ORCID Profile
0000-0003-2748-6349
Current Organisation
NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research
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Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-06-2022
Abstract: Routine childhood vaccination coverage rates fell in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the impact of inequity on coverage is unknown. We synthesised evidence on inequities in routine childhood vaccination coverage (PROSPERO, CRD 42021257431). Studies reporting empirical data on routine vaccination coverage in children 0-18 years old during the COVID-19 pandemic by equity stratifiers were systematically reviewed. Nine electronic databases were searched between 1 January 2020 and 18 January 2022. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Tool for Cohort Studies. Overall, 91 of 1453 studies were selected for full paper review, and thirteen met the inclusion criteria. The narrative synthesis found moderate evidence for inequity in reducing the vaccination coverage of children during COVID-19 lockdowns and moderately strong evidence for an increase in inequity compared with pre-pandemic months (before March 2020). Two studies reported higher rates of inequity among children aged less than one year, and one showed higher inequity rates in middle- compared with high-income countries. Evidence from a limited number of studies shows the effect of the pandemic on vaccine coverage inequity. Research from more countries is required to assess the global effect on inequity in coverage.
Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Date: 07-2021
Abstract: The intensity of deep convective storms is driven in part by the strength of their updrafts and cold pools. In spite of the importance of these storm features, they can be poorly represented within numerical models. This has been attributed to model parameterizations, grid resolution, and the lack of appropriate observations with which to evaluate such simulations. The overarching goal of the Colorado State University Convective CLoud Outflows and UpDrafts Experiment (C 3 LOUD-Ex) was to enhance our understanding of deep convective storm processes and their representation within numerical models. To address this goal, a field c aign was conducted during July 2016 and May–June 2017 over northeastern Colorado, southeastern Wyoming, and southwestern Nebraska. Pivotal to the experiment was a novel “Flying Curtain” strategy designed around simultaneously employing a fleet of uncrewed aerial systems (UAS or drones), high-frequency radiosonde launches, and surface observations to obtain detailed measurements of the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of cold pools. Updraft velocities were observed using targeted radiosondes and radars. Extensive datasets were successfully collected for 16 cold pool–focused and seven updraft-focused case studies. The updraft characteristics for all seven supercell updraft cases are compared and provide a useful database for model evaluation. An overview of the 16 cold pools’ characteristics is presented, and an in-depth analysis of one of the cold pool cases suggests that spatial variations in cold pool properties occur on spatial scales from O (100) m through to O (1) km. Processes responsible for the cold pool observations are explored and support recent high-resolution modeling results.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 21-07-2022
Abstract: We examined absolute and relative relationships between household income and maternal education during early childhood ( years) with activity-limiting chronic health conditions (ALCHC) during later childhood in six longitudinal, prospective cohorts from high-income countries (UK, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Netherlands, USA). Relative inequality (risk ratios, RR) and absolute inequality (Slope Index of Inequality) were estimated for ALCHC during later childhood by maternal education categories and household income quintiles in early childhood. Estimates were adjusted for mother ethnicity, maternal age at birth, child sex and multiple births, and were pooled using meta-regression. Pooled estimates, with over 42 000 children, demonstrated social gradients in ALCHC for high maternal education versus low (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.85) and middle education (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.38) as well as for high household income versus lowest (RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.18) and middle quintiles (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.54). Absolute inequality showed decreasing ALCHC in all cohorts from low to high education (range: −2.85% Sweden, −13.36% Canada) and income (range: −1.8% Sweden, −19.35% Netherlands). We found graded relative risk of ALCHC during later childhood by maternal education and household income during early childhood in all cohorts. Absolute differences in ALCHC were consistently observed between the highest and lowest maternal education and household income levels across cohort populations. Our results support a potential role for generous, universal financial and childcare policies for families during early childhood in reducing the prevalence of activity limiting chronic conditions in later childhood.
Location: United States of America
No related grants have been discovered for Nick Spencer.