ORCID Profile
0000-0002-2101-6525
Current Organisations
Curtin University
,
Western Sydney University
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Engineering Systems Design | Civil Engineering | Geospatial Information Systems | Urban and Regional Planning | Urban Analysis and Development | Structural Engineering | Urban Design | Construction Materials |
Residential Construction Design | Urban Planning | Regional Planning | Construction Materials Performance and Processes not elsewhere classified
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 08-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1989
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2005
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 06-07-2000
DOI: 10.1021/ES000001R
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1987
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1987
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1987
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-12-2021
DOI: 10.3390/SU132413780
Abstract: The increasingly entrepreneurial intent of universities implies the commercialization of knowledge and innovation through the triple helix of interactions between universities, industry and government. However, there remains a lack of clarity concerning best practice partnerships for innovation. This systematic literature review (SLR) provides insights onto the development of partnerships at the university–industry–government nexus and builds on the existing top-down/bottom-up approach for the creation of intermediaries of innovation. The SLR describes the evolution of these intermediaries, which is driven both by criteria set by partners and the globalization of the knowledge economy. This SLR reveals that the partnership structure most likely to further economic and broader societal goals is the living lab with the inherent focus on open innovation and co-creation. This SLR reveals that the living lab structure (and including sustainability labs and urban living labs) is the partnership structure utilized for innovation that addresses economic, social and environmental goals. Two areas are recommended for further research. One concerns the development of a deeper understanding of the relationship between the evolution in the structures of partnerships for innovation and how it is influenced by the globalization of the economy, society and environment, and changing modes of knowledge production. The other is to better understand why the living lab approach to partnership creation is best suited to the delivery of sustainable development objectives and how this learning can be applied to other models of partnership development at the university–industry–government nexus.
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 1999
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(92)90377-5
Abstract: Knowledge of trace element speciation in waters is essential to an understanding of aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation, as well as to the partitioning of elements between water and colloidal and particulate phases. In natural waters, only very small percentages of the dissolved heavy metals, such as copper, lead cadmium or zinc, are present as free (aquo) metal ion most of the metal is adsorbed to colloidal particles or combined in complexes. For aquatic toxicity studies, the aim of the speciation measurement is to determine the fraction of total dissolved metal (the 'toxic fraction') that will react with, and be transported across, a biological membrane such as a fish gill. In this review, a range of trace element speciation techniques is discussed and compared. A simple anodic stripping voltammetric method is recommended for the measurement of the fraction of electroactive metal in a s le, i.e. the fraction of total dissolved metal that can be deposited into a mercury electrode at the natural pH of the s le. The electroactive fraction is believed to approximate the toxic fraction. A rapid ion exchange method, suitable for field use, is proposed for the determination of the toxic fraction of copper in waters.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-04-2005
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2007
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-10-2020
DOI: 10.3390/SU12218988
Abstract: This research explores how tourist site management and human attitudes and behaviours can help decrease the pressure of tourism on the environment. Estimates show that, together with ancillary sectors, the tourism industry is expected to contribute approximately 6.5 gigatons of greenhouse gases by 2025. These emissions are primarily a result of tourists favouring air travel and luxury experiences that require more energy outputs. Additionally, tourism continues to grow and has become a routine activity for the middle class who travel more regularly on an annual basis. With growing middle classes in many developing countries, the number of tourists who will be able to afford recreational travel is estimated to increase exponentially. The pressures and demands of increasing tourist numbers can strain vulnerable natural sites. These predictions show that changes within the tourism industry fabric are necessary. Against this backdrop, this research employs a combined methodology. A survey methodology was employed to explore tourist attitudes towards tourism sites and their behaviours and decision making with a top-down and bottom-up approach. Additionally, an interview methodology of tourism field experts was employed to investigate the attitudes of the industry and how consumer behaviours may be influenced. Findings from the survey and interview discussions were employed to inform four managerial aspects. First, the ticket price of the tourist experience should be proportional to the value proposition of the experience. Second, a government-led framework could guide businesses towards sustainable management and educate their tourists on greener practices. Third, businesses could integrate sustainability issues into their marketing and advertising to create awareness and ensure the longevity of the site. Lastly, tourism bodies and businesses could increase their partnerships with local custodians to add cultural value and understand the visitor experience.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 1995
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-03-2003
DOI: 10.1002/SIA.1541
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 07-08-2020
DOI: 10.3390/SU12166372
Abstract: Energy efficient buildings are viewed as one of the solutions to reduce carbon emissions from the built environment. However, studies worldwide indicate that there is a significant gap between building energy targets (as-designed) and the actual measured building energy consumption (as-built). Several underlying causes for the energy performance gap have been identified at all stages of the building life cycle. Focus is generally on the post-occupancy stage of the building life cycle. However, issues relating to the construction and commissioning stages of the building are a major concern, though not usually researched. There is uncertainty on how to address the as-designed versus as-built gap. The objective of this review article is to identify causes for the energy performance gap in buildings in relation to the post-design and pre-occupancy stages and review proposed solutions. The methodology applied in this research is the rapid review, which is a variant of the systematic literature review method. Findings suggest that causes for discrepancies between as-designed and as-built energy performance during the construction and commissioning stages relate to a lack of knowledge and skills, lack of communication between stakeholders and a lack of accountability for building performance post-occupancy. Recommendations to close this gap during this period include better training, improved communication standards, collaboration, energy evaluations based on post-occupancy performance, transparency of building performance, improved testing and verification and reviewed building standards.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 1991
DOI: 10.1039/AP9912800058
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-09-2019
DOI: 10.3390/SU11195280
Abstract: In the context of the Urban Heat Island effect, landscape professionals need practical guidance to design for managing surface urban heat. The apparent surface temperatures of s les of 19 hard and soft landscape elements (LEs) found in Perth (Australia) were measured. Thermal images of LE s les on an oval were taken at a 1 m height. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 LE surface temperatures relative to ambient (ΔT) were measured over one day in all four seasons. LEs were ranked by average ΔT, and maintained a similar order across seasons, with summer LEs the hottest. Some LEs were 30–44 °C above ambient in spring and autumn, so these seasons are also significant. Phase 2 repeated the summer test, but used only 14 larger LEs, which were well-coupled to the ground, i.e. more representative of in situ LEs. ΔT values were averaged over daytime and evening periods. Larger LEs were generally hotter than corresponding smaller LEs, with the effect more evident for heavier, denser LEs in the evenings. Future tests should be performed as per phase 2. Averaged measured values of grey pavers were the hottest, whilst ground-cover plants were the coolest. In the evening, grey pavers were also the hottest, whilst decking, soil and turf grass were the coolest. This data will help landscape professionals to assess and compare the thermal performance of different landscape designs, particularly when considering the time of use.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 29-09-2016
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-07-2019
DOI: 10.3390/SU11143970
Abstract: There is some understanding of how an in idual’s daily practices consume resources in the home, but the home as a space itself and peoples’ relationships to it remain an interesting research area. In this paper, residents of an Australian low-carbon development (LCD) are studied in order to discover the expectations and motivations driving them to move to their new home, the emotional landscape of the home, and their subsequent experiences living in an LCD. This exploration through mixed methods and a post-occupancy evaluation enables a longitudinal empirical study of the motivations, perceptions, expectations and experiences of an LCD residence. This study aims to further conceptualize the social understanding of a home and what people consider when moving into an LCD, along with the post-occupancy experiences that are important for establishing LCDs in the future. The results show that a home is associated with being a place of community, sustainability, safety and comfort, as well as a place that incorporates aesthetically pleasing features. The motivation for residents moving into an LCD is to have housing stability, live the life they want (including performing sustainable practices) and enjoy the attractive design of the LCD. The user experiences of living in an LCD include unexpected design influences on daily practices and an appreciation of the community atmosphere created. The strong sense of community and the self-reported thermally comfortable homes met residents’ expectations post-occupancy. This research is of interest to academics in the low-carbon and social science sectors, real-estate agents and property developers, as it provides insight into motivations and expectations of low-carbon dwelling residents.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2004.04.067
Abstract: The increased use of platinum group elements (PGEs) in automobile catalysts and their emission into the environment has led to a concern over environmental and particularly biological accumulation. Specimens of s les from raptors are useful for the investigation of the impact of PGEs because these birds are found in both urban and rural environments and are invariably at the top of the food chain. Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) concentrations were determined by quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in eggs of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) and the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), and in blood, liver and kidney of the peregrine falcon, while only Pt was determined in faeces of the peregrine falcon and the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). PGE concentrations were higher in blood compared to both faeces and eggs, while liver and kidney concentrations were not elevated indicating no bioaccumulation through metallothionein pathways. A significant spatial trend could only be established for Pt in faeces. The general lack of a spatial trend is probably due to the widespread distribution of automobiles and the long-range transport of nanoparticles containing PGEs, and because birds migrate and forage over large areas. No significant temporal trend could be established. Higher relative concentrations of Pd, followed by Rh and Pt, indicate a mobility gradient of Pd>>Rh>Pt.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 29-09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00464-2
Abstract: Automotive catalytic converters, in which Pt, Pd and Rh (platinum-group elements PGEs) are the active components for eliminating several noxious components from exhaust fumes, have become the main source of environmental urban pollution by PGEs. This work reports on the catalyst morphology through changes in catalyst surface by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) from fresh to aged catalytic converters. The distribution of these elements in the fresh catalysts analysed (Pt-Pd-Rh gasoline catalyst) is not uniform and occurs mainly in a longitudinal direction. This heterogeneity seems to be greater for Pt and Pd. PGEs released by the catalysts, fresh and aged 30,000 km, were studied in parallel. Whole raw exhaust fumes from four catalysts of three different types were also examined. Two of these were gasoline catalysts (Pt-Pd Rh and Pd-Rh) and the other two were diesel catalysts (Pt). S les were collected following the 91,441 EUDC driving cycle for light-duty vehicle testing. The results show that at 0 km the s les collected first have the highest content of particulate PGEs and although the general tendency is for the release to decrease with increasing number of s les taken, exceptions are frequent. At 30,000 km the released PGEs in gasoline and diesel catalysts decreased significantly. For fresh gasoline catalysts the mean of the total amount released was approximately 100, 250 and 50 ng km(-1) for Pt, Pd and Rh, respectively. In diesel catalysts the Pt release varied in the range 400-800 ng km-1. After ageing the catalysts up to 30,000 km, the gasoline catalysts released amounts of Pt between 6 and 8 ng km(-1), Pd between 12 and 16 ng km(-1) and Rh between 3 and 12 ng km(-1). In diesel catalysts the Pt release varied in the range 108-150 ng km(-1). The soluble portion of PGEs in the HNO3 collector solution represented less than 5% of the total amount for fresh catalysts. For 30,000 km the total amount of soluble PGEs released was similar or slightly higher than for 0 km.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1995
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-08-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JASP.12113
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 09-01-2003
DOI: 10.1039/B211736C
Abstract: Examination of car fleet records in Accra demonstrates an increasing proportion of catalytic converter-equipped cars in the relatively old car fleet (average age 13 years) due to their import from developed countries. However, only leaded petrol is sold in Ghana. Lead anti-knocking additives, which are known to affect catalyst activity and promote thermal sintering and mechanical abrasion, may increase Pt emissions. This possible synergism prompted the concomitant determination of Pb and Pt levels in road dust and roadside soils in Ghana. Both metals followed traffic density with higher concentrations in urban areas compared to remote sites. In urban areas, the range for Pb (365 +/- 93 microg g(-1) for dust and 291 +/- 76 microg g(-1) for soil) reflects precatalyst levels in Europe and the US, while the range for Pt (39 +/- 24 ng g(-1) for dust and 15 +/- 5.3 ng g(-1) for soil) is typical for the same countries. The elevated Pt concentrations were unexpected due to recent introduction of catalysts to Ghana compared to the prolonged use of catalysts in Europe and the US.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2006.10.080
Abstract: The development of efficient and economic new adsorbent materials for the removal of arsenic from groundwater is a priority in regions where human health is directly affected by elevated arsenic concentrations. Adsorption of arsenic on sorghum biomass (SB) was investigated for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions. Potentiometric titrations and FTIR analysis evidenced two potential binding sites associated with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the equilibrium time for arsenic adsorption to SB. The effect of pH on arsenic adsorption to SB was investigated for a pH range of 2.0-10.0. A strong influence of pH was demonstrated with a maximum removal of arsenic at pH 5.0. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were applied to equilibrium data. The Freundlich model fitted the equilibrium data and provided evidence for site heterogeneity at the binding surface. Column experiments were performed to obtain the breakthrough curves for both non-immobilized sorghum biomass and immobilized sorghum biomass.
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 04-2008
DOI: 10.2166/WS.2008.035
Abstract: This paper reflects on two recent debates in the consumer literature on trust that have implications for consumer relations in the water industry. The first concerns an important yet seldom made distinction between trust and confidence. The second concerns when and how trust is related to acceptance of, for ex le, new tariffs or new technologies, and it challenges the conventional view that trust is usually a precursor of acceptance. New conceptual models addressing these debates are described and their implications for future water-related consumer research are discussed as are potential implications for industry relationships with consumers.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 08-04-2014
DOI: 10.2166/WP.2014.105
Abstract: Domestic water payment schemes are often a product of their time, place and what is perceived to be customary. Aspects that payment schemes can take into account include resource conservation, equity, maintainability, and profitability. In contemporary Sweden profitable environmentally sustainable solutions are promoted, such as the introduction of volumetric billing of water in rental apartments. This paper describes the detailed consequences of this change in the payment structure for domestic water in terms of reduced resource consumption, direct impact on household economies and perceptions of the system's change process. By combining high-resolution quantitative data on water usage and socio-economic household characteristics with qualitative data from semi-standardized interviews with residents, it is possible to identify the different impacts of the system's change and how the process was experienced. It was shown that while water usage decreased by 30%, 63% of the households had increased monthly costs, and unemployed residents were further disadvantaged and closer to social exclusion. Focusing on making environmental sustainability profitable, as posited in ecological modernization theory, may shadow negative impacts on social sustainability.
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.2166/WS.2013.011
Abstract: Ageing drinking water, stormwater and sewer pipe networks imply an increased degree of rehabilitation. The need for rehabilitation can be predicted using lifetime distribution functions together with current network age and material distribution. In Sweden, current age and material distribution is neither documented on a national level, nor for many water utilities on a local level. In this study, current network age and material distribution was provided through a questionnaire sent to Swedish water and wastewater utilities and the data provided were extrapolated to cover the whole of Sweden. The data were then combined with lifetime distribution functions to provide predictions. One limitation is that for newer materials the lifetime is still uncertain. Predictions were made for different scenarios to reflect local differences and the medium scenario shows that while the Swedish rehabilitation rate is stable, investments in monetary terms need to double in the next 60 years. The rehabilitation rate is also dependent on the extent to which the network is expanded. This method can be used to calculate national investment needs, and the results can also provide a basis for estimates for Swedish utilities with data scarcity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00203-X
Abstract: Platinum has been increasing in the environment as a result of emissions from catalytic converters. The platinum emitted is principally located in the vicinity of roads but might be transported to urban rivers through highway and urban run-off water. Platinum concentrations in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus were measured for two urban rivers and a stormwater detention pond. Concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 12.4 micrograms g-1 for direct analysis and from 0.16 to 4.5 micrograms g-1 after depuration. Analyses of water, pore water and sediments indicate that platinum in urban rivers is mostly found in the sediments and these provide the major contribution of platinum to Asellus aquaticus. Exposure experiments showed the importance of platinum speciation for uptake.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-1995
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00038A
Abstract: A passive s ler device for the kinetic accumulation of nitrate (NO3(-)) and phosphate (HPO4(2-)) in water was developed and calibrated. The s ler incorporates an ion-exchange disk as the receiving phase and selectively collects nitrate and phosphate at s ling rates of 197 ± 43 and 75 ± 12 mL per day, respectively. Minimum exposure times under nutrient rich and nutrient poor conditions were estimated to be 3 and 27 days respectively for phosphate and 1 and 7 days respectively for nitrate. The influence of the environmental variables pH (5-9), temperature (7-21 °C) and turbulence (50-400 rpm) on s ling rates was investigated. Temperature was found to have a significant influence on uptake rates for both anions, while pH influenced phosphate only. Water turbulence did not influence the uptake rates under the studied conditions. A series of field studies was conducted at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Results for the passive s ler were lower than concentrations obtained using conventional measurement methods, due to methodological differences, and biofouling was found to affect the results for s ling periods over 3 days. This study shows that passive s ling can be used to monitor nitrate and phosphate concentrations in aqueous media. The approach provides an interesting alternative to grab s ling as it yields time-averaged concentrations of the analytes.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 13-01-2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-09-2018
Abstract: In this paper, a circular-economy framework is applied to the prefabricated building sector to explore the environmental advantages of prefabrication in terms of reduction, reusability, adaptability, and recyclability of its components. A qualitative approach is used to revisit the design, construction, and demolition stages of prefabricated buildings in so doing, the circular-economy framework is applied to foster circular prefabricated modi operandi. Prefabrication of buildings can be ided into four entities: elements and components, panels (or non-volumetric elements), volumetric, and entire modules. Through an analysis of published research on how the circular economy can be applied to different industry sectors and production processes, seven strategies emerged, each of which revealed the potential of improving the circular economy of buildings. The first strategy is reduction of waste through a lean production chain. By reusing the waste, the second strategy investigates the use of by-products in the production of new components. The third strategy focuses on the reuse of replacement parts and components. The fourth strategy is based on design toward adaptability, respectively focusing on reusability of components and adapting components for a second use with a different purpose. Similarly, the fifth strategy considers the implications of designing for disassembly with Building Information Modeling so as to improve the end-of-life deconstruction phase. The sixth strategy focuses on design with attention to recyclability of used material. Finally, the seventh strategy considers the use of tracking technologies with embedded information on components’ geometric and mechanic characteristics as well as their location and life cycle to enable second use after deconstruction. It is demonstrated that prefabricated buildings are key to material savings, waste reduction, reuse of components, and various other forms of optimization for the construction sector. By adopting the identified strategies in prefabricated buildings, a circular economy could be implemented within the construction industry. Finally, seven guidelines were distilled from the review and linked to the identified strategies. Owing to their degree of adaptability and capacity of being disassembled, prefabricated buildings would allow waste reduction and facilitate a second life of components.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1994
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.2175/106143009X12529484815430
Abstract: The effect of colloids on metal retention in peat columns was studied, with the focus on colloids from two sources-organic matter leached from peat, and introduced organic and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) colloids. A significant fraction of metals was found to be associated with peat-produced organic colloids however the concentrations of organic colloids leached are low (trace concentrations) and temporal and have a limited effect on the efficiency of peat filters. In contrast, the presence of organic and HFO colloids in the input water causes a significant decrease in the performance of peat filters. Organic colloids were identified as the main vector of cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc, while lead is transported by both organic and HFO colloids. The colloidal distribution of metals obtained in this study has important implications for the mobility of trace metals in porous media. The occurrence of colloids in the input waters and their characteristics must be considered when designing water treatment facilities.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-1988
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1984
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1990
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(90)90138-K
Abstract: A combination of medium exchange and s le acidification techniques is used to enable the calculation of the in idual effects of complexing agents and surfactants on the deposition and stripping steps in anodic stripping voltammetry for copper, lead and cadmium in road and urban runoff. A simple acidification procedure is presented for determination of the toxic fraction.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-03-2020
Abstract: Loss of green space in our suburban environment is contributing to increased urban heat. The material properties of surface treatments or landscape elements (LEs) are a determining factor in the amount, timing, and type of radiation present in the local environment. Landscape designers can use this information to better design for urban heat management, as emitted and reflected radiation (radiosity) from LEs can affect pedestrians via heat stress and glare and affect energy usage in buildings and houses if the landscape sky view factor is low. Low-cost black painted iButton temperature sensors were successfully used as radiometers to concurrently measure the daytime radiosity from 19 LEs s les located on an oval in the warm temperate climate of Perth, (Australia). Normalisation against gloss white paint on polystyrene removed the effect of varying weather conditions. Each LE had the same normalised average radiosity (DRav) between seasons (within ±5%), meaning the relative radiosity of new LEs can be measured on any day. White and lighter coloured LEs had the highest DRav and would have the most detrimental effect on nearby objects. Plants and moist LEs had the least DRav and would be most beneficial for managing local daytime urban heat. Measuring relative radiosity with iButtons presents a new way to examine the effect of LEs on the urban environment.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1989
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(89)90081-8
Abstract: The temporal variations of metal species in the outflow from a single gullypot catchment are discussed for two storms with differing hydrological characteristics, and the major contributing sources within the system are identified from an analysis of six discrete storm events. Under low flow conditions the dissolved metals are complexed by organics present in the gullypot liquor and interstitial sediment waters, and the strongly bound fraction predominates in the gullypot outflow. As the flow increases the Chelex removable fraction becomes important due to acid washing initially of road-surface sediments and subsequently of the mobilized gullypot sediments. The particulate-associated metals exhibit distinct temporal similarities to the storm hydrograph and chemograph for suspended solids with the exchangeable fraction being dominant. Hydrodynamic sorting mechanisms on the road surface produce the earlier contributions for this fraction, with later inputs, particularly for Cd and Pb, from chemical exchange processes within overturned gullypot sediment. This basal sediment also provides important inputs of the carbonate and hydrous oxide fraction for Cu and Zn as the gullypot contents become oxygenated later in the storm. The consequences of these findings are discussed in terms of gullypot maintenance and the water quality of stormwater outfalls.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00038-4
Abstract: Traffic is the main source of platinum-group element (PGE) contamination in populated urban areas. There is increasing concern about the hazardous effects of these new pollutants for people and for other living organisms in these areas. Airborne and road dusts, as well as tree bark and grass s les were collected at locations in the European cities of Göteborg (Sweden), Madrid (Spain), Rome (Italy), Munich (Germany), Sheffield and London (UK). Today, in spite of the large number of parameters that can influence the airborne PGE content, the results obtained so far indicate significantly higher PGE levels at traffic sites compared with the rural or non-polluted zones that have been investigated (background levels). The average Pt content in airborne particles found in downtown Madrid, Göteborg and Rome is in the range 7.3-13.1 pg m(-3). The ring roads of these cities have values in the range 4.1-17.7 pg m(-3). In Munich, a lower Pt content was found in airborne particles (4.1 pg m(-3)). The same tendency has been noted for downtown Rh, with contents in the range 2.2-2.8 pg m(-3), and in the range 0.8-3.0 and 0.3 pg m(-3) for motorway margins in Munich. The combined results obtained using a wide-range airborne classifier (WRAC) collector and a PM-10 or virtual impactor show that Pt is associated with particles for a wide range of diameters. The smaller the particle size, the lower the Pt concentration. However, in particles <PM-10, some of the highest values correspond to the fraction <0.39 microm. Considering an average Pt content in all particles of approximately 15 pg m(-3), which is representative for all countries and environmental conditions, the tracheobronchial fraction represents approximately 10% and the alveolar fraction approximately 8% of the total particles suspended in air. However, from the environmental risk point of view, an exposure to PGEs in traffic-related ambient air is at least three orders of magnitude below the levels for which adverse health effects might theoretically occur (of approx. 100 ng m(-3)). Therefore, today inhalation exposure to PGEs from automotive catalysts does not seem to pose a direct health risk to the general population. Even though the data available today indicate no obvious health effects, there are still a number of aspects related to PGEs and catalysts that justify further research. First, continual monitoring of changes in PGE levels in air and road dust is warranted, to make sure that there is no dramatic increase from today's levels. Secondly, more detailed information on the chemical composition of the PGE-containing substances or complexes leaving the catalyst surface and the size distribution of the PGE-containing particles released during driving will facilitate a more in-depth human risk assessment.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1039/B210905K
Abstract: A cellulose acetate membrane, positioned in a passive s ler system, was coated with the perfluorinated polymer Nafion. Aqueous metal transport through the membrane and the Nafion film was investigated. The Nafion-coated membrane prevents the transport of metals bound to natural organic material to the receiving phase in the passive s ler, while copper associated with small synthetic ligands pass through the Nafion film. Increasing thickness of the Nafion film decreases the metal uptake rate to the receiving phase in the passive s ler and increases the response time. A decreased response time for the passive s ler would provide a better estimation of rapid changes in concentration, particularly for dynamic aquatic systems such as urban runoff. Limited biofouling protection with the Nafion coating was demonstrated by growth inhibition of natural periphyton communities on glass surfaces.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-07-2019
DOI: 10.3390/SU11133723
Abstract: Urbanization is a defining feature of the modern age, yet the current model of urban development profoundly alters the natural environment, often reducing bio ersity and ultimately threatening human wellbeing. An ecologically based urban planning and design paradigm should consider a more harmonious relationship. Through a systematic literature review of 57 papers, this research identified relevant concepts and theories that could underpin this new paradigm. It revealed a noticeable increase in academic interest in this subject since 2013 and the development of concepts and theories that reflect a more holistic socio-ecological systems approach to urban planning and design based on a transdisciplinary integration and synthesis of research. Seven main themes underpin the academic literature: ecosystem services, socio-ecological systems, resilience, bio ersity, landscape, green infrastructure, as well as integrated and holistic approaches. Six of these can be organised into either a sustainability stream or a spatial stream, representing the foundations of a potential new ecological urban planning and design paradigm that applies sustainability-related concepts in a spatial setting. The final theme, integrated and holistic, includes concepts that reflect the fundamental characteristics of this new paradigm, which can be termed ‘urban consonance’.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2008.11.062
Abstract: Peat is a candidate filter material for in situ treatment of urban runoff, contaminated groundwater and landfill leachates. Until now research has focused on peat sorption in batch experiments and there is a lack of knowledge on peat performance in filter beds. In this project column tests were carried out to evaluate the capacity of peat to remove As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in multi-metal solution under a range of environmental conditions that may be encountered in real-life applications (draining, water stagnation, freezing, change in pH and metal concentrations, input of NaCl and elevated DOC). The removal capacity was 91-98% for Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb and the efficiency was unaffected by the changes of physical factors, but temporarily inhibited for solutions containing NaCl. Leaching of DOC from peat was detected in the initial s les and temporarily decreased metal removal. The peat filters showed high removal rates for Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb under all experimental conditions and are recommended for treatment of waters containing these elements. In contrast, peat was not found to be efficient for treatment of As and Cr in the multi-metal contaminated water at the pH range (6.7-8.0) studied.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 30-09-2005
DOI: 10.1021/ES050784M
Abstract: An estimated 500 million vehicles worldwide are equipped with an exhaust catalyst that uses platinum group elements (PGE) as the main active components and thus contribute to global PGE emissions. Although PGE emitted from automobile exhaust catalysts were first believed to remain in the roadside environment, we propose here that fine PGE-containing particles in automobile exhaust have resulted in a widespread distribution of emitted PGE. Regional and long-range transport of PGE from automobile exhaust catalysts is supported by elevated PGE deposition in both a peat bog located 250 m from traffic and in central Greenland, respectively. Russian smelters were also found to contribute to PGE contamination in central Greenland. Deposition rates estimated for the roadside environment, the peat bog, and central Greenland were used to provide a first estimate of PGE deposition in the northern hemisphere. The results show that deposition of regionally or long-range transported PGE accounts for a large fraction of total PGE deposition, and PGE deposition in the roadside environment represents less than 5% of the total deposition. Transport at the regional and global scales represents an important component in the environmental cycle of emitted PGE and needs to be further studied to fully assess the environmental fate of PGE from automobile exhaust catalysts.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 08-1990
DOI: 10.1021/AC00214A020
Abstract: This work describes a sensitive method for the determination of platinum in blood, which can be used for determining the natural levels of platinum in human blood, for monitoring patients treated with platinum cytotoxic drugs, and for monitoring occupational exposure to these drugs and other platinum compounds. The method involves dry ashing of blood s les in a muffle furnace and determination of platinum by adsorptive voltammetric (AV) measurement of the catalytic reduction of protons by the platinum-formazone complex. The detection limit for a 100-microL s le of blood is 0.017 micrograms/L, with a recovery of 94% and a relative standard deviation of 7% at a platinum level of 1 microgram/L. By using this method, the natural levels of platinum in human blood were found to be in the range 0.1-2.8 micrograms/L (median = 0.6 micrograms/L). These results were verified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with blood prepared by wet ashing and using gold as an internal standard.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-08-2017
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 05-03-2002
DOI: 10.1039/B200135G
Abstract: A passive s ler has been developed and is demonstrated in situ for urban runoff. The passive s ler is compared to conventional composite (time-dependent and flow-weighted) bottle s ling during and between storm events. The s ling was carried out at established stormwater stations before and after a stormwater detention pond. In situ deployment of the passive s ler provides the metal concentrations, corresponding to the electrochemically available fraction of total metal, for time-dependent s les collected in parallel. The s ler provides improved accuracy compared to bottle s ling because contamination during s le transport and handling is minimised. Laboratory handling is reduced by direct analysis of the accumulated metals on the receiving membrane by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Passive s ling also solves the problem of metal speciation change during transport to the laboratory, which is a potential problem for bottle s les. The low cost and convenience of the passive s ler and subsequent analysis should allow significantly more extensive spatial and temporal monitoring of metals in the aquatic environment than has previously been possible.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00136-1
Abstract: The three-way catalytic converters introduced to oxidize and reduce gaseous automobile emissions represent a source of platinum group elements (PGEs), in particular platinum, palladium and rhodium, to the urban environment. Abrasion of automobile exhausts leads to an increase of the concentration of PGEs in environmental matrices such as vegetation, soil and water bodies. The bioaccumulation of Pd, Pt and Rh by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus was studied in natural ecosystems and under laboratory conditions. Owing to the low concentration level (ng g(-1)) of PGEs in the animals studied. analyses were performed with a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and hafnium, copper, yttrium, rubidium, strontium and lead were monitored for spectral interference correction. Asellus aquaticus collected in an urban river showed a content (mean +/- s) of 155.4 +/- 73.4, 38.0 +/- 34.6, and 17.9 +/- 12.2 ng g(-1) (dry weight) for Pd, Pt and Rh, respectively. The exposure of Asellus aquaticus to PGE standard solutions for a period of 24h give bioaccumulation factors of Bf: 150, 85, and 7 for Pd, Pt and Rh, respectively. Exposure of Asellus aquaticus to environmental s les for different exposure periods demonstrated that PGE bioaccumulation is time dependent. and shows a higher accumulation for the materials with a higher PGE content. While all three elements have the same uptake rate for exposure to catalyst materials, for exposure to environmental materials they havc a different uptake rate which can be attributed to transformations of the PGE species in the environment.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-11-2020
DOI: 10.3390/EN13226137
Abstract: Common property (CP) is a significant consumer of electricity in apartment buildings. Although some apartments in Australia have adopted shared microgrid configurations to offset grid consumption, the characteristics and load patterns of CP are rarely discussed due to lack of available data. As common areas normally constitute part of owner corporations, energy distribution in these premises requires attention. This paper presents empirical analysis of the CP load connected to shared solar and battery storage for three apartment complexes located in Perth Australia. Load patterns for CP over a defined dataset period were analyzed, and grid usage reduction was examined by implementing and comparing three energy allocation strategies based on surplus energy utilization. The findings indicated significant grid usage reduction for CP load in different apartments after implementation of three strategies. Instantaneous consumption decreased 72%, and surplus allocation strategy reduced 91%, while consumption-based allocation reduced 76%, of grid electricity. Moreover, consumption-based allocation offered improved cost benefits compared to the other two strategies. The results further revealed the usefulness of energy allocation and effectiveness of surplus energy utilization. Based on outcomes, the strategies provide consolidation with conventional energy trading mechanisms and broadly link to the virtual power plant concept for coordinating energy flows between multiple generators.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 29-10-1997
DOI: 10.1021/ES970359W
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2004
DOI: 10.1007/S00244-004-3197-8
Abstract: The release of platinum (Pt) from automobiles equipped with exhaust catalysts has resulted in increasing concentrations of this normally rare metal in the urban and roadside environment. Although concentrations are increasing, little is known about the environmental effects of Pt and its potential toxicity. This study was an investigation of Pt toxicity to naturally grown periphyton communities. Periphyton communities were exposed to Pt(II) and Pt(IV) in reference and stream waters. Uptake increased linearly with Pt concentration for both reference- and stream-water exposure. However, decreased photosynthetic activity was observed only for reference-water exposure. This difference was related to uptake by biotic components in reference water and binding to abiotic components in stream water.
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 03-12-2018
DOI: 10.2166/WP.2018.144
Abstract: This study aimed to explore the role of democratic decision legitimacy in the formation of consumer attitudes toward drinking water. Using consumer-level data on the decision to change the drinking water sources in two Swedish cities, three core sets of variables were constructed: (1) the overall democratic decision legitimacy, defined as the citizens' support for the decision (2) the input, throughput and output dimensions of decision legitimacy, representing the citizens' perceived opportunity to provide input, their ability to oversee, as well as their level of satisfaction with the outcome of the decision-making process and (3) consumer attitudes toward drinking water, comprising trust, risk perception and acceptance. The results of the study provide support for the proposed mechanism that consumers that perceive a decision-making process more positively also tend to support the ultimate decision more, which in turn helps to establish more positive consumer attitudes towards their drinking water. Consequently, democratic legitimacy is an important precursor for building trust. This is particularly important if a waterborne outbreak has negatively impacted consumers' trust in their water, and when political and engineering decisions must be made.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-11-2019
DOI: 10.3390/SU11226513
Abstract: The practices and behaviours of in iduals influences resource consumption at many scales and are shaped by a multitude of psychological, social, and technical factors. This conceptual paper examines the differences between socio-psychological and social practice theories, building on the Chalk and Cheese debate in the literature. Insight is provided into their potential value in understanding resource consumption studies at different scales: the in idual, the home, community, and societal. Each theory has its own qualitative and quantitative methods which allude to different conclusions and recommendations for resource consumption initiatives. We review the debate surrounding the application of both theories, adding our voice to the potential for both theories to be used at different scales and for different time periods, along with comments on the interlocking nature of practices. Design and technology changes can lead to quicker changes in behaviour and practices, whereby socio-psychological theories offer insights into changes in mind frame, values, and social norms.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2002
DOI: 10.1007/S00244-001-0024-3
Abstract: Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) concentrations were determined in the feathers of three raptor species in Sweden, the sparrowhawk ( Accipiter nisus), the peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus), and the gyrfalcon ( Falco rusticolus), as well as the main prey of the sparrowhawk (the house sparrow, Passer domesticus) and the gyrfalcon (the willow grouse, Lagopus lagopus). The analysis of feathers from 1917-1999 revealed a clear temporal trend, with significantly higher Rh concentrations in sparrowhawk and peregrine falcon after 1986. There is evidence for increasing platinum group element (PGE) concentrations from 1917 to 1999 in peregrine falcon and sparrowhawk. This suggests that feathers reflect increased PGE concentrations in the environment over this time period. Mean concentrations of PGE in feathers of raptors after 1986 ranged from 0.3 to 1.8 ng x g(-1) for Pt, 0.6 to 2.1 ng x g(-1) for Pd (indicative values), and 0.1 to 0.6 ng x g(-1) for Rh. House sparrows in urban areas had significantly higher Pt and Pd concentrations than urban sparrowhawks. The higher Pd concentrations in relation to Pt and Rh may indicate the greater mobility of Pd in the environment. Although PGE concentrations are generally higher in birds living in urban areas, no significant spatial trend could be established. This is partly due to the widespread distribution of automobiles and partly because birds forage and integrate PGE exposure over large areas. Laser ablation analysis demonstrates that PGE contamination of feathers is predominantly external, consisting of small particles in the nanometer size range. Other indications of external contamination are that Pt and Pd levels are significantly higher in the vane than in the shaft and that PGE relative ratios (except Pd) reflect urban particles.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00988-3
Abstract: While it has now been demonstrated that platinum group elements (PGE) are released from automobile catalysts into the environment, less is known about the form in which they are emitted and transported. Here we show that scanning laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (scanning laser ablation-ICP-MS) can identify and track in idual particles released from automobile catalysts present in environmental particulates and sediments. Particles with high PGE concentrations were found in the exhaust of gasoline and diesel vehicles equipped with catalytic converters. The PGE-Ce association in in idual particles provides a definitive fingerprinting for tracking catalyst particles in environmental compartments, while relative PGE signal intensity is an indication of the catalyst type. Scanning laser ablation-ICP-MS of road and aquatic sediments revealed a few PGE containing catalyst particles and it was possible to identify catalyst types for the origin of these particles.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1984
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1155/2014/389125
Abstract: Diffusion-based passive s lers are increasingly used for water quality monitoring. While the overall method robustness and reproducibility for passive s lers in water are widely reported, there has been a lack of a detailed description of uncertainty sources. In this paper an uncertainty budget for the determination of fully labile Cu in water using a DGT passive s ler is presented. Uncertainty from the estimation of effective cross-sectional diffusion area and the instrumental determination of accumulated mass of analyte are the most significant sources of uncertainty, while uncertainties from contamination and the estimation of diffusion coefficient are negligible. The results presented highlight issues with passive s lers which are important to address if overall method uncertainty is to be reduced and effective strategies to reduce overall method uncertainty are presented.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00087-6
Abstract: A comparison of platinum-group element (PGE) emission between gasoline and diesel engine catalytic converters is reported within this work. Whole raw exhaust fumes from four catalysts of three different types were examined during their useful lifetime, from fresh to 80,000 km. Two were gasoline engine catalysts (Pt-Pd-Rh and Pd-Rh), while the other two were diesel engine catalysts (Pt). S les were collected following the 91441 EUDC driving cycle for light-duty vehicle testing, and the s le collection device used allowed differentiation between the particulate and soluble fractions, the latter being the most relevant from an environmental point of view. Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (quadrupole and high resolution), and special attention was paid to the control of spectral interference, especially in the case of Pd and Rh. The results obtained show that, for fresh catalysts, the release of particulate PGE through car exhaust fumes does not follow any particular trend, with a wide range (one-two orders of magnitude) for the content of noble metals emitted. The s les collected from 30,000-80,000 km present a more homogeneous PGE release for all catalysts studied. A decrease of approximately one order of magnitude is observed with respect to the release from fresh catalysts, except in the case of the diesel engine catalyst, for which PGE emission continued to be higher than in the case of gasoline engines. The fraction of soluble PGE was found to represent less than 10% of the total amount released from fresh catalysts. For aged catalysts, the figures are significantly higher, especially for Pd and Rh. Particulate PGE can be considered as virtually biologically inert, while soluble PGE forms can represent an environmental risk due to their bioavailability, which leads them to accumulate in the environment.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2020
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-1993
DOI: 10.1080/09593339309385382
Abstract: Metals were analysed in the interstitial waters and sediments of an urban river, receiving stormwater and combined sewer overflow, over a two month period and interpreted in terms of rain events. Depth profiles for metal concentrations showed the highest interstitial water concentrations in s les with low sedimentary organic material. Storm events can both resuspend sediments and associated metal-rich interstitial waters and alter the metal distribution between interstitial water and sediment. Metal profiles downstream of a combined sewer overflow showed elevated interstitial water concentrations compared to an upstream site. Downstream sites also reveal evidence of metal burial and resuspension processes during and between wet periods.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-11-2021
DOI: 10.3390/BUILDINGS11110535
Abstract: This study investigates the interconnection methods used to create a circular economy building featuring modularity and designed for disassembly and relocation. Designing modular buildings for disassembly and reuse can decrease waste production and material depletion, in line with the circular economy framework. Disassemblable buildings require connections to be easily accessible. Visible connections may be unpopular features however, concealing these, yet leaving these accessible, presents a substantial design challenge. This study demonstrates solutions to this challenge by analyzing a purposely designed case study: the Legacy Living Lab. The challenges of disguising and sealing, such as by waterproofing, two types of connections are analysed: structural and non-structural. This study details the materials and connections used across the two analyzed connection types and compares the weights and reusability of components. Thus, a necessary case study is provided for practitioners to advance circular economy theory in the building industry. Notably, all connections in the Legacy Living Lab can be easily accessed with standard building tools, facilitating its disassembly and fostering component reusability.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1988
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1997
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-1989
DOI: 10.1007/BF00026584
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1990
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-1995
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-10-2019
Abstract: Reducing carbon emissions from the building sector is an international policy priority, as a consequence of the Paris Climate Accord obligations. The challenge for policy makers is to identify and deploy effective policy instruments targeting this sector. Examining the mechanics of policy operation in the residential sector is particularly instructive, because of the high level of building activity, erse stakeholders, and complex policy considerations—involving both consumers and industry stakeholders. Energy policy initiatives undertaken by the European Union provide pertinent case studies as does the operation of Australia’s national building code. The paper builds upon earlier research examining the application of socio-economic transition theory to the regulation of the building sector. Here, building policy options are examined from a behavioral economics perspective, where stakeholder actions in response to strategic initiatives are considered in socio-psychological terms. The application of behavioral economics principles to building policy has the potential to impact all of the stages of the building lifecycle, from design through construction to operation. The analysis reveals how decision-making by building industry stakeholders erges substantially from the assumptions of conventional economics. Significant implications then arise for the framing of building sector climate and energy policies, because behavioral economics has the potential to both contribute to the critical re-appraisal of current policies, and also to provide innovative options for refining interventions at key stages in the building lifecycle.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2004
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Date: 2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2004.04.027
Abstract: The increased use of platinum group elements (PGE) in automobile catalysts has led to concern over potential environmental and biological accumulation. Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) concentrations have increased in the environment since the introduction of automobile catalysts. This review summarises current knowledge concerning the environmental mobility, speciation and bioavailability of Pt, Pd and Rh. The greater proportion of PGE emissions is from automobile catalysts, in the form of nanometer-sized catalyst particles, which deposit on roadside surfaces, as evidenced in s les of road dust, grass and soil. In soil, PGE can be transformed into more mobile species through complexation with organic matter and can be solubilised in low pH rainwater. There are indications that environmentally formed Pd species are more soluble and hence more mobile in the environment than Rh and Pt. PGE can reach waterbodies through stormwater transport and deposition in sediments. Besides external contamination of grass close to roads, internal PGE uptake has been observed for plants growing on soil contaminated with automobile catalyst PGE. Fine particles of PGE were also detected on the surface of feathers s led from passerines and raptors in their natural habitat, and internal organs of these birds also contained PGE. Uptake has been observed in sediment-dwelling invertebrates, and laboratory studies have shown an uptake of PGE in eel and fish exposed to water containing road dust. The available evidence indicates that the PGE, especially Pd, are transported to biological materials through deposition in roots by binding to sulphur-rich low molecular weight species in plants. PGE uptake to exposed animals have uptake rates in the following order: Pd>Pt>Rh. The liver and kidney accumulate the highest levels of PGE, especially Pd. Urinary Pd and Rh, but not Pt, levels are correlated with traffic intensity. Dental alloys may lead to elevated urinary Pt levels. Platinum is a well-known allergen and Pd also shows a strong sensitisation potential.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-12-2019
DOI: 10.3390/SU11246896
Abstract: Urban infill can lead to increased urban air and surface temperatures. Landscape elements (LEs) which can maintain cooler surface temperatures also reduce night-time re-emission of heat however, reflected solar radiation (albedo) from these LEs during the day potentially increases heat loads on nearby objects, pedestrians or buildings. Albedo is traditionally measured using two pyranometers, however their expense can be prohibitive for researchers and landscape professionals. A low cost albedometer was developed consisting of a pair of black- and white-painted temperature sensors (Thermochron® iButtons). The albedos of 14 LEs typically found in suburban landscapes in Perth, Western Australia, were measured. Three approaches were tested: The first two used white-painted polystyrene (WPP) as a reference (one taking view factors into account, and one ignoring the albedo of the background material), whilst the third approach used upwards-facing iButtons as a reference, similar to conventional pyranometer methods. The WPP approaches controlled for weather effects, providing a consistent albedo over a longer daytime period than recommended by the standard ASTM-E1918-16. Measured albedos were similar to literature values. This instrument could be used as an alternative to more expensive pyranometers and could assist landscape professionals to design for, and manage, urban heat.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2001
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-09-2020
DOI: 10.3390/EN13184820
Abstract: More than 2 million houses in Australia have installed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems however, apartment buildings have adopted a low percentage of solar PV and battery storage installations. Given that grid usage reduction through PV and battery storage is a primary objective in most residential buildings, apartments have not yet fully benefited from installations of such systems. This research presents shared microgrid configurations for three apartment buildings with PV and battery storage and evaluates the reduction in grid electricity usage by analyzing self-sufficiency. The results reveal that the three studied sites at White Gum Valley achieved an overall self-sufficiency of more than 60%. Owing to the infancy of the shared solar and battery storage market for apartment complexes and lack of available data, this study fills the research gap by presenting preliminary quantitative findings from implementation in apartment buildings.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 15-11-2005
DOI: 10.1021/ES051310Q
Abstract: Platinum, Pd, Rh, and Os were found to occur at elevated concentrations in airborne particles (PM10) collected at urban sites in Boston, MA. Average Pt, Pd, Rh, and Os concentrations were 6.9 +/- 1.9, 8.1 +/- 1.8, 1.50 +/- 0.50, and 0.068 (-0.068 + 0.070) pg m(-3), respectively. Elevated Pt, Pd, and Rh concentrations are attributed to automobile catalysts, which use Pt, Pd, and Rh for the removal of pollutants from engine exhaust gas. An automobile catalyst source is supported by significant correlations between these elements and by a Pt/Rh similar to that in catalysts. Elevated Os concentrations are also believed to be the result of emission from automobile catalysts in which Os occurs as an impurity. The isotopic composition of Os (187Os/ 188Os) ranged from 0.30 to 2.90, indicating large variations in Os sources. Osmium has a predominantly anthropogenic origin at concentrations > 0.1 pg m(-3), whereas natural sources are more important at lower Os concentrations. Osmium isotopic composition also indicates that Pt, Pd, and Rh in Boston air are of almost exclusive anthropogenic origin, with a relatively small natural contribution. Our results indicate that scavenging by rain plays a major role in the atmospheric residence time and environmental fate of PGE.
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Date: 2006
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 23-12-2000
DOI: 10.1021/ES000048C
Abstract: The emission of three of the platinum group metals (PGMs), Pd, Pt, and Rh, from automobile catalysts and into the urban environment is a potential concern for human health. The analysis of low concentrations of PGMs in air particles is an analytical challenge, and it is demonstrated that interferences in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can be corrected mathematically for Pt and Rh and, at higher concentrations, for Pd. The PM10 concentrations of PGMs in urban air collected in Göteborg are 0.1-10 pg m-3 (Pd), 0.9-19 pg m-3 (Pt), and 0.3-4 pg m-3 (Rh), with higher values for greater traffic intensity. These concentrations provide a general background for the urban atmospheric environment, and the Pt:Rh ratio (4.2:1) agrees with known automobile catalyst composition. The analysis of filters from 10 parallel s lers indicated the significant heterogeneity of PGMs in s les of urban air particles. Scanning laser ablation ICP-MS provided the micron spatial resolution required to identify in idual particles. Ablation across the filter surface demonstrated the presence of relatively few particles with a high concentration of PGMs. These occasional high concentration particles, which might be overlooked in conventional air s ling with total analysis, have a high Pt:Rh ratio (12.3:1), which can be attributed to catalyst aging during vehicle operation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2012.01.036
Abstract: Lifetime distribution functions and current network age data can be combined to provide an assessment of the future replacement needs for drinking water distribution networks. Reliable lifetime predictions are limited by a lack of understanding of deterioration processes for different pipe materials under varied conditions. An alternative approach is the use of real historical data for replacement over an extended time series. In this paper, future replacement needs are predicted through historical data representing more than one hundred years of drinking water pipe replacement in Gothenburg, Sweden. The verified data fits well with commonly used lifetime distribution curves. Predictions for the future are discussed in the context of path dependence theory.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1039/A909100I
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 13-11-2001
DOI: 10.1039/B107959J
Abstract: Passive s ling systems are an emerging technology for detecting pollutants in the aquatic environment. A passive s ling system has been developed based on diffusion through a porous surface to a receiving phase, where the analyte is removed by chelation at a solid phase. The diffusion process can be described by Fickian diffusion through the s ler. The s ler has a well-defined surface area, which permits calibration in terms of concentration. Passive s ling systems can be used to determine pollutant concentrations if the diffusion process can be described and understood within environmental limits. In natural water systems, diffusion coefficients for metal transport across the porous membrane will be affected by external conditions, including biofouling and variation in turbulence and temperature. Uptake rates for the analytes Cu, Cd and Pb have been determined for the complete passive s ling system. Two different cases have been investigated, a batch case, where the bulk concentration decreases with time, and a flow-through case, where the bulk concentration remains constant. Diffusion coefficients were determined for the two conditions and compared with the calculated value obtained for the Stokes-Einstein equation in pure water. Diffusion coefficients for metals were found to be lower than for diffusion in pure water, a difference attributed to the effect of the porous membrane. The effect of the hydraulic conditions on the metal diffusion was studied for both a conventional magnetic stirrer creating turbulence in the system and for a rotated s ler, the latter providing a well-defined boundary layer system. The boundary layer was found to be negligible compared with the diffusion limiting membrane in the presence of sufficient turbulence or if the rotation of the s ler was high.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00247K
Abstract: Metals in urban runoff water need to be monitored in order to estimate fluxes and assess their impact on the aquatic environment. Passive s ling is a useful and reliable emerging tool for measuring time averaged concentrations of metals in water bodies. This paper describes the deployment of a passive s ler to measure Cu, Ni and Zn in an urban runoff water treatment facility. The concentrations derived from the passive s lers are compared to concentrations obtained from an automated water s ler which provides pooled spot water s les and to model predictions from the visualMINTEQ computer speciation code. Results show that visualMINTEQ predictions partly describe the metal speciation in non-equilibrium systems. In addition we conclude that passive s lers are useful for monitoring and characterization of metal speciation under chemodynamic conditions.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1039/B003532G
Abstract: A new s ling system has been developed for the measurement of time-averaged concentrations of organic micropollutants in aquatic environments. The system is based on the diffusion of targeted organic compounds through a rate-limiting membrane and the subsequent accumulation of these species in a bound, hydrophobic, solid-phase material. It provides a novel and robust solution to the problem of monitoring in situations where large temporal fluctuations in pollutant levels may occur. Accumulation rates are regulated by choice of diffusion-limiting membrane and bound solid-phase material and have been found to be dependent on the physico-chemical properties of in idual target analytes. Two separate prototype systems are described: one suitable for the s ling of non-polar organic species with log octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) values greater than 4, the other for more polar species with log P values between 2 and 4. Both systems use the same solid-phase material (47 mm C18 Empore disk) as a receiving phase but are fitted with different rate-limiting membrane materials (polysulfone for the polar and polyethylene for the non-polar analytes). The two systems complement each other and together can be used for s ling a wider range of organic analytes than generally possible using current passive s ling techniques. Calibration data are presented for both devices. In each case, linear uptake kinetics were sustained, under constant conditions, for deployment periods of between 1 and 9 days. The effects of water temperature and turbulence on s ling rates have been quantitatively assessed. The performance of the system was further investigated by means of field exposures for one and two weeks in marine environments where calibrated s lers were used to determine the time-averaged concentrations of the polar biocides diuron and irgarol 1051. The quantitative results obtained using the passive s ler were compared with those obtained using spot s ling.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-10-2019
DOI: 10.3390/SU11205559
Abstract: This research comprises a longitudinal study of a cohort of residents moving into a low-carbon development and their pre- and post-occupancy household practices that consume energy and water. They are the early adopters of living in low-carbon households and provide valuable insight into the influence of design and technology on household practices. Household energy and water consumption levels are measured and normalised to the metropolitan average to discuss the influence of design and technology on use. Heating, cooling and showering practices consume the largest proportion of household energy and water use and so the changes to thermal comfort and personal hygiene practices are examined along with a consideration of the influence of lifestyle and family composition on cooling practices. Household water and energy use decreases due to technology and design influences post-occupancy. However, the personal practice history of residents influences water and energy consumption. Changes to the meaning element of personal hygiene practices show how these are interlocked and unlikely to change in their duration when there are other demanding practices to be undertaken.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-07-2021
DOI: 10.3390/EN14134065
Abstract: This paper presents a new virtual reality (VR)-based approach to advanced learnings and experiences of the circular economy (CE) in the construction industry. The approach involves incorporating game design and a building information modelling (BIM) digital twin of a purposed CE prototype building. Our novel approach introduces VR environments designed to provide a visual representation of materials and components that can be reintroduced into the supply chain at the end of life and their removal procedures and material provenance. A case study methodology was applied to a purposely designed CE building, namely the Legacy Living Lab (L3). To reflect the real-life building, L3’s BIM model was combined with Unify game software to advance the literature in three key areas. First, the research investigates VR tools that will allow building designers to view and implement their strategies to advance CE design. Second, this research proposes an advanced VR tool to visualise the bill of quantities (BoQ) and material stock embedded in the studied building, further understanding concepts such as buildings as material banks. Finally, the proposed VR environment defines CE techniques implemented within the case study to be disseminated across the vast construction industry. This VR research identifies three key pillars in reducing the waste generated by the construction industry: education, documentation and visualisation. Furthermore, this paper provides a visual link between the BIM, BoQ and resiliency of the selected materials.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1071/CH04066
Abstract: Recent developments in laser microprobes and the coupling of laser ablation (LA) to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has opened up the possibility for detailed analysis of in idual sediment grains and the elucidation of metal association with bulk elements and phases. Here, LA–ICP-MS is used for the micrometer-resolved, multi-element analysis of Pb and bulk elements such as Fe, Mg, Al, and Si. Normalized Pb signals show a clear association to Fe coatings at the surface of the particles.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1039/B419070J
Abstract: The performance of an integrative passive s ler that consists of a C18 Empore disk sorbent receiving phase fitted with low density polyethylene membrane was optimised for the measurement of time-weighted average concentrations of hydrophobic micropollutants in water. A substantial improvement of s ling characteristics including the rate of s ling and the s ling precision was achieved by decreasing the internal s ler resistance to mass transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals. This was achieved by adding a small volume of n-octanol, a solvent with high permeability (solubility [times] diffusivity) for target analytes, to the interstial space between the receiving sorbent phase and the polyethylene diffusion-limiting membrane.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-05-2021
DOI: 10.3390/SU13105613
Abstract: Rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) are accelerating the transition towards low carbon electricity systems in many countries, particularly in Australia. This review paper provides an overview of the (1) technical, (2) economic, (3) socio-political, and (4) regulatory and institutional aspects that should be considered concurrently when navigating the transition towards a rooftop PV-dominated electricity system. We consider the suitability of two prominent long-range transitions theories for understanding the importance and interaction of elements within these four aspects during the transition. The multi-level perspective (MLP) of transitions theory is considered best suited for this task as it addresses fundamental shifts in the socio-technical systems, rather than being weighted towards technological and/or economic solutions. We find that relatively little research has been undertaken where the renewable energy transition is being driven by the uptake of rooftop PV within the distribution network of established islanded electricity systems. These islanded electricity systems will be the first to experience system impacts from high levels of rooftop PV. This review provides further analysis of important gaps in understanding the rooftop-PV-led energy transition and the implications for policy makers in maintaining stable electricity supplies during the transition.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-06-2021
DOI: 10.3390/SU13126753
Abstract: As the population of urban areas continues to grow, and construction of multi-unit developments surges in response, building energy use demand has increased accordingly and solutions are needed to offset electricity used from the grid. Renewable energy systems in the form of microgrids, and grid-connected solar PV-storage are considered primary solutions for powering residential developments. The primary objectives for commissioning such systems include significant electricity cost reductions and carbon emissions abatement. Despite the proliferation of renewables, the uptake of solar and battery storage systems in communities and multi-residential buildings are less researched in the literature, and many uncertainties remain in terms of providing an optimal solution. This literature review uses the rapid review technique, an industry and societal issue-based version of the systematic literature review, to identify the case for microgrids for multi-residential buildings and communities. The study describes the rapid review methodology in detail and discusses and examines the configurations and methodologies for microgrids.
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 27-06-2019
DOI: 10.2166/WS.2019.093
Abstract: Smart metering and data analytics enable the implementation of a range of on-site infrastructures for energy, water and waste management to demonstrate the interconnected infrastructure of future smart cities. A research project in Western Australia is integrating smart metering technology, household participation and data analytics. An improved understanding of hybrid water systems at residential scale, as socially accepted solutions to promote water efficiency and economic savings, within the traditional centralized urban water network is achieved. An integrated water model and a system of water credits and debits are developed and tested on a case study for which 10-minute logged water consumption data of its hybrid water system are available for 1 year. The model is shown to provide a full characterization of the relationship between the household and the water resources, thus assisting with improved urban water management which promotes the rollout of decentralized hybrid water systems whilst accounting for the impacts on the aquifer as an ecosystem service provider.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1994
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-09-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JMSE9090988
Abstract: This paper documents the round robin testing c aign carried out on a floating wind turbine as part of the EU H2020 MaRINET2 project. A 1/60th scale model of a 10 MW floating platform was tested in wave basins in four different locations around Europe. The tests carried out in each facility included decay tests, tests in regular and irregular waves with and without wind thrust, and tests to characterise the mooring system as well as the model itself. For the tests in wind, only the thrust of the turbine was considered and it was fixed to pre-selected levels. Hence, this work focuses on the hydrodynamic responses of a semi-submersible floating foundation. It was found that the global surge stiffness was comparable across facilities, except in one case where different azimuth angles were used for the mooring lines. Heave and pitch had the same stiffness coefficient and periods for all basins. Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) were used to compare the responses in waves from all facilities. The shape of the motion RAOs were globally similar for all basins except around some particular frequencies. As the results were non-linear around the resonance and cancellation frequencies, the differences between facilities were magnified at these frequencies. Surge motions were significantly impacted by reflections leading to large differences in these RAOs between all basins.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-02-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12111
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-1992
DOI: 10.1007/BF00026247
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1994
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90230-5
Abstract: The toxicological and ecological effects of pollutants in urban river sediments were studied. The sediments were chemically or physically fractionated, using selective extractants to separate the effects of metal and organic contaminants, and subsequently tested for the inhibition of bacterial enzyme activity and luminescence. In many cases the enzyme activity of the sediment-dwelling bacteria was inhibited by metals. The variations in inhibition were attributed to differences in sediment complexation of, rather than bacterial community tolerance to, metals. Non-polar organic compounds significantly increased the toxicity of urban river sediments, and it is proposed that polyaromatic hydrocarbons from storm-water are an important source of sediment toxicity.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-09-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JMSE9091030
Abstract: This paper introduces metrics developed for analysing irregular wave test results from the round robin testing c aign carried out on a floating wind turbine as part of the EU H2020 MaRINET2 project. A 1/60th scale model of a 10 MW floating platform was tested in wave basins in four different locations around Europe. The tests carried out in each facility included decay tests, tests in regular and irregular waves with and without wind thrust, and tests to characterise the mooring system as well as the model itself. While response litude operations (RAOs) are a useful tool for assessing device performance in irregular waves, they are not easy to interpret when performing an inter-facility comparison where there are many variables. Metrics that use a single value per test condition rather than an RAO curve are a means of efficiently comparing tests from different basins in a more heuristic manner. In this research, the focus is on using metrics to assess how the platform responds with varying wave height and thrust across different facilities. It is found that the metrics implemented are very useful for extracting global trends across different basins and test conditions.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 29-09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2002
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1989
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-06-2023
DOI: 10.3390/SU15129172
Abstract: The development of renewable energy systems offers a potential solution to energy consumption in the residential sector. These systems face many barriers and challenges regarding the nature of home energy demand and behaviors of household occupants. These barriers are discussed in innovation theory, which describes how people assess new technologies. A systematic literature review of 123 journals was conducted to explore the interrelationship between energy systems, home energy demand and occupant practices. This identified key gaps in the literature and important takeaways from past research showing the limitations of renewable energy systems in integrating into everyday lives. There are numerous personal and social barriers that inhibit behavior change and limit the penetration of renewable systems. Additionally, the development of social norms and institutional rhythms have resulted in people living in a lock-in lifestyle, with limited flexibility for change. This review discusses the role of technology, consumers and policies, and how they must all interact to create a sustainable and effective energy solution to this climate emergency. The next step is to reevaluate the design of home automation and energy management systems to consider the impacts of different lifestyles and routines.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 29-09-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2002
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Start Date: 07-2016
End Date: 05-2022
Amount: $4,000,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 05-2019
End Date: 05-2021
Amount: $725,405.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity