acquired immune responses. In COPD, exposure to cigarette smoke is the primary stimulus of airway inflammation. Activation of airway inflammatory cells leads to the release of excessive quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress. Antioxidants provide protection against the damaging effects of oxidative stress and thus may be useful in the management of inflammatory airways disease. Resveratrol, a polyphenol that demonstrates both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions, has been shown to improve outcomes in a variety of diseases, in particular, in cancer. We review the evidence for a protective role of resveratrol in respiratory disease. Mechanisms of resveratrol action that may be relevant to respiratory disease are described. We conclude that resveratrol has potential as a therapeutic agent in respiratory disease, which should be further investigated.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: European Respiratory Society (ERS)
Date: 10-02-2011
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00139810
Abstract: Obesity and asthma are associated, but the mechanism(s) of the association have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess airway inflammation in relation to obesity and plasma fatty acids in males and females with and without asthma. Obese (n=68) and nonobese (n=47) adults with asthma, and obese (n=16) and nonobese (n=63) healthy controls had induced sputum and venous blood s les analysed for inflammatory markers. There was a positive interaction between obesity and asthma on sputum neutrophil percentage (p=0.012) and C-reactive protein level (p=0.003). Although sputum eosinophil percentage was elevated in asthma (p=0.001), there was no effect of obesity (p=0.16). Sputum neutrophil percentage was positively associated with body mass index in females with asthma (β=1.015, 95% CI 0.258-1.772 p=0.009) and neutrophilic asthma was present in a greater proportion of obese compared with non-obese females (42.9% versus 16.2% p=0.017). In males with asthma, sputum neutrophil percentage was positively associated with total plasma saturated fatty acids (β=0.108, 95% CI 0.036-0.180 p=0.004) and negatively with monounsaturated fatty acids (β= -0.068, 95% CI -0.131- -0.005 p=0.035). This was the first study to demonstrate an increase in neutrophilic airway inflammation in obese asthma. This relationship was significant only in females with asthma. In males, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were important predictors of neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma.
Publisher: MDPI
Date: 13-12-2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-05-2020
DOI: 10.3390/NU12051455
Abstract: Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels are a risk factor for vascular diseases. Recently, increases in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) have been linked to decreased Hcy levels. This relationship may be mediated by the status of UVR-responsive vitamins, vitamin D and folate, and/or genetic variants influencing their levels however, this has yet to be examined. Therefore, the independent and interactive influences of environmental UVR, vitamin D and folate levels and related genetic variants on Hcy levels were examined in an elderly Australian cohort (n = 619). Red blood cell folate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and plasma Hcy levels were determined, and genotyping for 21 folate and vitamin D-related variants was performed. Erythemal dose rate accumulated over six-weeks (6W-EDR) and four-months (4M-EDR) prior to clinics were calculated as a measure of environmental UVR. Multivariate analyses found interactions between 6W-EDR and 25(OH)D levels (pinteraction = 0.002), and 4M-EDR and MTHFD1-rs2236225 (pinteraction = 0.006) in predicting Hcy levels. The association between 6W-EDR and Hcy levels was found only in subjects within lower 25(OH)D quartiles ( .26 ng/mL), with the association between 4M-EDR and Hcy occurring only in subjects carrying the MTHFD1-rs2236225 variant. 4M-EDR, 6W-EDR, and MTHFD1-rs2236225 were also independent predictors of Hcy. Findings highlight nutrient–environment and gene–environment interactions that could influence the risk of Hcy-related outcomes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1997
Abstract: Dihydrofluorouracil (FUH2) is the product of the first rate-limiting step in catabolism of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), catalyzed by the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. In humans, more than 80% of administered 5-FU is degraded through this catabolic pathway. The ability to measure FUH2 and 5-FU simultaneously may provide an index of the extent to which 5-FU is catabolized. A sensitive and efficient extraction and HPLC method has been developed for simultaneous measurement of FUH2 and 5-FU in patients' plasma. Trichloroacetic acid precipitation of plasma proteins was followed by extraction into ethyl acetate, evaporation under nitrogen, and reconstitution in phosphate buffer. The extract was analyzed by isocratic chromatography using a C18 reversed-phase column with uv detection at 268 nm (5-FU) and 220 nm (FUH2). The detection limit is 0.005 nmol on column for aqueous standards or 0.20 microM in 1 ml of plasma standards for both compounds. This method can be applied to pharmacokinetic studies of 5-FU in patients and may be useful as a means of assessing the activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-11-2011
Abstract: A major challenge for successful weight management is tailoring weight loss programs to in idual needs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether personality traits could be used to match in iduals to a compatible weight loss program that would maximize weight loss. Two different weight loss trials were conducted, both with a weight loss greater than 5% the measure of success. Fifty-four in iduals, BMI 30-40 kg/m 2 , either followed a slow, healthy eating weight loss diet (HEWLD) of 5000-6000 kJ/day for 12 weeks (n = 22), or a fast, very low energy diet (VLED) of 3000 kJ/day for 4 weeks (n = 32). Anthropometric measurements were recorded at baseline, at the end of the weight loss period and, for VLED, at the end of 10 weeks of weight maintenance. Personality traits were measured at baseline using the Tangney Self Control Scale plus 3 of the scales from the Five Factor Model - Neuroticism, Conscientiousness and Extraversion. The percentage weight loss was significantly greater in VLED (-7.38%) compared to HEWLD (-4.11%), (p 0.001). Weight loss in HEWLD was positively correlated with Anxiety, a facet of Neuroticism. Weight loss in VLED was positively correlated with Neuroticism (r = 0.5, p 0.01), and negatively correlated with Dutifulness and Discipline, facets of Conscientiousness, (p 0.05 for both). No link was observed between weight loss and the personality trait, Self Control, in either HEWLD or VLED. The personality factor, Neuroticism, was linked to successful weight loss (that is ≥ 5%) with a particular weight loss treatment, suggesting that there is a potential to use measures of personality to identify appropriate weight loss/management strategies for in iduals. Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12611000716965
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-12-2013
DOI: 10.3390/NU5125065
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1989
DOI: 10.1007/BF02535173
Abstract: To assess the feasibility of deriving patient safety indicators for England from routine hospital data and whether they can indicate adverse outcomes for patients. Nine patient safety indicators developed by the United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) were derived using hospital episode statistics for England for 2003-4, 2004-5, and 2005-6. A case-control analysis was undertaken to compare length of stay and mortality between cases (patients experiencing the particular safety event measured by an indicator) and controls matched for age, sex, health resource group (standard groupings of clinically similar treatments that use similar levels of healthcare resource), main specialty, and trust. Comparisons were undertaken with US data. All NHS trusts in England. Inpatients in NHS trusts. There was fair consistency in national rates for the nine indicators across three years. For all but one indicator, hospital stays were longer in cases than in matched controls (range 0.2-17.1 days, P<0.001). Mortality in cases was also higher than in controls (5.7-27.1%, P<0.001), except for the obstetric trauma indicators. Excess length of stay and mortality in cases was greatest for postoperative hip fracture and sepsis. England's rates were lower than US rates for these indicators. Increased length of stay in cases was generally greater in England than in the US. Excess mortality was also higher in England than in the US, except for the obstetric trauma indicators where there were few deaths in both countries. Differences between England and the US in excess length of stay and mortality were most marked for postoperative hip fracture. Hospital administrative data provide a potentially useful low burden, low cost source of information on safety events. Indicators can be derived with English data and show that cases have poorer outcomes than matched controls. These data therefore have potential for monitoring safety events. Further validation, for ex le, of in idual cases, is needed and levels of event recording need to improve. Differences between England and the US might reflect differences in the depth of event coding and in health systems and patterns of healthcare provision.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1988
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90262-7
Abstract: delta 9-Desaturase activity and fatty acid composition of liver microsomal phospholipids in rats fed diets enriched with either saturated (hydrogenated beef tallow) or alpha-linolenic (linseed oil) or eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic (fish oil) acids with or without 2% cholesterol supplementation were investigated. Both the linseed oil and the fish oil diets inhibited delta 9-desaturase activity in the rat liver microsomes. The inhibition was greater when feeding fish oil (90%) compared with the linseed oil (60%) diet. Dietary cholesterol feeding accelerated conversion of palmitic (16:0) to palmitoleic (16:1) acid, irrespective of the fatty acid supplement. Feeding the linseed oil diet decreased, while feeding the fish oil diet increased synthesis of the monounsaturated fatty acids of n-7 series (palmitoleic and vaccenic acid) and decreased 18:1(n-9) in microsomal membrane lipids when compared with animals fed beef tallow. Addition of 2% cholesterol to the otherwise low cholesterol diets led to accumulation of 16:1(n-7), and 18:1(n-9) in microsomal membranes. These results suggest that delta 9-desaturase activity is dependent on the cholesterol contents as well as the n-3 fatty acid content of microsomal membranes on which it is localized.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1997
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2023
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 18-02-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516000258
Abstract: The association between n -3 PUFA intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unclear, and studies relating objective biomarkers of n -3 PUFA consumption to diabetic status remain limited. The aim of this study was to determine whether erythrocyte n -3 PUFA levels ( n -3 index n -3I) are associated with T2D in a cohort of older adults ( n 608). To achieve this, the n -3I (erythrocyte %EPA+%DHA) was determined by GC and associated with fasting blood glucose HbA1c and plasma insulin. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA--IR). OR for T2D were calculated for each quartile of n -3I. In all, eighty-two type 2 diabetic (46·3 % female 76·7 ( sd 5·9) years) and 466 non-diabetic (57·9 % female 77·8 ( sd 7·1) years) in iduals were included in the analysis. In overweight/obese (BMI≥27 kg/m 2 ), the prevalence of T2D decreased across ascending n -3I quartiles: 1·0 (reference), 0·82 (95 % CI 0·31, 2·18), 0·56 (95 % CI 0·21, 1·52) and 0·22 (95 % CI 0·06, 0·82) ( P trend =0·015). A similar but non-significant trend was seen in overweight men. After adjusting for BMI, no associations were found between n -3I and fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin or HOMA-IR. In conclusion, higher erythrocyte n -3 PUFA status may be protective against the development of T2D in overweight women. Further research is warranted to determine whether dietary interventions that improve n -3 PUFA status can improve measures of IR, and to further elucidate sex-dependent differences.
Publisher: American Thoracic Society
Date: 03-2005
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2004
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-004-1261-Z
Abstract: The health benefits of long-chain n-3 PUFA (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) depend on the extent of incorporation of these FA into plasma and tissue lipids. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the background dietary fat (saturated, monounsaturated, or n-6 polyunsaturated) on the quantitative incorporation of dietary 18:3n-3 and its elongated and desaturated products into the plasma and the liver lipids of rats. Female weanling Wistar rats (n = 54) were randomly assigned to six diet groups (n = 9). The fat added to the semipurified diets was tallow (SFA), tallow plus linseed oil (SFA-LNA), sunola oil (MUFA), sunola oil plus linseed oil (MUFA-LNA), sunflower oil (PUFA), or sunflower oil plus linseed oil (PUFA-LNA). At the completion of the 4-wk feeding period, quantitative FA analysis of the liver and plasma was undertaken by GC. The inclusion of linseed oil in the rat diets increased the level of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and, to a smaller degree, 22:6n-3 in plasma and liver lipids regardless of the background dietary fat. The extent of incorporation of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3 followed the order SFA-LNA > MUFA-LNA > PUFA-LNA. Levels of 22:6n-3 were increased to a similar extent regardless of the type of major fat in the rat diets. This indicates that the background diet affects the incorporation in liver and plasma FA pools of the n-3 PUFA with the exception of 22:6n-3 and therefore the background diet has the potential to influence the already established health benefits of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
Publisher: European Respiratory Society (ERS)
Date: 07-2003
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1038/AJH.2009.198
Abstract: Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency can lead to hypertension in later life however, hypertension is affected by numerous other dietary factors. We examined the effect of altering the dietary protein level on blood pressure in animals deficient or sufficient in omega-3 fatty acids. Female rats were placed on one of four experimental diets 1 week prior to mating. Diets were either deficient (10% safflower oil DEF) or sufficient (7% safflower oil, 3% flaxseed oil SUF) in omega-3 fatty acids and contained 20 or 30% casein (DEF20, SUF20, DEF30, SUF30). Offspring were maintained on the maternal diet for the duration of the experiment. At 12, 18, 24, and 30 weeks, blood pressure was assessed by tail cuff plethysmography. At both 12 and 18 weeks of age, no differences in blood pressure were observed based on diet, however, by 24 weeks hypertension was evident in DEF30 animals there were no blood pressure differences between the other groups. This hypertension in DEF30 group was increased at 30 weeks, with systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure all elevated. These results indicate that the hypertension previously attributed to omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is dependent on additional dietary factors, including protein content. Furthermore, this study is the first to plot the establishment of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency hypertension over time.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.MAD.2020.111209
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Currently, there is no effective medication for the prevention or treatment of AD. This has led to the search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Coconut oil(CO) has a unique fatty acid composition that is rich in medium chain fatty acids(MCFA), a major portion of which directly reaches the liver via the portal vein, thereby bypassing the lymphatic system. Given that brain glucose hypometabolism is a major early hallmark of AD, detectable well before the onset of symptoms, ketone bodies from MCFA metabolism can potentially serve as an alternative energy source to compensate for lack of glucose utilisation in the brain. Additionally, neuroprotective antioxidant properties of CO have been attributed to its polyphenolic content. This review discusses how the metabolism of CO and MCFA may aid in compensating the glucose hypometabolism observed in the AD brain. Furthermore, we present the current evidence of the neuroprotective properties of CO on cognition, amyloid-β pathogenicity, inflammation and oxidative stress. The current review addresses the influence of CO/MCFA on other chronic disorders that are risk factors for AD, and addresses existing gaps in the literature regarding the use of CO/MCFA as a potential treatment for AD.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-11-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S12944-019-1143-Z
Abstract: Research indicates that low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) may be associated with decreased cognitive function. This study examined the association between n-3 PUFA status and cognitive function in young Australian women. This was a secondary outcome analysis of a cross-sectional study that recruited 300 healthy women (18–35 y) of normal weight (NW: BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m 2 ) or obese weight (OB: BMI ≥30.0 kg/m 2 ). Participants completed a computer-based cognition testing battery (IntegNeuro™) evaluating the domains of impulsivity, attention, information processing, memory and executive function. The Omega-3 Index (O3I) was used to determine n-3 PUFA status (percentage of EPA (20:5n-3) plus DHA (22:6n3) in the red cell membrane) and the participants were ided into O3I tertile groups: T1 5.47%, T2 = 5.47–6.75%, T3 6.75%. Potential confounding factors of BMI, inflammatory status (C-reactive Protein), physical activity (total MET-min/wk), alpha1-acid glycoprotein, serum ferritin and hemoglobin, were assessed. Data reported as z -scores (mean ± SD), analyses via ANOVA and ANCOVA. Two hundred ninety-nine women (26.9 ± 5.4 y) completed the study (O3I data, n = 288). The ANOVA showed no overall group differences but a significant group × cognition domain interaction ( p 0.01). Post hoc tests showed that participants in the low O3I tertile group scored significantly lower on attention than the middle group ( p = 0.01 ES = 0.45 [0.15–0.74]), while the difference with the high group was borderline significant ( p = 0.052 ES = 0.38 [0.09–0.68]). After confounder adjustments, the low group had lower attention scores than both the middle ( p = 0.01) and high ( p = 0.048) groups. These findings were supported by univariate analyses which found significant group differences for the attention domain only ( p = 0.004). Cognitive function in the attention domain was lower in women with lower O3I, but still within normal range. This reduced but normal level of cognition potentially provides a lower baseline from which cognition would decline with age. Further investigation of in iduals with low n-3 PUFA status is warranted.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-01-2009
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2008.81
Abstract: Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3PUFA) supplementation may improve symptoms of depression in children and bipolar disorder (BD) in adults. No studies have examined the effectiveness of LCn-3PUFA supplementation in the treatment of mania and depression in juvenile BD (JBD) when given as an adjunct to standard pharmacological treatment. Eighteen children and adolescents with JBD received supplements containing 360 mg per day eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1560 mg per day docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 6 weeks in an open-label study. Intake and fasting red blood cell (RBC) LCn-3PUFA, mania, depression and global function were assessed before and after supplementation. RBC EPA and DHA were significantly higher following supplementation. Clinician ratings of mania and depression were significantly lower and global functioning significantly higher after supplementation. Parent ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviours were also significantly lower following supplementation. A larger randomized controlled trial appears warranted in this participant population.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 31-03-2011
Abstract: An increased prothrombotic state is a major risk factor for the development of heart attacks, strokes, and venous thromboembolism. Platelet activation and aggregation play an important role in determining a prothrombotic state. Although pharmaceutical agents such as aspirin, heparin, and warfarin are able to reduce prothrombotic tendency, long-term drug treatment may produce a variety of side effects, including bleeding. Diet is generally recognized to be significantly involved in modifying the in idual risk for the development of thrombotic diseases, although its influence during the treatment of these disorders is probably less important. Dietary intervention has proven effective in lowering serum lipid levels, which are otherwise essential elements in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Likewise, certain dietary components have also been proven effective in decreasing platelet activation through various mechanisms and therefore may contribute to attenuating the future risk of thrombosis. This article provides an up-to-date review of the role of nutrient and nonnutrient supplements on platelet aggregation and risk of thrombosis.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-02-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9020140
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-09-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JHN.12139
Abstract: Observational studies suggest that dietary pattern intake plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis was performed of existing cohort studies on the association between dietary patterns and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Pertinent studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PROQUEST, MEDNAR and the Joanna Briggs Institute Library of Systematic Reviews, as well as the reference lists of all identified studies up to September 2012. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to pool relative risk (RR) estimates from in idual studies to assess the relationship between dietary pattern intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I(2) and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Publication bias was evaluated by visual inspection of funnel plots and was formally assessed using Egger's test. There were fifteen cohort studies that met the inclusion criteria. There was evidence of a reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes in the highest adherence compared to the lowest adherence to healthy dietary patterns [RR = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.74-0.86, P < 0.005]. An increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes was evident for the highest adherence compared to the lowest adherence to unhealthy dietary patterns (RR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.33-1.57, P < 0.005). The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that dietary patterns may be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCHROMB.2011.06.001
Abstract: Mitotane (o,p'-DDD or (1,1-dichloro-2-[o-chlorophenyl]-2-[p-chlorophenyl]ethane, DDD) is the drug of choice for non-resectable and metastatic adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC). Measurement of mitotane and metabolites, o,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2-[p-chlorophenyl]-2-[o-chlorophenyl]ethene, DDE) and o,p'-DDA (1,1-[o,p'-dichlorodiphenyl] acetic acid, DDA) provides a better understanding of mitotane pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. We have developed a simple, robust and efficient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure mitotane and its two main metabolites, DDE and DDA. The method involves a single ethanol extraction of mitotane, DDE, DDA, and an internal standard (int std) p,p'-DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) with an extraction efficiency of 77-88%. All compounds are measured simultaneously using a reversed-phase phenyl HPLC column with an isocratic elution of mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min followed by UV detection at λ 226 nm. Inter and intra-day validation demonstrates good reproducibility and accuracy. Limits of quantitation are 0.2 μg/ml for mitotane and DDE, and 0.5 μg/ml for DDA. The method has been evaluated in plasma from 23 patients on mitotane therapy, revealing DDA concentrations 1-18 times higher than the parent compound.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.METABOL.2017.12.009
Abstract: Dietary phytosterols (PS) are well-known hypocholesterolaemic agents. Curcumin elicits hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical studies, however, consistent findings in humans are lacking. Concurrent PS and curcumin supplementation may exhibit enhanced hypocholesterolaemic and anti-inflammatory effects to optimise cardio-protection. The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of dietary intervention with PS with or without curcumin on blood lipids (primary outcome) in hypercholesterolaemic in iduals. A double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial was conducted in hypercholesterolaemic in iduals. Participants received either placebo (PL, no phytosterols or curcumin), phytosterols (PS, 2 g/d), curcumin (CC, 200 mg/d) or a combination of PS and curcumin (PS-CC, 2 g/d-200 mg/d respectively) for four weeks. Primary outcomes included fasting total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), TC-to-HDL-C ratio (TC:HDL-C). Secondary outcomes included anthropometrics and fasting blood glucose concentrations. Seventy participants with a mean (±SEM) fasting TC concentration of 6.57 ± 0.13 mmol/L completed the study (PL, n = 18 PS, n = 17 CC, n = 18 PS-CC, n = 17). PS and PS-CC supplementation significantly lowered TC, LDL-cholesterol and TC:HDL-C post-intervention (p < 0.05). Reductions from baseline in the PS group were 4.8% and 8.1% for TC and LDL-cholesterol respectively (p < 0.05). CC exhibited non-significant reduction (2.3% and 2.6%) in TC and LDL-C respectively, however, the PS-CC resulted in a greater reduction in TC (11.0%) and LDL-cholesterol (14.4%) than either of the treatments alone (p < 0.0001). The reduction in the PS-CC treatment was significantly greater compared to those for CC (p < 0.05) or PL (p < 0.01) alone. Plasma HDL-cholesterol and TG concentrations remained unchanged across all groups. No adverse side effects were reported. The addition of curcumin to phytosterol therapy provides a complementary cholesterol-lowering effect that is larger than phytosterol therapy alone. Implications of these findings include the development of a single functional food containing both the active ingredients for enhanced lipid-lowering and compliance in hypercholesterolaemic in iduals. ANZCTR identifier: 1261500095650.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-11-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NU13114099
Abstract: Excessive adiposity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), and dietary patterns are important determinants of weight status. Plant-based dietary patterns (PBDs) are known for their therapeutic effects on T2D. The aim is to systematically review RCTs to investigate the effects of various PBDs compared to regular meat-eating diets (RMDs), in in iduals who normally consume a RMD on body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in T2D. RCTs investigating PBDs and body weight, BMI, WC for ≥6 weeks in adults with T2D since 1980 were eligible for inclusion. Seven trials (n = 269) were included in the meta-analysis using random-effects models and expressed as MD (95%Cls). Compared to RMDs, PBDs significantly lowered body weight (−2.35 kg, 95% CI: −3.51, −1.19, p 0.001), BMI (−0.90 kg/m2, 95% CI: −1.42, −0.38, p = 0.001) and WC (−2.41 cm, 95% CI: −3.72, −1.09, p 0.001). PBDs alone significantly reduced body weight by 5.1% (−4.95 kg, 95% CI: −7.34, −2.55, p 0.001), BMI by 5.4% (−1.87 kg/m2, 95% CI: −2.78, −0.95, p 0.001) and WC by 4.3%(−4.23, 95% CI: −6.38, −2.07, p 0.001). Interventions not limiting energy intake led to a significant reduction in body weight (−2.54 kg, 95% CI: −4.16, −0.92, p 0.005) and BMI (−0.91 kg/m2, 95% CI: −1.56, −0.25, p 0.005). Trials ≥16 weeks had a pronounced reduction in body weight (−2.93 kg, 95% CI: −5.00, −0.87, p = 0.005) and BMI (−1.13 kg/m2, 95% CI: −1.89, −0.38, p 0.005). These findings provide evidence for the implementation of PBDs for better management of central adiposity in in iduals with T2D.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2010.04.012
Abstract: Increased platelet aggregation is a major risk factor for heart attacks, stroke and thrombosis. Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) reduce platelet aggregation however studies in the published literature involving EPA and/or DHA supplementation have yielded equivocal results. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that inhibition of platelet aggregation by LCn-3PUFA is gender specific. We examined the acute effects of dietary supplementation with EPA or DHA rich oils on platelet aggregation in healthy male and females. A blinded placebo controlled trial involving 15 male and 15 female subjects. Platelet aggregation was measured at 0, 2, 5 and 24 h post-supplementation with a single dose of either a placebo or EPA or DHA rich oil capsules. The relationship between LCn-3PUFA and platelet activity at each time point was examined according to gender vs. treatment. EPA was significantly the most effective in reducing platelet aggregation in males at 2, 5 and 24 h post-supplementation (-11%, -10.6%, -20.5% respectively) whereas DHA was not effective relative to placebo. In contrast, in females, DHA significantly reduced platelet aggregation at 24 h (-13.7%) while EPA was not effective. An inverse relationship between testosterone levels and platelet aggregation following EPA supplementation was observed. Interactions between sex hormones and omega-3 fatty acids exist to differentially reduce platelet aggregation. For healthy in iduals, males may benefit more from EPA supplementation while females are more responsive to DHA.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-11-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1989
DOI: 10.1007/BF02535161
Abstract: Public health interventions usually operate at the level of groups rather than in iduals, and cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are one means of evaluating their effectiveness. Using ex les from six such trials in Bangladesh, India, Malawi and Nepal, we discuss our experience of the ethical issues that arise in their conduct. We set cluster RCTs in the broader context of public health research, highlighting debates about the need to reconcile in idual autonomy with the common good and about the ethics of public health research in low-income settings in general. After a brief introduction to cluster RCTs, we discuss particular challenges we have faced. These include the nature of - and responsibility for - group consent, and the need for consent by in iduals within groups to intervention and data collection. We discuss the timing of consent in relation to the implementation of public health strategies, and the problem of securing ethical review and approval in a complex domain. Finally, we consider the debate about benefits to control groups and the standard of care that they should receive, and the issue of post-trial adoption of the intervention under test.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-05-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14102093
Abstract: Animal and human studies have reported conflicting results on the relationship between circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels and risk of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to compare plasma TMAO levels in people with or without T2D and explore the association of TMAO and T2D. A prospective case-control study of 297 participants, 164 healthy controls and 133 patients with T2D, was conducted. TMAO levels were quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. Comorbidities, dietary patterns, physical activity, and blood biomarkers were assessed. Median (IQR) plasma TMAO levels were significantly higher in diabetes cases (4.95 (2.84–8.35) µmol/L) compared to healthy controls (3.07 (2.05–4.82) µmol/L) (p 0.001). The association between TMAO and T2D was significant in the non-adjusted Model 1 (p 0.001) and after adjusting for confounders of diabetes including age, BMI, and level of education in Model 2 (p = 0.04). When the association was further adjusted for physical activity and diet in Model 3, plasma TMAO levels at only the highest quartile ( .40 µmol/L) were associated with the risk of diabetes (OR = 3.36, 95% CI [1.26, 9.04], p = 0.02). The results presented suggest an association between plasma TMAO levels and T2D. A significant correlation was found between red meat consumption and increased levels of TMAO in T2D patients. A longitudinal study is warranted to further evaluate the correlation between TMAO and T2D.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-01-2019
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 17-01-2018
DOI: 10.1021/ACS.ANALCHEM.7B04148
Abstract: The structural similarity among lipid species and the low sensitivity and spectral resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have traditionally h ered the routine use of
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.HRTHM.2010.12.017
Abstract: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oils may have antifibrillatory effects. Their mechanism of action in humans is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic fish oil supplementation on human atrial electrophysiology (EP). Two groups of patients without clinical AF or structural heart disease and fish intake ≤1/week were prospectively recruited into a control group (n = 30) and a fish oil group (n = 31). The latter were prescribed 6 g/day of fish oil for ≥1 month before an EP study. The following were compared at time of EP study: serum omega-3 levels right atrial and coronary sinus effective refractory periods (ERPs) interatrial, intra-atrial, left atrial, and coronary sinus conduction at baseline and the maximal conduction delay with the shortest propagated extrastimulus and inducibility of AF (10 inductions atient). The following significant differences were noted favoring the fish oil group at time of EP: (1) twofold higher total omega-3 levels (P < .001) (2) lengthening of ERPs by 8%-14% at all measured sites and pacing cycle lengths (P < .05) (3) no effect on baseline interatrial, intra-atrial, left atrial, and coronary sinus conduction but a significant attenuation of maximal conduction delay (P < .05) (4) less inducible AF (AF ≥30 seconds: 24.2% vs. 7.9% P < .001) (5) shorter mean duration of induced AF (P = .003) and (6) prolongation of induced AF cycle length (P < .001). Chronic fish oil supplementation in humans prolongs atrial refractoriness and reduces vulnerability to inducible AF. These EP changes may explain the antifibrillatory effect of chronic fish oil ingestion.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-12-2021
Abstract: Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to the development of noncommunicable diseases. Curcumin, a bioactive polyphenol from turmeric, is a well-known anti-inflammatory agent in preclinical research. Clinical evidence remains inconclusive because of discrepancies regarding optimal dosage, duration, and formulation of curcumin. The aim of this systematic review, conducted and reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and checklist, was to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin supplementation on systemic inflammatory mediators, comparing dose, duration, and bioavailability status of interventions. The Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane literature databases were searched from 1980 to May-end 2019. Randomized controlled trials investigating effects of dietary curcumin on inflammatory mediators in humans not receiving anti-inflammatory treatment were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently assessed titles and abstracts of identified articles for potential eligibility and respective, retrieved, full-text articles disagreements were resolved by a third author. Evidence quality was critically appraised using the Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research. Thirty-two trials (N = 2,038 participants) were included and 28 were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model effect sizes were expressed as Hedges’ g (95%CI). Pooled data (reported here as weighted mean difference [WMD] 95%CI) showed a reduction in C-reactive protein (−1.55 mg/L −1.81 to −1.30), interleukin-6 (−1.69 pg/mL, −2.56 to −0.82), tumor necrosis factor α (−3.13 pg/mL −4.62 to −1.64), IL-8 (−0.54 pg/mL −0.82 to −0.28), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (−2.48 pg/mL −3.96 to −1.00), and an increase in IL-10 (0.49 pg/mL 0.10 to 0.88), with no effect on intracellular adhesion molecule-1. These findings provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin and support further investigation to confirm dose, duration, and formulation to optimize anti-inflammatory effects in humans with chronic inflammation. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019148682.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2011.03925.X
Abstract: • The cell and developmental biology of zygotic embryogenesis in the model legume Medicago truncatula has received little attention. We studied M. truncatula embryogenesis from embryo sac until cotyledon maturation, including oil and protein body biogenesis. • We characterized embryo development using light and electron microscopy, measurement of protein and lipid fatty acid accumulation and by profiling the expression of key seed storage genes. • Embryo sac development in M. truncatula is of the Polygonum type. A distinctive multicellular hypophysis and suspensor develops before the globular stage and by the early cotyledon stage, the procambium connects the developing apical meristems. In the storage parenchyma of cotyledons, ovoid oil bodies surround protein bodies and the plasma membrane. Four major lipid fatty acids accumulate as cotyledons develop, paralleling the expression of OLEOSIN and the storage protein genes, VICILIN and LEGUMIN. • Zygotic embryogenesis in M. truncatula features the development of a distinctive multicellular hypophysis and an endopolyploid suspensor with basal transfer cell. A clear procambial connection between the apical meristems is evident and there is a characteristic arrangement of oil bodies in the cotyledons and radicle. Our data help link embryogenesis to the genetic regulation of oil and protein body biogenesis in legume seed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.YFRNE.2018.09.002
Abstract: The neuropeptide oxytocin has been associated with food intake and feeding behaviour. This systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of oxytocin on dietary intake and feeding behaviour in rodent studies. Six electronic databases were searched to identify published studies to April 2018. Preclinical studies in mice and rats were included if they reported: (1) a dietary measure (i.e. food or nutrient and/or behaviour (2) an oxytocin measure, and (3) relationship between the two measures. A total of 75 articles (n = 246 experiments) were included, and study quality appraised. The majority of studies were carried out in males (87%). The top three oxytocin outcomes assessed were: exogenous oxytocin administration (n = 126), oxytocin-receptor antagonist administration (n = 46) and oxytocin gene deletion (n = 29). Meta-analysis of exogenous studies in mice (3 studies, n = 43 comparisons) and rats (n = 8 studies, n = 82 comparisons) showed an overall decrease in food intake with maximum effect shown at 2 h post-administration.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1093/CDN/NZY081
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 19-05-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509382173
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between plasma n -3 PUFA composition and weight status. A total of 124 adults, stratified by weight status: healthy weight ( n 21), overweight ( n 40) and obese ( n 63) were recruited. Fasting blood s les, anthropometric measures and body composition were collected. Plasma fatty acid composition was determined by GC. BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference were inversely correlated with n -3 PUFA, EPA and DHA ( P 0·05 for all) in the obese group. Obese in iduals had significantly lower plasma concentrations of total n -3 PUFA, compared with healthy-weight in iduals (4·53 ( sd 1·11) v. 5·25 ( sd 1·43) %). When subjects were pooled and stratified into quartiles of total n -3 PUFA, a significant inverse trend was found for BMI ( P = 0·002), waist circumference and hip circumference ( P = 0·01 and P 0·001 respectively). Higher plasma levels of total n -3 PUFA are associated with a healthier BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference. Our findings suggest that n -3 PUFA may play an important role in weight status and abdominal adiposity.
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 28-11-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2007.12.002
Abstract: Antioxidant status is disturbed in asthma. Measurement of both oxidized and reduced forms of antioxidants provides important information regarding the oxidant/antioxidant balance. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of key antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol and glutathione) in asthma, by measuring the oxidized and reduced forms, in the airways (induced sputum) and systemically (peripheral blood). This cross-sectional study examines stable asthmatics (n=44) and healthy controls (n=31) recruited through John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia. We collected peripheral blood and induced sputum during hypertonic saline challenge. Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol quinone were measured by HPLC. Total glutathione and glutathione disulfide were determined by a colorimetric assay. Plasma alpha-tocopherol was low in asthma versus controls. Subjects with asthma had higher levels of whole blood alpha-tocopherol quinone and %alpha-tocopherol quinone than controls and %alpha-tocopherol quinone correlated with asthma control (p=0.009). Sputum supernatant levels of total, reduced and oxidized glutathione were elevated in asthma versus controls. Oxidized glutathione in sputum supernatant negatively correlated with FEV(1)/FVC% (p=0.029). In asthma, both systemic and airway antioxidant defences are disturbed. Oxidized forms of alpha-tocopherol and glutathione are associated with clinical asthma outcomes, and should be further investigated as a tool for monitoring asthma.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00159-5
Abstract: Dietary supplementation with marine fish oils rich in n-3 fatty acids reduces circulating thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)). However, the effects on thomboxane A(2) receptor mediated vascular reactivity are uncertain. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that dietary modification of TxA(2) levels alters vascular responsiveness to TxA(2) analogues. Juvenile female white pigs were fed a diet enriched in either 5% (w/w) fish oil or beef tallow for 6 weeks. Serum and myocardial tissue levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid reached a plateau during this period. Vascular responses were measured in isolated coronary arterial rings with intact endothelium by isometric tension measurement. Arteries from pigs fed fish oil produced a greater maximum vasoconstrictor tension to the TxA(2) analogue U46619 than did rings from pigs fed beef tallow (120 +/- 6% compared to 92 +/- 8%, values represented as a percentage relative to the maximum vasoconstrictor effect obtained to KCl, regression analysis, analysis of variance, P </= 0.05). The vasoconstrictor potency of U46619 was similar in both treatment groups. The vasoconstrictor EC(50) was 10.3 (6.8-15.7) nmol/L (mean, 95% confidence interval) for fish oil and 9.5 (5.7-15.8) nmol/L for beef tallow treated animals. Changes in vascular responses to U46619 were associated with a fourfold difference in plasma thromboxane B(2) levels between treatment groups (12.1 +/- 2.6 pg/mL fish oil, 48.3 +/- 3.1 pg/mL beef tallow, Students' unpaired t-test P </= 0.05). Vasoconstrictor responses obtained to endothelin-1, KCl and 5-hydroxtryptamine and the vasodilator response to sodium nitroprusside were not different between treatment groups. Dietary manipulation of thromboxane A(2) levels by n-3 fatty acids alters vascular reactivity to U46619, possibly as a result of agonist-induced desensitization of thromboxane A(2) receptors.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2009
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-07-2019
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.L4137
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2009.06.009
Abstract: Phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids are natural compounds with potential cardiovascular benefits. Phytosterols inhibit cholesterol absorption, thereby reducing total- and LDL cholesterol. A number of clinical trials have established that the consumption of 1.5-2.0 g/day of phytosterols can result in a 10-15% reduction in LDL cholesterol in as short as a 3-week period in hyperlipidemic populations. Added benefits of phytosterol consumption have been demonstrated in people who are already on lipid-lowering medications (statin drugs). On the other hand, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been associated with significant hypotriglyceridemic effects with concurrent modifications of other risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, including platelet function and pro-inflammatory mediators. Recent studies have provided evidence that the combination of phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids may reduce cardiovascular risk in a complementary and synergistic way. This article reviews the health benefits of phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids, alone or in combination with statins, for the treatment/management of hyperlipidemia, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms involved.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-09-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980021003852
Abstract: To investigate the association between plant-based diets (PBD) and overweight/obesity compared to regular meat eaters in older women. Cross-sectional analysis. 1946–1951 birth cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH). PBD were categorised as vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian and regular meat eaters. Outcomes included body weight (BW), BMI and waist circumference (WC). Women who completed Survey 7 ( n 9102) with complete FFQ data. Compared to regular meat eaters, BW, BMI and WC were significantly lower in pesco-vegetarians (−10·2 kg (95 % CI −5·1, −15·2) −3·8 kg/m 2 (95 % CI −2·0, −5·6) −8·4 cm (95 % CI −3·9, −12·9)) and BW and BMI lower in lacto-ovo vegetarians (−7·4 kg (95 % CI −1·2, −13·6) −2·9 kg/m 2 (95 % CI −0·6, −5·1)). In regular meat eaters, in iduals consuming meat daily or multiple times/d had significantly higher BW, BMI and WC compared to those consuming meat times/week but daily or multiple times/d (2·5 kg (95 % CI 1·5, 3·5) 0·9 kg/m 2 (95 % CI 0·5, 1·3) and 2·2 cm (95 % CI 1·3, 3·1)) and those consuming meat but ≤2 times/week (6·8 kg (95 % CI 1·8, 11·8) 2·1 kg/m 2 (95 % CI 0·3, 4·0) and 6·0 cm (95 % CI 1·7, 10·4)). This association was dose-dependent such that for every increase in category of weekly meat intake (i.e. time/week but ≤2 times/week times/week but less than daily, and daily or multiple times/d), an associated 2·6 kg (95 % CI 1·8, 3·4) increase in BW, 0·9 kg/m 2 (95 % CI 0·6, 1·2) increase in BMI and 2·3 cm (95 % CI 1·6, 3·0) increase in WC was reported. BW, BMI and WC are lower in women following PBD and positively associated with increasing meat consumption. Results were robust to adjustment for confounders including physical activity levels, smoking status, habitual alcohol intake, use of supplements, and hormone replacement therapy.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
Abstract: Although long-chain n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [n3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] have been reported to reduce platelet aggregation, the available evidence on this is equivocal. We previously demonstrated that the acute effects of n3 PUFA supplementation on platelet aggregation are sex specific. We aimed to determine if this gender bias is maintained during long-term n3 PUFA supplementation and whether this translates to other hemostatic markers. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo controlled trial was conducted in 94 healthy men and women. Platelet aggregation, thromboxane (TX) B2, P-selectin (P-sel), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were measured at baseline and 4 wk postsupplementation with EPA-rich (1000 mg EPA:200 mg DHA) or DHA-rich (200 mg EPA:1000 mg DHA) oil capsules daily. The effects of n3 PUFA on platelet activity were compared between men and women. In men and women combined, EPA and DHA reduced platelet aggregation following 4 wk of supplementation relative to placebo (-11.8%, P = 0.016 and -14.8%, P = 0.001, respectively). In subgroup analyses, in men, only the EPA treatment reduced platelet aggregation by -18.4% compared with placebo (P = 0.005) and women (P = 0.011). In contrast, in women, only the DHA treatment reduced platelet aggregation (-18.9%) compared with placebo (P = 0.001) and men (P = 0.017). Significant sex × treatment interactions were also observed on hemostatic markers and uptake of n3 PUFAs. The significant interactions between sex and specific, supplemental, long-chain n3 PUFAs result in platelet aggregation being differentially affected in men and women. With respect to thrombotic disease risk, men are more likely to benefit from supplementation with EPA, whereas women are more responsive to DHA.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.MEHY.2013.11.036
Abstract: Consumption of foods rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA) has often been associated with elevated blood lipid levels and consequently with risk for chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease. However, epidemiological and interventional studies on this topic are contradictory. While some studies have established a positive link, other studies have failed to show a significant association between saturated fat consumption and blood lipid levels, and others have even found an inverse association. Moreover, studies using animal models have demonstrated that dietary saturated fats raise blood lipid (cholesterol and triglycerides) levels only when the diet is deficient in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA). The n-3PUFA are known for their potential in the management of hyperlipidaemia for the prevention of coronary heart disease, as well as for their anti-arrhythmic, anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory potential. We believe that with an adequate consumption of n-3PUFA dietary saturated fat may not result in elevated blood lipid levels. Therefore, we critically evaluated the literature regarding saturated fat and blood lipid level, with an emphasis on the role of n-3PUFA on this relationship. Evidence from animal studies and few clinical trials lead to the hypothesis that there are beneficial or neutral effects of saturated fatty acids when combined with recommended levels of n-3PUFA in the diet. However, an intervention focusing on the background fat when the volunteers' diet is supplemented with n-3PUFA is yet to be done. Proving the authenticity of this hypothesis would mean a substantial change in public health messages regarding saturated fats and their health effects and also a change in the strategies related to prevention of chronic cardiac and artery diseases.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
DOI: 10.1093/JN/130.3.559
Abstract: Dietary-induced changes in tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids modify inflammatory reactions through changes in the synthesis of lipid and peptide mediators of inflammation. Four semipurified 20% fat diets, based on beef tallow (BT), safflower oil (SFO), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were provided. The DHA and EPA ratios of the (n-3) fatty acid-based diets were 1.1 and 3.4, respectively. The effect of prefeeding diets differing in EPA to DHA ratios prior to the induction of streptococcal cell wall (SCW) arthritis in female Lew/SSN rats was examined. Weanling rats were fed diets for 5 wk before arthritis induction and 5 wk post-arthritis induction. Footpad thickness, hock circumference, plasma and macrophage fatty acids and histological assessment were compared. There were no differences in food intake and final body weights among the groups. Footpad inflammation, reported as percentage change (adjusted for growth) was greatest for rats fed the BT-based diet, intermediate in those fed the SFO-based diet and least for the rats fed the EPA- and DHA-based diets (P < 0.05). Macrophage phospholipids revealed cellular incorporation of EPA and DHA from the fish-oil based diets which modified lipid and peptide mediators of inflammation. Histological sections of rat hocks ranked by severity of arthritis-related changes suggested that the SFO- and EPA-based diets were more successful in ameliorating the destructive arthritic phase in hock joints than the BT- and DHA-based diets (P = 0.09) in this model of arthritis. The course of SCW-induced arthritis can be altered by diet-induced changes in macrophage fatty acid composition. The EPA-based diet is more effective in suppression of inflammation than the DHA-based diet.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 04-1991
DOI: 10.1139/Y91-072
Abstract: Products of arachidonic acid metabolism are elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and this elevation is correlated with disease activity. Eicosapentaenoic acid competes with arachidonic acid and alters eicosanoid biosynthesis. In this experiment, the possibility that eicosapentaenoic acid could be used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease was investigated by determining the effect of 6 weeks of a fish oil-supplemented diet, enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid, on colonic and ileal morphology, histology, and in vivo fluid absorption in rats with 4% acetic acid-induced colitis. The results of an eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched diet were compared with results of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets. In rats with misoprostol pretreated acetic acid-induced colitis, an eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched diet reversed net colonic fluid secretion to absorption and prevented macroscopic and histologic injury, compared with saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets, which did not. The fish oil mucosal protective effect occurred in the presence of a 30-fold enhancement of PGE 2 synthesis. In rats with non-misoprostol pretreated acetic acid-induced colitis, an eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched diet returned ileal fluid absorption to control levels, as compared with saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets, which did not. In conclusion, a fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid)-enriched diet, but not a saturated-or a polyunsaturated-enriched diet, protected colonic and ileal net fluid absorption in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease.Key words: eicosapentaenoic acid, fish oil, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, misoprostol.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2017.12.003
Abstract: Arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is the metabolic precursor to the eicosanoid family of lipid mediators. Eicosanoids have potent pro-inflammatory actions, but also act as important autocrine aracrine signaling molecules in skeletal muscle growth and development. Whether dietary ARA is incorporated into skeletal muscle phospholipids and the resulting impact on intramuscular inflammatory and adaptive processes in-vivo is not known. In the current study, resistance trained men (≥1 year) received dietary supplementation with 1.5g/day ARA (n=9, 24 ± 1.5 years) or placebo (n=10, 26 ± 1.3 years) for 4-weeks while continuing their normal training regimen. Plasma and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected in an overnight fasted state at baseline and week 4. ARA supplementation increased plasma content of ARA and gamma-linolenic acid, while decreasing relative abundance of linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid. In skeletal muscle, ARA and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid content increased, whereas alpha-linolenic-acid was reduced. Compared to placebo, ARA supplementation reduced circulating platelet and monocyte number, and decreased the mRNA expression of the immune cell surface markers neutrophil elastase/CD66b and interleukin 1-beta, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In muscle, ARA supplementation increased mRNA expression of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin, but had no effect on a range of immune cell markers or inflammatory cytokines. These data show that dietary ARA supplementation can rapidly and safely modulate plasma and muscle fatty acid profile and promote myogenic gene expression in resistance trained men, without a risk of increasing basal systemic or intramuscular inflammation.
Publisher: American Thoracic Society
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1164/AJRCCM-CONFERENCE.2011.183.1_MEETINGABSTRACTS.A2670
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1988
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90263-9
Abstract: Rats were fed diets containing a high level of saturated fatty acids (hydrogenated beef tallow) versus a high level of linoleic acid (safflower oil) at both low and high levels of fish oil containing 7.5% (w/w) eicosapentaenoic and 2.5% (w/w) docosahexaenoic acids for a period of 28 days. The effect of feeding these diets on the cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of serum and liver lipids was examined. Feeding diets high in fish oil with safflower oil decreased the cholesterol content of rat serum, whereas feeding fish oil had no significant effect on the cholesterol content of serum when fed in combination with saturated fatty acids. The serum cholesterol level was higher in animals fed safflower oil compared to animals fed saturated fat without fish oil. Consumption of fish oil lowered the cholesterol content of liver tissue regardless of the dietary fat fed. Feeding diets containing fish oil reduced the arachidonic acid content of rat serum and liver lipid fractions, the decrease being more pronounced when fish oil was fed in combination with hydrogenated beef tallow than with safflower oil. These results suggest that dietary n-3 fatty acids of fish oil interact with dietary linoleic acid and saturated fatty acids differently to modulate enzymes of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1039/C9FO01063G
Abstract: Turmeric enhances curcumin bioavailability in healthy men.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-04-2009
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2009.20
Abstract: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a marker of low-grade sustained inflammation. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and are associated with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plasma n-3 fatty acid concentration is related to hs-CRP concentration. A total of 124 free-living adults, were ided into tertiles of plasma hs-CRP ( 3.0 mg/l). Body composition and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Hs-CRP was analysed using immunoassays and fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. Plasma hs-CRP concentration was negatively correlated with total n-3 fatty acids (P=0.05), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA P=0.002) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA P=0.01). The highest hs-CRP tertile (>3.0 mg/l) had significantly lower concentrations of total n-3 fatty acids, EPA and DPA, when compared with the other tertiles (P<0.05). This study provides evidence that in healthy in iduals, plasma n-3 fatty acid concentration is inversely related to hs-CRP concentration, a surrogate marker of CVD risk.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1999
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-999-0415-3
Abstract: Mechanisms for the antiarrhythmic effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are currently being investigated using isolated cardiac myocytes. It is still not known whether the incorporation of n-3 PUFA into membrane phospholipids is a prerequisite for its protective action or if n-3 PUFA exert antiarrhythmic effects in their nonesterified form as demonstrated by recent studies. Adult porcine cardiomyocytes were grown in media supplemented with arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). After 24 h, analysis of total lipids showed that the myocytes were enriched with the respective fatty acids compared to control cells. Large proportions of all three fatty acids supplemented (69% AA, 72% DHA, and 66% EPA) remained unesterified. Fatty acid analyses of total phospholipids (PL) revealed that the incorporation of EPA and DHA, though small, was significantly different (P<0.05) from that of the control cells. The PL fraction was further separated into phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine to study the pattern of incorporation of the fatty acids in these fractions. It became apparent that EPA and DHA were selectively incorporated into the PI fraction. This study demonstrates that in adult porcine cardiomyocytes, the n-3 PUFA supplementation selectively modulates two important lipid fractions, nonesterified fatty acid and PI, which were implicated in the mechanisms of prevention of cardiac arrhythmias.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 02-09-2022
Abstract: In rats, a maternal high-fat diet (HFD) leads to adverse metabolic changes in the adult offspring, similar to the children of mothers with obesity during pregnancy. Supplementation with a high dose of fish oil (FO) to pregnant rats fed a HFD has been shown to prevent the development of insulin resistance in adult offspring. However, the effects of supplementation at a translationally relevant dose remain unknown. To determine whether supplementation with a human-relevant dose of FO to pregnant rats can prevent the long-term adverse metabolic and cardiovascular effects of a maternal HFD on adult offspring. Female rats ( N = 100, 90 days of age) were assigned to HFD (45% kcal from fat) or control diet (CD) for 14 days prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Following mating, dams received a gel containing 0.05 ml of FO (human equivalent 2–3 ml) or a control gel on each day of pregnancy. This produced 4 groups, CD with control gel, CD with FO gel, HFD with control gel and HFD with FO gel. Plasma and tissue s les were collected at day 20 of pregnancy and postnatal day 2, 21, and 100. Adult offspring were assessed for insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, DXA scan, and 2D echocardiography. There was an interaction between maternal diet and FO supplementation on insulin sensitivity ( p = 0.005) and cardiac function ( p & 0.01). A maternal HFD resulted in impaired insulin sensitivity in the adult offspring ( p = 0.005 males, p = 0.001 females). FO supplementation in the context of a maternal HFD prevented the reduction in insulin sensitivity in offspring ( p = 0.05 males, p = 0.0001 females). However, in dams consuming CD, FO supplementation led to impaired insulin sensitivity ( p = 0.02 males, p = 0.001 females), greater body weight and reduced cardiac ejection fraction. The effects of a human-relevant dose of maternal FO on offspring outcomes were dependent on the maternal diet, so that FO was beneficial to the offspring if the mother consumed a HFD, but deleterious if the mother consumed a control diet. This study suggests that supplementation with FO should be targeted to women expected to have abnormalities of metabolism such as those with overweight and obesity.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-04-2016
DOI: 10.1111/ALL.12891
Abstract: Both systemic inflammation and sex hormones have been proposed as potential mediators of the obese-asthma phenotype. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between sex hormones, oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use, systemic inflammation and airway inflammation in adults with asthma. Obese (n = 39) and nonobese (n = 42) females and obese (n = 24) and nonobese (n = 25) males with asthma were recruited. Females were further categorized as reproductive-aged ( 50 years old n = 45). Thirteen (36.1%) reproductive-aged females were using the OCP. Participants had induced sputum cell counts measured and blood analysed for sex hormones and inflammatory markers. Obese reproductive-aged females had higher sputum %neutrophils than nonobese reproductive-aged females (45.4 ± 24.3% vs 27.5 ± 17.5%, P = 0.016) however, there was no difference in sputum neutrophils in obese compared with nonobese males (P = 0.620) or older females (P = 0.087). Multiple linear regression analysis found testosterone and OCP use to be negative predictors of sputum %neutrophils, while C-reactive protein and IL-6 were positive predictors of sputum %neutrophils. BMI and age were not significant predictors in the multivariate model. Reproductive-aged females using the OCP had significantly lower sputum %neutrophils than those not using the OCP (23.2 ± 12.6% vs 42.1 ± 23.8%, P = 0.015). This study suggests that sex hormones and systemic inflammation may be mediating the obese-asthma phenotype. The observation that OCP use was associated with lower sputum %neutrophils in reproductive-aged females warrants further investigation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-09-2017
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 04-06-2012
DOI: 10.5694/MJAO11.11507
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-08-2007
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.22987
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-02-2007
Abstract: Recent developments in micro-emulsification technology have allowed the fortification of foods with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) without the undesirable fish odour/taste and with reasonable shelf life. The effects of supplementing the diets of people with diabetes type II with a hummus-based dip enriched with long-chain n-3PUFA on plasma fatty acid composition and lipid levels were examined. A pre- and post-intervention study. This study was conducted at the University of Newcastle, Australia. Participants were recruited via advertisements on the University of Newcastle notice boards and in the local newspapers. Following initial response to study advertisements, information statements were mailed out to 29 potential participants. Thirteen participants were eligible and consented to participate in the trial. There were no dropouts as all the 13 participants completed 6-week intervention trial. Free-living male and female subjects with diabetes type II (n=13) consumed the n-3PUFA-enriched dip for a period of 6 weeks. Fasting blood s les were collected pre- and post-intervention for analyses of fatty acids and plasma lipids. Following 6 weeks of consuming the enriched dip, all the long-chain n-3PUFA (20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in the plasma lipids. This represented an increase in 20:5n-3 content by 117%, an increase in 22:5n-3 content by 15% and an increase in 22:6n-3 content by 80% over the baseline values before dip consumption. A significant reduction (P<0.05) in the plasma triglyceride levels from 1.93 (1.08-2.09) mmol/l at baseline to 1.27 (0.93-2.22) mmol/l after 6 weeks was also apparent following the consumption of the n-3PUFA-enriched dip. Plasma cholesterol was unchanged however, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (2.46+/-0.21 versus 2.72+/-0.22 mmol/l, P<0.034) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (1.16+/-0.09 versus 1.22+/-0.09 mmol/l, P<0.042) were significantly increased following the dietary intervention. These results demonstrate that n-3PUFA are readily bioavailable from the fortified dip matrix and alter the plasma lipid profile.
Publisher: European Respiratory Society (ERS)
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00017003A
Abstract: Oxidative stress, specifically lipid peroxidation, is believed to contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma. This review highlights the pathways through which reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to lipid peroxidation. The potential of both the innate and acquired immune systems to activate inflammatory cells and release ROS that may overwhelm the host antioxidant defences and cause lipid peroxidation, accompanied by detrimental pathophysiological effects, are discussed. Despite the evidence demonstrating the importance of lipid peroxidation, systematic characterisation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defences has not been undertaken, largely due to the lack of appropriate biomarkers. This review discusses the emergence of isoprostanes (specifically 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha) as reliable, in vivo markers of lipid peroxidation, which provides an appropriate tool for studying oxidative stress. Furthermore, the development of techniques to study induced sputum and breath condensate, derived directly from the airway surface, enables the site of oxidative damage to be closely assessed. Evidence suggests that dietary changes that have occurred over recent years have increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, due to reduced antioxidant defences. To date, the limited number of long-term (>1 week) supplementation trials have been promising. However, the development of techniques to study isoprostanes in airway-lining fluid pave the way for further studies investigating the potential for antioxidant supplements to be used as routine therapy in asthma.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2003
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2000
DOI: 10.1258/002367700780387732
Abstract: This study was carried out to determine an effective regimen for pain management in streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis in female Lew/SSN rats. Forty weanling rats (in 2 groups) were trained to accept disks of jelly as part of their dietary regimen. At 8 weeks of age weighing 150 g, SCW arthritis was induced and sublingual buprenorphine tablets were incorporated into the jelly disks to alleviate the pain of acute arthritis, which developed 24 h post-induction. Group A rats received buprenorphine at a rate of 1 mg/kg 12 hourly. Group B rats received buprenorphine at a rate of 2 mg/kg 12 hourly. Both groups of rats were monitored for symptoms of distress using an adaptation of the Morton and Griffin scale of adverse reactions. Group A rats with severe arthritis required additional subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of buprenorphine to alleviate the adverse effects of arthritis. Group B rats, with twice the dose of buprenorphine did not require additional s.c. injections of buprenorphine. Histological sections of rat hocks indicated that the inflammation was suppressed in Group B rats. We concluded that oral administration of buprenorphine is an effective method of pain management in the pathogenesis of SCW-induced arthritis in Lew/SSN rats. In this model of arthritis, oral buprenorphine has a significant anti-inflammatory effect and appears to modulate the destructive arthritic phase in joints in this animal model of arthritis.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-05-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12944-020-01268-W
Abstract: This study aimed to develop a novel criterion, GlucoTRIG, to rank meals for healthiness, that considers both glycaemic (serum insulin) and lipaemic (serum triglycerides) responses. Healthy volunteers ( n = 10) were recruited with the aim of deriving a standard GlucoTRIG value for a reference meal. Volunteers consumed the reference meal (2 regular slices of wholemeal bread 250 mL chocolate flavoured milk 7 g butter and 11 g peanut butter) comprising of carbohydrate, fat and protein (41, 40 and 16% energy respectively) on three different occasions with a minimum washout period of 3 days. The GlucoTRIG value was determined as the difference between the product of insulin and triglyceride obtained from venous blood s les at baseline and the product of insulin and triglyceride at 180 min. There were no significant differences in the participants’ dietary intakes and their metabolic parameters between three visits ( P 0.005). The GlucoTRIG value obtained from three mean values of the reference meal was found to be 19 ± 3.5. There were no significant ( P = 0.2303) differences observed between the GlucoTRIG values for the three visits. GlucoTRIG, consisting of both glycaemic and lipaemic responses, may be a physiologically relevant tool to rank foods and meals for reducing the risk of metabolic diseases. ACTRN12619000973112 .
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-05-2020
DOI: 10.3390/NU12061612
Abstract: Targeting kinases linked to insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation may help in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in its early stages. This study aimed to determine whether DHA-rich fish oil supplementation reduces glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), which is linked to both IR and AD. Baseline and post-intervention plasma s les from 58 adults with abdominal obesity (Age: 51.7 ± 1.7 years, BMI: 31.9 ± 0.8 kg/m2) were analysed for outcome measures. Participants were allocated to 2 g DHA-rich fish oil capsules (860 mg DHA + 120 mg EPA) (n = 31) or placebo capsules (n = 27) per day for 12 weeks. Compared to placebo, DHA-rich fish oil significantly reduced GSK-3β by −2.3 ± 0.3 ng/mL. An inverse correlation (p 0.05) was found between baseline insulin and IR and their changes following intervention only in participants with C-reactive protein levels higher than 2.4 mg/L. DHA-rich fish oil reduces GSK-3 and IR, suggesting a potential role of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) in ameliorating AD risk.
Publisher: The Society for Free Radical Research Japan
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.3164/JCBN.24.23
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-02-2012
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2012.26
Abstract: There are limited validated tools available for the assessment of dietary intake in pediatric populations. This report describes a comparative validation study of selected fatty acid intakes in children assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), compared with erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. Overall, 46 overweight and 47 healthy-weight children aged 5-12 years (mean±SD, 9.1±1.3years, body mass index 20.5±4.0) were recruited dietary fatty acid intakes assessed by parent report using a 135-item semi-quantitative FFQ, were compared with selected child erythrocyte membrane fatty acids assessed from fasting s les using gas chromatography. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated between fatty acid intake estimates (% of energy) and erythrocyte membrane concentrations (%mol/mol). Significant correlations were found between dietary and erythrocyte eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) concentration (r=0.24, P<0.05) with a statistical trend for total omega three (∑n-3) fatty acids (r=0.22, P=0.06) and linoleic acid (r=0.32, P=0.07) in the healthy-weight children only. Parental report of selected child fatty acid intakes using an FFQ can be used to provide an estimate of child intake of EPA, but further work is required to quantify this relationship for other fatty acids and in other populations.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508019880
Abstract: Prebiotics are food ingredients that improve health by modulating the colonic microbiota. The bifidogenic effect of the prebiotic inulin is well established however, it remains unclear which species of Bifidobacterium are stimulated in vivo and whether bacterial groups other than lactic acid bacteria are affected by inulin consumption. Changes in the faecal microbiota composition were examined by real-time PCR in twelve human volunteers after ingestion of inulin (10 g/d) for a 16-d period in comparison with a control period without any supplement intake. The prevalence of most bacterial groups examined did not change after inulin intake, although the low G+C % Gram-positive species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii exhibited a significant increase (10·3 % for control period v. 14·5 % during inulin intake, P = 0·019). The composition of the genus Bifidobacterium was studied in four of the volunteers by clone library analysis. Between three and five Bifidobacterium spp. were found in each volunteer. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium longum were present in all volunteers, and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum , Bifidobacterium animalis , Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium dentium were also detected. Real-time PCR was employed to quantify the four most prevalent Bifidobacterium spp., B. adolescentis , B. longum , B. pseudocatenulatum and B. bifidum , in ten volunteers carrying detectable levels of bifidobacteria. B. adolescentis showed the strongest response to inulin consumption, increasing from 0·89 to 3·9 % of the total microbiota ( P = 0·001). B. bifidum was increased from 0·22 to 0·63 % ( P 0·001) for the five volunteers for whom this species was present.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2013.03.002
Abstract: The hippoc us is an important brain structure for multiple cognitive functions, including memory formation. It is particularly sensitive to insults, such as stress, ischemia, and aging all of these can affect hippoc al and therefore cognitive function. To understand the potential of diet for the preservation of hippoc al function, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with resveratrol (RES) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or their combination, on hippoc al gene expression in adult C57BL/6 mice. Animals in the supplemented group received either 50 mg/kg/day of RES or DHA, while the combination group received 50 mg/kg/day of each supplement. Dietary supplements were mixed with the AIN93G diet, and supplementation lasted 6 weeks. The control group received AIN93G diet alone for the same period. At the end of the experiment, the hippoc i were processed for genome-wide gene expression and pathway analyses. Most of the genes that were significantly altered were associated with inflammatory responses as determined by pathway analysis. RES-supplemented animals showed decreased expression of IL-6 (P=.001), MAPKapk2 (P=.015), and increased expression for PI3KR2 (P=.034) and Wnt7a (P=.004) expression. DHA-supplemented animals showed a decreased IL-6 (P=.003) and an increased Wnt7a (P=.003) expression. Animals on the combination diet showed a decreased IL-6 (P=.005) and Apolipoprotien E (ApoE) (P=.035) expression. Our findings demonstrate that hippoc al gene expression is significantly altered by all three dietary supplementation regimes. Moreover, our analysis indicates that RES and DHA likely exert their beneficial effects through antiinflammatory mechanisms.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
Abstract: Fish oils rich in (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) can reduce circulating triglycerides and raise HDL-cholesterol. Phytosterols have been shown to reduce total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in normocholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic populations. We investigated the combined effects of phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA on plasma lipid profile in hyperlipidemic in iduals. This study was a 3-wk randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial in 4 parallel groups of 60 hyperlipidemic in iduals. Subjects were randomized to receive either sunola oil or 1.4 g/d (n-3) LCPUFA capsules with or without 2 g phytosterols per day while maintaining their habitual diet. The combination of phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA reduced plasma total cholesterol by 13.3% (P = 0.001), which differed from (n-3) LCPUFA alone (P < 0.001). LDL-cholesterol concentrations followed the same pattern as that of plasma cholesterol with a 12.5% decrease (P = 0.002) in the combination group. The HDL-cholesterol concentration was increased by (n-3) LCPUFA (7.1% P = 0.01) alone and in combination with phytosterols (8.6% P = 0.04), whereas phytosterol treatment alone had no effect. Plasma triglyceride concentration was lowered by (n-3) LCPUFA (22.3% P = 0.004) alone and in combination with phytosterols (25.9% P = 0.005), whereas phytosterol treatment alone had no effect. In conclusion, the combined supplementation with phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA has both synergistic and complementary lipid-lowering effects in hyperlipidemic men and women.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2008.495
Abstract: Assessing dietary intake in children is difficult and limited validated tools exist. Plasma carotenoids are nutritional biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake and therefore suitable to validate reported dietary intakes. The aim of this study was to examine the comparative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), completed by parents reporting child fruit and vegetable intake compared to plasma carotenoid concentrations. A s le of children aged 5-12 years (n = 93) from a range of weight categories were assessed. Dietary intake was measured using a 137-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Plasma carotenoids were measured using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Pearson correlation coefficients between reported dietary intake of carotenoids and plasma carotenoid concentrations were strongest after adjustment for BMI (beta-carotene (r = 0.56, P < 0.05), alpha-carotene (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), cryptoxanthin (r = 0.32, P < 0.001)). Significantly lower levels (P < 0.05) of all plasma carotenoids, except lutein, were found among overweight and obese children when compared to healthy weight children. Parental report of children's carotenoid intakes, using a FFQ can be used to provide a relative validation of fruit and vegetable intake. The lower plasma carotenoid concentrations found in overweight and obese children requires further investigation.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 06-1988
DOI: 10.1152/AJPENDO.1988.254.6.E708
Abstract: The effect of feeding diets enriched with 18:2 omega 6, 18:3 omega 3, or saturated fatty acids on lipid composition and receptor-mediated action of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) in rat testicular plasma membranes was investigated. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid treatments reduced total phospholipid and cholesterol content of the testicular plasma membrane and altered membrane phospholipid composition. Change in phospholipid and cholesterol content after feeding the polyunsaturated fats decreased cholesterol to phospholipid ratios and binding capacity of the LH/hCG receptor in the testicular plasma membrane. LH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was decreased in animals fed the linolenic acid-rich diet. NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was decreased in animals fed diets high in either polyunsaturated fatty acid. Decreased plasma membrane LH/hCG receptor content was associated with decreased testosterone production in Leydig cells in response to LH in the linolenic acid-fed group. It is suggested that change in cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratios alters the physical properties of testicular plasma membranes in a manner that influences accessibility of LH/hCG receptors in testicular tissue.
Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.4239/WJD.V8.I1.18
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Abstract: Evidence has suggested that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) improve obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR) however, results from human intervention trials have been equivocal. Recently it has been reported that n-3 PUFA status is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in women but not in men, suggesting a sex-dependent effect. We aimed to determine whether n-3 PUFA interventions affect IR in a sex-dependent manner. Five databases were searched (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Pre-Medline) for randomized controlled trials. Searches were limited to the English language and to studies with adults aged >18 y. When possible, studies were pooled for a meta-analysis. The principle summary measure was the standardized mean difference (SMD) between groups. Thirty-one eligible trials were identified with a total of 1848 participants [men: 45.1% weighted mean ± SD age: 52.5 ± 8.2 y weighted body mass index (in kg/m With this analysis, we provide preliminary evidence of a sex-dependent response of IR to an n-3 PUFA intervention. Additional studies are needed to confirm sex-dependent associations and to elucidate the potential mechanisms that are involved. This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42015017940.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00139-X
Abstract: Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the anti-arrhythmic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. One mechanism is the effect of modifying cell membrane phospholipid and their subsequent effect on intracellular cell signaling via the second messengers, Ins(1,4,5)P(3) and diacylglycerol. Isolated cardiac myocytes from adult pig hearts were used to investigate the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, on the inositol phosphate metabolism and protein kinase C activity. Adult porcine cardiac myocytes were grown in media supplemented with 400 µM arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. After 24 hr, fatty acid analyses of total lipids by TLC in supplemented cells showed that eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were selectively incorporated into the phosphatidylinositol fraction. In the diacylglycerol fraction, there was a small incorporation of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid but it was not significantly different from that of controls. To study the effect of membrane phospholipid modification on the phospholipase C mediated inositol lipid cycle, cardiac myocytes were labeled with 4µCi/ml myo-[2-(3)H]Ins for 48 hr. After stimulation with epinephrine and phenylephrine (alpha-receptor agonist) the water soluble [(3)H]Ins products were separated by chromatography on Dowex AG 1-X8 and measured by scintillation counting. After stimulation, the levels of [(3)H]Ins(1,4,5)P(3) and [(3)H]Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4) in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplemented myocytes were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) compared to arachidonic acid supplemented myocytes. Similarly, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplemented cells had reduced levels of protein kinase C activity after stimulation compared to arachidonic acid supplemented cells. From these experiments, it is evident that n-3 PUFA supplementation modulates intracellular cell signaling suggesting a possible anti-arrhythmic mechanism.
Publisher: The Society for Free Radical Research Japan
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.3164/JCBN.22.101
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AJCO.13144
Abstract: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is administered with leucovorin (LV) to enhance clinical activity. However, simultaneous administration is not feasible due to their chemical incompatibility, so conditions for the maximum possible beneficial interaction cannot be met. To overcome this, we developed a novel all-in-one, pH neutral stable solution of 5-FU plus LV with β-cyclodextrin (termed Deflexifol) and assessed its safety and tolerability in a first-in-human phase I trial. Patients with advanced solid malignancy received Deflexifol as weekly bolus (375-575 mg/m²) or two-weekly 46 h infusion (1200-3600 mg/m²) for six cycles in a 3+3 dose escalation design. Adverse events, pharmacokinetics and tumor response rates were assessed by standard methods. Forty patients were treated (19 bolus, 21 infusional, median age 67) with no grade 4 adverse events reported. Dose-limiting toxicities of grade 3 diarrhea and myelosuppression were reported for the bolus schedule at 575 mg/m Deflexifol is safer and effective in bolus and infusion schedules at higher doses than that permitted by separate infusion of 5-FU and LV. A phase II study evaluating Deflexifol is planned.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2003
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2863(03)00003-2
Abstract: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, cataracts and accelerated aging. The aim of this study was to elucidate the protective role of vitamin E supplementation when oxidative stress is induced by CCl4 administration, using the rat as a model. Rats were fed diets for four weeks either with or without dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate supplementation. Half of the rats (n = 9) from each of the diet groups were then challenged with CCl4 at the completion of the four week diet period. Plasma levels of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha), antioxidant micronutrients and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured to examine changes in oxidative stress subsequent to the supplementation of dl-alpha-tocopherol in the diet. Plasma alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) concentrations were higher for the groups supplemented with dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate, however the supplemented diet group that was subsequently challenged with CCl4 had significantly lower (p <0.001) plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration than the dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate diet group that was not challenged with CCl4. Total plasma 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentration was elevated in diet groups challenged with CCl4, however, the concentration was significantly lower (p <0.001) when the diet was supplemented with dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate. The antioxidant enzymes were not influenced by either dietary alpha-tocopherol manipulation or by the inducement of oxidative stress with CCl4. Plasma concentrations of trans-retinol (vitamin A) were reduced by CCl4 administration in both the dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate supplemented and unsupplemented diet groups. The results of this study indicate that dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate supplementation was protective of lipid peroxidation when oxidative stress is induced by a pro-oxidant challenge such as CCl4.
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 17-12-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1988
DOI: 10.1093/JN/118.6.661
Abstract: Male weanling rats were fed for 28 d a purified diet containing 20% (wt/wt) fat providing high levels of either saturated fat or alpha-linolenic acid or eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids with or without 2% (wt/wt) cholesterol supplementation. Effect of diet on rate of desaturation of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 omega 6) and lipid composition of liver microsomal membranes was examined. The desaturation of 20:3 omega 6 to arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) was higher in rats fed linseed oil and lower in rats fed fish oil than in control animals fed the beef tallow diet. The desaturation of 20:3 omega 6 was lower in rats fed beef tallow or linseed oil diets supplemented with cholesterol than in the respective unsupplemented diet. Inclusion of 2% (wt/wt) cholesterol in the fish oil diet failed to affect synthesis of 20:4 omega 6 from 20:3 omega 6. These in vitro changes in delta 5-desaturase activity are consistent with the diet-induced alterations observed in the fatty acid composition of microsomal membranes. Both free cholesterol and cholesterol ester in the microsomal membrane were higher in rats fed beef tallow or linseed oil diets supplemented with exogenous cholesterol than in the respective unsupplemented diet, and only free cholesterol was higher in rats fed the fish oil diet supplemented with cholesterol. Feeding fish oil appears to prevent both the inhibition of 20:4 omega 6 biosynthesis and the accumulation of cholesterol ester that were apparent when 2% cholesterol was added to either beef tallow or linseed oil diets.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2011.11.001
Abstract: Obesity is associated with elevated levels of inflammation and metabolic abnormalities, with increased risk of developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, stroke and CVD. Nutrients that can assist in weight loss may also reduce the risk of obesity related co-morbidities. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LCn-3PUFA, combined with a reduced energy diet, facilitated weight loss and improvements in blood lipids and inflammatory mediators. A double blind randomised controlled trial with two parallel groups. Both groups followed a low energy diet for 12 weeks, one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules/d monounsaturated oil (Placebo) (n = 18), the other 6 × 1 g capsules/d LCn-3PUFA (fish oil) (n = 17). Fasting blood s les, anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline and post intervention. There was a two-fold increase in plasma levels of EPA and DHA in the fish oil group (p < 0.001). There were no significant difference within and between the placebo and the fish oil groups for weight reduction (3.37% and 4.35% respectively), fat mass reduction (8.95% and 9.76% respectively), or changes in inflammatory biomarkers and blood lipids apart from triglycerides, reduced by 27% in fish oil group (p < 0.05). For fish oil group there were significant correlations between leptin and weight loss (p = 0.01) and leptin and EPA and DHA (p < 0.05 for both). Dietary LCn-3PUFA supplementation during a weight loss program does not appear to assist weight loss. Poor dietary compliance may be a contributing factor in accurate assessment of the role of these fatty acids in weight loss.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.HRTHM.2011.01.014
Abstract: Atrial mechanical stunning is a form of tachycardia-mediated atrial cardiomyopathy that manifests after reversion of persistent atrial arrhythmias to sinus rhythm. This study sought to examine whether chronic omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with fish oils can reverse atrial mechanical stunning. Patients undergoing reversion of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFL) to sinus rhythm were randomized to a control group (n = 26) or an omega-3 group (n = 23). The latter were prescribed 6 g/day of fish oil for ≥1 month prior to the procedure. Parameters of left atrial appendage function were compared immediately before and immediately after reversion. After fish oil intake for a mean of 70 days, the following were noted favoring the omega-3 group among both AF and AFL patients: (1) 2-fold higher serum omega-3 levels (P < .001), (2) less mean decrease in emptying velocity (e.g., AF: 8% vs. 32%, P = .02), (3) less mean decrease in appendage emptying fraction (e.g., AFL: 7% vs. 60%, P = .002), (4) lower incidence of new or increased spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (e.g., AF: 11% vs. 62.5%, P = .003), and (5) lower incidence of atrial mechanical stunning (e.g., AFL: 20% vs. 100%, P = .001). Omega-3 intake conferred protection against stunning in a multivariable analysis (odds ratio 0.18, P = .02). Chronic fish oil ingestion in humans attenuates atrial mechanical stunning after reversion of atrial arrhythmias to sinus rhythm. This suggests that fish oils may target or even reverse underlying cellular and/or structural remodeling that occurs in response to persistent atrial arrhythmias.
Publisher: The Society for Free Radical Research Japan
Date: 1992
DOI: 10.3164/JCBN.13.169
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JACI.2011.01.036
Abstract: Dietary fat activates systemic innate immune responses, but the effect on airway responses is unknown. To examine effects of a high-fat versus low-fat meal on systemic and airway inflammation in asthma. Nonobese subjects with asthma were randomized to consume a high-fat (n = 19 48% [49 g] fat) or low-fat (n = 18 15% [3 g] fat) meal. Fourteen obese patients with asthma and 21 healthy controls also consumed a high-fat meal. Another group of patients with asthma consumed a high-trans (n = 5 5.2 g trans fat) or nontrans (n = 5, <0.3 g trans fat) fatty acid meal. Lung function was measured at baseline (prebronchodilator) and 2, 3, and 4 hours after bronchodilator. Airway inflammation was assessed by using induced sputum cell counts and Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA expression by real-time PCR. Systemic inflammation was measured by ELISA quantification of plasma TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and IL-6 concentrations. In patients with asthma, at 4 hours postmeal, increases in sputum % neutrophils and Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA expression were higher and increases in FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) were lower in the high-fat versus low-fat groups. Changes in plasma fatty acids correlated with changes in sputum % neutrophils and were negatively associated with changes in % FEV(1), % FVC, and FEV(1)/FVC. After the high-trans fatty acid meal, sputum % neutrophils were significantly higher than after the nontrans meal. A high-fat meal augments neutrophilic airway inflammation, with the effect dependent on the type of fat consumed. A high-fat meal also suppresses bronchodilator recovery in asthma. Modifying dietary fat intake may be useful in asthma.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-09-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-008-3224-Z
Abstract: Reduced long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been reported in adult patients suffering from depression and bipolar disorder (BD). LCn-3PUFA status has not previously been examined in children and adolescents with BD compared with healthy controls. Fifteen children and adolescents (9-18 years, M +/- SD = 14.4 +/- 3.48) diagnosed with juvenile bipolar disorder (JBD) and fifteen healthy age and sex-matched controls were assessed for dietary intake and fasting red blood cell (RBC) membrane concentrations of LCn-3PUFA. Fatty acid concentrations were compared between participants diagnosed with JBD and controls after controlling for dietary intake. RBC membrane concentrations of EPA and DHA were not significantly lower in participants diagnosed with JBD compared with healthy controls (M +/- sem EPA = 3.37 +/- 0.26 vs. 3.69 +/- 0.27 microg/mL, P = 0.458 M +/- sem DHA = 22.08 +/- 2.23 vs. 24.61 +/- 2.38 microg/mL, P = 0.528) after controlling for intake. Red blood cell DHA was negatively (r = -0.55 P = 0.044) related to clinician ratings of depression. Although lower RBC concentrations of LCn-3PUFA were explained by lower intakes in the current study, previous evidence has linked reduced LCn-3PUFA to the aetiology of BD. As RBC DHA was also negatively related to symptoms of depression, a randomised placebo-controlled study examining supplementation with LCn-3PUFA as an adjunct to standard pharmacotherapy appears warranted in this patient population.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
Abstract: Antioxidant-rich diets are associated with reduced asthma prevalence in epidemiologic studies. We previously showed that short-term manipulation of antioxidant defenses leads to changes in asthma outcomes. The objective was to investigate the effects of a high-antioxidant diet compared with those of a low-antioxidant diet, with or without lycopene supplementation, in asthma. Asthmatic adults (n = 137) were randomly assigned to a high-antioxidant diet (5 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruit daily n = 46) or a low-antioxidant diet (≤2 servings of vegetables and 1 serving of fruit daily n = 91) for 14 d and then commenced a parallel, randomized, controlled supplementation trial. Subjects who consumed the high-antioxidant diet received placebo. Subjects who consumed the low-antioxidant diet received placebo or tomato extract (45 mg lycopene/d). The intervention continued until week 14 or until an exacerbation occurred. After 14 d, subjects consuming the low-antioxidant diet had a lower percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and percentage predicted forced vital capacity than did those consuming the high-antioxidant diet. Subjects in the low-antioxidant diet group had increased plasma C-reactive protein at week 14. At the end of the trial, time to exacerbation was greater in the high-antioxidant than in the low-antioxidant diet group, and the low-antioxidant diet group was 2.26 (95% CI: 1.04, 4.91 P = 0.039) times as likely to exacerbate. Of the subjects in the low-antioxidant diet group, no difference in airway or systemic inflammation or clinical outcomes was observed between the groups that consumed the tomato extract and those who consumed placebo. Modifying the dietary intake of carotenoids alters clinical asthma outcomes. Improvements were evident only after increased fruit and vegetable intake, which suggests that whole-food interventions are most effective. This trial was registered at www.actr.org.au as ACTRN012606000286549.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2021
DOI: 10.1039/D1FO00475A
Abstract: The natural structure of fish (salmon) plays an important role in digestion and absorption of bioactive compounds (fish oil) present within the fish, also known as the “matrix effect”.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-03-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-015-4003-2
Abstract: Dietary saturated fat (SFA) intake has been associated with elevated blood lipid levels and increased risk for the development of chronic diseases. However, some animal studies have demonstrated that dietary SFA may not raise blood lipid levels when the diet is sufficient in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA). Therefore, in a randomised cross-over design, we investigated the postprandial effects of feeding meals rich in either SFA (butter) or vegetable oil rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA), in conjunction with n-3PUFA, on blood lipid profiles [total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacylglycerol (TAG)] and n-3PUFA incorporation into plasma lipids over a 6-h period. The incremental area under the curve for plasma cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, TAG and n-3PUFA levels over 6 h was similar in the n-6PUFA compared to SFA group. The postprandial lipemic response to saturated fat is comparable to that of n-6PUFA when consumed with n-3PUFA however, sex-differences in response to dietary fat type are worthy of further attention.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00356-X
Abstract: Several methods for quantification of docetaxel have been described mainly using HPLC. We have developed a new isocratic HPLC method that is as sensitive and simpler than previous methods, and applicable to use in clinical pharmacokinetic analysis. Plasma s les are spiked with paclitaxel as internal standard and extracted manually on activated cyanopropyl end-capped solid-phase extraction columns followed by isocratic reversed-phase HPLC and UV detection at 227 nm. Using this system, the retention times for docetaxel and paclitaxel are 8.5 min and 10.5 min, respectively, with good resolution and without any interference from endogenous plasma constituents or docetaxel metabolites at these retention times. The total run time needed is only 13 min. The lower limit of quantification is 5 ng/ml using 1 ml of plasma. The validated quantitation range of the method is 5-1000 ng/ml with RSDs < or = 10%, but plasma concentrations up to 5000 ng/ml can be accurately measured using smaller aliquots. This method is also suitable for the determination of docetaxel in urine s les under the same conditions. The method has been used to assess the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel during a phase I/II study of docetaxel in combination with epirubicin and cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced cancer.
Publisher: The Society for Free Radical Research Japan
Date: 1993
DOI: 10.3164/JCBN.15.11
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2003
Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the cholesterol-lowering potential of macadamia nuts. Seventeen hypercholesterolemic men (mean age 54 y) were given macadamia nuts (40-90 g/d), equivalent to 15% energy intake, for 4 wk. Plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and homocysteine concentrations and the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids were determined before and after treatment. Plasma MUFA 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-7) and 20:1(n-9) were elevated after intervention with macadamia nuts. Plasma (n-6) and (n-3) PUFA concentrations were unaffected by macadamia nut consumption. Plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations decreased by 3.0 and 5.3%, respectively, and HDL cholesterol levels increased by 7.9% in hypercholesterolemic men after macadamia nut consumption. Plasma triglyceride and homocysteine concentrations were not affected by treatment. Macadamia nut consumption was associated with a significant increase in the relative intake of MUFA and a reduced relative intake of saturated fatty acids and PUFA. This study demonstrates that macadamia nut consumption as part of a healthy diet favorably modifies the plasma lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic men despite their diet being high in fat.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNESP.2019.05.001
Abstract: The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is recognised to reduce risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), in part, via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may be mediated via effects on body fat distribution. Diet efficacy via these mechanisms is however unclear in patients with diagnosed CHD. This study aimed to determine: (1) the effect of ad libitum MedDiet versus low-fat diet intervention on adiposity, anti-inflammatory marker adiponectin, oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and traditional CVD risk markers, and (2) whether improvement in MedDiet adherence score in the pooled cohort was associated with these risk markers, in a pilot cohort of Australian patients post coronary event. Participants (62 ± 9 years, 83% male) were randomised to 6-month ad libitum MedDiet (n = 34) or low-fat diet (n = 31). Pre- and post-intervention, dietary adherence, anthropometry, body composition (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and venepuncture measures were conducted. The MedDiet group reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) area compared to the low-fat diet group (12.5 cm Adherence to 6-month ad libitum MedDiet reduced subcutaneous fat and waist circumference which discounts the misconception that this healthy but high fat diet leads to body fat gain. The effect of MedDiet on body fat distribution and consequent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as well as need for medications, in patients with CHD warrants exploration in larger studies. Clinically significant effects on these markers may require adjunct exercise and/or caloric restriction. ACTRN12616000156482.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-01-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511006817
Abstract: Obesity is associated with elevated levels of inflammation and metabolic abnormalities which are linked to CVD. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether long-chain n -3 PUFA (LC n -3PUFA), combined with a very-low-energy diet (VLED), facilitated weight loss and weight maintenance, and improvements in blood lipids and inflammatory mediators. This was a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial with two parallel groups. For 14 weeks, one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules/d of monounsaturated oil (placebo group, PB), and the other group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules/d of LC n -3PUFA (fish oil group, FO), each comprising 70 mg EPA and 270 mg DHA. Both groups were on VLED for 4 weeks ( n 14 PB, n 18 FO), which was then followed by 10 weeks of weight maintenance ( n 12 PB, n 17 FO). Fasting blood s les, anthropometric measurements and 3 d food diaries were collected at baseline, at 4 and 14 weeks. A greater-than-2-fold increase occurred in plasma levels of EPA and DHA in the FO group ( P 0·001). At 4 weeks, the mean weight loss was − 6·54 ( sd 2·08) kg ( − 6·9 %) for PB and − 6·87 ( sd 1·83) kg ( − 7·7 %) for FO. At week 14, after the maintenance phase, there was a further mean decrease in weight, − 1·57 ( sd 3·7) kg (1·85 %) for PB and − 1·69 ( sd 2·32) kg ( − 1·9 %) for FO. Both groups experienced improved metabolic profiles and there was a significant reduction in fat mass for the FO group at week 14 but not for PB. However, it would appear that supplementation with LC n -3PUFA had no significant effect on weight loss or weight maintenance over the 14 weeks.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-11-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1996
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-05-2020
DOI: 10.3390/NU12051480
Abstract: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential for healthy development and protect against metabolic disease. However, in iduals with obesity may be pre-disposed to experiencing lower n-3 PUFA status than normal-weight in iduals. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the omega-3 index (O3I), body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake in healthy young women (n = 300 age = 18–35 y), a group not previously focused on. Intake was adjusted for energy using the residuals method, and associations were explored using independent t-tests and Pearson’s correlations. Participants with obesity were found to have significantly lower O3I than normal-weight participants (p 0.0001) however, no significant differences were observed in mean n-3 PUFA intakes. Even so, energy-adjusted intakes of n-3 PUFAs, with the exception of alpha-linolenic acid, were significantly correlated with O3I. This study demonstrates that O3I is influenced by both BMI and diet in young women however the relationship between these two variables may be complex. Current intakes of n-3 PUFA observed in young women may not be effective in achieving target O3I levels in those with obesity, and further research is needed to find effective ways of improving n-3 PUFA status in a group already at increased risk of metabolic disease.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-11-2015
DOI: 10.1111/RESP.12423
Abstract: While weight loss has been shown to reduce obesity-related comorbidity, many weight loss treatments fail. Factors that enhance weight loss success are unknown, particularly in those with asthma. The aim of the study was to identify patient characteristics that predict weight loss success in adults with asthma. Baseline and change in asthma characteristics and eating behaviours were investigated for relationships with weight loss and fat loss using multiple linear regression, in 38 overweight and obese adults with asthma randomized to dietary, exercise or combined interventions targeting weight loss for 10 weeks. Mean ± standard deviation weight loss was 6.6 ± 5.1 kg. Greater %weight loss and %fat loss was achieved in those with poorer asthma-related quality of life at baseline ((rs = 0.398, P = 0.015) and (rs = 0.455, P = 0.005) respectively), with 1.7% greater absolute weight loss at week 10 corresponding to each one unit reduction in the asthma-related quality of life score at baseline. Furthermore, a lower baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity correlated with greater weight loss (rs = 0.398, P = 0.015). Male sex was associated with a 3.6 kg greater weight loss (P = 0.087). Reducing emotional eating during the programme was associated with greater weight loss in women (rs = 0.576, P = 0.010). This study demonstrates that in iduals with more severe asthma at baseline are more successful in achieving weight loss, which could be a consequence of greater motivation and could be used as a motivational tool within the clinical setting. Gender tailoring of weight loss programmes may be useful to enhance weight loss success. Future studies are urgently needed to establish predictors of long-term weight loss maintenance in those with asthma.
Publisher: The Society for Free Radical Research Japan
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.3164/JCBN.31.19
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-06-2019
DOI: 10.1002/AJHB.23272
Abstract: Within the Developmental Origins of Adult Disease (DOHaD) model, early life environmental exposures can confer a long-term legacy on human health. This mechanism may be adaptive or maladaptive depending on lifestyle circumstances. This article examines the role of first trimester UV-exposure on late-life vitamin D levels, and potentially related adaptive and maladaptive phenotypes (height and osteoporosis respectively). Six hundred and forty nine subjects were examined for vitamin D Solar irradiance over the first 90 days postconception correlated positively with late-life vitamin D Increased solar irradiance/UV exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy calibrates adult vitamin D metabolism, which is an important hormone in maintaining calcium balance. This may explain how very early lifecycle UV exposure can influence skeletal development (adult height) and modify risk for the skeletal degenerative disorder osteoporosis. The data demonstrate humans are tuned to the world (exposome) in ways we have not yet fully considered, and which are entrained at the earliest phase of the lifecycle.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 1994
DOI: 10.1159/000201173
Abstract: Trans fatty acids are produced in the manufacture of margarine, and these hydrogenated fatty acids may have a deleterious effect on the reduction in fasting levels of serum cholesterol anticipated from the feeding of cis polyunsaturated fatty acids. We undertook this study in rats to test the effect of feeding trans fatty acids on the intestinal uptake of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol. Adult female Wistar rats were fed for 2 weeks semisynthetic, isocaloric diets containing no oleic acid (18:1), cis 18:1 or trans 18:1. There was no difference between the three dietary groups in the animals' food consumption or body weight gain. Rats fed trans 18:1 had an approximately 20% decline in the total weight of the ileum as compared with controls fed no 18:1, and therefore there was also a decline in the percentage of the ileal tissue comprised of mucosa. When comparing rats fed trans 18:1 with those fed cis 18:1 or no 18:1, there was no difference in the uptake of varying concentrations of D-glucose when expressed as nmol.100 mg tissue-1.min-1 or nmol.100 mg mucosal-1.min-1 for jejunum or for ileum. Also, there was no difference in the value of the maximal transport rate (Vmax), Michaelis constant (Km), or the contribution of passive uptake of glucose assessed with L-glucose. There was no diet-associated change in the jejunal or ileal uptake of a medium-chain length fatty acid (lauric acid), a long-chain length saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid), a monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid), two polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids), or cholesterol. Thus, we conclude that 2 weeks' feeding of trans fatty acid to rats has no influence on the jejunal or ileal uptake of glucose, fatty acids or cholesterol.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1155/2017/5923862
Abstract: Limited research addresses links between obesity and cognitive function in young adults. Objective . To investigate the relationship between obesity and cognitive function in young women. Methods . This cross-sectional study recruited healthy, young (18–35 y) women of normal (NW: BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg·m −2 ) or obese (OB: BMI ≥ 30.0 kg·m −2 ) weight. Participants completed a validated, computer-based cognitive testing battery evaluating impulsivity, attention, information processing, memory, and executive function. Questionnaires on depression and physical activity and a fasting blood s le for C-reactive protein and the Omega-3 Index were also collected. Cognition data are presented as z -scores (mean ± SD), and group comparisons were assessed via ANOVA. Potential confounding from questionnaire and blood variables were evaluated using ANCOVA. Results . 299 women (NW: n = 157 OB: n = 142) aged 25.8 ± 5.1 y were enrolled. Cognition scores were within normal range (±1 z -score), but OB had lower attention (NW: 0.31 ± 1.38 OB: −0.25 ± 1.39 ES: 0.41, CI: 0.17–0.64 p 0.001 ) and higher impulsivity (NW: 0.36 ± 1.14 OB: −0.07 ± 1.07 ES: 0.39, CI: 0.15–0.62 p = 0.033 ). Confounder adjustment had minimal impact on results. Conclusion . The OB group had normal but significantly lower performance on attention and were more impulsive compared to NW participants. This may indicate early cognitive decline, but longitudinal research confirming these findings is warranted.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-11-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9111216
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1039/C8FO02512F
Abstract: A novel functional food containing phytosterols and curcumin significantly lowers blood cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic in iduals.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2011.03.082
Abstract: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oils may have antifibrillatory effects however, their electrophysiologic effects in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic fish oil supplementation on human pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrial electrophysiology in PAF. Patients with PAF undergoing PV isolation were randomized ≥1 month before their procedure into a control group (n = 18) or a fish oil group (n = 18) in an unblinded fashion. The latter were supplemented with fish oil 6 g/day for a mean of 40 ± 12 days. Pulmonary venous and left atrial effective refractory periods (ERPs), PV conduction, and susceptibility to AF initiated within PVs were assessed. Compared to the control group, the fish oil group had (1) longer left-sided (p = 0.002) and right-sided (p = 0.001) pulmonary venous ERPs (2) less dispersion of pulmonary venous ERPs (left PVs p = 0.001, right PVs p = 0.07) (3) longer left atrial ERPs (p = 0.02) (4) no difference in pulmonary venous conduction (5) lower incidence of AF initiated from PVs during ERP testing (77% vs 31%, p = 0.02) and (6) prolongation of mean AF cycle length (p = 0.009) and shortest AF cycle length in PVs (p = 0.04). In conclusion, patients with PAF chronically supplemented with fish oils exhibit distinctive electrophysiologic properties including prolonged pulmonary venous and left atrial ERPs and decreased susceptibility to initiation AF from within PVs. These changes may in part explain the antifibrillatory effect of chronic omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with PAF.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1993
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJCARD.2013.03.053
Abstract: Intravenous omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) may prevent atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility and perpetuation in animal models. We examined the effect of high dose IV ω-3 PUFAs on human atrial electrophysiology. We randomised 88 patients with no structural heart disease to receive saline (control group) or high dose IV ω-3 PUFA infusion prior to detailed atrial electrophysiologic evaluation. Biologically active components, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were measured in total lipids, free fatty acid and phospholipid (membrane incorporated) fraction pre and post infusion. Compared to pre-infusion values, EPA and DHA increased significantly in the total lipids and free fatty acid but were unchanged in the phospholipid fraction. IV ω-3 did not alter atrial refractory periods, however it slowed right, left and global atrial conduction (P<.05). Inducible AF was significantly less likely in ω-3 patients compared to controls (AF ≥ 5 min, 20% vs. 58%, P = .02) and was non-sustained (mean AF duration: 14s vs. 39 s, P<.001), however inducible and sustained atrial flutter was more common (≥ 5 min: 28% vs. 0%, P = .01). Organisation of AF into flutter was observed in a greater proportion of inductions in the ω-3 group (8.5% vs. 0.6%, P<.001). IV ω-3 PUFAs (as free fatty acids) cause acute atrial conduction slowing, suppress AF inducibility, organise AF into atrial flutter and enhance atrial flutter inducibility. These findings provide a novel insight into potential anti and pro-arrhythmic mechanisms of fish oils in human AF.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2005
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719490
Abstract: Elevated oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defences are increasingly recognised features of asthma. Carotenoids are potent dietary antioxidants that may protect against asthma by reducing oxidative damage. This study aimed firstly, to characterise circulating and airway levels of carotenoids in asthma compared to healthy controls, in relation to dietary intake. Secondly, the study aimed to test whether airway lycopene defences can be improved using oral supplements. Induced sputum and peripheral blood s les were collected from subjects with asthma (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 16). Dietary carotenoid intakes were estimated using the 24-hour recall method and analysed using a modified version of the Foodworks 210 Nutrient Calculation Software. Another group of healthy controls (n = 9) were supplemented with 20 mg/day lycopene for 4 weeks. Carotenoids (beta-carotene, lycopene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin) were measured by HPLC. Despite similar dietary intake, whole blood levels of total carotenoids, lycopene, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were significantly lower in asthma than controls. However, there were no differences in plasma or sputum carotenoid levels. Induced sputum carotenoid levels were significantly lower than plasma and whole blood levels, but correlated strongly with plasma levels (r = 0.798, p < 0.001). Although there were no overall increases in either plasma or sputum lycopene levels following supplementation, changes in airway lycopene levels correlated with changes in plasma levels (r = 0.908, p < 0.002). Whole blood, but not plasma or sputum, carotenoid levels are deficient in asthma. Plasma carotenoid levels reflect airway carotenoid levels and when plasma levels are improved using oral supplements this is reflected in the airways.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-006-5062-1
Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that long-chain n-3 PUFA (LCn-3PUFA) are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. This study was conducted to determine the extent of incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into human atrium following supplementation with a fish oil concentrate high in LCn-3PUFA. Volunteers preparing for coronary bypass surgery were randomized either to the treatment group (n = 8), receiving 6 g/d of fish oil concentrate (4.4 g of LCn-3PUFA), or the placebo group (n = 9), receiving 6 g/d of olive oil for a minimum period of 6 wk. Blood s les were collected prior to commencement of treatment, and preoperatively before bypass surgery. Atrial biopsies were obtained during surgery. The plasma and atrium s les were analyzed by GC following trans-methylation to determine FA profile. Post-supplementation, the treatment group had significantly higher plasma levels of 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 than the placebo group. Analysis of the atrium total lipids revealed a significant increase in the proportion of 20:5n-3 following fish oil supplementation. There was no significant difference in the concentration of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the atrium total lipids however, an upward trend was observed in subjects receiving fish oil supplementation. In the phospholipid fraction of the atrium, both 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 increased, whereas 20:4n-6 levels decreased. This study demonstrates for the first time that short-term supplementation with fish oil concentrate results in significant incorporation of LCn-3PUFA with a concomitant depletion of the eicosanoid substrate (20:4n-6) in the human atrium.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-11-2014
DOI: 10.3390/NU6114881
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1002/AJHB.23166
Abstract: The purpose of this study was (1) to elucidate any reciprocal seasonal relationship that might exist between red cell folate (RCF) and serum vitamin D A large (n = 649) Australian cross-sectional study population was examined. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to genotype C677T-MTHFR, C1420T-SHMT, T401C-MTHFD and 2R > 3R-TS. RCF was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay and vitamin D RCF and photosynthesized vitamin D Findings are consistent with what might be required for the "folate-vitamin D-UV hypothesis of skin pigmentation" model. It suggests genetic influence in provision of one-carbon units by 5,10-methylene-H
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 23-07-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515002305
Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an independent predictor of CVD in otherwise healthy in iduals. Low n -3 PUFA intake has been associated with the presence of NAFLD however, the relationship between a biomarker of n -3 status – the Omega-3 Index – and liver fat is yet to be elucidated. A total of eighty overweight adults (fifty-six men) completed the anthropometric and biochemical measurements, including the Omega-3 Index, and underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment of liver fat. Bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses were performed with reference to prediction of liver fat percentage. The mean Omega-3 Index was high in both NAFLD (intrahepatic lipid concentration≥5·5 %) and non-NAFLD groups. The Omega-3 Index, BMI, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, TAG, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were positively correlated, and HDL and erythrocyte n -6: n -3 ratio negatively correlated with liver fat concentration. Regression analysis found that simple anthropometric and demographic variables (waist, age) accounted for 31 % of the variance in liver fat and the addition of traditional cardiometabolic blood markers (TAG, HDL, hsCRP and ALT) increased the predictive power to 43 %. The addition of the novel erythrocyte fatty acid variable (Omega-3 Index) to the model only accounted for a further 3 % of the variance ( P =0·049). In conclusion, the Omega-3 Index was associated with liver fat concentration but did not improve the overall capacity of demographic, anthropometric and blood markers to predict NAFLD.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-08-2022
Abstract: Oxidative stress is a key physiological phenomenon underpinning the ageing process and plays a major developmental role in age-associated chronic diseases. This study investigated the antioxidant effects of a polyphenol-rich dietary supplement containing Pinus massoniana bark extract (PMBE) in healthy older adults. In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, participants were randomised (in a 1:1 ratio) to receive a 50 mL/day dietary supplement containing placebo (0 mg PMBE) or PMBE (1322 mg PMBE) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was fasting plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and secondary outcomes were plasma inflammatory markers. MDA concentrations significantly reduced following PMBE for 6 weeks (−1.19 nmol/mL, 95%CI −1.62, −0.75, p 0.001) and 12 weeks (−1.35 nmol/mL, 95%CI −1.74, −0.96, p 0.001) compared to baseline. MDA did not significantly change after the placebo. MDA levels at 6 and 12 weeks were significantly lower following PMBE compared to placebo (p 0.001). At 12 weeks in the PMBE group, fibrinogen concentrations significantly reduced (−0.25 g/L, 95%CI −0.39, −0.11 p 0.0001) and interleukin-6 significantly increased compared to placebo (0.30 pg/mL, 95%CI 0.02, 0.59 p 0.05). PMBE in a polyphenol-rich dietary supplement reduced oxidative stress in healthy older adults. Further studies are warranted to investigate the antioxidant capacity of PMBE in conditions with heightened oxidative stress, such as osteoarthritis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or other lifestyle related diseases.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-10-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NU13113744
Abstract: Mitochondrial dysfunction including deficits of mitophagy is seen in aging and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Apart from traditionally targeting amyloid beta (Aβ), the main culprit in AD brains, other approaches include investigating impaired mitochondrial pathways for potential therapeutic benefits against AD. Thus, a future therapy for AD may focus on novel candidates that enhance optimal mitochondrial integrity and turnover. Bioactive food components, known as nutraceuticals, may serve as such agents to combat AD. Urolithin A is an intestinal microbe-derived metabolite of a class of polyphenols, ellagitannins (ETs). Urolithin A is known to exert many health benefits. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-Aβ, and pro-mitophagy properties are increasingly recognized. However, the underlying mechanisms of urolithin A in inducing mitophagy is poorly understood. This review discusses the mitophagy deficits in AD and examines potential molecular mechanisms of its activation. Moreover, the current knowledge of urolithin A is discussed, focusing on its neuroprotective properties and its potential to induce mitophagy. Specifically, this review proposes potential mechanisms by which urolithin A may activate and promote mitophagy.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-10-2008
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 12-1987
DOI: 10.1139/Y87-390
Abstract: Isocaloric modification in the ratio of dietary polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids influences intestinal uptake of actively and passively transported nutrients. This study was undertaken to determine which dietary fatty acid was responsible for these alterations in absorption. Adult female rats were fed isocaloric semisynthetic diets high in palmitic and stearic acids (SFA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), or linolenic acid (LNA). An in vitro technique was used to measure the uptake of varying concentrations of glucose as well as a series of fatty acids and cholesterol. Jejunal uptake of 40 mM glucose was highest in rats fed SFA and lowest in those fed LA ileal glucose uptake was similar in OA, LA, and LNA, but was lowest in SFA. Jejunal uptake of medium-chain fatty acids (8:0–12:0) was higher in OA than in other diet groups ileal uptake of medium-chain fatty acids was unaffected by diet. Jejunal and ileal uptake of 18:2 was higher in LNA than in SFA or OA the uptake of the other long-chain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids was unchanged by diet. The ileal but not the jejunal uptake of cholesterol was increased in LA as compared with SFA or OA, and reduced in LNA as compared with LA. These transport changes were not explained by differences in the animals' food consumption, body weight gain, intestinal mass, or mucosal surface area. We postulate that these diet-induced transport alterations may be mediated via changes in brush border membrane phospholipid fatty acyl composition. Thus, intestinal transport of nutrients may be varied by isocaloric changes in the dietary content of in idual fatty acids.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2002
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-04-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-00751-2
Abstract: Brain and blood fatty acids (FA) are altered in Alzheimer’s disease and cognitively impaired in iduals, however, FA alterations in the preclinical phase, prior to cognitive impairment have not been investigated previously. The current study therefore evaluated erythrocyte FA in cognitively normal elderly participants aged 65–90 years via trans-methylation followed by gas chromatography. The neocortical beta-amyloid load (NAL) measured via positron emission tomography (PET) using ligand 18 F-Florbetaben, was employed to categorise participants as low NAL (standard uptake value ratio SUVR 1.35, N = 65) and high NAL or preclinical AD (SUVR ≥ 1.35, N = 35) wherein, linear models were employed to compare FA compositions between the two groups. Increased arachidonic acid (AA, p 0.05) and decreased docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, p 0.05) were observed in high NAL. To differentiate low from high NAL, the area under the curve (AUC) generated from a ‘base model’ comprising age, gender, APOE ε4 and education (AUC = 0.794) was outperformed by base model + AA:DPA (AUC = 0.836). Our findings suggest that specific alterations in erythrocyte FA composition occur very early in the disease pathogenic trajectory, prior to cognitive impairment. As erythrocyte FA levels are reflective of tissue FA, these alterations may provide insight into the pathogenic mechanism(s) of the disease and may highlight potential early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1039/C8FO00348C
Abstract: Lower incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Greenland Inuit, Northern Canada and Japan has been attributed to their consumption of seafood rich in long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.12.005
Abstract: The effects of season and plantation on the polyphenol content of Camellia sinensis (tea) leaves were determined. Aqueous and organic extracts of freeze-dried fresh (unfermented) and black (fully-fermented) tea leaves were prepared for a structured set of s les (fermented and unfermented teas from six high-, mid- and low-grown plantations fermented and unfermented teas from two harvesting seasons from four highland plantations), collected from the main tea-growing regions in Sri Lanka. Total catechin content and amounts of in idual catechins, flavonols and theaflavins were determined by HPLC. Mean values for the phenolic constituents were generally significantly higher (p<0.05) with solvent extraction. The mean values for total catechins, total flavonols and caffeine in the aqueous extracts from unfermented teas were 10.6%, 1.5% and 2.9%, respectively. For both unfermented and fermented tea leaves, a significant (p<0.05) interaction between plantation and season was observed for phenolic constituents. Ferric reducing antioxidant power was positively (p<0.05) correlated with (-)-epicatechin gallate and total phenolic contents.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2002
Abstract: Oxidative stress and depleted antioxidant defenses occur in stable cystic fibrosis patients. During acute infection, the balance between oxidants and antioxidants may be further disturbed. We examined the oxidative stress during acute infection in cystic fibrosis patients by measuring 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2 alpha)) and antioxidant defenses in relation to dietary intake, fatty acid status, immune function, and clinical status. Plasma concentrations of total 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha), vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, zinc, selenium, and copper plasma fatty acid compositions erythrocyte glutathione concentrations glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity sputum glutathione and 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) concentrations lung function clinical symptoms and dietary intake were measured in 15 cystic fibrosis patients before and after 10-14 d of intravenous antibiotic treatment for a pulmonary exacerbation. After treatment, respiratory status improved (percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s: 60 +/- 6% at baseline compared with 74 +/- 7% after treatment, P = 0.01), quality of well-being improved (P = 0.001), and total plasma 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) concentrations increased from 469 nmol/L at baseline (interquartile range: 373-554 nmol/L) to 565 nmol/L after treatment (interquartile range: 429-689 nmol/L P = 0.008). Total energy, fat, carbohydrate, and protein intakes per kilogram body weight also increased however, dietary antioxidant intake was unchanged. Plasma fatty acid concentrations increased after treatment, strongly correlating with plasma 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) concentrations (r = 0.768, P = 0.001). There were no significant changes in white cell counts or plasma concentrations of vitamins E and C or beta-carotene. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity was reduced after treatment, whereas there was no significant change in superoxide dismutase activity. Oxidative stress increased after treatment for pulmonary exacerbations and was strongly linked to increased concentrations of plasma fatty acids. Although intravenous antibiotic therapy and physiotherapy improved lung function within 10-14 d of treatment, the biochemical effects of oxidation continued further. Thus, antioxidant intervention during treatment for and recovery from acute infection in cystic fibrosis should be considered.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1992
DOI: 10.1007/BF02535869
Abstract: Great strides have been made in reorganizing the way care is provided for children and adolescents with chronic disease in Canada. While financing programs and shedding old practice patterns may represent obstacles to implementation, we are likely to see an increasing amount of care delivered in ambulatory settings. This will most certainly bring these children back into their communities, where they will make demands on general physicians and nurses. Educational integration will challenge the schools, and community groups such as the Red Cross Society and service organizations will have to fill the gaps. In doing so, these agencies and the professionals involved will have to cooperate in the interests of the child with chronic disease. However, there are sufficient rewards helping the ill child get home to make the increased effort worth while.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 17-07-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508025798
Abstract: Long-chain n -3 PUFA (LC n -3PUFA) including DHA and EPA, are known to decrease inflammation by inhibiting arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism to eicosanoids, decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing immune cell function. The aim of this study was to determine if EPA and DHA reduced the release of inflammatory mediators from airway epithelial cells infected with rhinovirus (RV). Airway epithelial cells (Calu-3) were incubated with EPA, DHA and AA for 24 h, followed by rhinovirus infection for 48 h. IL-6, IL-8 and interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) released by cells were measured using ELISA. Viral replication was measured by serial titration assays. The fatty acid content of cells was analysed using GC. Cellular viability was determined by visual inspection of cells and lactate dehydrogenase release. DHA (400 μ m ) resulted in a significant 16 % reduction in IL-6 release after RV-43 infection, 29 % reduction in IL-6 release after RV-1B infection, 28 % reduction in IP-10 release after RV-43 infection and 23 % reduction in IP-10 release after RV-1B infection. Cellular DHA content negatively correlated with IL-6 and IP-10 release. None of the fatty acids significantly modified rhinovirus replication. DHA supplementation resulted in increased cellular content of DHA at the cost of AA, which may explain the decreased inflammatory response of cells. EPA and AA did not change the release of inflammatory biomarkers significantly. It is concluded that DHA has a potential role in suppressing RV-induced airway inflammation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2000
Abstract: Fatty acid composition of cardiac myocytes and release of inositol phosphates in pigs fed a fish oil supplemented diet was examined. Two groups of female pigs were fed diets supplemented with either 50 g/kg diet beef tallow (as control) or 50 g/kg diet fish oil (MaxEPA) rich in n-3 fatty acids. After 6 weeks of supplementation, the pigs were anesthetized and hearts were removed. Cardiac myocytes were isolated, lipid extracted and separated into non-polar and polar lipids by thin-layer chromatography. Fatty acid composition of in idual neutral and polar lipid classes were examined by gas chromatography. To study the effect of membrane phospholipid modification on the phospholipase C (PLC) mediated release of inositol phosphates, cardiac myocytes were labelled with 4 microCi/mL myo-[2-(3)H]inositol for 48 h. After stimulation with epinephrine and phenylephrine, the water soluble [3H]inositol products were extracted, separated from [3H]inositol and [3H]glycerophosphoinositol by chromatography on Dowex AG 1-X8 and quantitated by scintillation counting. Cardiac myocytes isolated from fish oil-fed pigs had higher levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the non-esterified fatty acid and phospholipid fraction. Similarly, these cardiac myocytes had increased level of n-3 fatty and decreased n-6 fatty acids in all the phospholipid fractions, PE, PC, P1 and PS (p < 0.05). After stimulation, the levels of [3H]inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and [3H]inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4) in cardiac myocytes isolated from fish oil-fed pigs were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to myocytes isolated from beef tallow fed-pigs. This study for the first time has utilised adult cardiac myocytes to demonstrate the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cardiac myocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition and release of second messengers.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 02-03-2022
Abstract: GlucoTRIG, based on postprandial plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations, has been recently developed as a novel index to determine the postprandial metabolic response to the meals. This study aimed to test GlucoTRIG as a measure for ranking composite meals for their metabolic effects. In a randomized cross-over trial, healthy adult volunteers (both males and females n = 10 for each meal) consumed three is caloric (2000 kj) test meals (meal 1, meal 2, meal 3) of varying macronutrient composition. Postmeal consumption, venous blood s les were collected to determine plasma insulin and plasma triglycerides for estimating the GlucoTRIG value using (Triglycerides 180min × Insulin 180min ) - (Triglycerides 0min × Insulin 0min ). The GlucoTRIG values differed significantly ( p = 0.0085) across meals. The statistical significance remains even after adjusting for confounding variables such as baseline diet, insulin, and triglycerides. The meal (M3) with a high fiber, low total fat content and containing less refined foods (fruits, beans, vegetables, plain yogurt) exhibited a significantly ( p = 0.007) lower GlucoTRIG value (10 ± 7.7) compared to the other two meals, M1 (77 ± 19.8) and M2 (38 ± 12.1) which contained low processed foods, and were relatively high in fat and low in fiber meals. No statistically significant differences were observed between M1 and M2 meal. GlucoTRIG is a physiologically based index that may be useful to rank composite meals for reducing the risk of metabolic diseases. Further research focusing on the application of GlucoTRIG to foods, meals, and diets is warranted. ACTRN12619000973112 (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ANZCTR).
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2000
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-000-0607-X
Abstract: Oxidlative stress is believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Recently discovered F2-isoprostanes, of which 8-iso-PGF2alpha is the most well-known isomer, have emerged as the most reliable marker of in vivo oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine 8-iso-PGF2alpha as a biomarker of oxidative stress in mild asthma in relation to endogenous and dietary antioxidant protection. Total (free and esterified) plasma 8-iso-PGF2alpha, plasma dietary antioxidants (vitamins E and C, Beta-carotene, Zn, and Se), and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) were measured in 15 mild asthmatics and 15 age-and sex-matched controls. Total plasma 8-iso-PGF2alpha levels [median (quartile 1 - quartile 3)] were significantly increased in the asthmatics [213 pg/mL (122-455) vs. 139 pg/mL (109-174), P= 0.042]. The 8-iso PGF2alpha levels were found to be associated with clinical asthma severity (P = 0.044) and inhaled corticosteroid use (P = 0.027) in asthmatics. No differences were observed in the plasma dietary antioxidant vitamins. The asthmatics had significantly lower plasma levels of Zn (P = 0.027) and Se (P = 0.006). Plasma Se correlated negatively with 8-iso-PGF2alpha (r = -0.725, P= 0.002). No differences between the groups were observed for glutathione peroxidase or superoxide dismutase, however, superoxide dismutase activity was negatively associated with asthma severity (P = 0.042). In conclusion, oxidative stress is increased in mildly asthmatics, as reflected by increased plasma levels of 8-iso-PGF2alpha and a deficiency in plasma Zn and Se. The isoprostane 8-iso-PGF2alpha may provide a useful tool in intervention studies aimed at improving clinical status in asthma.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1177/1759720X221124545
Abstract: For several thousand years (~4000) Boswellia serrata and Curcuma longa have been used in Aryuvedic medicine for treatment of various illnesses, including asthma, peptic ulcers, and rheumatoid arthritis, all of which are mediated through pathways associated with inflammation and pain. Although the in vivo pharmacology of both these natural ingredients is difficult to study because of poor bioavailability, in vitro data suggest that both influence gene expression mediated through nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Therefore, the activity of pathways associated with inflammation (including NF-κB and lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-mediated reduction in leukotrienes rostaglandins) and those involved in matrix degradation and apoptosis are reduced, resulting in a reduction in pain. Additive activity of boswellic acids and curcumin was observed in preclinical models and synergism was suggested in clinical trials for the management of osteoarthritis (OA) pain. Overall, studies of these natural ingredients, alone or in combination, revealed that these extracts relieved pain from OA and other inflammatory conditions. This may present an opportunity to improve patient care by offering alternatives for patients and physicians, and potentially reducing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory or other pharmacologic agent use. Additional research is needed on the effects of curcumin on the microbiome and the influence of intestinal metabolism on the activity of curcuminoids to further enhance formulations to ensure sufficient anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. This narrative review includes evidence from in vitro and preclinical studies, and clinical trials that have evaluated the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of curcumin and boswellic acids in idually and in combination for the management of OA pain.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 02-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90211-D
Abstract: The rate of desaturation of linoleic acid (18:2(n - 6)) and level of arachidonic acid (20: 4(n - 6)) in mucosal microsomes from small intestine of rats fasted for 24 h or fed diets of different fatty acid composition was examined. Fasting or feeding a diet high in linoleic acid increased delta 6-desaturase activity, a rate-limiting enzyme in the arachidonic acid biosynthetic pathway in the jejunum. After fasting, delta 6-desaturase activity was also enhanced in the ileum. Feeding a diet rich in n - 3 fatty acids had no significant effect on delta 6-desaturase activity in jejunal or ileal mucosal microsomes. Following fasting, arachidonic acid content of microsomal total phospholipids increased in the jejunum with a concomitant decrease in linoleic acid content. Arachidonic acid and 18:2(n - 6) concentration remained unchanged in ileal microsomes after short-term food withdrawal. Feeding a diet containing n - 3 fatty acids lowered the content of 20:4(n - 6) and increased 20:5(n - 3) and 22:6(n - 3) levels in both jejunal and ileal microsomes. These data indicate that the level of 20:4(n - 6) and the biosynthesis of 20:4(n - 6) by desaturation-chain elongation of 18:2(n - 6) in the rat enterocyte responds rapidly to change in physiological conditions such as fasting and dietary fat composition.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1039/C1FO10143A
Abstract: Intentional weight loss with a reduction in adipose tissue is associated with an improvement in medical complications linked to obesity. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two different weight loss diets on obese in iduals (BMI 30-40 kg m(-2)) for improvements in anthropometric measurements and blood biomarkers. Study 1 comprised a low energy diet (LED) of 5000-6000 kJ d(-1) for a slow but steady weight loss over 12 weeks. Study 2 comprised a very low energy diet (VLED) of 3000 kJ d(-1) using meal replacements for rapid weight loss over a shorter period of 4 weeks followed by 10 weeks of weight stabilisation to prevent rebound after rapid weight loss. Nutrition information sessions were given to both groups. Fasting blood s les, anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline and again at completion of weight loss, at 12 weeks for LED group and 4 weeks for VLED group. Mean weight loss in the LED group (n = 18) was -3.17 kg (-3.7%) compared to a -6.54 kg (-7%) loss in the VLED group (n = 14) (p < 0.001). The VLED group experienced significantly greater reductions in fat mass, -13.9% compared to -8.9% for the LED group (p < 0.05). Significantly greater reductions in blood glucose (p < 0.05), cholesterol and LDL-C (p < 0.01 for both), and waist circumference (p≤ 0.05) were noted in VLED compared to those for LED diet. Short-term, rapid weight loss produced the desired ≥5% weight loss suggested to substantially reduce metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, and to reduce health risks.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 15-12-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509993011
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary antioxidant restriction on plasma concentrations of carotenoids and inflammatory markers at rest and in response to exercise in endurance-trained males. Seventeen males performed two exercise trials 2 weeks apart. Participants followed their habitual antioxidant diet (H-AO) before the first exercise test, then a restricted antioxidant diet (R-AO) for 2 weeks before the second exercise test. Blood was collected pre- and post-exercise. Dietary intakes of fibre, ascorbic acid and β-carotene were lower ( P 0·05) on the R-AO diet, but no other differences were observed. Pre-exercise plasma β-carotene concentrations were lower (H-AO, 195 ( sd 92) R-AO, 123 ( sd 54) ng/ml P 0·05), and TNF-α concentrations were higher (H-AO, 16 ( sd 7) R-AO, 613 ( sd 325) pg/ml P 0·01) on the R-AO diet compared to the H-AO diet. Most plasma carotenoid concentrations decreased with exercise, but this effect was more consistent on the H-AO diet. No differences in plasma IL-6 concentrations were observed pre-exercise, whereas post-exercise plasma IL-6 concentrations (H-AO, 30·3 ( sd 16) R-AO, 15·3 ( sd 5) pg/ml P 0·05) were lower following the R-AO diet. Post-exercise TNF-α concentrations were higher on the R-AO diet. Ratings of perceived effort during submaximal exercise were higher ( P 0·05) on the R-AO diet, but there was no difference in the time to exhaustion between diets. In conclusion, lower dietary intakes of carotenoids alter the plasma concentrations of antioxidants and markers of inflammation at rest and in response to exercise.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2000
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000015970
Abstract: Telomere length can be used to predict the replicative capacity of haematological progenitor cells and may be an important prognostic factor for the onset of cellular immune dysfunction. However, such measurements require invasive bone marrow (BM) biopsies and laborious stem cell isolations that are impractical in a clinical setting. Previous studies have used peripheral blood (PB) cells as an indicator of stem cell telomere length without demonstrating a correlation. In this study, we examined the telomere length in PB, isolated mononuclear cells (MNC) and BM aspirates from each of 19 patients ranging in age from 45 to 81 years. Correlation analysis confirmed that mean telomere length of BM aspirates was equivalent to that of PB (r = 0.85, P < 0.001), or MNC (r = 0.94, P < 0.001). Since BM is a heterogeneous population of cells, we have also shown in 13 separate patients that the mean telomere length in isolated peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvests was equivalent to that of isolated CD34+ stem cells (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). Thus, telomere length in haemopoietic stem cells can be determined from that of whole or fractionated PB in future studies of haematological disorders.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90317-O
Abstract: To characterize essential fatty acid metabolism of human airway epithelium, we examined the capacity of epithelial cells to incorporate and desaturate/elongate 18:2(n - 6) and the turnover of phospholipid fatty acyl chains in these cells. Epithelial cells were cultured for 5-7 days and incubated with [1-14C]18:2(n - 6) (1 microCi, 100 nmol). The essential fatty acid profile of the cells was readily modified by 18:2(n - 6) supplementation to culture medium. After 4 h incubation, 32 +/- 5.6 nmol of [1-14C]18:2(n - 6) was incorporated into phospholipids (65 +/- 9.5%, of which 74% was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC)) and neutral lipid (31 +/- 10%) per mg protein of cultured cells. 30 +/- 8% of [1-14C]18:2(n - 6) incorporated, was converted to homologous trienes, tetraenes and pentaenes, the major products being 20:3(n - 6) and 20:4(n - 6). The conversion of 18:2(n - 6) was time-dependent and donor age-related. A higher proportion of 20:3(n - 6) and 20:4(n - 6) was incorporated into phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). About 10-15% of total products formed from 18:2(n - 6) was released from membrane to culture medium. Both 20:4(n - 6) and 20:5(n - 3) inhibited 18:2(n - 6) incorporation and desaturation. Rate of incorporation of 18:2(n - 6) was more than either 18:1(n - 9) or 16:0. With pulse-chase studies, the half-life of 18:2(n - 6) in PC, PI and PE was estimated to be 5.5, 6.0 and 7.3 h, respectively. These data indicate active metabolism of essential fatty acids in human airway epithelial cells. This metabolism may play a key role in the regulation of membrane properties and function in these cells.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1093/AJCN/NQY167
Abstract: Medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCFAs) may affect circulating lipids and lipoproteins differently than long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCSFAs), but the results from human intervention trials have been equivocal. The aim of this study was to determine whether MCFAs and LCSFAs have differential impacts on blood lipids and lipoproteins. Five databases were searched (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Scopus) until April 2018, and published clinical trials investigating the differential effects of dietary MCFAs and LCSFAs on blood lipids were included. Searches were limited to the English language and to studies with adults aged >18 y. Where possible, studies were pooled for meta-analysis using RevMan 5.2. The principle summary measure was the mean difference between groups calculated using the random-effects model. Eleven eligible crossover and 1 parallel trial were identified with a total of 299 participants [weighted mean ± SD age: 38 ± 3 y weighted mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2): 24 ± 2]. All studies were pooled for the meta-analysis. Diets enriched with MCFAs led to significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations than diets enriched with LCSFAs (0.11 mmol/L 95% CI: 0.07, 0.15 mmol/L) with no effect on triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol concentrations. Consumption of diets rich in MCFAs significantly increased apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentrations compared with diets rich in LCSFAs (0.08 g/L 95% CI: 0.02, 0.14 g/L). There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity for HDL cholesterol, apoA-I, and triglyceride concentrations however, significant heterogeneity was observed for the total cholesterol (I2 = 49%) and LDL cholesterol analysis (I2 = 58%). The findings of this research demonstrate a differential effect of MCFAs and LCSFAs on HDL cholesterol concentrations. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the mechanism by which the lipid profile is altered. This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42017078277.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.CCCN.2004.11.002
Abstract: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most commonly occurring lethal autosomal recessive disorder. The gene defect causes defective sodium and chloride transport across epithelial cells of the respiratory, hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, resulting in thick mucus secretions. In the respiratory tract, mucus traps bacteria, causing repeated lung infections, progressive bronchiectasis and eventual death due to respiratory failure. In the gastrointestinal tract, mucus prevents pancreatic enzymes reaching the gut, leading to nutrient malabsorption. Careful nutritional management has a dramatic effect on growth and survival rates in CF. Appropriate nutritional support includes pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, a high-fat/high-energy diet and essential nutrient supplementation, specifically fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids (EFA). Long-term studies are required to examine the effects of nutritional interventions on key clinical outcomes in CF, such as the rate of decline of lung function. The use of circulating markers to assess the influence of nutritional therapy allows short-term intervention studies to predict the potential for clinical improvements. This article provides an overview of the biomarkers useful in the prediction of the efficacy of nutritional therapy on improvements in quality and quantity of life in CF.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2012.10720425
Abstract: To synthesize the best available evidence on the association between macronutrient intake and type 2 diabetes risk. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Mednar, and the JBI Library of Systematic Reviews were searched up to July 2012 to identify published and unpublished studies. The review was restricted to human participants only but was not restricted by date or by language. Studies were included in the review if they were a cohort study examining the relationship between dietary macronutrient intake and type 2 diabetes risk, included healthy participants with no history of type 2 diabetes at the baseline assessment, and reported risk estimates (odds ratios, hazards ratios, or relative risks [RRs]) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for type 2 diabetes risk by comparison of the highest with the lowest level of macronutrient consumption. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were performed in duplicate by 2 reviewers. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to pool RR estimates from in idual studies to assess the relationship between dietary macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, protein, and macronutrient subtypes) intake and type 2 diabetes risk. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I(2) statistic. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess robustness of results, and publication bias was evaluated by the visual inspection of funnel plots and was formally assessed using Egger's test. Twenty-two relevant cohort studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. High intake of total dietary carbohydrate was associated with an increased type 2 diabetes risk (relative risk [RR] = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.22, p = 0.035) however, this effect was not observed in an analysis stratified by gender. High vegetable fat intake was associated with a reduced type 2 diabetes risk in females (RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.85, p < 0.001). Other macronutrients were not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes risk. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that total carbohydrate is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes however, this effect was not observed in an analysis stratified by gender. High vegetable fat intake may decrease type 2 diabetes risk in females. There is a need for further well-designed prospective cohort studies to examine the potential association between macronutrient intake and type 2 diabetes risk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2019.04.007
Abstract: Chronic inflammation drives the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, c20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, c22:6n-3) may protect against type 2 diabetes development. The aim of this current study is to determine whether LCn-3PUFA status is associated with type 2 diabetes in the Hunter Community Study. Men and women aged 55-85 years were randomly selected from the electoral roll and invited to participate. Participants were included in the current study if they had plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition data available and diabetes status could be determined. LCn-3PUFA status was determined by fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids (EPA + DHA, %,w/w). Diabetes was determined according to World Health Organisation criteria. Insulin was measured in n = 251 participants and HOMA-IR calculated. In total, n = 2092 (diabetes: n = 249) participants were included. After adjusting for confounders of diabetes, LCn-3PUFA status was inversely associated with diabetes in overweight/obese females (OR [95%CI]: 0.90 [0.80, 1.00], p = 0.045) but not males (p-interaction This study provides further evidence of a sex-dependent association between LCn-3PUFA and type 2 diabetes. Causal pathways between LCn-3PUFA and type 2 diabetes merits delineation.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1039/C8FO01698D
Abstract: As the food matrix is a determinant of the rate of fat digestion and absorption, it is important for the modulation of postprandial triglyceridaemia.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1999
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-999-0397-1
Abstract: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with chronic lung infection, inflammation, and elevated indices of oxidative stress. Recently, isoprostanes were shown to be a reliable in vivo marker of oxidant injury with 8-iso-PGF2 alpha, shown to cause airflow obstruction and plasma exudation in guinea pig lung. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between 8-iso-PGF2 alpha levels, plasma antioxidants, and clinical status in CF. We hypothesized that plasma 8-iso-PGF2 alpha levels would be higher in subjects with CF compared to healthy controls. Plasma 8-iso-PGF2 alpha levels were prospectively measured in 22 subjects with CF and nine healthy controls using an 8-isoprostane enzyme immunoassay kit along with plasma vitamins A, E, and beta-carotene. Plasma 8-iso-PGF2 alpha levels were shown to be significantly elevated in the CF subjects compared to controls (319.6 +/- 52.6 vs. 145.0 +/- 21.0 pg/mL, P = 0.005). Plasma levels of antioxidants were significantly lower for the CF subjects compared to the controls (vitamin A, P < 0.003 vitamin E, P < 0.001 and beta-carotene, P < 0.01). This study confirms significantly elevated lipid peroxidation in CF using 8-iso-PGF2 alpha levels.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2015.12.003
Abstract: Circulating microparticles (MP) are the source of a plasma derived form of the scavenger receptor CD36, termed soluble (s)CD36, the levels of which correlate with markers of atherosclerosis and risk of cardiovascular disease. Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have cardioprotective effects that we have previously reported to be gender specific. The aim of this study was to determine if dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation affect circulating CD36 + MP levels, and if this occurs differentially in healthy men and women. Participants (43M, 51F) aged 39.6 ± 1.7 years received 4 weeks of daily supplementation with DHA rich (200 mg EPA 1000 mg DHA), EPA rich (1000 mg EPA 200 mg DHA), or placebo (sunola) oil in a double-blinded, randomised, placebo controlled trial. Plasma CD36 + MP were enumerated by flow cytometry and differences between genders and treatments were evaluated by Student's or paired t-test and one way ANOVA. Males and females had similar levels of CD36 + MP at baseline (mean = 1018 ± 325 vs 980 ± 318 p = 0.577) and these were not significantly changed after DHA (M, p = 0.571 F, p = 0.444) or EPA (M, p = 0.361 F, p = 0.901) supplementation. Likewise, the overall percent change in these levels were not different between supplemented cohorts compared to placebo when all participants were combined (% change in CD36 + MP: DHA = 5.7 ± 37.5, EPA = -3.4 ± 35.4, placebo = -11.5 ± 32.9 p = 0.158) or stratified by gender (M, DHA = -2.6 ± 30.6, EPA = -15.1 ± 20.1, placebo = -21.4 ± 28.7, p = 0.187 F, DHA = 11.7 ± 41.5, EPA = 6.8 ± 42.9, placebo = -2.8 ± 34.7, p = 0.552). The cardioprotective effects of DHA and EPA do not act through a CD36 + MP mechanism.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-11-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1993
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-10-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-021-02712-Y
Abstract: Olive oil polyphenols have been associated with cardiovascular health benefits. This study examined the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of extra-virgin high polyphenol olive oil (HPOO) vs. low polyphenol olive oil (LPOO) in healthy Australian adults. In a double-blind cross-over trial, 50 participants (aged 38.5 ± 13.9 years, 66% females) were randomized to consume 60 mL/day of HPOO (320 mg/kg polyphenols) or LPOO (86 mg/kg polyphenols) for three weeks. Following a 2-week wash-out period, participants crossed-over to the alternate treatment. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and anthropometrics were measured at baseline and follow-up. Fourty-three participants completed the study. Although there were no significant differences between treatments in the total s le, plasma ox-LDL decreased by 6.5 mU/mL (95%CI - 12.4 to - 0.5) and TAC increased by 0.03 mM (95% CI 0.006-0.05) only in the HPOO arm. Stratified analyses were also performed by cardiovascular disease risk status defined by abdominal obesity (WC > 94 cm in males, > 80 cm in females) or inflammation (hs-CRP > 1 mg/L). In the subgroup with abdominal obesity, ox-LDL decreased by 13.5 mU/mL (95% CI - 23.5 to - 3.6) and TAC increased by 0.04 mM (95% CI 0.006-0.07) only after HPOO consumption. In the subgroup with inflammation, hs-CRP decreased by 1.9 mg/L (95% CI - 3.7 to -0.1) only in the HPOO arm. Although there were no significant differences between treatments, the changes observed after HPOO consumption demonstrate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of this oil, which is more pronounced in adults with high cardiometabolic risk (Clinical Trial Registration: ACTRN12618000706279).
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-01-2015
DOI: 10.1038/SREP07928
Abstract: We evaluated the quality and content of fish oil supplements in New Zealand. All encapsulated fish oil supplements marketed in New Zealand were eligible for inclusion. Fatty acid content was measured by gas chromatography. Peroxide values (PV) and anisidine values (AV) were measured and total oxidation values (Totox) calculated. Only 3 of 32 fish oil supplements contained quantities of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that were equal or higher than labelled content, with most products tested (69%) containing %. The vast majority of supplements exceeded recommended levels of oxidation markers. 83% products exceeded the recommended PV levels, 25% exceeded AV thresholds and 50% exceeded recommended Totox levels. Only 8% met the international recommendations, not exceeding any of these indices. Almost all fish oil supplements available in the New Zealand market contain concentrations of EPA and DHA considerably lower than claimed by labels. Importantly, the majority of supplements tested exceeded the recommended indices of oxidative markers. Surprisingly, best-before date, cost, country of origin and exclusivity were all poor markers of supplement quality.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2008.06.001
Abstract: Rhinovirus infection results in increased release of inflammatory mediators from airway epithelial cells in asthma. As an antioxidant, lycopene offers protection from adverse effects of inflammation. The aim of this study was to find an appropriate method of lycopene enrichment of airway epithelial cells and to determine the effects of lycopene enrichment on the inflammatory response of cells infected by rhinovirus or exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Lycopene enrichment of airway epithelial cells using solubilisation in tetrahydrofuran versus incorporation in liposomes was compared. After determining that solubilisation of lycopene in tetrahydrofuran was the most suitable method of lycopene supplementation, airway epithelial cells (Calu-3) were incubated with lycopene (dissolved in tetrahydrofuran) for 24 h, followed by rhinovirus infection or lipopolysaccharide exposure for 48 h. The release of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and interferon-gamma induced protein-10 (IP-10) and their messenger RNA levels were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Viral replication was measured by tissue culture infective dose of 50% assay. Lycopene concentration of cells and media were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Preincubation of airway epithelial cells with lycopene (dissolved in tetrahydrofuran) delivered lycopene into the cells and resulted in a 24% reduction in interleukin-6 after rhinovirus-1B infection, 31% reduction in IP-10 after rhinovirus-43 infection and 85% reduction in rhinovirus-1B replication. Lycopene also decreased the release of IL-6 and IP-10 following exposure to lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that lycopene has a potential role in suppressing rhinovirus induced airway inflammation.
Publisher: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)
Date: 11-2006
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-01-2023
Abstract: In preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the brain gradually becomes insulin resistant. As a result, brain glucose utilization is compromised, causing a cellular energy deficit that leads to the accumulation of free radicals, which increases inflammation and damages neurons. When glucose utilization is impaired, ketone bodies offer an alternative energy source. Ketone bodies are synthesized from fats, obtained from either the diet or adipose tissue. Dietary medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which are preferentially metabolized into ketone bodies, have the potential to supply the insulin-resistant brain with energy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to review the effect of MCFA supplements on circulating ketone bodies and cognition in in iduals with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and AD. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed on August 12, 2019, to retrieve all publications meeting the inclusion criteria. Alerts were then set to identify any publications after the search date up until January 31, 2021. Data were extracted by 2 authors and assessed by a third. In total, 410 publications were identified, of which 16 (n = 17 studies) met the inclusion criteria. All studies assessing change in levels of blood ketone bodies due to MCFA supplementation (n = 12) reported a significant increase. Cognition outcomes (measured in 13 studies), however, varied, ranging from no improvement (n = 4 studies) to improvement (n = 8 studies) or improvement only in apolipoprotein E allele 4 (APOE ε4) noncarriers (n = 2 studies). One study reported an increase in regional cerebral blood flow in APOE ε4 noncarriers and another reported an increase in energy metabolism in the brain. MCFA supplementation increases circulating ketone body levels, resulting in increased brain energy metabolism. Further research is required to determine whether this MCFA-mediated increase in brain energy metabolism improves cognition. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019146967.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 24-07-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514001688
Abstract: The present study aimed to determine the ability of two diet quality scores to predict the incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. The study population comprised a nationally representative s le of 8370 Australian middle-aged (45–50 years) women participating in the ALSWH (Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health), who were free of diabetes and completed FFQ at baseline. The associations between the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) and Dietary Guideline Index (DGI) with type 2 diabetes risk were assessed using multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and energy intake. During 6 years of follow-up, 311 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were reported. The DGI score was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk (OR comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of DGI was 0·51 95 % CI 0·35, 0·76 P for trend = 0·01). There was no statistically significant association between the ARFS and type 2 diabetes risk (OR comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of ARFS was 0·99 95 % CI 0·68, 1·43 P for trend = 0·42). The results of the present prospective study indicate that the DGI score, which assesses compliance with established dietary guidelines, is predictive of type 2 diabetes risk in Australian women. The risk of type 2 diabetes among women in the highest quintile of DGI was approximately 50 % lower than that in women in the lowest quintile. The ARFS was not significantly predictive of type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-08-2021
DOI: 10.1002/AJHB.23667
Abstract: To test the “vitamin D‐folate hypothesis for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.” Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV‐irradiance in a large ( n = 649) Australian cross‐sectional study population. Genetic analysis was used to score vitamin D‐ and folate‐related gene polymorphisms ( n = 22), along with two pigmentation gene variants ( IRF4 ‐rs12203592/ HERC2‐ rs12913832). Red cell folate and vitamin D 3 were measured by immunoassay and HPLC, respectively. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and pigmentation genes interact to modify blood vitamin levels Light skin IRF4 ‐TT genotype has greatest folate loss while light skin HERC2 ‐GG genotype has greatest vitamin D 3 synthesis (reflected in both TOMS and seasonal data). UV‐wavelength exhibits a dose–response relationship in folate loss within light skin IRF4 ‐TT genotype (305 310 324 380 nm). Significant vitamin D 3 photosynthesis only occurs within light skin HERC2 ‐GG genotype, and is maximal at 305 nm. Three dietary antioxidants (vitamins C, E, and β‐carotene) interact with UVR and pigmentation genes preventing oxidative loss of labile reduced folate vitamers, with greatest benefit in light skin IRF4 ‐TT subjects. The putative photosensitiser, riboflavin, did not sensitize red cell folate to UVR and actually afforded protection. Four genes (5xSNPs) influenced blood vitamin levels when stratified by pigmentation genotype MTHFR ‐rs1801133/rs1801131, TS ‐rs34489327, CYP24A ‐rs17216707, and VDR‐ApaI ‐rs7975232. Lightest IRF4 ‐TT/darkest HERC2 ‐AA genotype combination (greatest folate loss/lowest vitamin D 3 synthesis) has 0% occurrence. The opposing, commonest (39%) compound genotype (darkest IRF4 ‐CC/lightest HERC2 ‐GG) permits least folate loss and greatest synthesis of vitamin D 3 . New biophysical evidence supports the vitamin D‐folate hypothesis for evolution of skin pigmentation.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 1990
DOI: 10.1159/000171244
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2001
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2001.10719028
Abstract: To examine oxidative stress in CF by measuring 8-iso-PGF2alpha and antioxidant defenses, in relation to dietary intake, immune function and clinical status. We measured total plasma concentrations of 8-iso-PGF2alpha and dietary antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene), erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), lung function and dietary intake in 21 CF subjects and 21 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Total plasma 8-iso-PGF2alpha concentration (median [quartile 1-quartile 3]) was significantly higher in CF subjects compared to controls (214 pg/mL (155-331) vs. 135 pg/mL (101-168), p = 0.001). Neutrophil, monocyte and total white cell counts were elevated in the CF group and these correlated with 8-iso-PGF2alpha concentration. Despite similar dietary intake, lower plasma antioxidant concentrations were observed in the CF group (vitamin E, p < 0.001, vitamin C, p = 0.004, beta-carotene, p = 0.001). 8-iso-PGF2alpha correlated negatively with plasma vitamin E, C and beta-carotene concentrations. Oxidative stress is increased in CF patients, despite normal dietary antioxidant intake. The immune response appears to be a key factor causing oxidative stress. Antioxidant intervention aimed at reducing oxidative stress in CF needs to be assessed.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-11-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14214619
Abstract: Menopause is marked by a gradual and permanent decrease of estrogen from the ovaries, leading to metabolic and physiological changes in the body. Combined with increased body mass index, postmenopausal women have elevated systemic inflammation and metabolic disturbances leading to increased risk of developing chronic diseases. A bioactive coconut yoghurt containing curcumin and chlorogenic acid was developed with the potential to target inflammatory processes. In this randomized crossover study, healthy postmenopausal women with a BMI of 25–40 were recruited to consume 125 g of either the bioactive or placebo yoghurt. Blood s les were collected at baseline, 30 min, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h postprandially. Plasma inflammatory markers (TNFα and IL6) and metabolic markers (triglycerides, insulin and glucose) were measured. Participants had significantly lower plasma TNFα Cmax after consumption of the bioactive yoghurt compared to placebo (mean difference = 0.3 pg/mL p = 0.04). Additionally, plasma TNFα was significantly lower postprandially compared to baseline after consumption of the bioactive yogurt but not the placebo. No differences were observed in the metabolic markers measured. Conclusions: The bioactive yoghurt fortified with curcumin and chlorogenic acid has the potential to reduce inflammatory mediators however, a larger and longer-term study is required to confirm these findings.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 05-1990
DOI: 10.1139/Y90-094
Abstract: Intestinal adaptation occurs in response to physiological or pathological processes that include resection, aging, diabetes, radiation, lactation, chronic alcohol feeding, and feeding diets of varying lipid, protein, or carbohydrate composition. The mechanisms involved in the adaptive response include alterations in morphology, cell kinetics, digestive enzyme activity, transport, membrane lipid composition, and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. This discussion will review the effect of aging and alterations in dietary fatty acid composition on the small intestine. In addition, it may be possible to program the intestinal response to aging by feeding diets of differing fatty acid composition during the critical period of weaning. Alterations in the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the diet modifies the age-associated changes in the intestinal uptake of glucose. The changes occur rapidly, progressively, and irreversibly, suggesting that the intestinal uptake of glucose is subject to critical period programming. The mechanism by which diet may modify the ability of the intestine to up- or down-regulate glucose transport requires further investigation.Key words: polyunsaturated fatty acids, intestinal glucose transport, adaptation, diet, aging.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1990
DOI: 10.1093/JN/120.6.610
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to assess whether changing dietary fat composition altered phospholipid composition of rat testicular plasma membranes in a manner that altered receptor-mediated action of luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Weanling rats were fed diets that provided high or low cholesterol intakes and that were enriched with linseed oil, fish oil or beef tallow for 4 wk. Feeding diets high in (n-3) fatty acids decreased plasma and testicular plasma membrane 20:4(n-6) content. A marked reduction of the 22:5(n-6) content and an increase in the 22:6(n-3) content of testicular plasma membrane was found only in animals fed fish oil. A decrease in binding capacity of the gonadotropin (LH/hCG) receptor in the plasma membrane, with no change in receptor affinity, was observed for animals fed either linseed oil or fish oil diets. Dietary treatments that raised plasma membrane cholesterol content and the cholesterol to phospholipid ratio in the membrane were associated with increased binding capacity of the gonadotropin receptor. Feeding diets high in 18:3(n-3) vs. those high in fish oil altered receptor-mediated adenylate cyclase activity in a manner that depended on the level of dietary cholesterol. Feeding diets high in cholesterol or fish oil increased basal and LH-stimulated testosterone synthesis relative to that in animals fed the low cholesterol diet containing linseed oil. It is concluded that changing the fat composition of the diet alters the phospholipid composition of rat testicular plasma membranes and that this change in composition influences membrane-mediated unmasking of gonadotropin receptor-mediated action in testicular tissue.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2019.112684
Abstract: The neuropeptide oxytocin is best known for its role during parturition and the milk-let down reflex. Recent evidence identifies a role for oxytocin in eating behaviour. After oxytocin administration, caloric intake is reduced with stronger inhibitory effects in in iduals with obesity. Whether the experience of visual food cues affects secretion or circulating levels of oxytocin is unknown. This pilot study had three aims: 1) to measure fasting appetite hormones with a focus on plasma oxytocin concentrations 2) determine whether healthy vs. hyperpalatable visual food cues differentially altered plasma oxytocin and 3) assess whether appetite hormone responses to healthy vs. hyperpalatable food images depended on weight or food addiction status. Eighteen healthy women of varying weight status, with/without self-reported food addiction were recruited. Study participants completed a set of standardised questionnaires, including Yale Food Addiction Scale, and attended a one-off experimental session. Blood was collected before and after viewing two sets of food images (healthy and hyperpalatable foods). Participants were randomly allocated in a crossover design to view either healthy images or hyperpalatable foods first. A positive correlation between BMI and plasma oxytocin was found (r
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLIPRES.2010.07.004
Abstract: This article summarizes the current knowledge available on metabolism and the biological effects of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). n-3 DPA has not been extensively studied because of the limited availability of the pure compound. n-3 DPA is an elongated metabolite of EPA and is an intermediary product between EPA and DHA. The literature on n-3 DPA is limited, however the available data suggests it has beneficial health effects. In vitro n-3 DPA is retro-converted back to EPA, however it does not appear to be readily metabolised to DHA. In vivo studies have shown limited conversion of n-3 DPA to DHA, mainly in liver, but in addition retro-conversion to EPA is evident in a number of tissues. n-3 DPA can be metabolised by lipoxygenase, in platelets, to form ll-hydroxy-7,9,13,16,19- and 14-hydroxy-7,10,12,16,19-DPA. It has also been reported that n-3 DPA is effective (more so than EPA and DHA) in inhibition of aggregation in platelets obtained from rabbit blood. In addition, there is evidence that n-3 DPA possesses 10-fold greater endothelial cell migration ability than EPA, which is important in wound-healing processes. An in vivo study has reported that n-3 DPA reduces the fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme activity levels in n-3 DPA-supplemented mice and these effects were stronger than the EPA-supplemented mice. Another recent in vivo study has reported that n-3 DPA may have a role in attenuating age-related decrease in spatial learning and long-term potentiation. However, more research remains to be done to further investigate the biological effects of this n-3 VLCPUFA.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1080/10715760701767307
Abstract: Antioxidant-rich diets are associated with reduced asthma prevalence. However, direct evidence that altering intake of antioxidant-rich foods affects asthma is lacking. The objective was to investigate changes in asthma and airway inflammation resulting from a low antioxidant diet and subsequent use of lycopene-rich treatments. Asthmatic adults (n=32) consumed a low antioxidant diet for 10 days, then commenced a randomized, cross-over trial involving 3 x 7 day treatment arms (placebo, tomato extract (45 mg lycopene/day) and tomato juice (45 mg lycopene/day)). With consumption of a low antioxidant diet, plasma carotenoid concentrations decreased, Asthma Control Score worsened, %FEV(1) and %FVC decreased and %sputum neutrophils increased. Treatment with both tomato juice and extract reduced airway neutrophil influx. Treatment with tomato extract also reduced sputum neutrophil elastase activity. In conclusion, dietary antioxidant consumption modifies clinical asthma outcomes. Changing dietary antioxidant intake may be contributing to rising asthma prevalence. Lycopene-rich supplements should be further investigated as a therapeutic intervention.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 05-1990
DOI: 10.1139/Y90-093
Abstract: Recent evidence has suggested that transport of nutrients from the lumen to the interior of the gastrointestinal epithelium and exit of nutrients from the enterocyte to the circulation is governed by physicochemical properties of brush border and basolateral membranes, respectively. The main determinants of membrane properties are phospholipid, cholesterol, and fatty acyl chain composition (chain length and degree of unsaturation). Lipid synthesis occurs in enterocyte microsomes and the fine tuning of lipid composition is done at other subcellular sites by deacylation–reacylation or by changing the polar head group (e.g., by phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase). The present paper will focus on the mechanisms by which enterocyte membranes adapt functional properties in response to external stimuli. It is proposed that under the influence of internal or external stress, the enzymes of lipid metabolism in microsomes are modulated. These changes in lipid synthesis are reflected in other subcellular membranes, changing their physicochemical status and thus transport phenomena. One of the initial events appears to be alteration in desaturase enzyme activity. Our results suggest that desaturase activity and the fatty acyl profiles of the intestinal mucosal phospholipid rapidly respond to physiological conditions such as fasting and dietary fat treatment.Key words: polyunsaturated fatty acids, desaturases, enterocyte, intestinal microsomes, adaptation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.CTIM.2022.102896
Abstract: High blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and prevalence rates continue to rise with ageing populations. Polypharmacy remains a burden among the ageing, thus alternative effective strategies are warranted. This study investigated the effects of a polyphenols rich dietary supplement containing Pinus massoniana bark extract (PMBE) for modulating BP in healthy Australian adults. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sixty-two healthy adults aged 55-75 years were randomized to receive 50 mL dietary supplement containing placebo (0 mg PMBE) or PMBE (1322 mg PMBE) daily for 12 weeks. Seated systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) were measured at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Effects of PMBE on modulating BP was also explored in this study stratified for SBP status (optimal v high) as well as by SBP medication status. Mixed effect regression modelling was employed involving fixed categorical effects for elapsed time, treatment assignment and their interaction as well as random subject-level intercept to account for within-subject correlations resulting from repeated measurements. Significant models were further examined by addition of covariates and power calculations were performed since this study was a secondary analysis. SBP significantly reduced (-3.29 mmHg, p = 0.028) after PMBE at 12 weeks compared to baseline. SBP in in iduals with normal-high SBP (>120 mmHg) in the PMBE group reduced by - 6.46 mmHg (p = 0.001) at 12 weeks compared to baseline. No significant changes were reported for in iduals with optimal (≤120 mmHg) SBP nor did DBP significantly change in either study groups. In in iduals with non-medicated normal-high SBP, SBP significantly reduced by - 7.49 mmHg (p = 0.001) and DBP by - 3.06 mmHg (p = 0.011) at 12 weeks compared to baseline after PMBE. Cross-group comparisons were not statistically different. A polyphenol-rich dietary supplement derived from PMBE led to a clinically and statistically significant reduction in SBP in adults. Future studies to investigate the effects of PMBE-polyphenol supplementation on BP are warranted to confirm and explore optimal dose and impact on hypertension.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1989
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90333-0
Abstract: The effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (linseed oil) or eicosapentaenoic acid (fish oil) on serum and liver triacylglycerol levels in rats fed diets rich in saturated fatty acids (hydrogenated beef tallow) versus high in linoleic acid (safflower oil) was examined. Feeding fish oil with hydrogenated tallow lowered the serum triacylglycerol concentration while the combination of fish oil and safflower oil failed to do so. Inclusion of fish oil in the hydrogenated tallow diet lowered the triacylglycerol constant in level tissue whereas inclusion of linseed oil had no significant effect. Feeding of linseed oil or fish oil in the safflower oil diet resulted in lowering of the liver triacylglycerol levels. These results suggest that dietary fish oil may have greater hypotriglyceridemic effects in in iduals opulations eating diets high in saturated fats compared with those consuming mainly polyunsaturated vegetable oils rich in n - 6 fatty acids.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2011.06.006
Abstract: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with reduced incidence in thrombotic events. In addition, administration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to rectify elevated platelet microparticle (MP) number and procoagulant activity in post myocardial infarction patients. However, it is unknown whether supplementation can alter these parameters in healthy in iduals and if such effects are immediate or require long-term supplementation. We have previously demonstrated a gender-specific effect of LCn-3PUFA supplementation on platelet aggregation in healthy human subjects. Here we extend these findings to include the acute effects of supplementation with EPA- or DHA-rich oils on circulating MP levels and activity in healthy subjects. A placebo-controlled trial was conducted in healthy males and females (n=30). MP activity, MP levels and platelet aggregation were measured at 0 and 24 h postsupplementation with either a placebo or EPA- or DHA-rich oil. Both EPA and DHA effectively reduced platelet aggregation at 24 h postsupplementation relative to placebo (-13.3%, P=.006 and -11.9%, P=.016, respectively), but only EPA reduced MP activity (-19.4%, P=.003). When grouped by gender, males showed a similar reduction in both platelet aggregation and MP activity (-20.5%, P=.008 -22%, P=.008) following EPA, while females showed significantly reduced platelet aggregation (-13.7%, P=.04) but not MP activity after DHA only. EPA and DHA exert gender-dependent effects on platelet aggregation and platelet MP activity, but not on MP levels. With respect to thrombotic disease risk, males may benefit more from EPA supplementation.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 07-1988
DOI: 10.1139/Y88-162
Abstract: Animals were fed for 2 weeks on one of four isocaloric and isocholesterolic semisynthetic diets: high 18:3ω3, low 18:3ω3, high 20:5ω3, or low 20:5ω3. The weight of the intestine and the percentage of the wall consisting of mucosa was greater in high 20:5ω3 than in high 18:3ω3, and greater in low 20:5ω3 than in low 18:3ω3, although the mucosal surface area was 26% lower in high 20:5ω3 than high 18:3ω3. The jejunal uptake of 40 mM glucose and ileal uptake of 40 mM galactose was greater in high 18:3ω3 than in high 20:5ω3 jejunal uptake of fatty acid 12:0 was higher, but 18:0 was lower in high 18:3ω3 than in high 20:5ω3. The jejunal or ileal uptake of cholesterol was not affected by 20:5ω3. However, 20:5ω3 had a variable effect on the uptake of medium- and long-chain fatty acids. Alterations in the uptake of fatty acids and glucose were not explained by any difference in the animals' food consumption, body weight gain, or intestinal weight, but the reduced jejunal uptake of 40 mM glucose in rats fed the high 20:5ω3 diet was associated with reduced mucosal surface area. Thus, (i) varying the source of ω3-fatty acids (vegetable, 18:3ω3 versus fish oil, 20:5ω3) altered the mucosal mass of the intestine, and (ii) the source of the dietary ω3-fatty acid (18:3ω3 versus 20:5ω3) influenced intestinal hexose uptake, with fish oil having an anti-absorptive effect on the jejunal uptake of D-glucose.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90256-1
Abstract: Information as to the ability of the enterocyte to desaturate fatty acids is lacking. This is important in understanding whether the source of intestinal arachidonic (20:4(n-6) acid is biliary or from de novo synthesis. Delta 9- and delta 6-desaturase enzymes were assayed in homogenates of rat jejunum, ileum and liver. Rat small intestine possesses desaturase activity to convert palmitic (16:0) to palmitoleic (16:1) and linoleic (18:2(n-6) to linolenic (18:3(n-6) acid. Enzyme activities were highest in liver relative to activity in jejunal and ileal homogenates. It is concluded that delta 9- and delta 6-desaturase activities may have an important role in determining physico-chemical properties and thus transport properties of enterocyte membranes.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-05-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9060534
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-07-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S11011-013-9418-Y
Abstract: Accumulating evidence indicates that hyper-glycaemia is deleterious to brain function, in particular to the hippoc us. It is thought this hippoc al dysfunction may contribute to hyperglycaemia related cognitive impairment, such as that which manifests with diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the effects of diabetes-related hyperglycaemia on hippoc al gene expression, in order to identify potential mechanisms that might be associated with the cognitive dysfunction that develops with diabetes mellitus. Genome-wide gene expression profiling was carried out on the hippoc i from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, and from vehicle treated control mice. Genes of interest that satisfied expression fold-change and statistical criteria, and that were considered to be potentially associated with cognitive function, were further tested by real time, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. We found that STZ-induced diabetes resulted in decreased hippoc al expression of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and synaptic plasticity, for ex le, histone deacetylases and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (HDACs and GSK3β). We also found increased expression of genes involved in signalling cascades related to cell growth, cell survival and energy metabolism, such as neurotropic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2, apolipoprotein E, and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type (Ntrk2, APOE, PTPRT). To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate a gene expression profile implicating epigenetic modifications and alterations of synaptic plasticity associated genes in diabetes mellitus. The present study will improve our understanding of the neural mechanisms that might underpin diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 16-02-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FNAGI.2022.780602
Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia worldwide. The classical AD brain is characterized by extracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein aggregates as senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of hyper-phosphorylated forms of the microtubule-associated protein Tau. There has been limited success in clinical trials for some proposed therapies for AD, so attention has been drawn toward using alternative approaches, including prevention strategies. As a result, nutraceuticals have become attractive compounds for their potential neuroprotective capabilities. The objective of the present study was to derive a synergistic nutraceutical combination in vitro that may act as a potential preventative therapy for AD. The compounds of interest were docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), luteolin (LUT), and urolithin A (UA). The cell viability and cytotoxicity assays MTS and LDH were used to evaluate the compounds in idually and in two-compound combinations, for their ability to inhibit Aβ 1–42 -induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma BE(2)-M17 cells. The LDH-derived% protection values were used in the program CompuSyn v.1.0 to calculate the combination index (CI) of the two-compound combinations. The software-predicted potentially synergistic (CI & 1) two-compound combinations were validated using CellTiter Glo assay. Finally, a three-compound combination was predicted (D 5 L 5 U 5 ) and shown to be the most effective at inhibiting Aβ 1–42 -induced toxicity. The synergistic combination, D 5 L 5 U 5 warrants further research for its mechanism of action however, it can serve as a basis to develop an advanced functional food for the prevention or co-treatment of AD.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-09-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-32032-X
Abstract: In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a single dose of curcumin and/or fish oil on postprandial glycaemic parameters in healthy in iduals. This was a randomised, placebo-controlled and crossover study. Sixteen (n = 16) volunteers were randomised to receive placebo, curcumin (180 mg) tablets, fish oil (1.2 g long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) capsules and curcumin + fish oil prior to a standard meal on 4 test days separated by a week. Blood glucose, serum insulin and triglycerides were measured at intervals between 0–120 min. Difference between the treatments was measured using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and pair-wise comparisons using Wilcoxon signed-rank or paired t-test as appropriate. Postprandial glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the curcumin (60.6%, P = 0.0007) and curcumin + fishoil group (51%, P = 0.002) groups at 60 min from baseline. Compared with placebo, area under the curve (AUC) for change in blood glucose concentration was reduced by curcumin (36%, P = 0.003) and curcumin + fishoil (30%, 0.004), but not fish oil alone (p = 0.105). Both curcumin (P = 0.01) and curcumin + fishoil (P = 0.03) treatments significantly lowered postprandial insulin (AUC) by 26% in comparison with placebo. Curcumin, but not fish oil, reduces postprandial glycaemic response and insulin demand for glucose control.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2003
Abstract: Oxidative stress, as measured by 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2)(alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha)), and depleted antioxidant defenses were shown in stable cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The plasma fatty acid status of CF patients was linked to oxidative stress after respiratory exacerbations. We examined changes in plasma 8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha), antioxidant defenses, plasma fatty acid status, and clinical markers resulting from short-term antioxidant supplementation. Forty-six CF patients were randomly assigned to either group A [low dose of supplement (10 mg vitamin E and 500 micro g vitamin A)] or group B [high dose of supplement (200 mg vitamin E, 300 mg vitamin C, 25 mg beta-carotene, 90 micro g Se, and 500 micro g vitamin A)]. Plasma concentrations of 8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha), vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, zinc, selenium, and copper plasma fatty acid composition erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activities lung function and dietary intake were measured before and after 8 wk of supplementation. Antioxidant defenses in group B improved, whereas those in group A did not: in groups B and A, the mean (+/- SEM) changes (Delta) in vitamin E were 10.6 +/- 1.5 and -1.9 +/- 0.9 micro mol/L, respectively (P < 0.001), (Delta)beta-carotene were 0.1 +/- 0.04 and -0.01 +/- 0.02 micro mol/L, respectively (P = 0.007), (Delta)selenium were 0.51 +/- 0.10 and -0.09 +/- 0.04 micro mol/L, respectively (P < 0.001), and (Delta)glutathione peroxidase activity were 1.3 +/- 0.3 and -0.3 +/- 0.6 U/g hemoglobin, respectively (P = 0.016). There were no significant differences between the groups in Delta8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha), (Delta)vitamin C, (Delta)fatty acid composition, (Delta)superoxide dismutase activity, (Delta)lung function, or (Delta)white cell count. Within group B, (Delta)beta-carotene correlated with (Delta)percentage of forced vital capacity (r = 0.586, P = 0.005), (Delta)selenium correlated with (Delta)percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.440, P = 0.046), and (Delta)plasma fatty acid concentrations correlated with (Delta)percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.583, P = 0.006) and Delta8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha) (r = 0.538, P = 0.010). Whereas increased beta-carotene, selenium, and fatty acid concentrations are linked to improved lung function, increased plasma fatty acid concentrations are linked to oxidative stress. If oxidative stress is deemed to be important to the clinical outcome of CF patients, means of reducing oxidative stress while maintaining a high-fat, high-energy diet must be investigated.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 16-12-2020
Abstract: Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFAs) are widely considered as nootropic agents that may be beneficial in reversing cognitive impairment. The present systematic review of randomized controlled trials was conducted to determine the changes in cognitive function after intervention with LCn-3PUFA supplementation in non-demented adults, including those with mild cognitive impairment. Five databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library) were searched systematically along with reference lists of selected articles. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they measured the effect of LCn-3PUFA supplementation on cognition in non-demented adults. A total of 787 records were screened, of which 25 studies were eligible for inclusion. Treatment effects were summarized as global cognitive function for primary outcome and measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination and in idual cognitive domains for secondary outcome. The pooled effect sizes were estimated using Hedge’s g and random-effects modeling. Results from randomized controlled trials indicate that LCn-3PUFAs have no effect on global cognitive function (Hedge’s g = 0.02 95% confidence interval, −0.12 to 0.154), and among the specific cognitive domains, only memory function showed a mild benefit (Hedge’s g = 0.31 P = 0.003 z = 2.945). The existing literature suggests that LCn-3PUFA supplementation could provide a mild benefit in improving memory function in non-demented older adults. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42017078664.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-06-2011
DOI: 10.1038/TPJ.2010.43
Abstract: Two known polymorphisms in the 5' enhancer region (ER) of the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene, a variable number of tandem repeats of a 28 bp sequence (2R/3R) and a further G>C single nucleotide substitution within the repeats, result in genotypes with 0-5 functional upstream stimulatory factor (USF) E-box consensus elements. However, the relationship between these polymorphisms, regulation of TS expression and patient response to fluoropyrimidine treatment has been inconsistent. In this study, seven possible TSER allele configurations showed similar patterns of luciferase gene expression regardless of cell type or USF-1 content, with no significant difference in promoter activity between the wild-type 2RGC and 3RGGC (1.40±0.37 vs 1.43±0.32, P=0.90), whereas the minor alleles, 2RCC and 3RGCC, were significantly reduced (0.84±0.17, P=0.01) and increased (3.19±0.72, P=0.001) respectively. Patient plasma levels of 2'-deoxyuridine, a surrogate marker of TS activity, were significantly different between genotypes (P<0.001) and inversely related to luciferase activity (P=0.02) but not to the absolute number of functional repeated elements (P=0.16), suggesting that the position, rather than the number of functional USF E-box repeats in the TSER, is responsible for determining gene expression in vitro and TS activity in vivo.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-05-2017
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2017.56
Abstract: Abnormalities in lipoprotein profiles (size, distribution and concentration) play an important role in the pathobiology of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Dietary fat, among other factors, has been demonstrated to modulate lipoprotein profiles. We aimed to investigate if background dietary fat (saturated, SFA versus omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6PUFA) was a determinant of the effects of LCn-3PUFA supplementation on lipoprotein profiles. A randomized controlled clinical intervention trial in a parallel design was conducted. Healthy subjects (n=26) were supplemented with 400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid plus 2000 mg docosahexaenoic acid daily and randomized to consume diets rich in either SFA or n-6PUFA for a period of 6 weeks. Blood s les, collected at baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention, were assessed for plasma lipoprotein profiles (lipoprotein size, concentration and distribution in subclasses) determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Study participants receiving the SFA or the n-6PUFA enriched diets consumed similar percentage energy from fat (41 and 42% respectively, P=0.681). However, subjects on the SFA diet consumed 50% more energy as saturated fat and 77% less as linoleic acid than those consuming the n-6PUFA diet (P<0.001). The diets rich in SFA and n-6PUFA reduced the concentration of total very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles (P<0.001, both), and their subclasses and increased VLDL (P=0.042 and P=0.007, respectively) and LDL (P=0.030 and 0.027, respectively) particle size. In addition, plasma triglyceride concentration was significantly reduced by LCn-3PUFA supplementation irrespective of the dietary fat. LCn-3PUFA modulated lipoprotein profiles in a similar fashion when supplemented in diets rich in either SFA or n-6PUFA.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1159/000480052
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1991
DOI: 10.1096/FASEBJ.5.13.1916101
Abstract: Evidence indicates that principal features of the membrane involve structural organization of lipids in the form of a bilayer with functional proteins either bound to the bilayer surface or inserted into the bilayer and interacting within specific domains in the lipid milieux. In homeotherms, intrinsic and extrinsic factors apparently form the basis for determination of membrane lipid composition and thus membrane physicochemical properties. Moreover, many intrinsic metabolic controls, such as fatty acid desaturation and phospholipid biosynthesis, may be attenuated by change in the nature of the extrinsic or dietary influence. This review will focus on the role of dietary fat as a determinant of subcellular structural constituents to illustrate that feeding nutritionally adequate diets differing in fatty acid composition can induce physiological transitions in membrane function involving the activity of enzymes responsible for synthesis of membrane constituents, hormone-activated functions and expression of activity in the cell nucleus.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1601-5215.2007.00189.X
Abstract: Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) are in increasing use in the general population to treat health problems. The objective of the current article is to review the evidence for the rationale and benefit of LCn-3PUFA in the treatment of common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. A search of Psychlit, PubMed and Cochrane Databases was conducted using the terms child, adolescent, bipolar, depression, psychosis, first-episode psychosis, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, psychiatric, omega-3, n-3, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Further studies were identified from the bibliographies of published reviews. One small randomized controlled trial with LCn-3PUFA supplementation in depression in children found a small beneficial effect over placebo. Four placebo-controlled trials showed uncertain benefit of LCn-3PUFA for ADHD. Single placebo-controlled trials showed no benefit in autism or bipolar disorder. There is an absence of studies examining benefit for first-episode psychosis or schizophrenia in children and adolescents. While children and adolescents are receiving LCn-3PUFA for a range of psychiatric indications, there is only evidence of likely benefit for unipolar depression.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2011
DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2010.549489
Abstract: Recent studies in adults have suggested that the plasma level of omega-3 fatty acids may be associated with weight status and abdominal adiposity, limited studies exist in paediatric populations. The present study examined the relationship between the omega-3 index, weight status and insulin resistance in children. School-age children between 5-12 years, classified as non-obese or obese on the basis of body mass index (BMI) z-scores, were examined. Fat intake was assessed using a parent reported 135-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Erythrocyte fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography. The Omega-3 index (O3I) was calculated by adding eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid % (weight/weight) values. Obese children had altered erythrocyte fatty acid composition unrelated to reported dietary intake. A greater proportion of obese (BMI z-score > 2.25) children (33%) had an omega-3 index of < 4.0 (high risk) compared with non-obese children (BMI z-score < 2.25) (17%). Simultaneously, the number of children with a higher omega-3 index (6.0-8.0 lower risk) was lower in the obese (13%) versus non-obese children (25%, respectively). A moderate, but statistically significant correlation was found between O3I and fasting insulin level (r = -0.3, P = 0.03) and with homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) scores (r = -0.3, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION The observed association between the omega-3 index, weight status and insulin resistance in children highlights the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of obesity-related chronic diseases in later life. The results presented merits confirmation in a larger s le of obese children.
Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
Date: 04-1988
DOI: 10.1042/BJ2510011
Abstract: Experiments were designed to assess the effect of cholesterol feeding, with or without high levels of either saturated (coconut oil) or unsaturated (sunflower-seed oil) fat on the fatty acid composition of hepatic microsomal membrane lipids, as well as on the activities of several membrane-bound enzymes of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism. Administration of 2% (w/w) cholesterol in the rat diet inhibited hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, and this inhibition was much more pronounced when cholesterol was fed in combination with unsaturated rather than with saturated fat. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was increased by all the high-cholesterol diets and inhibited by both the high-fat diets. Cholesterol esterification, as assessed by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity, was enhanced after unsaturated-fat feeding. Cholesterol supplement, without any added fat, failed to elicit any significant increase in ACAT activity, whereas consumption of cholesterol in combination with unsaturated fat led to the greatest increase in ACAT activity. After cholesterol feeding, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids in the microsomal phospholipids were increased, with concomitant decreases in C18:0, C20:4 and C22:6 fatty acids, leading to an overall decrease in membrane unsaturation, irrespective of the particular fat supplement. It can be concluded that the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and the enhancement of cholesterol utilization, either by increased bile formation or by increased cholesterol esterification, after cholesterol feeding, may not be enough to prevent cholesterol accumulation in the microsomal membranes. Then, to compensate for the altered fluidity resulting from cholesterol enrichment, the unsaturation of membrane phospholipids is decreased, which would in turn have an effect on membrane lipid fluidity opposite to that of increased cholesterol.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-10-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14194152
Abstract: This study aimed to compare the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) among Australian women following plant-based diets (PBD) compared to regular meat eaters. A cross sectional analysis of the mid-aged cohort (1946–1951) of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health was conducted on completers of Survey 7 in 2013 with complete FFQ data available (n = 9102). Dietary patterns were categorized as PBD (vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian) and regular meat eaters. Meat eaters were further categorized into high and low consumption and outcomes included self-reported prevalence of IGT and DM. Participants were identified as regular meat eaters (n = 8937) and PBD (n = 175). Prevalence of IGT was lower in PBD (0–1.2%) compared to regular meat eaters (9.1%). Consolidation of PBD to a single group (vegetarians) indicated a lower prevalence of DM in vegetarians compared to regular meat eaters (3.9% vs. 9.1%). Women consuming meat daily/multiple times per day had significantly higher odds of IGT (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.1 to 2.1, p = 0.02). In iduals consuming processed meat daily/multiple times per day had significantly higher odds of DM compared to those consuming less than daily (Odds ratio (OR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 2.3, p 0.0001). After adjustment for covariates, statistical significance was lost largely due to the addition of BMI to the model. Prevalence of IGT and DM were lower in women following PBD and higher in high consumers of meat and processed meat. The relationship between meat consumption and IGT/diabetes status appears to be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in body mass index (BMI). Future studies are warranted to investigate the mechanisms and other lifestyle factors underpinning the association between high meat consumption and increased risk of IGT and DM.
Publisher: The Society for Free Radical Research Japan
Date: 1993
DOI: 10.3164/JCBN.14.71
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-03-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-11-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-04-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-007-3042-8
Abstract: Macadamia nuts are rich source of monounsaturated fats (oleic and palmitoleic acids) and contain polyphenol compounds, therefore, their consumption can be expected to impart health benefits to humans. This study was conducted to examine the effects of consuming macadamia nuts in hypercholesterolemic male in iduals on plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, coagulation and inflammation. Seventeen hypercholesterolemic male subjects were given macadamia nuts (40-90 g/day), equivalent to 15% energy intake, for a period of 4 weeks. As expected, monounsaturated fatty acids (16:1n-7, 18:1n-9 and 20:1n-9) were elevated in the plasma lipids of all volunteers following intervention with macadamia nuts. Plasma markers of inflammation (leukotriene, LTB(4)) and oxidative stress (8-isoprostane) were significantly lower (1,353 +/- 225 vs. 1,030 +/- 129 pg/mL and 876 +/- 97 vs. 679 +/- 116 pg/mL, respectively) within 4 weeks following macadamia nut intervention. There was a non-significant (23.6%) reduction in the plasma TXB(2)/PGI(2) ratio following macadamia nut consumption. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that short-term macadamia nut consumption modifies favourably the biomarkers of oxidative stress, thrombosis and inflammation, the risk factors for coronary artery disease, despite an increase in dietary fat intake. These data, combined with our previous results on cholesterol-lowering effects of macadamia nuts, suggest that regular consumption of macadamia nuts may play a role in the prevention of coronary artery disease.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJCARD.2013.06.030
Abstract: Sino-atrial node disease and aging increase AF risk. We investigated if long-term fish oil supplementation reduces paroxysmal atrial tachycardia/fibrillation (AT/AF) burden in patients aged ≥60 years with sinoatrial node disease and dual chamber pacemakers. Following a run-in period of 6 months (p1) where AT/AF burden was logged,78 patients were randomised to control or fish oil group (total omega-3 6 g/d) and AT/AF burden evaluated after 6 months (p2 39 controls, 39 fish oil) and 12 months (p3 39 controls 18 fish oil). A subset of 21 fish oil patients crossed over to controls in the final 6 months (crossover group). Median AT/AF burden increased significantly in controls (1.5%, 3.2%, 4.3%, P 1 min was not significantly different between the groups (P=.9). There was a rebound increase in AT/AF burden in p3 in cross over patients (2.2% to 5.8%, P=.01) reaching a level similar to controls (crossover vs. controls, 5.8% vs. 4.3%, P=.63) and higher than those who continued fish oil for 12 months (crossover vs. continued intake 5.8% vs. 1.2%, P=.02). Fish oil patients had shorter duration episodes of AT/AF with no difference in frequency compared to controls. Long-term fish oil supplementation did not suppress AT/AF burden but may have attenuated its temporal progression related to aging and sinus node disease.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-03-2018
Abstract: Oxytocin plays an important hormonal role in the regulation of feeding and energy intake. The aims of this review were to 1) determine the effects of dietary intake/behaviors on endogenous oxytocin and 2) examine the effect of exogenous oxytocin on dietary intake/behaviors. Published studies up to December 2016 were identified through searches of 5 electronic databases. Eligible studies included those in adults that included a measure related to an in idual's diet and a measure of oxytocin and the relationship between the 2 outcomes. Twenty-six studies (n = 912 participants 77% female) were included. The most common dietary outcomes assessed were alcohol, caffeine, calcium, sodium, fat, and calorie intake. It was found that endogenous oxytocin (n = 13) in nonclinical s les did not change significantly (P > 0.05) through altered diet or behaviors (neutral effect) in contrast, significant (P < 0.05) differences (increases and decreases) were identified in clinical s les. Exogenous oxytocin studies (n = 13) found reduced indices of food intake (positive effect) in clinical and nonclinical s les. Overall, few studies included comprehensive investigation of dietary intakes through the use of validated assessment tools. Dietary intake and behaviors appear to have some influence on oxytocin, with more pronounced effects found with exogenously administered oxytocin.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JDIACOMP.2016.06.025
Abstract: Cognitive deficits in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may be partly attributable to stiffness in cerebral arteries and impaired vasodilator function, limiting the ability to increase blood flow in brain regions to meet cognitive demands. We undertook a comparison of cerebrovascular responsiveness (CVR) and cognitive performance in adults with and without T2DM. Older adults with (50) and without (Herath, Cherbuin, Eramudugolla, & Anstey, 2016) T2DM underwent transcranial Doppler ultrasound measurements of basal cerebral mean blood flow velocity (MBFV) and pulsatility index (PI), a measure of arterial stiffness, in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA). A battery of tasks assessing domains of working memory, executive function and information processing/motor speed was then administered while MBFV was recorded. CVR to cognitive tasks was calculated as a percentage increase in MBFV from the basal level. There was no difference in basal MBFV between groups. However, PI was 14% higher in the T2DM group (P<0.05), who performed poorer across all cognitive domains assessed and displayed poorer CVR in three tasks. Cognitive performance was inversely related to the PI/MBFV ratio, an indicator of intracranial stenosis. Impaired cerebral perfusion during mental tasks is accompanied by poor cognitive performance and stiffness in the cerebral vessels.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2015.09.010
Abstract: Management of hyperlipidaemia remains a cornerstone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) has been shown to modulate blood lipid profiles and reduce the risk of developing CVD. However, studies relating objective measures of long-term dietary n-3 PUFA intake and circulating lipid levels in older adults are limited. Thus, we aimed to determine whether there is an association between erythrocyte n-3 PUFA status (omega-3 index, O3I) and blood lipid profiles in older adults. A s le of adults aged 65-95 years who participated in the Retirement Health and Lifestyle Study was evaluated. Outcome measures included O3I (% eicosapentaenoic acid+% docosahexaenoic acid) and fasting blood lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and triglyceride (TG)]. Two hundred and seventy-six subjects were included in the analyses. The mean±SD age was 77.6±7.4 years, and 40.9% were males. O3I was significantly higher in females compared to males. O3I was inversely associated with plasma TG (P<.001) and TC/HDL-cholesterol ratio (P<.05), and positively associated with HDL-cholesterol (P<.05), in all subjects. Associations between O3I and TG were evident in both females (r=-0.250, P<.01) and males (r=-0.225, P<.05). In females only, the odds of being hypertriglyceridaemic were highest in those with lowest O3I (P=.006). Trends for hypercholesterolaemia and elevated LDL risk were converse between males and females. Long-term n-3 PUFA status is associated with blood lipid profiles in older Australians. Our findings support the development and implementation of age-specific dietary strategies to reduce the risk of CVD via improving the O3I.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1986
DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(86)90131-1
Abstract: Controversy continues regarding the extent of ongoing viral replication in HIV-1-infected patients on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Adding an additional potent agent, such as raltegravir, to effective ART in patients with low-level residual viremia may reveal whether there is ongoing HIV-1 replication. We previously reported the outcome of a randomized placebo-controlled study of raltegravir intensification in patients on ART with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per milliliter that showed no effect on residual viremia measured by single copy assay. We now report the effects of raltegravir intensification in that trial on other potential measures of ongoing HIV-1 replication as follows: 2-LTR HIV-1 circles, total cellular HIV-1 DNA, and T-cell activation. Of 50 patients tested, 12 (24%) had 2-LTR circles detected at baseline. Patients who were 2-LTR-positive had higher plasma HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA levels than 2-LTR-negative in iduals. At week 12 of raltegravir intensification, there was no change from baseline in 2-LTR circles, in total HIV-1 DNA or in the ratio of 2-LTR circles to total HIV-1 DNA. There was also no change in markers of T-cell activation. In HIV-1-infected in iduals on effective ART, we find no evidence of ongoing viral replication in the blood that is suppressible by raltegravir intensification. The results imply that raltegravir intensification alone will not eradicate HIV-1 infection.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2014.12.012
Abstract: To determine the dietary predictors of central blood pressure, augmentation index and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Participants were diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and had PWV and/or pulse wave analysis performed. Dietary intake was measured using the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies Version 2 Food Frequency Questionnaire. Serum lipid species and carotenoids were measured, using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, as biomarkers of dairy and vegetable intake, respectively. Associations were determined using linear regression adjusted for potential confounders. PWV (n = 95) was inversely associated with reduced fat dairy intake (β = -0.01 95% CI -0.02, -0.01 p = 0 < 0.05) in particular yoghurt consumption (β = -0.04 95% CI -0.09, -0.01 p = 0 < 0.05) after multivariate adjustment. Total vegetable consumption was negatively associated with PWV in the whole cohort after full adjustment (β = -0.04 95% CI -0.07, -0.01 p < 0.05). In idual lipid species, particularly those containing 14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0 and 17:1 fatty acids, known to be of ruminant origin, in lysophosphatidylcholine, cholesterol ester, diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and triacylglycerol classes were positively associated with intake of full fat dairy, after adjustment for multiple comparisons. However, there was no association between serum lipid species and PWV. There were no dietary predictors of central blood pressure or augmentation index after multivariate adjustment. In this cohort of subjects with diabetes reduced fat dairy intake and vegetable consumption were inversely associated with PWV. The lack of a relationship between serum lipid species and PWV suggests that the fatty acid composition of dairy may not explain the beneficial effect.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-12-2019
DOI: 10.3390/NU12010074
Abstract: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease, associated with systemic inflammation. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have established anti-inflammatory effects, thus having potential as an adjunct therapy in asthma. This study aimed to compare erythrocyte n-3 PUFA in adults with (n = 255) and without (n = 137) asthma and determine the relationship between erythrocyte n-3 PUFA and clinical asthma outcomes. Subjects had blood collected, lung function measured and Juniper Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) score calculated. Fatty acids were measured in erythrocyte membranes by gas chromatography, and the omega-3 index (O3I) was calculated (% eicosapentaenoic acid + % docosahexaenoic acid). O3I was similar in subjects with and without asthma (p = 0.089). A higher O3I was observed in subjects with controlled or partially controlled asthma (ACQ 1.5) compared to subjects with uncontrolled asthma (ACQ ≥ 1.5) (6.0% (5.4–7.2) versus 5.6% (4.6–6.4) p = 0.033). Subjects with a high O3I (≥8%) had a lower maintenance dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) compared to those with a low O3I ( %) (1000 μg (400–1000) versus 1000 μg (500–2000) p = 0.019). This study demonstrates that a higher O3I is associated with better asthma control and with lower ICS dose, suggesting that a higher erythrocyte n-3 PUFA level may have a role in asthma management.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
Date: 15-01-1988
DOI: 10.1042/BJ2490351
Abstract: The effect of feeding semipurified diets enriched in linseed (rich in C18:3, omega 3 fatty acid) or fish (rich in C20:5, omega 3 and C22:6, omega 3 fatty acid) oil with and without cholesterol supplementation on the desaturation of linoleic acid (C18:2, omega 6) by rat liver microsomal fractions was investigated. Animals fed diets supplemented with beef tallow were used as equal-energy controls. Both linseed-oil and fish-oil diets, without added cholesterol, decrease conversion of C18:2, omega 6 fatty acid to gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3, omega 6). Reduction in delta 6-desaturation was significantly greater for animals fed the diet containing fish oil than with animals fed the linseed-oil diet. The major effect of cholesterol supplementation was to decrease the rate of desaturation of C18:2, omega 6, when fed in combination with the beef-tallow diet, whereas delta 6-desaturation was unaffected when cholesterol was fed along with diets high in omega 3 fatty acids (linseed oil or fish oil). The activity of the delta 6-desaturase in vitro is consistent with the fatty acid composition observed for the microsomal membranes on which this enzyme is localized. Dietary linseed oil and fish oil lowered the arachidonic (C20:4, omega 6) acid content of rat liver microsomes, with an accompanying increase in membrane eicosapentaenoic (C20:5, omega 3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6, omega 3) acid content, in comparison with the group fed beef tallow. Inclusion of cholesterol into the beef-tallow or linseed-oil diets resulted in decreased membrane C20:4, omega 6-fatty-acid content, with concomitant increase in C18:2, omega 6-fatty-acid content. However, addition of cholesterol to the fish-oil diet did not alter the microsomal membrane content of C20:4, omega 6 fatty acid. Thus it is suggested that (1) the decrease in prostaglandin E2, thromboxane and prostacyclin levels generally observed after fish-oil consumption may be at least partly due to inhibition of C20:4, omega 6-fatty-acid synthesis from C18:2, omega 6 fatty acid and (2) consumption of fish oil prevents the further decrease in C20:4, omega 6-fatty-acid levels by dietary cholesterol that is apparent when cholesterol is fed in combination with diets high in saturated fat or C18:3, omega 3 fatty acid.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
Abstract: The effect of fish oil supplementation on the nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration and composition in the normoxic and hypoxic myocardium of pigs was examined. Two groups of female pigs (n = 7) were fed a diet supplemented with either 5 g beef tallow/kg (as control) or 5 g fish oil/kg (MaxEPA) rich in (n-3) fatty acids. After 6 wk of supplementation, the pigs were anesthetized, hearts exposed by thoracotomy followed by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. Normoxic and hypoxic regions of the heart were examined for NEFA concentration and composition by using a combination of thin layer and gas chromatography. Nonesterified (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acid concentration and composition differed significantly between the two groups in both the normoxic and hypoxic areas of the heart. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid concentration in the NEFA fraction of the normoxic myocardium were higher in the fish oil group than in the beef tallow group (P < 0.001). In the fish oil-fed pigs, the (n-3) NEFA concentration was significantly higher in the hypoxic compared to the normoxic region of the heart. The fish oil-fed group had lower levels of arachidonic acid in the NEFA fraction compared to the beef tallow-fed group, whereas the hypoxic myocardium had higher levels of arachidonic acid, regardless of the dietary fat supplementation. Despite large differences in the proportions of saturated fatty acids in the experimental diets, there was little or no difference in the saturated fatty acid content of cardiac phospholipid and NEFA fractions. Following myocardial ischemia, (n-3) fatty acids in the NEFA fractions were selectively increased in the fish oil-fed pigs, implicating the possible role of nonesterified (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of arrhythmias.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Abstract: Krill is an increasingly popular source of marine n-3 (ω-3) PUFA that is seen as a premium product. However, to our knowledge, the effect of krill-oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity in humans has not been reported. We assessed whether supplementation with a blend of krill and salmon (KS) oil [which is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] affects insulin sensitivity in overweight men. The design was a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial. A total of 47 men with a mean ± SD age of 46.5 ± 5.1 y, who were overweight [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) from 25 to 30] but otherwise healthy, received 5 1-g capsules of KS oil or a control (canola oil) for 8 wk and crossed over to another treatment after an 8-wk washout period. The primary outcome was insulin sensitivity assessed by using the Matsuda method from an oral-glucose-tolerance test. Secondary outcomes included lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, and carotid artery intimamedia thickness. Unexpectedly, insulin sensitivity (per the Matsuda index) was 14% lower with the KS oil than with the control oil (P = 0.049). A mediation analysis showed that, after controlling for the likely positive effects of blood EPA and DHA (i.e., the omega-3 index), the reduction in insulin sensitivity after KS-oil supplementation was more marked [27% lower than with the control oil (P = 0.009)]. Supplementation with a blend of KS oil is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity. Thus, krill-oil supplementation in overweight adults could exacerbate risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This trial was prospectively registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12611000602921.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-08-2007
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000150016.46508.A1
Abstract: To determine the effect of dietary antioxidant restriction on oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and exercise performance in athletes. Oxidative stress has been shown to increase during exercise. To alleviate oxidative stress, a high intake of antioxidant rich foods or supplements may be required in trained athletes. Plasma oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses were examined in 17 trained athletes who underwent two separate exercise tests. Before the initial exercise test participants followed their habitual (high) antioxidant (H-AO) diets. Then they followed a 2-wk restricted-antioxidant (R-AO) diet before the second exercise test. Blood was taken at rest, after submaximal and high-intensity exhaustive exercise, and after 1 h of recovery. The R-AO diet induced a threefold reduction in antioxidant intake when compared with habitual-antioxidant (H-AO) diets. F(2)-isoprostane concentration (marker of oxidative stress) was significantly higher after submaximal exercise (38%), exhaustion (45%), and 1 h of recovery (31%) when following the R-AO diet compared with the H-AO diet. Rate of perceived exertion was increased on the R-AO diet whilst exercise time to exhaustion was not affected. Total antioxidant capacity and circulating antioxidant concentrations, although not significantly different, tended to be lower when following the R-AO diet. Athletes regularly participating in up to 40 min of acute high-intensity exercise may require higher intakes of exogenous antioxidants to defend against increased oxidative stress during exercise, which can be met through an adequate intake of high-antioxidant foods. Thus, there seems no valid reason to recommend antioxidant supplements to athletes participating in acute high-intensity exercise events up to 40 min in duration, except in those known to be consuming a low-antioxidant diet for prolonged periods.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 06-1988
DOI: 10.1139/Y88-126
Abstract: Incorporation of [1- 14 C]palmitic (16:0) and [1- 14 C]linoleic (18:2ω6) acids into microsomal membranes of proximal (jejunum) and distal (ileum) regions of rat small intestine was investigated, and the lipid composition, including fatty acid profiles of membrane phospholipids, was determined. Jejunal microsomes contained significantly higher amounts of total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol, and lower amounts of cholesterol and sphingomyelin when compared with ileal microsomes. Jejunal microsomal phospholipids contained higher levels of stearic (18:0), 18:2ω6, and eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3) acids followed by reduced levels of oleic (18:1ω9), arachidonic (20:4ω6), and docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3) acids when compared with those from the ileum, except for phosphatidylinositol where no significant difference between 20:4ω6 content of each site was observed. In both jejunal and ileal microsomes, incorporation of [1- 14 C]18:2ω6 was significantly higher than that of [1- 14 C]16:0. Incorporation of both [1- 14 C]16:0 and [1- 14 C]18:2ω6 was significantly higher in jejunal microsomal lipid fractions (phospholipids, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols) when compared with the ileal microsomal fraction. These data suggest that (1) jejunal and ileal microsomal membranes differ from each other in terms of lipid composition and lipid synthesis, (2) site variations in the specificity of acyltransferases for different fatty acids exist, and (3) higher Δ9-, Δ6-, Δ5-, and Δ4-desaturase activities exist in ileal compared with jejunal enterocytes.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2022
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-06-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15132850
Abstract: Plant-based diets (PBDs) emphasise higher intakes of plant foods and lower intakes of animal foods, and they have been associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity/mortality and lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Evidence is limited regarding the dietary profile, diet quality, and nutritional adequacy of PBDs, including their impact on CVD risk compared with traditional meat-eating diets in Australians. The PBD Study (PBDS) is a cross-sectional study that will recruit 240 adults from the Hunter region (NSW) without known CVD who are habitually consuming vegan (no animal flesh/animal products), lacto-ovo vegetarian (dairy and/or eggs only), pesco-vegetarian (fish/seafood only), or semi-vegetarian (minimal animal flesh) diets or are a regular meat-eater. To investigate dietary profile, diet quality, nutritional adequacy, and CVD risk, questionnaires (medical history, demographics, and physical activity), blood s les (biomarkers), physical measures (anthropometry, blood pressure, body composition, and bone density), and dietary intake (food frequency questionnaire and diet history) will be collected. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests will compare the CVD risk and other quantitative measures, and Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact tests will be used for qualitative data. Directed acyclic graphs will determine the confounding variables, and linear regression and mediation analyses will account for the confounders and estimate the effect of dietary patterns on CVD risk. p-values will be adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg method to control the False Discovery Rate to 5%.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1464-5491.2008.02558.X
Abstract: The intake of iron is positively related to the risk of diabetes, whilst magnesium intake is inversely related. However, it is unknown whether there is an interaction between dietary magnesium and iron expressed as a ratio and diabetes. This is a cross-sectional household survey carried out in 2002 in Jiangsu Province, China. A total of 2849 men and women aged >or = 20 years participated (participation rate 89.0%). Iron and magnesium intake was assessed by 3-day weighed food records. Fasting plasma glucose, serum ferritin and haemoglobin were measured. The mean intake of iron and magnesium was 25 mg/day and 332 mg/day, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was 3.0% in men and 2.6% in women. Magnesium intake was negatively associated with diabetes when adjusted for age and sex, but not in a fully adjusted model. A strong inverse association between magnesium : iron intake ratio and diabetes was observed. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratios of diabetes across quartiles of magnesium : iron intake ratio were: 1.0, 0.63 [95% confidence interval 0.32-1.25], 0.36 (0.16-0.81) and 0.48 (0.20-1.14) (P for trend 0.038). There was an interaction between central obesity and magnesium : iron ratio. Magnesium : iron intake ratio is an independent risk marker for diabetes in Chinese adults. As this is a cross-sectional study, we cannot establish any causal relationship.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1039/C3FO60038F
Abstract: Obesity has been linked with low levels of ω-3 fatty acids. Generally, intervention studies have failed to establish benefits of supplementation with ω-3PUFA in reducing body weight or fat mass in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with LCω-3PUFA alone, then consumed concomitantly with a very low energy diet (VLED), facilitated weight loss, improvements in blood lipids and positive changes to inflammatory mediators. This was a double blind randomised controlled trial with two parallel groups. For 4 weeks of prior supplementation, one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day monounsaturated oil (placebo), the other group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day LCω-3PUFA (fish oil) each comprising 70 mg EPA and 270 mg DHA, while consuming their usual diet. Each group continued with their supplements for another 4 weeks while both groups followed a VLED regimen (n = 19 placebo, n = 20 fish oil). Fasting blood s les, anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline, at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks. At 4 weeks levels of EPA and DHA increased two-fold in the fish oil group (P < 0.001), with no significant changes to anthropometric measurements for either group. At 8 weeks a significant 3-way interaction between time, group and gender was observed for percentage reduction in weight, F(1,35) = 5.55, P = 0.024, and BMI, F(1,35) = 5.3, P = 0.027 with a greater percentage decrease for females in FO compared to PB for weight (-7.21% vs.-5.82%) and BMI (-7.43% vs.-5.91%) respectively (P < 0.05 for both). It would appear that supplementation with LCω-3PUFA had a time dependent effect on weight loss in females.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2016
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1152/AJPREGU.00005.2016
Abstract: Fish oil is commonly taken by pregnant women, and supplements sold at retail are often oxidized. Using a rat model, we aimed to assess the effects of supplementation with oxidized fish oil during pregnancy in mothers and offspring, focusing on newborn viability and maternal insulin sensitivity. Female rats were allocated to a control or high-fat diet and then mated. These rats were subsequently randomized to receive a daily gavage treatment of 1 ml of unoxidized fish oil, a highly oxidized fish oil, or control (water) throughout pregnancy. At birth, the gavage treatment was stopped, but the same maternal diets were fed ad libitum throughout lactation. Supplementation with oxidized fish oil during pregnancy had a marked adverse effect on newborn survival at day 2, leading to much greater odds of mortality than in the control (odds ratio 8.26) and unoxidized fish oil (odds ratio 13.70) groups. In addition, maternal intake of oxidized fish oil during pregnancy led to increased insulin resistance at the time of weaning (3 wks after exposure) compared with control dams (HOMA-IR 2.64 vs. 1.42 P = 0.044). These data show that the consumption of oxidized fish oil is harmful in rat pregnancy, with deleterious effects in both mothers and offspring.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-07-2018
DOI: 10.1038/MP.2017.146
Abstract: Ferritin, an iron storage and regulation protein, has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) however, it has not been investigated in preclinical AD, detected by neocortical amyloid-β load (NAL), before cognitive impairment. Cross-sectional analyses were carried out for plasma and serum ferritin in participants in the Kerr Anglican Retirement Village Initiative in Aging Health cohort. Subjects were aged 65-90 years and were categorized into high and low NAL groups via positron emission tomography using a standard uptake value ratio cutoff=1.35. Ferritin was significantly elevated in participants with high NAL compared with those with low NAL, adjusted for covariates age, sex, apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carriage and levels of C-reactive protein (an inflammation marker). Ferritin was also observed to correlate positively with NAL. A receiver operating characteristic curve based on a logistic regression of the same covariates, the base model, distinguished high from low NAL (area under the curve (AUC)=0.766), but was outperformed when plasma ferritin was added to the base model (AUC=0.810), such that at 75% sensitivity, the specificity increased from 62 to 71% on adding ferritin to the base model, indicating that ferritin is a statistically significant additional predictor of NAL over and above the base model. However, ferritin's contribution alone is relatively minor compared with the base model. The current findings suggest that impaired iron mobilization is an early event in AD pathogenesis. Observations from the present study highlight ferritin's potential to contribute to a blood biomarker panel for preclinical AD.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2014.05.001
Abstract: LCn-3PUFA comprised of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) offer cardioprotection involving a decrease in coagulant activity however, the evidence is equivocal. We have previously demonstrated that the acute (24 h) effects and chronic (4 weeks) effects of LCn-3PUFA supplementation on platelet aggregation in human subjects are sex specific. This study investigated the mechanisms of the sex-dependent effects of LCn-3PUFA with 4 weeks supplementation of EPA-rich vs. DHA-rich oils on procoagulant and platelet activity in healthy subjects. A double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial was conducted in 94 healthy adults: male (n=41) and female (n=53). Platelet coagulation parameters including factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, vWF:Ag and endogenous thrombin potential were measured at baseline and 4 weeks postsupplementation with EPA-rich or DHA-rich oil capsules. We have previously reported that platelet aggregation is specifically reduced by supplementation with EPA in males and DHA in females. This sex-specific effect was also observed for decreases in plasma levels of Factor II (-7.9 ± 3.8%, P=.026), Factor V (-6.5 ± 4.5%, P=.022) and vWF:Ag (-7.3 ± 2.1%, P=.034) and was most pronounced in males supplemented with EPA. In contrast, DHA-mediated reduction in platelet aggregation in females was not accompanied by any significant changes in the coagulation parameters tested. Significant interactions between sex and specific LCn-3PUFA exist to reduce procoagulant activity differentially in males vs. females and could have profound effects on managing risk of thrombotic disease.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 18-07-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980013001870
Abstract: To investigate the association between macronutrient intake and type 2 diabetes risk in middle-aged Australian women. A prospective cohort study, with 6 years (2002–2007) of follow up. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. Relative risks with 95 % confidence intervals were used to examine risk associations. Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, Australia. Australian women ( n 8370) from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health aged 45–50 years and free of type 2 diabetes at baseline. After 6 years of follow-up, 311 women developed type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle and other dietary risk factors, MUFA, total n -3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid and total n -6 PUFA intakes were positively associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The relative risks for type 2 diabetes for the highest compared with the lowest quintiles were 1·64 (95 % CI 1·06, 2·54), P = 0·04 for MUFA 1·55 (95 % CI 1·03, 2·32), P = 0·01 for n -3 PUFA 1·84 (95 % CI 1·25, 2·71), P 0·01 for α-linolenic acid and 1·60 (95 % CI 1·03, 2·48), P = 0·04 for n -6 PUFA. Other dietary macronutrients were not significantly associated with diabetes risk. The data indicate that consumption of MUFA, n -3 PUFA and n -6 PUFA may influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.HRTHM.2011.11.034
Abstract: Persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a high risk of recurrence after electrical cardioversion. We examined if long-term supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oils commenced >1 month prior to electrical cardioversion and continued thereafter reduces recurrence of persistent AF. This was an open-label, randomized study of 178 patients with persistent AF >1-month duration. Participants were assigned to control group (n = 87) or omega-3 group (6 g/d fish oil n = 91) and underwent cardioversion 1 month later. Concurrent antiarrhythmic use of sotalol or amiodarone was permitted. Fish oil was continued till return of persistent AF or a maximum of 1 year. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed for the primary end point defined as the recurrence of persistent AF. Mean duration of fish oil intake was 56 days precardioversion and a total of 242 days in follow-up. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, the active components of fish oils, were 1.8-fold and 2.1-fold higher, respectively, in the omega-3 group compared with controls at the time of cardioversion (P <.001). At 90 days, 38.5% of the patients receiving omega-3 fatty acid supplement had AF recurrence compared with 77.5% of the controls (hazard ratio [omega-3 vs control] 0.38 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.56 P 1 month prior to electrical cardioversion and continued thereafter reduces the recurrence of persistent AF. Randomized controlled trials on long-term fish oil supplementation are needed to confirm these findings.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00199-1
Abstract: Oxidative stress is believed to be involved in the pathophysiology of a number of chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cataracts and to accelerate the aging process. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of various dietary fats in the in vivo modulation of CCl(4) induced oxidative stress using rat as a model. Rats were raised on diets enriched with saturated (Beef Tallow), n-9 (Sunola oil), n-6 (Safflower oil) or n-3 (Flaxseed oil) fatty acids and exposed to elevated oxidative stress by administration of CCl(4.) Plasma concentration of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha), antioxidant micronutrients and antioxidant enzymes were measured to examine changes to oxidative stress subsequent to the administration of CCl(4). The fatty acid profiles of plasma and RBC membranes reflected the fats fed in the different diets. CCl(4) administration had no significant effect on fatty acid composition of plasma or RBC lipids. Plasma 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentrations were elevated by CCl(4) administration regardless of the dietary fat fed. Within the induced oxidative groups the 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentrations were highest in Safflower oil followed by Sunola oil, Tallow and finally Flaxseed oil. Induction of oxidative stress by CCl(4) administration was associated with a significant reduction in Vitamin A content reaching a significantly lower concentration (P <0.05) in the Tallow and Flaxseed oil groups. Vitamin E concentrations were significantly lower (p = 0.01) in the Safflower oil and the Flaxseed oil than in the Tallow diet group following CCl(4) administration. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSHPx) activities were not affected by dietary fat manipulation. The results of this study indicate that dietary fat can modulate lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses when exposed to a pro-oxidant challenge.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-04-2013
Abstract: There is evidence to support the use of supplementation with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) from oily fish or fish oil for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive, terminal disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation, lung and systemic inflammation. To date, one randomized controlled trial has been published that assessed the efficacy of LCn-3PUFA in people with this condition. The aim of this article is to discuss the feasibility of conducting a trial to evaluate fish oil supplementation as adjunct therapy in people with COPD. A 16-week parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled dietary supplementation trial will be evaluated. Forty participants meeting spirometric and clinical criteria for COPD will be recruited from metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Participants will be randomized by minimization, based on a score derived from the modified Medical Research Council Scale for breathlessness, to receive 6 g/day of fish oil (approximately 3.6 g/day of LCn-3PUFA), or placebo (6 g/day of corn oil) capsules. Feasibility outcomes (recruitment, retention, supplement adherence, and time lost to exacerbation) and scientific outcomes (effect size and estimates of variance for inflammatory biomarkers, incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into erythrocytes, small airways function, dyspnea and functional exercise capacity) will be assessed pre- and post-intervention. Key feasibility criteria include recruitment of 40 participants in 52 weeks, 75% participant retention rate, 2% increase in the proportion of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocytes, and a positive moderate effect size in at least three efficacy measures. There are a number of challenges in designing supplementation intervention studies with this population. These include the lack of prior data from which to select appropriate primary outcomes or to estimate effect sizes, and the feasibility of continuous supplementation in a population characterized by multiple comorbidities and a high likelihood of exacerbations, potentially requiring hospitalization or change in medication. Upon completion of this protocol, feasibility outcomes will guide the direction of future multicentre dietary interventions in this population. Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12612000158864
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-07-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-05793-0
Abstract: We examined whether maternal fish oil supplementation during pregnancy could prevent development of insulin resistance in adult male offspring of rat dams fed a high-fat diet. Time-mated Sprague-Dawley rat dams were randomised into four treatment groups: Con-Con, dams fed a control diet (fat: 15% kcal) and administered water by gavage Con-FO, control diet with unoxidised fish oil by gavage HF-Con, high-fat diet (fat: 45% kcal) and water by gavage and HF-FO, high-fat diet and unoxidised fish oil by gavage. Dams were fed the allocated diet ad libitum during pregnancy and lactation, but daily gavage occurred only during pregnancy. After weaning, male offspring consumed a chow diet ad libitum until adulthood. Maternal high-fat diet led to increased food consumption, adiposity, systolic blood pressure, and triglycerides and plasma leptin in adult HF-Con offspring. HF-Con offspring also exhibited lower insulin sensitivity than Con-Con rats. Male offspring from HF-FO group were similar to HF-Con regarding food consumption and most metabolic parameters. However, insulin sensitivity in the HF-FO group was improved relative to the HF-Con offspring. Supplementation with unoxidised n-3 PUFA rich oils in the setting of a maternal obesogenic diet improved insulin sensitivity, but had no impact on body composition of adult male offspring.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 21-02-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FNAGI.2021.781468
Abstract: Evidence to date suggests the consumption of food rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, omega-3 fatty acids may potentially minimize age-related cognitive decline. For neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which do not yet have definitive treatments, the focus has shifted toward using alternative approaches, including prevention strategies rather than disease reversal. In this aspect, certain nutraceuticals have become promising compounds due to their neuroprotective properties. Moreover, the multifaceted AD pathophysiology encourages the use of multiple bioactive components that may be synergistic in their protective roles when combined. The objective of the present study was to determine mechanisms of action underlying the inhibition of Aβ 1–42 -induced toxicity by a previously determined, three-compound nutraceutical combination D 5 L 5 U 5 for AD. In vitro experiments were carried out in human neuroblastoma BE(2)-M17 cells for levels of ROS, ATP mitophagy, and mitobiogenesis. The component compounds luteolin (LUT), DHA, and urolithin A (UA) were independently protective of mitochondria however, the D 5 L 5 U 5 preceded its single constituents in all assays used. Overall, it indicated that D 5 L 5 U 5 had potent inhibitory effects against Aβ 1–42 -induced toxicity through protecting mitochondria. These mitoprotective activities included minimizing oxidative stress, increasing ATP and inducing mitophagy and mitobiogenesis. However, this synergistic nutraceutical combination warrants further investigations in other in vitro and in vivo AD models to confirm its potential to be used as a preventative therapy for AD.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-05-2013
Abstract: In recent years the physiological and pathological importance of fatty acids in both the periphery and central nervous system (CNS) has become increasingly apparent. However surprisingly limited research has been conducted comparing the fatty acid composition of central and peripheral lipid stores. The present study compared the distribution of polyunsaturated (PUFA), as well as specific saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids in the whole blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to determine the fatty acid profiles of twenty-eight matched CSF and whole blood s les. Multiple linear regression modeling, controlling for age, was used to identify significant relationships. A significant positive relationship was seen between whole blood total omega-3 fatty acids and the CSF omega-3 subfractions, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (P = 0.019) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (P = 0.015). A direct association was also observed between the whole blood and CSF omega-6 PUFA, arachidonic acid (AA) (P = 0.045). Interestingly an inverse association between central and peripheral oleic acid was also found (P = 0.045). These findings indicate a relationship between central and peripheral fatty acids of varying degrees of unsaturation and chain length and support the view that some systemic fatty acids are likely to cross the human blood brain barrier (BBB) and thereby influence central fatty acid concentrations.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 12-12-2017
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 03-1989
DOI: 10.1139/Y89-031
Abstract: The rapidly evolving field of lipid absorption is reviewed with the thrust of new knowledge focused on the interpendency of the luminal and cellular phases of absorption. To date little attention has been paid to factors that regulate the phospholipid biosynthesis in the enterocyte. The availability of 20:4ω6 may be the rate-limiting factor for phospholipid synthesis. The source of 20:4ω6 is unknown, whether it be synthesized de novo the enterocyte or entirely originating from degradation of bile phospholipid. It has been established that dietary fat can modulate the enterocyte membrane lipid composition and transport properties. Specified fats such as as fish oils rich in 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 have been implicated as protective against hypercholesterolemia. However, the effects of these dietary fats on the transport of nutrients across the enterocyte are not yet known, nor are the mechanisms responsible for the adaptive responses of the brush border identified.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2013.11.005
Abstract: Diabetes is associated with cognitive impairment and brain aging, with alterations in hippoc al neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity implicated in these changes. As the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise, readily implemented strategies are increasingly needed in order to protect the brain's cognitive functions. One possibility is resveratrol (RES) (3,5,4- trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenol of the phytoalexin family that has been shown to be protective in a number of neuropathology paradigms. In the present study, we sought to determine whether dietary supplementation with RES has potential for the protection of cognitive functions in diabetes. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin, and once stable, animals received AIN93G rodent diet supplemented with RES for 6 weeks. Genome-wide expression analysis was conducted on the hippoc us and genes of interest were confirmed by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction. Genome-wide gene expression analysis of the hippoc us revealed that RES supplementation of the diabetic group resulted in 481 differentially expressed genes compared to non-supplemented diabetic mice. Intriguingly, gene expression that was previously found significantly altered in the hippoc us of diabetic mice, and that is implicated in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity (Hdac4, Hat1, Wnt7a, ApoE), was normalized following RES supplementation. In addition, pathway analysis revealed Jak-Stat signaling was the most significantly enriched pathway. The Jak-Stat pathway induces a pro-inflammatory signaling cascade, and we found most genes involved in this cascade (e.g. Il15, Il22, Socs2, Socs5) had significantly lower expression following RES supplementation. These data indicate RES could be neuroprotective and beneficial for the maintenance of cognitive function in diabetes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1989
DOI: 10.1007/BF02535128
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-08-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509991334
Abstract: The metabolic fate of dietary n -3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in mammals is currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the extent of conversion of dietary DPA to DHA and EPA in rats. Four groups of male weanling Sprague–Dawley rats (aged 5 weeks) were given 50 mg of DPA, EPA, DHA or oleic acid, daily for 7 d by gavage. At the end of the treatment period, the tissues were analysed for concentrations of long-chain PUFA. DPA supplementation led to significant increases in DPA concentration in all tissues, with largest increase being in adipose (5-fold) and smallest increase being in brain (1·1-fold). DPA supplementation significantly increased the concentration of DHA in liver and the concentration of EPA in liver, heart and skeletal muscle, presumably by the process of retroconversion. EPA supplementation significantly increased the concentration of EPA and DPA in liver, heart and skeletal muscle and the DHA concentration in liver. DHA supplementation elevated the DHA levels in all tissues and EPA levels in the liver. Adipose was the main tissue site for accumulation of DPA, EPA and DHA. These data suggest that dietary DPA can be converted to DHA in the liver, in a short-term study, and that in addition it is partly retroconverted to EPA in liver, adipose, heart and skeletal muscle. Future studies should examine the physiological effect of DPA in tissues such as liver and heart.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.22568
Abstract: Thymidylate synthase (TS) activity is an important determinant of response to chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidine prodrugs and its expression is largely determined by the number of functional upstream stimulatory factor (USF) E-box consensus elements present in the 5'regulatory region of the TYMS gene. Two known polymorphisms in this area, a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) consisting of 2 or 3 repeats (2R/3R) of a 28-bp sequence and a further G > C single nucleotide substitution within the second repeat of the 3R, result in genotypes with between 2 and 4 functional repeats in most humans. Here, we identify a further G > C SNP in the first repeat of the TYMS 2R allele, which effectively abolishes the only functional USF protein binding site in this promoter. The frequency of the new allele was found to be 4.2% (95% CI = 1.4-9.6%), accounting for 8.8% (95% CI = 2.9-19.3%) of all 2R alleles in our patient cohort. Thus, we observed that the lowest number of inherited functional binding sites is 1 instead of 2 as previously thought, and could potentially be 0 in a homozygous in idual. This would severely decrease TS expression and may have implications for predicting efficacy and toxicity of therapy with commonly used fluorouracil-based therapy regimes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1997
DOI: 10.1093/JN/127.3.383
Abstract: The role of marine fish oil (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of fatal ventricular arrhythmia has been established in experimental animals. Prevention of arrhythmias arising at the onset of ischemia and reperfusion is important because if untreated, they result in sudden cardiac death. Animals supplemented with fish oils in their diet developed little or no ventricular fibrillation after ischemia was induced. Similar effects have also been observed in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. Several mechanisms have been proposed and studied to explain the antiarrhythmic effects of fish oil polyunsaturated fatty acids, but to date, no definite mechanism has been validated. The sequence of action of these mechanisms and whether more than one mechanism is involved is also not clear. Some of the mechanisms suggested to explain the antiarrhythmic action of fish oils include the incorporation and modification of cell membrane structure by (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, their direct effect on calcium channels and cardiomyocytes and their role in eicosanoid metabolism. Other mechanisms that are currently being investigated include the role of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell signalling mediated through phosphoinositides and their effect on various enzymes and receptors. This article reviews these mechanisms and the antiarrhythmic studies using (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-08-2006
DOI: 10.1002/JSFA.2604
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-08-2006
DOI: 10.1002/JSFA.2603
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 06-2013
DOI: 10.5694/MJA11.11507
Abstract: While intakes of the omega-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) are similar in vegetarians and non-vegetarians, intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are low in vegetarians and virtually absent in vegans. Plasma, blood and tissue levels of EPA and DHA are lower in vegetarians than in non-vegetarians, although the clinical significance of this is unknown. Vegetarians do not exhibit clinical signs of DHA deficiency, but further research is required to ascertain whether levels observed in vegetarians are sufficient to support optimal health. ALA is endogenously converted to EPA and DHA, but the process is slow and inefficient and is affected by genetics, sex, age and dietary composition. Vegetarians can take practical steps to optimise conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA, including reducing intake of linoleic acid. There are no official separate recommendations for intake of fatty acids by vegetarians. However, we suggest that vegetarians double the current adequate intake of ALA if no direct sources of EPA and DHA are consumed. Vegetarians with increased needs or reduced conversion ability may receive some advantage from DHA and EPA supplements derived from microalgae. A supplement of 200-300 mg/day of DHA and EPA is suggested for those with increased needs, such as pregnant and lactating women, and those with reduced conversion ability, such as older people or those who have chronic disease (eg, diabetes).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2008.05.002
Abstract: Inflammation and iron deficiency are two important causes of anemia. Magnesium intake is inversely associated with inflammation. However, little is known as to whether magnesium intake is related to anemia. We assessed the joint association of magnesium and iron intake with anemia among Chinese adults. A cross-sectional household survey of 2849 men and women 20 y of age or older was conducted in 2002. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 3-d weighed food records. Serum ferritin and hemoglobin concentrations were measured. The prevalence of anemia was 18.3% in men and 31.5% in women. Magnesium and iron intakes were positively associated with hemoglobin levels and inversely related to the prevalence of anemia. The risks of anemia were reduced by 26% (P for trend = 0.03) and 52% (P < 0.01), respectively, for iron and magnesium intake comparing the fourth quartile with the first with adjustment for potential confounders. The lowest risk of anemia was observed among participants with the highest intakes of magnesium and iron (odds ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.68). The inverse association of iron intake and anemia but not the association of magnesium intake and anemia was modified by serum ferritin levels. The observed relations were not appreciably modified by gender. This study suggests that magnesium is a potent predictor of anemia in Chinese adults.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00239-8
Abstract: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a commonly used anti-cancer drug with notable activity in clinical practice, yet it causes significant unpredictable and often serious toxicity. Both 5-FU and uracil (U) are catabolised by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) to form dihydrofluorouracil (FUH(2)) and dihydrouracil (UH(2)), respectively. A means of predicting toxicity before treatment would be more valuable. Variations in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity between patients are at least partly responsible for variable toxicity. Measurement of the UH(2) to U ratio may be a measure of pyrimidine catabolism and thus be utilised to predict subsequent toxicity. We have developed an efficient extraction and detection method using HPLC for the simultaneous measurement of UH(2) and U in plasma. A single C(18) Spherisorb ODS2 (25 cm) column using isocratic elution was utilised. U, UH(2) and the internal standard 4-chlorouracil were detected at wavelengths of 257, 220, and 268 nm, respectively. The chromatographic run time was 45 min which is half that of other methods. The detection limit was 0.02 microM for U and 0.1 microM for UH(2) using only 0.5 ml of plasma for both compounds. The basal plasma concentrations of U and UH(2) in 23 in iduals ranged from 0.025 to 0.27 microM and 0.4-1.7 microM, respectively. This simple method may permit the assessment of pyrimidine catabolism, and therefore allow prediction of the toxicities associated with the use of fluorinated pyrimidines.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2009.05.001
Abstract: Existence of gender differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) following long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3 PUFA) supplementation have suggested that sex hormones play a role in cardio-protection. The objective of this study was to determine gender specific responses in the efficacy of LCn-3 PUFA to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro. Blood was analyzed for collagen-induced platelet aggregation following pre-incubation with LCn-3 PUFA in healthy adults (n=42). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was significantly more effective in reducing platelet aggregation compared with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). When grouped by gender, this differential pattern was followed in males only. In females, DHA, DPA and EPA were all equally effective. Between group analyses (LCn-3 PUFA vs. gender) showed that both DHA and DPA were significantly less effective in males compared with females. EPA was equally effective in reducing platelet aggregation in both groups. These findings show that significant gender differences exist in platelet aggregation in response to various LCn-3 PUFA treatments.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 18-08-2004
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-02-2019
DOI: 10.3390/NU11020475
Abstract: Being overweight increases the risk of the development of metabolic conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is itself an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation is recommended for prevention of chronic disease, and is thought to reduce raised liver fat, yet there have been few randomized controlled trials with accurate measurement of liver fat. We assessed the effect of 12 weeks of supplementation with omega-3 PUFA from fish oil versus placebo on quantified liver fat, liver tests, and body composition including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Fifty apparently healthy overweight men (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 waist 94 cm) were randomly allocated to consume fish oil (total daily dose: 1728 mg marine triglycerides, of which 588 mg EPA and 412 mg DHA, combined with 200 mg antioxidant, coenzyme Q10) or placebo (olive oil capsules) daily for 12 weeks. Liver fat was assessed using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All outcomes were assessed at baseline and following 6 and 12 weeks of supplementation. Baseline liver fat was 4.6 ± 0.5% (range: 0.6 to 18.2%) 16 (32%) participants met the criteria for NAFLD ( .5% liver fat). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant time or group × time effect for fish oil versus placebo for liver fat, liver enzymes, anthropometry, or body composition including VAT (p 0.05 for all), with similar finding for sub-analysis of participants with NAFLD. Omega-3 PUFA did not appear to be an effective agent for reducing liver fat in overweight men. The factors determining the health benefits of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on an in idual level need to be clarified.
Publisher: The Society for Free Radical Research Japan
Date: 1996
DOI: 10.3164/JCBN.20.83
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLIPRES.2008.10.001
Abstract: Local airway inflammation in chronic respiratory disease is well described. Recently it has been recognised that chronic obstructive respiratory disease, asthma and obstructive sleep apnoea, all involve a systemic inflammatory component. Overspill of airway inflammation, as well as direct metabolic effects, are potential contributors to systemic inflammation. This review will discuss the role of certain types of fatty acids in promoting systemic inflammation, via the innate immune response. Fatty acids are necessary as the key energy source in the body. However, they can be detrimental if present in excess. Various features of respiratory disease lead to altered lipid metabolism, and notably an increase in circulating levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Dietary intake, obesity, hypoxia and smoking, will be discussed as factors promoting an increase in circulating NEFA. While n-3 polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids may be non-(or anti-)inflammatory, saturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to stimulate the innate immune response. Thus, increased circulating NEFA may be directly contributing to systemic inflammation, thereby increasing susceptibility of in iduals to chronic inflammatory diseases, including respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Finally, the review will discuss how the recognition of NEFA as important inflammatory stimulants in respiratory disease, leads to the possibility that pathways involved in lipid metabolism may provide therapeutic targets.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLIPRES.2016.08.002
Abstract: The most common form of phytosterol (PS) fortified foods are fat spreads and dairy products. The predominant fats used are soybean/sunflower (SS) or rapeseed/canola (RC) oils and animal fat (D) in dairy products. This review aimed to investigate whether the carrier fat is a determinant of the hypocholesterolaemic effects of PS fortified foods. Databases were searched using relevant keywords and published RCTs from 1990 investigating the effects of dietary PS intervention (≥1.5g per day) on total cholesterol and LDL-C were included. After methodological quality assessment and data extraction, a total of 32 RCTs (RC, n=15 SS, n=9 D, n=8) were included. As expected, all fat groups significantly reduced TC and LDL-C (p<0.01). When compared across different carrier fats, RC as the main carrier fat, reduced LDL-C significantly more than the SS spreads (p=0.01). Therefore, a combination of monounsaturated fatty acid rich spread with adequate amounts of omega-3 fatty acids (as evident in RC spreads) may be the superior carrier fat for the delivery of PS for optimal blood cholesterol-lowering. The findings of this research provide useful evidence for optimising the hypocholesterolaemic effects of PS and support further investigation into the possible mechanisms behind these findings.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-04-2020
DOI: 10.3390/NU12041032
Abstract: Dietary supplementation with curcumin has been previously reported to have beneficial effects in people with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with curcumin on key peptides implicated in insulin resistance in in iduals with high risk of developing T2D. Plasma s les from participants recruited for a randomised controlled trial with curcumin (180 mg/day) for 12 weeks were analysed for circulating glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β) and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Outcome measures were determined using ELISA kits. The homeostasis model for assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was measured as parameters of glycaemic control. Curcumin supplementation significantly reduced circulating GSK-3β (−2.4 ± 0.4 ng/mL vs. −0.3 ± 0.6, p = 0.0068) and IAPP (−2.0 ± 0.7 ng/mL vs. 0.4 ± 0.6, p = 0.0163) levels compared with the placebo group. Curcumin supplementation significantly reduced insulin resistance (−0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.01 ± 0.05, p = 0.0142) compared with placebo group. Dietary supplementation with curcumin reduced circulating levels of IAPP and GSK-3β, thus suggesting a novel mechanism through which curcumin could potentially be used for alleviating insulin resistance related markers for reducing the risk of T2D and AD.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 08-2022
DOI: 10.1152/AJPREGU.00042.2022
Abstract: Fish oil (FO) supplements are consumed during pregnancy to increase dietary omega-3. However, FO is often oxidized past recommended limits. In rats, a large dose of highly oxidized FO substantially increased newborn mortality, but the effects of human-relevant doses of less oxidized oil are unknown. A dose-response study in rats was conducted to estimate the safe level of oxidation during pregnancy. Sprague-Dawley rat dams were mated, then in idually housed and provided with a gel treatment on each day of pregnancy. Treatment groups differed only in the FO content of the gel control (no oil), PV5, PV10, and PV40 [0.05 mL of FO oxidized to a peroxide value (PV) of 5, 10, or 40 meq/kg], or PV40(1 mL) (1 mL of PV40). A subset of dams was culled on gestational day 20 to enable s ling, and the remainder were allowed to give birth. Newborn mortality was recorded. Offspring were s led on postnatal days 2 and 21, and dams on day 21. There were no signs of unwellness during pregnancy. However, there was markedly increased neonatal mortality affecting the PV40(1 mL) (12.8%) and PV40 (6.3%) groups, but not the control, PV5, or PV10 groups (1%–1.4%). Dietary-oxidized FO altered the expression of placental genes involved in antioxidant pathways and the production of free radicals. Highly oxidized FO was toxic in rat pregnancy leading to a marked increase in mortality even at a human-relevant dose. We observed no toxic effects of FOs with PV ≤10 meq/kg, suggesting that this is an appropriate maximum limit.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.METABOL.2015.08.012
Abstract: Absorption of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) has been shown to be potentiated when consumed with a high fat meal. However, the effect of different dietary fats on n-3PUFA absorption and postprandial kinetics has not been previously studied. In a randomized cross-over design intervention, postprandial incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into plasma lipids following consumption of a meal rich in either saturated fat or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) was investigated. Healthy adult male and female subjects (n=26) were fed an isocaloric meal containing equivalent amount of either butter or sunflower seed oil supplemented with 1.8grams of LCn-3PUFA (300mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3 and 1500mg docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3). Postprandial plasma lipids were enriched with saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) following consumption of the butter and the sunflower oil containing meals respectively. The increase in plasma 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels over the 6hour study period was similar in both the saturated and the n-6 fat groups. These results suggest that the expected competition between LCn-3PUFA and n-6PUFA at the absorption level is unlikely therefore competition at the enzymatic level should be primarily responsible for differences in their metabolic and clinical effects. Trial registered with the Australia New Zealand Trial registry as ACTRN12612000654853.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.FREERADBIOMED.2009.10.033
Abstract: Male infertility is a relatively common condition affecting 1 in 20 men of reproductive age. The etiology of this condition is thought to involve the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa however, the cause of this aberrant activity is unknown. In this study we demonstrate that defective human sperm populations are characterized by high cellular contents of both esterified and unesterified fatty acids and a decrease in the proportion of the total fatty acid pool made up by docosahexaenoic acid. The free unsaturated fatty acid content of these cells was positively correlated with the induction of mitochondrial superoxide generation (P<0.001). This relationship was causal and mediated by the range of unesterified, unsaturated fatty acids that are present in human spermatozoa. Thus direct exposure of these cells to free unsaturated fatty acids stimulated mitochondrial superoxide generation and precipitated a loss of motility and an increase in oxidative DNA damage, two key attributes of male infertility. We conclude that defective human spermatozoa are characterized by an abnormally high content of fatty acids that, in their unesterified, unsaturated form, promote ROS generation by sperm mitochondria, creating a state of oxidative stress and a concomitant loss of functional competence.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-05-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-006-1401-5
Abstract: Nonesterified FA (NEFA) are a major fuel source for humans at rest and during moderate exercise. The effect of dietary antioxidant restriction on plasma NEFA levels and exercise performance in trained athletes was examined. Seventeen athletes followed a 2-wk restricted-antioxidant (R-AO) diet, which resulted in a threefold reduction in antioxidant intake (ascorbic acid, 139 to 49 mg beta-carotene, 5093 to 1142 microg) and a significant (P = 0.001) reduction in the plasma NEFA. The amount and types of fat consumed were not different between the R-AO and habitual diets. Exercise time to exhaustion was not affected by the R-AO diet, but rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly (P = 0.03) elevated. The increase in RPE may have occurred as a result of the R-AO diet and subsequent reduction in plasma NEFA however, further research is required to confirm this conclusion.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2008.09.020
Abstract: Risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as lipid aberrations, hypertension, abdominal adiposity and elevations in systemic inflammation, are prominent aetiologies in hyperlipidemia. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events through its hypotriglyceridemic, anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant sterols have potent hypocholesterolemic properties, although their effect on the inflammatory cascade is uncertain. This study investigated the effect of combined supplementation with n-3 PUFA and plant sterols on cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure, body composition, markers of systemic inflammation and overall risk, in hyperlipidemic in iduals. The study was a 3-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial design, in four parallel groups. Sixty hyperlipidemic participants were randomised to receive either sunola oil or 1.4 g/d n-3 PUFA capsules with or without 2g plant sterols per day. The combination of n-3 PUFA and plant sterols reduced several inflammatory markers. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was reduced by 39% (P=0.009), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by 10% (P=0.02), interleukin-6 (IL-6) by 10.7% (P=0.009), leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) by 29.5% (P=0.01) and adiponectin was increased by 29.5% (P=0.05). Overall cardiovascular risk was reduced by 22.6% (P=0.006) in the combination group. We have demonstrated, for the first time that dietary intervention with n-3 PUFA and plant sterols reduces systemic inflammation in hyperlipidemic in iduals. Furthermore, our results suggest that reducing inflammation provides a potential mechanism by which the combination of n-3 PUFA and plant sterols are cardioprotective.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2019.02.008
Abstract: Epidemiological and interventional studies have linked saturated fatty acids (SFA) with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased CVD risk. However, the effects of the SFA chain length on postprandial lipemia in humans are not well elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of short, medium and long-chain SFA on postprandial blood lipids in healthy volunteers. Sixteen healthy volunteers consumed test biscuits containing 40 g of either butter (BB), coconut oil (CB) or lard (LB) in a single-blinded, randomized crossover design. Blood s les were collected fasting and 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours postprandially and assessed for blood lipids (total cholesterol, TC high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C LDL-C and triglyceride, TG). The postprandial TG response following CB was 59.8% lower than following BB (p < 0.01) and 58.8% lower than LB (p < 0.01), although no difference was observed between the BB and the LB responses. The net area under the LDL-C concentration curve was significantly larger after consumption of the CB compared to the BB, despite no significant differences in postprandial net area under the TC and HDL-C concentration curves. Consumption of medium-chain SFA as CB resulted in lower postprandial TG excursions compared to short-chain SFA as BB and long-chain SFA as LB, despite their identical fat and caloric content. These results suggest that SFA differ in their potential to elevate postprandial lipid levels, and that coconut oil, a rich source of medium-chain SFA may not be as hyperlipidemic as animal fats rich in long chain SFA. ANZCTR IDENTIFIER: 12617000903381. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: The study was registered with the Australia New Zealand Trial registry as ACTRN12617000903381.
Publisher: Lifescience Global
Date: 2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1988
DOI: 10.1007/BF02536203
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been associated with reduced peak exercise capacity (VO(2peak)). The causes of this impairment are not clearly established, but evidence suggests that abnormalities in cardiac function play a significant role. We hypothesized that exercise would be associated with impaired cardiac function and hemodynamics in recently diagnosed T2DM, even in the absence of clinically evident cardiovascular complications. After baseline normal echocardiography screening, 10 premenopausal women with uncomplicated T2DM (average duration of diagnosed T2DM, 3.6 yr) and 10 healthy nondiabetic women of similar age, weight, and activity levels performed a peak cardiopulmonary exercise test while instrumented with an indwelling pulmonary artery catheter for assessing cardiac function. On separate days, technetium-99m sestamibi (cardolite) imaging was performed to assess myocardial perfusion at rest and peak exercise in seven T2DM and seven control patients. Resting measures of cardiac hemodynamics were similar in T2DM and control subjects. Absolute VO(2peak) (mL x min(-1)) and peak cardiac output (L x min(-1)) tended to be lower in T2DM than in control subjects but did not reach statistical significance. However, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) rose significantly more during exercise in T2DM than in controls (148% vs 109% increase at peak exercise, P < 0.01). Normalized myocardial perfusion index was lower in persons with diabetes than in controls (11.0 +/- 3.5 x e(-9) vs 17.5 +/- 8.1 x e(-9), respectively, P < 0.05) and inversely related to peak exercise PCWP (R = -0.56, P < 0.05). Cardiac hemodynamics during graded exercise are altered in women with recently diagnosed T2DM as demonstrated by the disproportionate increase in PCWP at peak exercise compared with controls subjects. Cardiac abnormalities observed are potentially early signs of subclinical cardiac dysfunction associated with T2DM, which may precede the more greatly impaired cardiac function at rest and with exercise observed in longer established T2DM.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2019.02.007
Abstract: Oat β-glucan (OBG) and phytosterols (PS) are known to lower blood cholesterol levels via different mechanisms. Combination of high molecular weight (MW) OBG and PS in a single functional food could have complementary and/or synergistic effects for optimising heart health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with high-MW OBG with or without PS on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolaemic in iduals. In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial, participants were randomised to receive biscuits fortified with either no PS or OBG (PL, n = 18) or 2 g PS (PS, n = 18), 3 g OBG (OBG, n = 18), or combination of 2 g PS and 3 g OBG (PS-OBG, n = 18) per day for 6 weeks. Primary outcome was fasting plasma total cholesterol (TC) and secondary outcomes were LDL-cholesterol, LDL-C HDL-cholesterol, HDL-C triglycerides, TG and TC to HDL-cholesterol (TC:HDL) ratio. TC and LDL-C were significantly lowered following PS (-4.6% and -7.6% respectively p < 0.05), OBG (-5.7% and -8.6% p < 0.01) and PS-OBG (-11.5% and -13.9% p < 0.0001) administration. The reduction in TC in the PS-OBG group was significantly greater compared to PL (p < 0.001) and PS (p < 0.05). PS-OBG group had a significantly greater reduction in LDL-C compared to PL (p < 0.01) but not in comparison to PS or OBG groups. TC:HDL ratio was significantly reduced following PS-OBG (-8.9% p < 0.01) only, and there was no significant difference found between groups. Plasma TG reduced by 8.4% following PS-OBG, however, this was statistically non-significant. Plasma HDL-C remained unchanged across all groups. Dietary supplementation with high-MW OBG and PS in a single functional food enhances their lipid-lowering potential. Blood cholesterol lowering by PS and OBG is additive. Delivery of these two bioactive nutrients in a single food allows optimisation of their lipid-lowering effects and may provide added heart health benefits with enhanced compliance. The trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry at www.anzctr.org.au/(ACTRN12618001455257).
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 08-1989
DOI: 10.1139/Y89-130
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that diets containing fish oils prevent the effects of a high cholesterol diet on the morphology and nutrient uptake of the intestine. Isocaloric semisynthetic diets were supplemented with beef tallow or fish oil containing low or high amounts of cholesterol and were fed to growing female Wistar rats for 14 days, after which the in vitro jejunal and ileal uptake of glucose, galactose, long-chain fatty acids, and cholesterol was determined. Feeding cholesterol with beef tallow was associated with a 12% decrease in the jejunal mucosal surface area. Feeding fish oil decreased jejunal mucosal surface area by 24%, as compared with the beef tallow diet, but the reduction was increased to 42% when fish oil and cholesterol were fed together. Ileal surface area was unaffected by varying the major source of dietary lipid, or by adding cholesterol. Despite the effect of fish oil on the mucosal surface area, the jejunal and ileal uptake of saturated as well as unsaturated long-chain fatty acids and cholesterol was similar in the four diet groups. Cholesterol supplementation enhanced the jejunal uptake of high concentrations of galactose only when fed with beef tallow, i.e., feeding fish oil prevented the enhancing effect of cholesterol on galactose uptake observed when beef tallow was fed. Thus, (i) a fish oil diet prevents the enhancing effect of cholesterol on jejunal active transport of galactose, an effect not explained by the reduction in jejunal mucosal surface area observed with the fish oil diet (ii) these dietary manipulations result in a clear dissociation of the morphological from the transport adaptation of the intestine and (iii) substitution of fish oil for beef tallow as the major source of lipid in the diet prevents the influence of cholesterol on the active intestinal transport of galactose.Key words: adaptation, dietary cholesterol, galactose, glucose, long-chain fatty acids, permeation, fish oil.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-10-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S00280-010-1476-9
Abstract: Oxaliplatin (OHP) in combination with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX) is clinically used as frontline therapy in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma (CRC), with response rates ranging from 46 to 71%. This combination is now considered a standard treatment for metastatic CRC and also in the post-operative adjuvant setting. Reversible, cumulative, peripheral sensory neuropathy is the principal dose-limiting toxicity of OHP therapy. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) has been shown to reduce cisplatin and fluoropyrimidine-related neurotoxicity but its administration with OHP has not yet been studied. Low doses of pyridoxine are free of side effects it can be given orally. If pyridoxine administration with oxaliplatin has no adverse effect on OHP cytotoxicity effects, it will be a simple and cost-effective way to minimise OHP-induced neurotoxicity. In vitro simultaneous combination of OHP and pyridoxine was studied in 6 CRC cell lines (HT29, Widr, SW480, HCT116, H630 and SW1116), in an ovarian cancer cell line (A2780) and its cisplatin-resistant subline (ADDP) and in an oestrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Three fixed concentrations of pyridoxine: 1, 10 and 25 μM were combined with varying concentrations of OHP, and the growth inhibitory effects were evaluated using the MTT cell growth assay. Oxaliplatin induced consistent cytotoxicity in all cell lines with GI(50) values between 0.23 and 7.6 μM. Addition of pyridoxine at concentrations of 1-25 μM does not affect OHP cytotoxicity. Administration of pyridoxine, at concentrations extending across possible therapeutic plasma levels in humans, does not antagonise OHP antitumour effects in a range of relevant tumour cell lines. This study provides a foundation for clinical studies to test whether pyridoxine can minimise OHP-related neurotoxicity, and clinicians can be confident that pyridoxine is very unlikely to reverse the antitumour effects of OHP, as seems to be the case with Ca/Mg infusions. This could prove to be a cost-effective way to minimise OHP-related neurotoxicity, allowing more effective less toxic treatment and better outcomes in patients.
Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
Date: 07-1989
DOI: 10.1042/BJ2610011
Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that dietary fish oils rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5,omega 3) lower the content of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in plasma and tissue phospholipids. The present study examined the fatty acid composition of cholesterol ester and triacylglycerol fractions from plasma and livers of rats fed diets enriched with saturated fatty acids (beef tallow), alpha-linolenic acid (linseed oil) or eicosapentaenoic acid (fish oil). Feeding diets containing linseed oil or fish oil for 28 days increased arachidonic acid (C20:4,omega 6) levels in the cholesterol ester fraction of liver and in the triacylglycerol fraction of the plasma lipids. Plasma cholesterol esters were depleted of C20:4,omega 6 after feeding of the diet containing either linseed oil or fish oil. The changes in C20:4,omega 6 content cannot be explained by alterations in cholesterol ester or triacylglycerol pools of plasma and liver. These results suggest that the decrease in phospholipid C20:4,omega 6 content generally observed after fish oil consumption may be partly due to a shift of C20:4,omega 6 from phospholipid to the triacylglycerol and/or cholesterol ester pools in the same tissue. Triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters may therefore play a buffering role in the homeostatic maintenance of tissue phospholipid levels of arachidonic acid.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 20-06-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FENDO.2022.915449
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the association of plasma neurofilament light (NfL), a marker of neurodegeneration, with diabetes status and glycaemic parameters in people with normal glycaemia (NG), pre-diabetes (PD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Clinical and descriptive data for the diagnostic groups, NG (n=30), PD (n=48) and T2D (n=29), aged between 40 and 75 years were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Plasma NfL levels were analyzed using the ultra-sensitive single-molecule array (Simoa) platform. A positive correlation was evident between plasma NfL and fasting glucose (r = 0.2824 p = 0.0032). Plasma NfL levels were not correlated with fasting insulin and insulin resistance. Plasma Nfl levels were significantly different across the diabetes groups (T2D & PD & NG, p=0.0046). Post-hoc analysis indicated significantly higher plasma NfL levels in the T2D [12.4 (5.21) pg/mL] group than in the PD [10.2 (4.13) pg/mL] and NG [8.37 (5.65) pg/mL] groups. The relationship between diabetes status and NfL remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, HOMA-IR and physical activity (adjusted r 2 = 0.271, p = 0.035). These results show biomarker evidence of neurodegeneration in adults at risk or with T2D. Larger s le size and longitudinal analysis are required to better understand the application of NfL in people with risk and overt T2D.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUTRES.2013.02.001
Abstract: Limited information is available on the role of iron in fatty acid metabolism in humans. We hypothesized that iron supplementation will increase desaturase activity, and so, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of iron supplementation on fatty acid desaturase activity in young women. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or supplementation group (SG) who were provided with 37.4 mg of elemental iron daily for 12 weeks. Forty women completed the trial, n = 19 in CG and n = 21 in SG. The mean ages were 25.2 and 24.6 years, and body mass indices were 21.8 and 21.2 (kg/m(2)) in CG and SG, respectively. Serum ferritin concentrations increased significantly (P < .01) in subjects assigned to SG but were unchanged in CG. Serum iron concentrations were not significantly changed. Plasma zinc concentrations at the end of the intervention were similar to baseline values for in iduals in CG but were decreased significantly (P = .004) in SG. Plasma fatty acids, phospholipid fatty acids, and desaturase activities, expressed as precursor-to-product ratios, were not significantly affected by the intervention, although in SG the concentration of serum ferritin was correlated positively (P < .05) with Δ6-desaturase activity. Supplementing non-anemic women with low dose iron improves iron status but has no significant effect on desaturase activity. The lack of a clear effect on an indirect indicator of desaturase activity may be related to the antagonism between iron and zinc, as illustrated by the decrease in plasma zinc concentrations in women who were supplemented with iron.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-02-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15040812
Abstract: Previous studies have linked elevated plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels to poor renal function. The relationship between TMAO and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is still unclear. We investigated the association between plasma TMAO levels and CKD in patients with T2D. A cross-sectional study of 133 patients with T2D with or without CKD has been conducted. Blood biomarkers of kidney function, diabetes, and inflammation were assessed in the study participants. Plasma TMAO levels were quantified using UPLC-MS/MS. People with T2D and CKD exhibited significantly higher plasma TMAO levels [10.16 (5.86–17.45) µmol/L] than those without CKD [4.69 (2.62–7.76) µmol/L] (p = 0.002). Participants in the highest quartile of TMAO levels ( .38 µmol/L) presented relatively elevated serum creatinine levels and a higher number of people with CKD than those in the lower quartiles. TMAO levels were significantly correlated with kidney function biomarkers, including estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. The association between TMAO and CKD was evident (p 0.0001) and remained significant after adjusting for risk factors of kidney disease, including age, gender, body mass index, duration of diabetes, and smoking. These findings suggest the association between plasma TMAO and CKD in patients with T2D.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-01-2016
Abstract: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) are better absorbed when they are combined with high-fat meals. However, the role of different dietary fats in modulating the incorporation of n-3PUFA in blood lipids in humans has not been previously explored. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) are known to compete with n-3PUFA in the metabolic pathways and for the incorporation into phospholipids, whereas saturated fats (SFA) may enhance n-3PUFA incorporation into tissues. In a randomized parallel-design trial, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of n-3PUFA supplementation in subjects consuming a diet enriched with either SFA or n-6PUFA on fatty acid incorporation into plasma and erythrocytes and on blood lipid profiles (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides). Dietary supplementation with n-3PUFA co-administered with SFA for 6 weeks resulted in a significant rise in total cholesterol (0.46±0.60 mmol/L P=0.020) and LDL-C (0.48±0.48 mmol/L P=0.011) in comparison with combination with n-6PUFA. The diet enriched with SFA also induced a greater increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (2.07±0.79 vs 1.15±0.53 P=0.004), a smaller decrease in docosapentaenoic acid (-0.12±0.23 vs -0.30±0.20 P=0.034) and a similar increase in docosahexaenoic acid (3.85±1.14 vs 3.10±1.07 P=0.128) percentage in plasma compared with the diet enriched with n-6PUFA. A similar effect was seen in erythrocytes. N-3PUFA supplementation resulted in similar changes in HDL-C and triglyceride levels. The results suggest that dietary substitution of SFA with n-6PUFA, despite maintaining low levels of circulating cholesterol, hinders n-3PUFA incorporation into plasma and tissue lipids.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.METABOL.2016.11.014
Abstract: Dietary fat composition is known to modulate circulating lipid and lipoprotein levels. Although supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) has been shown to reduce plasma triglyceride levels, the effect of the interactions between LCn-3PUFA and the major dietary fats consumed has not been previously investigated. In a randomized controlled parallel design clinical intervention, we examined the effect of diets rich in either saturated fatty acids (SFA) or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) on plasma lipid levels and lipoprotein profiles (lipoprotein size, concentration and distribution in subclasses) in subjects with an adequate omega 3 index. Twenty six healthy subjects went through a four-week pre-supplementation period with LCn-3PUFA and were then randomized to diets rich in either n-6PUFA or SFA both supplemented with LCn-3PUFA. The diet rich in n-6PUFA decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration (-8%, p=0.013) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) level (-8%, p=0.021), while the saturated fat rich diet did not affect LDL particle concentration or LDL-C levels significantly. Nevertheless, dietary saturated fatty acids increased LCn-3PUFA in plasma and tissue lipids compared with n-6PUFA, potentially reducing other cardiovascular risk factors such as inflammation and clotting tendency. Improvement on the omega 3 index of healthy subjects did not alter the known effects of dietary saturated fats and n-6PUFA on LDL profiles.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1989
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90115-X
Abstract: 2-week isocaloric modifications in the dietary ratio of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (P/S) alters intestinal transport in rats. This study was undertaken to test the hypotheses that (1) the fatty acid composition of a nutritionally adequate diet in early life has lasting consequences for active and passive intestinal transport processes and (2) early life feeding experiences with diets of varying fatty acid composition influence the intestines' ability to adaptively up- or down-regulate intestinal transport in later life. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were weaned onto S or P and were maintained on these diets for 2, 10 or 12 weeks. An in vitro uptake technique was used in which the bulk phase was vigorously stirred to reduce the effective resistance of the intestinal unstirred water layer. P decreased and S increased the uptake of glucose, and this effect was progressive from 2 to 12 weeks. Switching from a P to an S diet decreased jejunal but increased ileal uptake of glucose, whereas switching from an S to a P diet was associated with a decline in both the jejunal and the ileal uptake of glucose. The ileal uptake of galactose increased as the animals grew on either P or S. Switching from P to S resulted in a decline in ileal uptake of galactose, whereas the opposite effect was observed when switching from S to P. The effect of feeding P or S on hexose uptake was influenced by the animals' dietary history: ileal glucose and galactose uptake was lower in animals fed P at an early age (PSP) than in animals fed P for the first time in later life (SSP). Jejunal glucose and galactose uptake was also lower in animals fed S at an early age (SPS) than in those fed S for the first time in later life (PPS). The alterations in the uptake of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol did not progress with longer periods of feeding, and in the jejunum, lipid uptake did not change when switching from P to S or S to P. Early feeding with P (PSP vs. SSP) was associated with lower jejunal uptake of 18:3 and lower ileal uptake of 12:0, whereas previous feeding with S (SPS vs. PPS) was associated with lower ileal uptake of cholesterol. The changes in uptake of hexoses and lipids was not explained by differences in the animals' food consumption, body or intestinal weight or mucosal surface area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Publisher: Lifescience Global
Date: 26-02-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-10-2014
DOI: 10.1038/SREP06697
Abstract: We assessed whether omega-3 index (red blood cell concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was associated with insulin sensitivity and other metabolic outcomes in 47 overweight men aged 46.5 ± 5.1 years. Participants were assessed twice, 16 weeks apart. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Matsuda method from an oral glucose tolerance test. Linear associations were examined stratified analyses were carried out with participants separated according to the omega-3 index: lower tertiles (LOI n = 31) and highest tertile (HOI n = 16). Increasing omega-3 index was correlated with higher insulin sensitivity (r = 0.23 p = 0.025), higher disposition index (r = 0.20 p = 0.054) and lower CRP concentrations (r = −0.39 p 0.0001). Insulin sensitivity was 43% higher in HOI than in LOI men (Matsuda index 6.83 vs 4.78 p = 0.009). Similarly, HOI men had disposition index that was 70% higher (p = 0.013) and fasting insulin concentrations 25% lower (p = 0.038). HOI men displayed lower nocturnal systolic blood pressure (−6.0 mmHg p = 0.025) and greater systolic blood pressure dip (14.7 vs 10.8% p = 0.039). Men in the HOI group also had lower concentrations of CRP (41% lower p = 0.033) and free fatty acids (21% lower, p = 0.024). In conclusion, higher omega-3 index is associated with increased insulin sensitivity and a more favourable metabolic profile in middle-aged overweight men.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 04-2005
Abstract: Exercise has been shown to increase the production of reactive oxygen species to a point that can exceed antioxidant defenses to cause oxidative stress. Dietary intake of antioxidants, physical activity levels, various antioxidants and oxidative stress markers were examined in 20 exercise-trained “athletes” and 20 age- and sex-matched sedentary “controls.” Plasma F 2 -isoprostanes, antioxidant enzyme activities, and uric acid levels were similar in athletes and sedentary controls. Plasma α-tocopherol and β-carotene were higher in athletes compared with sedentary controls. Total antioxidant capacity tended to be lower in athletes, with a significant difference between male athletes and male controls. Dietary intakes of antioxidants were also similar between groups and well above recommended dietary intakes for Australians. These findings suggest that athletes who consume a diet rich in antioxidants have elevated plasma α-tocopherol and β-carotene that were likely to be brought about by adaptive processes resulting from regular exercise.
No related grants have been discovered for Manohar Garg.