ORCID Profile
0000-0002-7619-4441
Current Organisation
University of Notre Dame
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Biological Psychology (Neuropsychology, Psychopharmacology, Physiological Psychology) | Psychology | Developmental Psychology and Ageing
Health Related to Ageing | Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences |
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2011.01.024
Abstract: The present review discusses the current state of research on the clinical neuropsychology of prospective memory in Parkinson's disease. To do so the paper is ided in two sections. In the first section, we briefly outline key features of the (partly implicit) rationale underlying the available literature on the clinical neuropsychology of prospective memory. Here, we present a conceptual model that guides our approach to the clinical neuropsychology of prospective memory in general and to the effects of Parkinson's disease on prospective memory in particular. In the second section, we use this model to guide our review of the available literature and suggest some open issues and future directions motivated by previous findings and the proposed conceptual model. The review suggests that certain phases of the prospective memory process (intention formation und initiation) are particularly impaired by Parkinson's disease. In addition, it is argued that prospective memory may be preserved when tasks involve specific features (e.g., focal cues) that reduce the need for strategic monitoring processes. In terms of suggestions for future directions, it is noted that intervention studies are needed which target the specific phases of the prospective memory process that are impaired in Parkinson's disease, such as planning interventions. Moreover, it is proposed that prospective memory deficits in Parkinson's disease should be explored in the context of a general impairment in the ability to form an intention and plan or coordinate an appropriate series of actions.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1037/A0019771
Publisher: MIT Press - Journals
Date: 03-2015
DOI: 10.1162/JOCN_A_00738
Abstract: How does the brain maintain to-be-remembered information in working memory (WM), particularly when the focus of attention is drawn to processing other information? Cognitive models of WM propose that when items are displaced from focal attention recall involves retrieval from long-term memory (LTM). In this fMRI study, we tried to clarify the role of LTM in performance on a WM task and the type of representation that is used to maintain an item in WM during rehearsal-filled versus distractor-filled delays. Participants made a deep or shallow levels-of-processing (LOP) decision about a single word at encoding and tried to recall the word after a delay filled with either rehearsal of the word or a distracting math task. Recalling one word after 10 sec of distraction demonstrated behavioral and neural indices of retrieval from LTM (i.e., LOP effects and medial-temporal lobe activity). In contrast, recall after rehearsal activated cortical areas that reflected reporting the word from focal attention. In addition, areas that showed an LOP effect at encoding (e.g., left ventrolateral VLPFC and the anterior temporal lobes [ATLs]) were reactivated at recall, especially when recall followed distraction. Moreover, activity in left VLPFC during encoding, left ATL during the delay, and left hippoc us during retrieval predicted recall success after distraction. Whereas shallow LOP and rehearsal-related areas supported active maintenance of one item in focal attention, the behavioral processes and neural substrates that support LTM supported recall of one item after it was displaced from focal attention.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.14134
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1037/A0032982
Abstract: Recent studies suggest that working memory training may benefit older adults however, findings regarding training and transfer effects are mixed. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of a process-based training intervention in a erse s le of older adults and explored possible moderators of training and transfer effects. For that purpose, 80 older adults (65-95 years) were assigned either to a training group that worked on visuospatial, verbal, and executive working memory tasks for 9 sessions over 3 weeks or to a control group. Performance on trained and transfer tasks was assessed in all participants before and after the training period, as well as at a 9-month follow-up. Analyses revealed significant training effects in all 3 training tasks in trained participants relative to controls, as well as near transfer to a verbal working memory task and far transfer to a fluid intelligence task. Encouragingly, all training effects and the transfer effect to verbal working memory were stable at the 9-month follow-up session. Further analyses revealed that training gains were predicted by baseline performance in training tasks and (to a lesser degree) by age. Gains in transfer tasks were predicted by age and by the amount of improvement in the trained tasks. These findings suggest that cognitive plasticity is preserved over a large range of old age and that even a rather short training regime can lead to (partly specific) training and transfer effects. However, baseline performance, age, and training gains moderate the amount of plasticity.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-09-2015
DOI: 10.3758/S13421-015-0554-Y
Abstract: The function of verbal short-term memory is supported not only by the phonological loop, but also by semantic resources that may operate on both short and long time scales. Elucidation of the neural underpinnings of these mechanisms requires effective behavioral manipulations that can selectively engage them. We developed a novel cued sentence recall paradigm to assess the effects of two factors on sentence recall accuracy at short-term and long-term stages. Participants initially repeated auditory sentences immediately following a 14-s retention period. After this task was complete, long-term memory for each sentence was probed by a two-word recall cue. The sentences were either concrete (high imageability) or abstract (low imageability), and the initial 14-s retention period was filled with either an undemanding finger-tapping task or a more engaging articulatory suppression task (Exp. 1, counting backward by threes Exp. 2, repeating a four-syllable nonword). Recall was always better for the concrete sentences. Articulatory suppression reduced accuracy in short-term recall, especially for abstract sentences, but the sentences initially recalled following articulatory suppression were retained better at the subsequent cued-recall test, suggesting that the engagement of semantic mechanisms for short-term retention promoted encoding of the sentence meaning into long-term memory. These results provide a basis for using sentence imageability and subsequent memory performance as probes of semantic engagement in short-term memory for sentences.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1037/A0018405
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 02-12-2016
Abstract: A pulse of random activity is sufficient for a brain network to retrieve a dormant activity state.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 22-07-2020
Abstract: Recent shifts in the understanding of how the mind and brain retain information in working memory (WM) call for revision to traditional theories. Evidence of dynamic, “activity-silent,” short-term retention processes erges from conventional models positing that information is always retained in WM by sustained neural activity in buffers. Such evidence comes from machine-learning methods that can decode patterns of brain activity and the simultaneous administration of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to causally manipulate brain activity in specific areas and time points. TMS can “ping” brain areas to both reactivate latent representations retained in WM and affect memory performance. On the basis of these findings, I argue for a supplement to sustained retention mechanisms. Brain-decoding methods also reveal that dynamic levels of representational codes are retained in WM, and these vary according to task context, from perceptual (sensory) codes in posterior areas to abstract, recoded representations distributed across frontoparietal regions. A dynamic-processing model of WM is advanced to account for the overall pattern of results.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2016.10.031
Abstract: The concurrent use of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is growing in popularity as a method for assessing various cortical properties such as excitability, oscillations and connectivity. However, this combination of methods is technically challenging, resulting in artifacts both during recording and following typical EEG analysis methods, which can distort the underlying neural signal. In this article, we review the causes of artifacts in EEG recordings resulting from TMS, as well as artifacts introduced during analysis (e.g. as the result of filtering over high-frequency, large litude artifacts). We then discuss methods for removing artifacts, and ways of designing pipelines to minimise analysis-related artifacts. Finally, we introduce the TMS-EEG signal analyser (TESA), an open-source extension for EEGLAB, which includes functions that are specific for TMS-EEG analysis, such as removing and interpolating the TMS pulse artifact, removing and minimising TMS-evoked muscle activity, and analysing TMS-evoked potentials. The aims of TESA are to provide users with easy access to current TMS-EEG analysis methods and to encourage direct comparisons of these methods and pipelines. It is hoped that providing open-source functions will aid in both improving and standardising analysis across the field of TMS-EEG research.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 12-2020
DOI: 10.1037/PAG0000563
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-02-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-022-12529-X
Abstract: The co-occurrence of domestic violence with alcohol and other drugs significantly increases the severity of abuse and violence experienced by family members. Longitudinal studies indicate that substance use is one of few predictors of men’s continued use of, or desistance from, violence. Recent developments in men’s behaviour change programs have focused on men’s attitudes and behaviour towards their children, and the exploration of interventions that address the needs of all family members. However, the research evidence is limited on the most effective elements of men’s behaviour change programs in promoting the safety and wellbeing of child and women victim survivors. This study aims to build on the existing evidence by trialling the KODY program which addresses harmful substance use by men who also perpetrate domestic violence the safety and wellbeing of women and children the needs of children in their own right, as well as in relationship with their mothers and the development of an ‘all-of-family’ service response. The evaluation of these innovations, and the ramifications for policy development to support less fragmented service system responses, provide the rationale for the study. A quasi-experimental design will be used to assess the primary outcomes of improving the safety and wellbeing of mothers and children whose (ex)partners and fathers respectively participate in KODY (the trial program), when compared with ‘ Caring Dads standard’ (the comparison group). Psychometric tests will be administered to fathers and mothers at baseline, post-program and at 3-month follow up. Data collection will occur over three years. By building the evidence base about responses to co-occurring domestic violence and substance use, this study aims to develop knowledge about improving safety outcomes for women and children, and to better understand appropriate support for children in families living at the intersection of domestic violence and substance use. It is anticipated that study findings will point to the ramifications for policy development to support less fragmented service system responses. An application for registration with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( www.anzctr.org.au/ ) was lodged on 20 December 2021 (Request number: 383206)—prospectively registered.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2011.11.007
Abstract: This review article surveys the evidence for age-related changes in memory from cognitive and neuroimaging studies. It is probable that the observed declines in episodic memory with increasing age are a consequence of impairments in both acquisition (encoding) and retrieval - possibly for similar reasons - but the present review focuses on the former set of processes. An additional emphasis is on a processing approach to understanding age-related encoding deficiencies we suggest that many problems stem from a decline in the ability to self-initiate deeper semantic processing operations. The article briefly discusses the role of declining sensory and perceptual abilities, but focuses primarily on the nature of processing resources, their consequences for memory acquisition, and on age-related changes in cognition and neural functioning. We also survey the evidence for neuroplasticity in the older brain, and how compensatory activities at behavioral and neural levels can reduce age-related problems. Finally, we review recent studies of brain and cognitive training procedures. Age-related memory problems are real, but there are also grounds for optimism.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-11-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-10-2014
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 15-06-2022
Abstract: Switching one’s focus of attention between to-be-remembered information in working memory (WM) is critical for cognition, but the mechanisms by which this is accomplished are unclear. Some models suggest that passively retaining “latent” information outside of focal attention and returning it to the focus involves episodic long-term memory (LTM) retrieval processes even for delays of only a few seconds. We tested this hypothesis by examining performance on both a two-item, double-retrocue WM task (that oriented participants’ attention to the item that would be tested first and then to the item tested second on each trial) and subsequent LTM tests for the items from the initial WM task. We compared performance on these tests between older adults (a population with LTM deficits) and young adults with either full (Experiment 1) or ided (Experiment 2) attention during the WM delay periods. Retrocueing, aging, and ided attention all had significant effects on WM performance, but did not interact with or systematically affect subsequent LTM performance for item, location, or associative memory judgments made with either high or low confidence. These dissociations between WM and LTM suggest that retaining and reactivating an item outside of focal attention on this two-item, double-retrocue WM paradigm, which has shown neuroimaging, neurostimulation, and neurocomputational modeling evidence for latent WM, does not involve LTM retrieval processes rather, the results are consistent with the Dynamic Processing Model of WM (Rose, 2020, Current Directions in Psychological Science).
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 19-04-2021
Abstract: Remembering intentions is critical for daily life, yet errors happen surprisingly often, even when there are fatal consequences, as in the “Forgotten Baby Syndrome”. To understand how people can forget personally-important intentions, we took 192 students’ cell-phones while they participated in an unrelated experiment. We examined 1) how often students forgot to retrieve their cell-phone when they left the lab compared to an experimenter-relevant task that required returning an activity-tracker that we attached to their clothes to “monitor their amount of fidgeting” during the experiment, and 2) whether it mattered if the instructions were explicitly encoded or not. Students only forgot the tracker 10-13% more often than their cell-phone, and explicit instructions did not reduce forgetting neither did longer, more distracting ongoing tasks. Between 60-70% of participants said the intention “popped into mind”. We suggest that PM intentions are “autonomically” encoded, yet even personally-important tasks are forgotten at surprising rates.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2011
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1054294
Abstract: Episodic future thinking (EFT), the ability to project into the future to “preexperience” an event, and prospective memory (PM), remembering to perform an intended action, are both ex les of future-oriented cognition. Recently it has been suggested that EFT might contribute to PM performance but to date few studies have examined the relationship between these two capacities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the nature and specificity of this relationship, as well as whether it varies with age. Participants were 125 younger and 125 older adults who completed measures of EFT and PM. Significant, positive correlations between EFT and PM were identified in both age groups. Furthermore, EFT ability accounted for significant unique variance in the young adults, suggesting that it may make a specific contribution to PM function. Within the older adult group, EFT did not uniquely contribute to PM, possibly indicating a reduced capacity to utilize EFT, or the use of compensatory strategies. This study is the first to provide systematic evidence for an association between variation in EFT and PM abilities in both younger and older adulthood and shows that the nature of this association varies as a function of age.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Date: 24-05-2021
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-04-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-04-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00426-014-0566-4
Abstract: In research on cognitive plasticity, two training approaches have been established: (1) training of strategies to improve performance in a given task (e.g., encoding strategies to improve episodic memory performance) and (2) training of basic cognitive processes (e.g., working memory, inhibition) that underlie a range of more complex cognitive tasks (e.g., planning) to improve both the training target and the complex transfer tasks. Strategy training aims to compensate or circumvent limitations in underlying processes, while process training attempts to augment or to restore these processes. Although research on both approaches has produced some promising findings, results are still heterogeneous and the impact of most training regimes for everyday life is unknown. We, therefore, discuss recent proposals of training regimes aiming to improve prospective memory (i.e., forming and realizing delayed intentions) as this type of complex cognition is highly relevant for independent living. Furthermore, prospective memory is associated with working memory and executive functions and age-related decline is widely reported. We review initial evidence suggesting that both training regimes (i.e., strategy and/or process training) can successfully be applied to improve prospective memory. Conceptual and methodological implications of the findings for research on age-related prospective memory and for training research in general are discussed.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1037/A0031946
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1037/A0021483
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2011.10.016
Abstract: Despite the traditional view that damage to the hippoc us and/or surrounding areas of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) does not impair short-term or working memory (WM), recent research has shown MTL amnesics to be impaired on WM tasks that require maintaining a small amount of information over brief retention intervals (e.g., maintenance of a single face for one second). However, the types of tasks that have demonstrated WM impairments in amnesia tend to have involved novel stimuli. We hypothesized that WM may be impaired in amnesia for tasks that require maintaining novel information, but may be preserved for more familiar material, particularly if the material can be easily rehearsed. To test this hypothesis, patient HC, a 22-year-old developmental amnesic with relatively preserved semantic memory and 20 age and education matched controls performed a delayed match-to-s le task that required maintaining a single famous or non-famous face for 1-8s, digit span and reading span tasks, and a modified Brown-Peterson task that required maintaining a single high- or low-frequency word or a non-word for 4-8s. HC's performance was impaired for non-famous faces but preserved for famous faces, impaired for the reading span task but preserved for digit span, and it was impaired for non-words and unfamiliar low-frequency words but preserved for familiar words. These results support the hypothesis that an intact hippoc us is necessary for maintaining a single novel stimulus in WM. However, stimulus familiarity and rehearsal support WM via cortical regions independent of the MTL.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-10-2021
Abstract: Olfactory receptors (ORs) constitute the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). ORs are involved in sensing odorants as well as in other ectopic roles in non-nasal tissues. Matching of an enormous number of the olfactory stimulation repertoire to its counterpart OR through machine learning (ML) will enable understanding of olfactory system, receptor characterization, and exploitation of their therapeutic potential. In the current study, we have selected two broadly tuned ectopic human OR proteins, OR1A1 and OR2W1, for expanding their known chemical space by using molecular descriptors. We present a scheme for selecting the optimal features required to train an ML-based model, based on which we selected the random forest (RF) as the best performer. High activity agonist prediction involved screening five databases comprising ~23 M compounds, using the trained RF classifier. To evaluate the effectiveness of the machine learning based virtual screening and check receptor binding site compatibility, we used docking of the top target ligands to carefully develop receptor model structures. Finally, experimental validation of selected compounds with significant docking scores through in vitro assays revealed two high activity novel agonists for OR1A1 and one for OR2W1.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-12-2014
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 18-07-2023
Abstract: Age deficits in working memory (WM) can be large, but the exact sources are unclear. We hypothesized that young adults outperform older adults on WM tasks because they use controlled attention processes to prioritize the maintenance of relevant information in WM in a proactive-mode, whereas older adults tend to rely on the strength of familiarity signals to make memory decisions in a reactive mode. We used a WM task that cued participants to prioritize one item over others, and presented repeated lure probes that cause errors when one is engaging a reactive mode. Results showed that, relative to young adults with full attention available to use proactive-control during the delays, older adults with full attention (and young adults with ided attention) during the delays had exaggerated error rates to repeated lure probes compared to control probes. When the amount of proactive interference was increased (by repeating stimuli across trials), older adults were able to engage proactive control and this eliminated their exaggerated error rate (while young adults with ided attention could not). These results provide evidence for a dual-mechanisms of control account of age differences in WM. Public Significance Statement:Age-deficits in working memory (WM) underlie older adults’ cognitive functioning. This study shows that age-deficits are largely due to older adults’ difficulties with focusing attention on relevant information and resisting interference from irrelevant information. Older adults relied on a reactive, familiarity-based mode-of-responding however, with practice and feedback, they could learn to engage a proactive, maintenance-focused mode-of-processing and eliminate their age deficits. This study helps to explain age differences in WM, and identifies cognitive-training targets to improve older adults’ cognition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-02-2014
DOI: 10.3758/S13421-014-0398-X
Abstract: Many working memory (WM) models propose that the focus of attention (or primary memory) has a capacity limit of one to four items, and therefore, that performance on WM tasks involves retrieving some items from long-term (or secondary) memory (LTM). In the present study, we present evidence suggesting that recall of even one item on a WM task can involve retrieving it from LTM. The WM task required participants to make a deep (living/nonliving) or shallow ("e"/no "e") level-of-processing (LOP) judgment on one word and to recall the word after a 10-s delay on each trial. During the delay, participants either rehearsed the word or performed an easy or a hard math task. When the to-be-remembered item could be rehearsed, recall was fast and accurate. When it was followed by a math task, recall was slower, error-prone, and benefited from a deeper LOP at encoding, especially for the hard math condition. The authors suggest that a covert-retrieval mechanism may have refreshed the item during easy math, and that the hard math condition shows that even a single item cannot be reliably held in WM during a sufficiently distracting task--therefore, recalling the item involved retrieving it from LTM. Additionally, performance on a final free recall (LTM) test was better for items recalled following math than following rehearsal, suggesting that initial recall following math involved elaborative retrieval from LTM, whereas rehearsal did not. The authors suggest that the extent to which performance on WM tasks involves retrieval from LTM depends on the amounts of disruption to both rehearsal and covert-retrieval/refreshing maintenance mechanisms.
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Date: 10-04-2018
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2747-17.2018
Abstract: Although the manipulation of load is popular in visual working memory research, many studies confound general attentional demands with context binding by drawing memoranda from the same stimulus category. In this fMRI study of human observers (both sexes), we created high- versus low-binding conditions, while holding load constant, by comparing trials requiring memory for the direction of motion of one random dot kinematogram (RDK 1M trials) versus for three RDKs (3M), or versus one RDK and two color patches (1M2C). Memory precision was highest for 1M trials and comparable for 3M and 1M2C trials. And although delay-period activity in occipital cortex did not differ between the three conditions, returning to baseline for all three, multivariate pattern analysis decoding of a remembered RDK from occipital cortex was also highest for 1M trials and comparable for 3M and 1M2C trials. Delay-period activity in intraparietal sulcus (IPS), although elevated for all three conditions, displayed more sensitivity to demands on context binding than to load per se. The 1M-to-3M increase in IPS signal predicted the 1M-to-3M declines in both behavioral and neural estimates of working memory precision. These effects strengthened along a caudal-to-rostral gradient, from IPS0 to IPS5. Context binding-independent load sensitivity was observed when analyses were lateralized and extended into PFC, with trend-level effects evident in left IPS and strong effects in left lateral PFC. These findings illustrate how visual working memory capacity limitations arise from multiple factors that each recruit dissociable brain systems. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visual working memory capacity predicts performance on a wide array of cognitive and real-world outcomes. At least two theoretically distinct factors are proposed to influence visual working memory capacity limitations: an amodal attentional resource that must be shared across remembered items and the demands on context binding. We unconfounded these two factors by varying load with items drawn from the same stimulus category (“high demands on context binding”) versus items drawn from different stimulus categories (“low demands on context binding”). The results provide evidence for the dissociability, and the neural bases, of these two theorized factors, and they specify that the functions of intraparietal sulcus may relate more strongly to the control of representations than to the general allocation of attention.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2008
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 28-10-2015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-04-2018
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617718000152
Abstract: Objectives: Prospective memory (PM), the ability to execute delayed intentions, has received increasing attention in neuropsychology and gerontology. Most of this research is motivated by the claim that PM is critical for maintaining functional independence yet, there is a dearth of empirical evidence to back up the claims. Thus, the present study tested whether PM predicts functional independence in older adults using validated behavioral performance measures for both PM and functional independence. Methods: Fifty-eight healthy older adults performed a computerized PM paradigm, the Virtual Week task, as well as a timed version of an instrumental activities of daily living (TIADL) task. Furthermore, we assessed vocabulary, processing speed, and self-reported prospective remembering. Results: TIADL scores correlated significantly with performance in the Virtual Week task, vocabulary, and processing speed. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that vocabulary and Virtual Week performance were significant predictors for TIADL. However, self-reported PM scores did not predict everyday functioning. Conclusions: The findings indicate that PM is an important cognitive ability for successful and independent everyday life beyond vocabulary. Moreover, the results show a substantial incremental contribution of intact PM performance for the prediction of everyday functioning by using objective PM measures. ( JINS , 2018, 24 , 640–645)
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 12-2013
DOI: 10.1037/A0034351
Abstract: In idual differences in working memory (WM) are related to performance on secondary memory (SM), and fluid intelligence (gF) tests. However, the source of the relation remains unclear, in part because few studies have controlled for the nature of encoding therefore, it is unclear whether in idual variation is due to encoding, maintenance, or retrieval processes. In the current study, participants performed a WM task (the levels-of-processing span task Rose, Myerson, Roediger III, & Hale, 2010) and a SM test that tested for both targets and the distracting processing words from the initial WM task. Deeper levels of processing at encoding did not benefit WM, but did benefit subsequent SM, although the amount of benefit was smaller for those with lower WM spans. This result suggests that, despite encoding cues that facilitate retrieval from SM, low spans may have engaged in shallower, maintenance-focused processing to maintain the words in WM. Low spans also recalled fewer targets, more distractors, and more extralist intrusions than high spans, although this was partially due to low spans' poorer recall of targets, which resulted in a greater number of opportunities to commit recall errors. Delayed recall of intrusions and commission of source errors (labeling targets as processing words and vice versa) were significant negative predictors of gF. These results suggest that the ability to use source information to recall relevant information and withhold recall of irrelevant information is a critical source of both in idual variation in WM and the relation between WM, SM, and gF. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-10-2009
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1037/XLM0000137
Abstract: The article reports 4 experiments that explore the notion of recognition without awareness using words as the material. Previous work by Voss and associates has shown that complex visual patterns were correctly selected as targets in a 2-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) recognition test although participants reported that they were guessing. The present experiments sought to extend this earlier work by having participants study words in different ways and then attempt to recognize the words later in a series of 4-alternative forced-choice (4-AFC) tests, some of which contained no target word. The data of interest are cases in which a target was present and participants stated that they were guessing, yet chose the correct item. This value was greater than p = .25 in all conditions of the 4 experiments, demonstrating the phenomenon of recognition without awareness. Whereas Voss and colleagues attributed their findings with kaleidoscope patterns to enhanced processing fluency of perceptual attributes, the main factor associated with different levels of recognition without awareness in the present studies was a variable criterion for the subjective state accompanying selection of the "guess" option, depending on the overall difficulty of the recognition test. We conclude by discussing some implications of the results for the distinction between implicit and explicit memory.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-08-2016
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1220579
Abstract: We examined the effects of retrieval practice for students who varied in working memory capacity as a function of the lag between study of material and its initial test, whether or not feedback was given after the test, and the retention interval of the final test. We sought to determine whether a blend of these conditions exists that maximises benefits from retrieval practice for lower and higher working memory capacity students. College students learned general knowledge facts and then restudied the facts or were tested on them (with or without feedback) at lags of 0-9 intervening items. Final cued recall performance was better for tested items than for restudied items after both 10 minutes and 2 days, particularly for longer study-test lags. Furthermore, on the 2-day delayed test the benefits from retrieval practice with feedback were significantly greater for students with lower working memory capacity than for students with higher working memory capacity (r = -.42). Retrieval practice may be an especially effective learning strategy for lower ability students.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1037/A0020718
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 09-2015
DOI: 10.1037/CEP0000054
Abstract: The Breakfast Task (Craik & Bialystok, 2006) is a computerized task that simulates the planning and monitoring requirements involved in cooking breakfast, an everyday activity important for functional independence. In Experiment 1, 28 adults performed the Breakfast Task, and outcome measures were examined with principal component analysis to elucidate the structure of cognitive processes underlying performance. Analyses revealed a 2-component structure which putatively captured global planning and local monitoring abilities. In Experiment 2, the structure of Breakfast Task performance was cross-validated on a new s le of 59 healthy older adults who also performed tests assessing working memory, processing speed, inhibition, reasoning and prospective memory. Factor analyses showed that the global planning component from the Breakfast Task was significantly correlated with in idual differences in executive functions but the local monitoring component was independent of such functions. The Breakfast Task provides a fast, enjoyable, and lifelike assessment of complex everyday planning and monitoring, and their underlying processes such as working memory and executive functions.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 20-01-2019
Abstract: For over 40 years, cognitive aging researchers have reported “paradoxical” age differences in prospective memory (PM)—memory for delayed intentions—with age deficits in laboratory settings and age benefits (or no deficits) in real-world settings. We propose a theoretical account that explains this “age-PM-paradox” as a consequence of age-related differences in cognitive abilities and personality traits amongst younger and older adults. To test this account, we asked younger (18-30 years) and older (56-83 years) adults (N = 111) to perform a series of naturalistic PM tasks in the lab and real-world. Age-related deficits were observed on a Job Simulator VR task, in which participants role-played as a short-order cook and convenience-store clerk, and on a lab-based Breakfast task, in which participants simulated preparing food, drinks, and table-settings for a large meal. In contrast, older adults performed equal to or better than younger adults on a Belongings task, in which participants remembered to exchange personal belongings with the experimenter, and on a Call-Back task, in which they returned phone calls at specific times after leaving the lab in real life. Consistent with our developmental account, these “paradoxical” effects were partially mediated by age-related differences in working memory and agreeableness for lab-based settings, and by vigilance and neuroticism in real-world settings. These results advance a theoretical account of the age-PM paradox based on differential moderators across task settings.
Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.2217/AHE.10.54
Abstract: Dementias and related cognitive disorders of the brain are strongly age-associated and prevalence is expected to rise dramatically with a rapidly aging population. As a result, there has been increasing attention on the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline associated with these conditions. A number of approaches have been designed to maintain and strengthen the cognitive capacity of the healthy, as well as the pathologically damaged brain. Evidence suggests that despite advancing age, our brains, and thus our cognitive functions, retain the ability to be maintained and strengthened through the biological process of neuroplasticity. With this opportunity, a new commercial field of ‘brain fitness’ has been launched to bring to the market training exercises and games that maintain and strengthen cognitive abilities in adulthood. However, the majority of brain fitness methods and products now marketed and sold to consumers have scant scientific evidence to support their effectiveness.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1037/A0023923
Abstract: Recent research in working memory has highlighted the similarities involved in retrieval from complex span tasks and episodic memory tasks, suggesting that these tasks are influenced by similar memory processes. In the present article, the authors manipulated the level of processing engaged when studying to-be-remembered words during a reading span task (Experiment 1) and an operation span task (Experiment 2) in order to assess the role of retrieval from secondary memory during complex span tasks. Immediate recall from both span tasks was greater for items studied under deep processing instructions compared with items studied under shallow processing instructions regardless of trial length. Recall was better for deep than for shallow levels of processing on delayed recall tests as well. These data are consistent with the primary-secondary memory framework, which suggests that to-be-remembered items are displaced from primary memory (i.e., the focus of attention) during the processing phases of complex span tasks and therefore must be retrieved from secondary memory.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-05-2023
DOI: 10.1037/MAC0000110
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-12-2014
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1037/A0026976
Abstract: Recent theories suggest that performance on working memory (WM) tasks involves retrieval from long-term memory (LTM). To examine whether WM and LTM tests have common principles, Craik and Tulving's (1975) levels-of-processing paradigm, which is known to affect LTM, was administered as a WM task: Participants made uppercase, rhyme, or category-membership judgments about words, and immediate recall of the words was required after every 3 or 8 processing judgments. In Experiment 1, immediate recall did not demonstrate a levels-of-processing effect, but a subsequent LTM test (delayed recognition) of the same words did show a benefit of deeper processing. Experiment 2 showed that surprise immediate recall of 8-item lists did demonstrate a levels-of-processing effect, however. A processing account of the conditions in which levels-of-processing effects are and are not found in WM tasks was advanced, suggesting that the extent to which levels-of-processing effects are similar between WM and LTM tests largely depends on the amount of disruption to active maintenance processes.
Start Date: 2019
End Date: 2024
Funder: Directorate for Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 2023
Funder: National Institute on Aging
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 2018
Funder: National Institute on Aging
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2015
End Date: 2018
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2012
End Date: 2012
Funder: Canadian Institutes of Health Research
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 07-2015
End Date: 12-2019
Amount: $242,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity