ORCID Profile
0000-0001-9800-8788
Current Organisation
University of Technology Sydney
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Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering (incl. Alternative/Renewable Fuels) | Urban and Regional Planning | Urban Design |
Urban and Industrial Air Quality | Urban Planning | Management of Gaseous Waste from Transport Activities (excl. Greenhouse Gases)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.158004
Abstract: High-mileage vehicles such as taxis make disproportionately large contributions to urban air pollution due to their accelerated engine deterioration rates and high operation intensities despite their small proportions of the total fleet. Controlling emissions from these high-mileage fleets is thus important for improving urban air quality. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a pilot repair program in reducing emissions from taxis in Hong Kong which account for about 2 % of the total licensed vehicles. The emission factors of a large s le of 684 in-service taxis (including 121 for an emission survey program and 563 for a pilot repair program) were measured on transient chassis dynamometers. The results showed that 63 % of the s led taxis failed the driving cycle test before the pilot repair program. Most of failed taxis were NO related and 91 % of failed taxis exceeded the emission limits of at least two regulated pollutants simultaneously. After the pilot repair program by replacing catalytic converters and oxygen sensors, the failure rate was significantly reduced to only 7 %. In addition, the fleet average NO, HC and CO emission factors were reduced by 85 %, 82 % and 56 %, respectively. In addition, on-road remote sensing measurements confirmed the real-world emission reductions from the taxis that participated in the pilot repair program. These findings led to the implementation of a large-scale replacement program for all taxis in Hong Kong during 2013-2014, which was estimated to have reduced the total HC, CO and NO emissions by about 420, 2570 and 1000 t per year, respectively (equivalent to 5-8 % emission reductions from the whole road transport sector). Therefore, reducing emissions from the small high-mileage fleets is a highly cost-effective measure to improve urban air quality.
Publisher: SAE International
Date: 10-09-2018
DOI: 10.4271/2018-01-1820
Publisher: SAE International
Date: 10-09-2018
DOI: 10.4271/2018-01-1821
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-07-2023
DOI: 10.3390/W15142614
Abstract: As the global population reaches eight billion, large quantities of wastewater (domestic, industrial, livestock) need to be treated in an efficient, green, and environmentally friendly manner. Wastewater hydroponics technology (HP) can efficiently remove various pollutants (conventional and emerging pollutants, heavy metals, and microorganisms) and create economic benefits. This paper aims to systematically review the principles, applications, and limitations of wastewater hydroponics technology in the context of pollution and nutrient removal. Unlike constructed wetlands, wastewater hydroponics has been proven to be effective in removing pollutants through small-scale in situ restoration. For instance, the average removal of COD, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) was more than 70%, 60%, 80%, 64.2%, and 49.5%, respectively. However, HP technology still has the disadvantages of high energy consumption, complex control parameters, and low public acceptance of using wastewater for planting crops. Therefore, further research is needed to reduce system energy consumption. In addition, hybrid technologies, such as two-stage hydroponics that use aquatic plants (algae or aquatic floating weeds) to recycle pollutant-containing wastewater nutrients for hydroponics, should be further developed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-03-2022
DOI: 10.3390/S22062096
Abstract: The accurate and reliable monitoring of ventilation parameters is key to intelligent ventilation systems. In order to realize the visualization of airflow, it is essential to solve the airflow reconstruction problem using few sensors. In this study, a new concept called independent cut set that depends on the structure of the underlying graph is presented to determine the minimum number and location of sensors. We evaluated its effectiveness in a coal mine owned by Jinmei Corporation Limited (Jinmei Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Our results indicated that fewer than 30% of tunnels needed to have wind speed sensors set up to reconstruct the well-posed airflow of all the tunnels ( in some mines). The results showed that the algorithm was feasible. The reconstructed air volume of the ventilation network using this algorithm was the same as the actual air volume. The algorithm provides theoretical support for flow reconstruction.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 04-02-2022
Abstract: Vehicle emissions are the most important source of air pollution in the urban environment worldwide, and their detection and control are critical for protecting public health. Here, we report the use of on-road remote sensing (RS) technology for fast, accurate, and cost-effective identification of high-emitting vehicles as an enforcement program for improving urban air quality. Using large emission datasets from chassis dynamometer testing, RS, and air quality monitoring, we found that significant percentages of in-use petrol and LPG vehicles failed the emission standards, particularly the high-mileage fleets. The RS enforcement program greatly cleaned these fleets, in terms of high-emitter percentages, fleet average emissions, roadside and ambient pollutant concentrations, and emission inventory. The challenges of the current enforcement program are conservative setting of cut points, single-lane measurement sites, and lack of application experience in diesel vehicles. Developing more accurate and vertical RS systems will improve and extend their applications.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.137181
Abstract: With an increasing market share of gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles, high particulate emissions of GDI engines are of increasing concern due to their adverse impacts on both human health and the ecological environment. A thorough understanding of GDI nanoparticulate properties is required to develop advanced particulate filters and assess the exhaust toxicity and environmental impacts. To this end, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the physical and chemical characteristics of GDI nanoparticles from a distinctive perspective, including soot oxidation reactivity, morphology, nanostructure, surface chemistry, chemical components, and their correlations. This review begins with a brief description of nanoparticle characterisation methods. Then, the nanoparticle characteristics of GDI engines are reviewed with the following aspects: in-cylinder soot, exhaust particulate features, and a comparison between GDI and diesel nanoparticles. Previous studies showed that exhaust nanoparticle presents a more stable nanostructure and is less prone to oxidation if compared with in-cylinder soot. Additionally, GDI particles are less-ordered, more inorganic and metallic containing, and more reactive than diesel particles. Afterwards, the impacts of engine operating parameters and aftertreatments on GDI soot features are discussed in detail. Finally, the conclusions and future research recommendations are presented.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2018.09.088
Abstract: Remote sensing provides a rapid detection of vehicle emissions under real driving condition. Remote sensing studies showed that diesel nitrogen oxides emissions changed little or were even increasing in recent years despite the tightened emission standards. To more accurately and fairly evaluate the emission trends, it is hypothesized that analysis should be detailed for in idual vehicle models as each model adopted different emissions control technologies and retrofitted the engine/vehicle at different time. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the recent nitric oxide (NO) emission trends of the dominant diesel vehicle models using a large remote sensing dataset collected in Hong Kong. The results showed that the diesel vehicle fleet was dominated by only seven models, accounting for 78% of the total remote sensing records. Although each model had different emission levels and trends, generally all the dominant models showed a steady decrease or stable level in the fuel based NO emission factors (g/kg fuel) over the period studied except for BaM1 and BdM2. A significant increase was observed for the BaM1 2.49 L and early 2.98 L models during 2005-2011, which we attribute to the change in the diesel fuel injection technology. However, the overall mean NO emission factor of all the vehicles was stable during 1991-2006 and then decreased steadily during 2006-2016, in which the emission trends of in idual models were averaged out and thus masked. Nevertheless, the latest small, medium and heavy diesel vehicles achieved similar NO emission factors due to the converging of operation windows of the engine and emission control devices. The findings suggested that the increasingly stringent European emission standards were not very effective in reducing the NO emissions of some diesel vehicle models in the real world.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2022.115497
Abstract: The adsorption of inorganic arsenic (As) plays an important role in the mobility and transport of As in the river environment. In this work, the adsorption and desorption of arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] on river sediment were conducted under different pH, initial As concentrations, river water and sediment composition to assess As adsorption behavior and mechanism. Both adsorption kinetics and equilibrium results showed higher adsorption capacity of sediment for As(V) than As(III). Adsorption of As(III) and As(V) on river sediment was favored in acidic to neutral conditions and on finer sediment particles, while sediment organic matter marginally reduced adsorption capacity. In addition, higher adsorption affinity of As(III) and As(V) in river sediment was observed in deionised water than in river water. For the release process, the desorption of both As(III) and As(V) followed nonlinear kinetic models well, showing higher amount of As(III) release from sediment than As(V). Adsorption isotherm was well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich models, demonstrating higher maximum adsorption capacity of As(V) at 298.7 mg/kg than As(III) at 263.3 mg/kg in deionised water, and higher maximum adsorption capacity of As(III) of 234.3 mg/kg than As(V) of 206.2 mg/kg in river water. The XRD showed the changes in the peaks of mineral groups of sediment whilst FTIR results revealed the changes related to surface functional groups before and after adsorption, indicating that Fe-O/Fe-OH, Si(Al)-O, hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups were predominantly involved in As(III) and As(V) adsorption on sediment surface. XPS analysis evidenced the transformation between these As species in river sediment after adsorption, whilst SEM-EDS revealed higher amount of As(V) in river sediment than As(III) due to the lower signal of Al.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: SAE International
Date: 13-10-2014
DOI: 10.4271/2014-01-2734
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.12.349
Abstract: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are perceived to be more energy efficient and less polluting than conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. However, increasing evidence has shown that real-driving emissions (RDE) could be much higher than laboratory type approval limits and the advantages of HEVs over their conventional ICE counterparts under real-driving conditions have not been studied extensively. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the real-driving fuel consumption and pollutant emissions performance of HEVs against their conventional ICE counterparts. Two pairs of hybrid and conventional gasoline vehicles of the same model were tested simultaneously in a novel convoy mode using two portable emission measurement systems (PEMSs), thus eliminating the effect of vehicle configurations, driving behaviour, road conditions and ambient environment on the performance comparison. The results showed that although real-driving fuel consumption for both hybrid and conventional vehicles were 44%-100% and 30%-82% higher than their laboratory results respectively, HEVs saved 23%-49% fuel relative to their conventional ICE counterparts. Pollutant emissions of all the tested vehicles were lower than the regulation limits. However, HEVs showed no reduction in HC emissions and consistently higher CO emissions compared to the conventional ICE vehicles. This could be caused by the frequent stops and restarts of the HEV engines, as well as the lowered exhaust gas temperature and reduced effectiveness of the oxidation catalyst. The findings therefore show that while achieving the fuel reduction target, hybridisation did not bring the expected benefits to urban air quality.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 17-07-2023
Publisher: SAE International
Date: 13-10-2014
DOI: 10.4271/2014-01-2612
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2018.02.043
Abstract: A two-year remote sensing measurement program was carried out in Hong Kong to obtain a large dataset of on-road diesel vehicle emissions. Analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of vehicle manufacture year (1949-2015) and engine size (0.4-20 L) on the emission rates and high-emitters. The results showed that CO emission rates of larger engine size vehicles were higher than those of small vehicles during the study period, while HC and NO were higher before manufacture year 2006 and then became similar levels between manufacture years 2006 and 2015. CO, HC and NO of all vehicles showed an unexpectedly increasing trend during 1998-2004, in particular ≥6001 cc vehicles. However, they all decreased steadily in the last decade (2005-2015), except for NO of ≥6001 cc vehicles during 2013-2015. The distributions of CO and HC emission rates were highly skewed as the dirtiest 10% vehicles emitted much higher emissions than all the other vehicles. Moreover, this skewness became more significant for larger engine size or newer vehicles. The results indicated that remote sensing technology would be very effective to screen the CO and HC high-emitters and thus control the on-road vehicle emissions, but less effective for controlling NO emissions. No clear correlation was observed between the manufacture year and percentage of high-emitters for ≤3000 cc vehicles. However, the percentage of high-emitters decreased with newer manufacture year for larger vehicles. In addition, high-emitters of different pollutants were relatively independent, in particular NO emissions, indicating that high-emitter screening criteria should be defined on a CO-or-HC-or-NO basis, rather than a CO-and-HC-and-NO basis.
Publisher: American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)
Date: 2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2019.04.130
Abstract: Diesel vehicles are a major source of air pollutants in cities and have caused significant health risks to the public globally. This study used both on-road remote sensing and transient chassis dynamometer to characterise emissions of diesel light goods vehicles. A large s le size of 183 diesel vans were tested on a transient chassis dynamometer to evaluate the emission levels of in-service diesel vehicles and to determine a set of remote sensing cutpoints for diesel high-emitters. The results showed that 79% and 19% of the Euro 4 and Euro 5 diesel vehicles failed the transient cycle test, respectively. Most of the high-emitters failed the NO limits, while no vehicle failed the HC limits and only a few vehicles failed the CO limits. Vehicles that failed NO limits occurred in both old and new vehicles. NO/CO
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-023-29218-W
Abstract: The adsorption process of inorganic arsenic (As) plays an important role in its mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity in the river environment. In this work, the adsorption of dissolved arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) by microplastics (MPs) pellets (polystyrene (PS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE)), river sediment, and their mixture were investigated to assess the adsorption affinities and mechanism. The adsorption kinetics showed slow and mild rising zones from the natural behavior of the chemical adsorption. The results indicated that both MP characteristics and water properties played a significant role in the adsorption behavior of inorganic As species. The As adsorption equilibrium was modeled well by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and partly fitted with the Sips model suggesting that both mono-layer and multi-layer adsorption occurred during adsorption The spontaneous adsorption process for both As(III) and As(V) was evidenced by the adsorption thermodynamics. The maximum adsorption capacities of As(III) and As(V) reached 143.3 mg/kg and 109.8 mg/kg on PS in deionized water, which were higher than those on sediment-PS mixture (119.3 mg/kg, 99.2 mg/kg), which were all lower than on sediment alone (263.3 mg/kg, 398.7 mg/kg). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis identified that As(III) and As(V) interaction with sediment surface functional groups was the main adsorption mechanism from surface complexation and coordination. Two functional groups of polystyrene (-NH 2 , -OH) were mainly involved in the adsorption of inorganic As species on PS, while -COO- and -OH functional groups contributed to the adsorption mechanism of inorganic As species on LDPE. The findings provide valuable insight on the adsorption behavior and mechanisms of As(III) and As(V) in river systems in the presence of MPs particles. Both PS and LDPE were shown to be less effective than river sediment in the adsorption of As species from water, which provides a different perspective in understanding the scale of MPs impact in pollutant transport in the aquatic environment. Graphical Abstract
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-07-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-05-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S10653-019-00302-W
Abstract: The contamination and risk by nutrients (NH
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2019.108614
Abstract: Vehicle emissions are a major source of air pollution in Hong Kong affecting human health. A 'strengthened emissions control of gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles' programme has been operating in Hong Kong since September 2014 utilising remote sensing (RS) technology. RS has provided measurement data to successfully identify high emitting gasoline and LPG vehicles which then need to be repaired or removed from the on-road vehicle fleet. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of this globally unique RS monitoring programme. A large RS dataset of 2,144,422 records was obtained covering the period from 6th January 2012 to 30th December 2016, of which 1,206,762 records were valid and suitable for further investigation. The results show that there have been significant reductions of emissions factors (EF) for 40.5% HC, 45.3% CO and 29.6% NO for gasoline vehicles. Additionally, EF reductions of 48.4% HC, 41.1% CO and 58.7% NO were achieved for LPG vehicles. For the combined vehicle fleet, the reductions for HC, CO and NO were 55.9%, 50.5% and 60.9% respectively during this survey period. The findings demonstrate that the strengthened emissions control programme utilising RS has been very effective in identifying high emitting vehicles for repair so as to reduce the emissions from gasoline and LPG vehicles under real driving.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-05-2022
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 31-07-2017
DOI: 10.3390/EN10081109
Publisher: SAE International
Date: 08-10-2017
DOI: 10.4271/2017-01-2316
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-0001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2022.119132
Abstract: Plume chasing is cost-effective, measuring in idual, on-road vehicular emissions. Whereas, wake-flow-generated turbulence results in intermittent, rapid pollutant dilution and substantial fluctuating concentrations right behind the vehicle being chased. The s ling duration is therefore one of the important factors for acquiring representative (average) concentrations, which, however, has been seldom addressed. This paper, which is based on the detailed spatio-temporal dispersion data after a heavy-duty truck calculated by large-eddy simulation (LES), examines how s ling duration affects the uncertainty of the measured concentrations in plume chasing. The tailpipe dispersion is largely driven by the jet-like flows through the vehicle underbody with approximate Gaussian concentration distribution for x ≤ 0.6h, where x is the distance after the vehicle and h the characteristic vehicle size. Thereafter for x ≥ 0.6h, the major recirculation plays an important role in near-wake pollutant transport whose concentrations are highly fluctuating and positively shewed. Plume chasing for a longer s ling duration is more favourable but is logistically impractical in busy traffic. S ling duration, also known as averaging time in the statistical analysis, thus has a crucial role in s ling accuracy. With a longer s ling (averaging) duration, the s le mean concentration converges to the population mean, improving the s le reliability. However, this effect is less pronounced in long s ling duration. The s ling accuracy is also influenced by the locations of s ling points. For the region x > 0.6h, the s ling accuracy is degraded to a large extent. As a result, acceptable s le mean is hardly achievable. Finally, frequency analysis unveils the mechanism leading to the variance in concentration measurements which is attributed to s ling duration. Those data with frequency higher than the s ling frequency are filtered out by moving average in the statistical analyses.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-09-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-05-2020
DOI: 10.3390/EN13092292
Abstract: The performance of a wind turbine is affected by wind conditions and blade shape. This study aimed to optimize the performance of a 20 kW horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) under local wind conditions at Deniliquin, New South Wales, Australia. Ansys Fluent (version 18.2, Canonsburg, PA, USA) was used to investigate the aerodynamic performance of the HAWT. The effects of four Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence models on predicting the flows under separation condition were examined. The transition SST model had the best agreement with the NREL CER data. Then, the aerodynamic shape of the rotor was optimized to maximize the annual energy production (AEP) in the Deniliquin region. Statistical wind analysis was applied to define the Weibull function and scale parameters which were 2.096 and 5.042 m/s, respectively. The HARP_Opt (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA) was enhanced with design variables concerning the shape of the blade, rated rotational speed, and pitch angle. The pitch angle remained at 0° while the rising wind speed improved rotor speed to 148.4482 rpm at rated speed. This optimization improved the AEP rate by 9.068% when compared to the original NREL design.
Publisher: SAE International
Date: 14-10-2013
DOI: 10.4271/2013-01-2610
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-08-2020
Abstract: Strict social distancing rules are being implemented to stop the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in many cities globally, causing a sudden and extreme change in the transport activities. This offers a unique opportunity to assess the effect of anthropogenic activities on air quality and provides a valuable reference to the policymakers in developing air quality control measures and projecting their effectiveness. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on the roadside and ambient air quality in Hong Kong, China, by comparing the air quality monitoring data collected in January–April 2020 with those in 2017–2019. The results showed that the roadside and ambient NO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO and SO2 were generally reduced in 2020 when comparing with the historical data in 2017–2019, while O3 was increased. However, the reductions during COVID-19 period (i.e., February–April) were not always higher than that during pre-COVID-19 period (i.e., January). In addition, there were large seasonal variations in the monthly mean pollutant concentrations in every year. This study implies that one air pollution control measure may not generate obvious immediate improvements in the air quality monitoring data and its effectiveness should be evaluated carefully to eliminate the effect of seasonal variations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Location: China
Start Date: 10-2022
End Date: 09-2025
Amount: $428,025.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
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