ORCID Profile
0000-0003-1028-5903
Current Organisations
University of Sydney
,
The Ohio State University
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Publisher: Routledge
Date: 02-08-2004
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1974
DOI: 10.1086/268184
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1971
DOI: 10.2307/1238119
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-09-2015
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 05-10-2016
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-RESOURCE-100815-095351
Abstract: Growing concerns over climate change and the potential for large damages due to nonlinear processes underscore the need for a meaningful sustainability assessment of an economy. Economists have developed rigorous approaches to conceptualizing sustainability based on the paradigm of weak sustainability, which relies on extensive substitution among reproducible capital, renewable resources, and exhaustible natural resources. In contrast, strong sustainability emphasizes physical limits to this substitution and the importance of maintaining the resilience of normally functioning biophysical processes. Recent progress in resource and environmental economics has demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating strong sustainability features, including tipping points, uncertainties, and resilience, to assess efficiency and optimal policies. Given that weak sustainability and intertemporal efficiency share a welfare theoretic foundation, we ask: To what extent can these approaches be applied to evaluate sustainability? We highlight recent work on assessing sustainability in imperfect economies and dynamic models of intertemporal welfare that embed strong sustainability features.
Publisher: The Pennsylvania State University Press
Date: 2009
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-05-2023
Abstract: Our purpose is to advance a reasoned perspective on the scientific validity of computer simulation, using an ex le—integrated assessment modeling of climate change and its projected impacts—that is itself of great and urgent interest to policy in the real world. The spirited and continuing debate on the scientific status of integrated assessment models (IAMs) of global climate change has been conducted mostly among climate change modelers and users seeking guidance for climate policy. However, it raises a number and variety of issues that have been addressed, with various degrees of success, in other literature. The literature on methodology of simulation was mostly skeptical at the outset but has become more nuanced, casting light on some key issues relating to the validity and evidentiary standing of climate change IAMs (CC-IAMs). We argue that the goal of validation is credence, i.e., confidence or justified belief in model projections, and that validation is a matter of degree: (perfect) validity is best viewed as aspirational and, other things equal, it makes sense to seek more rather than less validation. We offer several conclusions. The literature on computer simulation has become less skeptical and more inclined to recognize that simulations are capable of providing evidence, albeit a different kind of evidence than, say, observation and experiments. CC-IAMs model an enormously complex system of systems and must respond to several challenges that include building more transparent models and addressing deep uncertainty credibly. Drawing on the contributions of philosophers of science and introspective practitioners, we offer guidance for enhancing the credibility of CC-IAMs and computer simulation more generally.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1974
DOI: 10.2307/1238750
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1997
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-10-2014
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 21-06-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1989
DOI: 10.2307/1242024
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1975
DOI: 10.2307/1239083
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1997
DOI: 10.2307/1244369
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1980
DOI: 10.2307/1240202
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Date: 02-1983
DOI: 10.2307/3145871
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Date: 02-1994
DOI: 10.2307/3146443
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1996
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 03-02-2011
Abstract: The precautionary principle has been labeled simplistic and the rational approach to decision-making under risk was modeled on well-specified games of chance. How then are we to manage the risks, uncertainties, and 'unknown unknowns' of the real world? In this book, Alan Randall unravels the key controversies surrounding the precautionary principle and develops a new framework that can be taken seriously in policy and management circles. Respecting the complexity of the real world, he defines a justifiable role for the precautionary principle in a risk management framework that integrates precaution with elements of the standard risk management model. This is explained using ex les from medicine, pharmacy, synthetic chemicals, nanotechnology, the environment and natural resources conservation. This carefully reasoned but highly accessible book will appeal to readers from a broad range of disciplines, including environmental policy, risk management and cost-benefit analysis.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1990
DOI: 10.2307/1243031
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-05-2021
DOI: 10.3390/SU13105751
Abstract: The objective is to provide an interpretive reading of the literature in resource scarcity and sustainability theory from the nineteenth century to the present time, focusing on shifts that have occurred in problem definition, conceptual framing, research tools applied, findings, and their implications. My reading shows, as one would expect, that the discourse has become more technical and the analysis more sophisticated special cases have been incorporated into the mainstream of theory and, where relevant, dynamic formulations have largely supplanted static analysis. However, that is barely scratching the surface. Here, I focus on more fundamental shifts. Exhaustible and renewable resource analyses were incorporated into the mainstream theory of financial and capital markets. Parallels between the resources and environmental spheres were discovered: market failure concepts, fundamental to environmental policy, found applications in the resources sector (e.g., fisheries), and renewable resource management concepts and approaches (e.g., waste assimilation capacity) were adopted in environmental policy. To motivate sustainability theory and assessment, there has been a foundational problem shift from restraining human greed to dealing with risk viewed as chance of harm, and a newfound willingness to look beyond stochastic risk to uncertainty, ambiguity, and gross ignorance. Newtonian dynamics, which seeks a stable equilibrium following a shock, gave way to a new dynamics of complexity that valued resilience in the face of shocks, warned of potential for regime shifts, and focused on the possibility of systemic collapse and recovery, perhaps incomplete. New concepts of sustainability (a safe minimum standard of conservation, the precautionary principle, and planetary boundaries) emerged, along with hybrid approaches such as WS-plus which treats weak sustainability (WS) as the default but may impose strong sustainability restrictions on a few essential but threatened resources. The strong sustainability objective has evolved from maintaining baseline flows of resource services to safety defined as minimizing the chance of irreversible collapse. New tools for management and policy (sustainability indicators and downscaled planetary boundaries) have proliferated, and still struggle to keep up with the emerging understanding of complex systems.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-06-2022
DOI: 10.1111/EIP.13182
Abstract: No biological treatment has been firmly established for the at‐risk stage of psychotic disorder. In this study we aim to test if subthreshold psychotic symptoms can be effectively treated with cannabidiol (CBD), a non‐psychoactive compound of the plant Cannabis sativa . The question has taken on increased importance in the wake of evidence questioning both the need and efficacy of specific pharmacological interventions in the ultra‐high risk (UHR) for psychosis group. Three‐arm randomized controlled trial of 405 patients (135 per arm) aged 12–25 years who meet UHR for psychosis criteria. The study includes a 6‐week lead‐in phase during which 10% of UHR in iduals are expected to experience symptom remission. Participants will receive CBD (per oral) at doses 600 or 1000 mg per day (fixed schedule) for 12 weeks. Participants in the third arm of the trial will receive matching placebo capsules. Primary outcome is severity of positive psychotic symptoms as measured by the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States at 12 weeks. We hypothesize that CBD will be significantly more effective than placebo in improving positive psychotic symptoms in UHR patients. All participants will also be followed up 6 months post baseline to evaluate if treatment effects are sustained. This paper reports on the rationale and protocol of the Cannabidiol for At Risk for psychosis Youth (CanARY) study. This study will test CBD for the first time in the UHR phase of psychotic disorder.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/ASEJ.12169
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-07-2016
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1979
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1974
DOI: 10.2307/1239315
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2001
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-01-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2004
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Date: 11-1997
DOI: 10.2307/3147249
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 11-07-2019
Publisher: Now Publishers
Date: 13-08-2009
DOI: 10.1561/101.00000022
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2008
DOI: 10.1641/B580711
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-07-2020
DOI: 10.3390/SU12135381
Abstract: This article examines sustainability from a policy perspective rooted in environmental economics and environmental ethics. Endorsing the Brundtland Commission stance that each generation should have undiminished opportunity to meet its own needs, I emphasize the foundational status of the intergenerational commitment. The standard concepts of weak and strong sustainability, WS and SS, are sketched and critiqued simply and intuitively, along with the more recent concept of WS-plus. A recently proposed model of a society dependent on a renewable but vulnerable resource (Barfuss et al. 2018) is introduced as an expositional tool, as its authors intended, and used as a platform for thought experiments exploring the role of risk management tools in reducing the need for safety. Key conclusions include: (i) Safety, in this case, the elimination of risk in uncertain production systems, comes at an opportunity cost that is often non-trivial. (ii) Welfare shocks can be cushioned by savings and ersification, which are enhanced by scale. Scale increases with geographic area, ersity of production, organizational complexity, and openness to trade and human migration. (iii) Increasing scale enables enhancement of sustainable welfare via local and regional specialization, and the need for safety and its attendant opportunity costs is reduced. (iv) When generational welfare is stochastic, the intergenerational commitment should not be abandoned but may need to be adapted to uncertainty, e.g., by expecting less from hard-luck generations and correspondingly more from more fortunate ones. (v) Intergenerational commitments must be resolved in the context of intragenerational obligations to each other in the here and now, and compensation of those asked to make sacrifices for sustainability has both ethical and pragmatic virtue. (vi) Finally, the normative domains of sustainability and safety can be distinguished—sustainability always, but safety only when facing daunting threats.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1974
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1985
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1975
DOI: 10.2307/1238859
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2000
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1979
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2000
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1972
DOI: 10.2307/1238699
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 21-02-2022
DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.16.22271103
Abstract: Cognitive impairment occurs in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP), but antipsychotics confound interpretation of the longitudinal course of cognition. The primary aim was to disentangle the effects of illness from antipsychotics on cognition over the first 6-months of FEP treatment. Randomised, triple-blind placebo-controlled trial (Staged Treatment and Acceptability Guidelines in Early Psychosis STAGES), where cognition was a secondary outcome. Antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients were allocated to receive risperidone aliperidone ( N =38) or placebo ( N =40) in addition to intensive psychosocial therapy for 6-months. A healthy control group ( N =42) was also recruited. A cognitive battery assessing attention, working memory, processing speed, verbal fluency, cognitive control and verbal paired-associate learning and memory was administered at baseline and 6-months. Twelve- and 24-month follow-up was also conducted. Over the 6-month trial period, cognitive performance remained stable (working memory, verbal fluency) or improved (attention, processing speed, cognitive control), with no group-by-time interaction evident. The exception was for verbal paired-associate learning and memory, where a significant group-by-time interaction was observed. The placebo and healthy control groups improved, and the medication group deteriorated on immediate paired-associate recall ( p =0.039) and delayed cued recall ( p =0.005) effect sizes were medium-to-large. Findings were similar when only trial completers were included in the analysis. Risperidone aliperidone may cause progression of memory impairment in the early months of FEP. Replication is needed in confirmatory trials. The findings support the need for careful consideration of the risks and benefits of various antipsychotics and the importance of accounting for their cognitive effects in longitudinal research. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( www.anzctr.org.au/ ACTRN12607000608460).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1997
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1989
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 15-03-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.11.21253426
Abstract: Dysfunction of fronto-striato-thalamic (FST) circuits is thought to contribute to dopaminergic dysfunction and symptom onset in psychosis, but it remains unclear whether this dysfunction is driven by aberrant bottom-up subcortical signaling or impaired top-down cortical regulation. Here, we used spectral dynamic causal modelling (DCM) of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize the effective connectivity of dorsal and ventral FST circuits in a s le of 46 antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 23 controls and an independent s le of 36 patients with established schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and 100 controls. We found that midbrain and thalamic connectivity were implicated across both patient groups. Dysconnectivity in FEP patients was mainly restricted to the subcortex, with positive symptom severity being associated with midbrain connectivity. Dysconnectivity between the cortex and subcortical systems was only apparent in SCZ patients. In another independent s le of 33 healthy in iduals who underwent concurrent fMRI and [ 18 F]DOPA positron emission tomography, we found that striatal dopamine synthesis capacity was associated with the effective connectivity of nigrostriatal and striatothalamic pathways, implicating similar circuits as those associated with psychotic symptom severity in patients. Our findings thus indicate that subcortical dysconnectivity is salient in the early stages of psychosis, that cortical dysfunction may emerge later in the illness, and that nigrostriatal and striatothalamic signaling are closely related to striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, which is a robust risk marker for psychosis.
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Date: 26-09-2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-08-2022
DOI: 10.3390/SU141610203
Abstract: Weak sustainability, WS, attempts a comprehensive notion of sustainability, sustaining human welfare directly, or equivalently, sustaining inclusive wealth, IW, sufficient to sustain welfare. Sustainability is, in principle, forever, and accordingly, IW is conceived and assessed in a very long-term context. Given that future outcomes are unobservable, IW assessments are conducted in terms of expectations. However, this introduces pervasive circular reasoning: the calculated value of IW assumes that our expectations will be met, but that is the question. Optimistic expectations (for ex le) increase calculated IW, which, in turn, increases our confidence that our society is on a sustainable path. Given the logical difficulties of projecting IW into the future, analysts resort to tracking IW at regular intervals through the recent past. This reduces, but does not eliminate, the circularity problem. The signals from tracking IW are less than perfect from a policy perspective: they are too aggregate, perhaps masking impending crises regarding particular resources until it is too late and too dependent on imperfect markets and they document the recent past, so policy managers are always playing catch-up. WS-based sustainability policy frameworks include WS-plus, which invokes ad hoc strong sustainability, SS, patches to address threatened resource crises. It may also be possible to allow a degree of WS flexibility for in idual jurisdictions within the constraints of a global safe operating space, SOS.
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 30-09-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 08-05-2015
Abstract: Efforts around the globe need legal and policy clarification
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1996
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-02-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41386-021-00980-0
Abstract: Changes in brain volume are a common finding in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies of people with psychosis and numerous longitudinal studies suggest that volume deficits progress with illness duration. However, a major unresolved question concerns whether these changes are driven by the underlying illness or represent iatrogenic effects of antipsychotic medication. In this study, 62 antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) received either a second-generation antipsychotic (risperidone or paliperidone) or a placebo pill over a treatment period of 6 months. Both FEP groups received intensive psychosocial therapy. A healthy control group ( n = 27) was also recruited. Structural MRI scans were obtained at baseline, 3 months and 12 months. Our primary aim was to differentiate illness-related brain volume changes from medication-related changes within the first 3 months of treatment. We secondarily investigated long-term effects at the 12-month timepoint. From baseline to 3 months, we observed a significant group x time interaction in the pallidum ( p 0.05 FWE-corrected), such that patients receiving antipsychotic medication showed increased volume, patients on placebo showed decreased volume, and healthy controls showed no change. Across the entire patient s le, a greater increase in pallidal grey matter volume over 3 months was associated with a greater reduction in symptom severity. Our findings indicate that psychotic illness and antipsychotic exposure exert distinct and spatially distributed effects on brain volume. Our results align with prior work in suggesting that the therapeutic efficacy of antipsychotic medications may be primarily mediated through their effects on the basal ganglia.
Publisher: The Pennsylvania State University Press
Date: 2014
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Date: 25-07-2011
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1989
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Date: 11-1983
DOI: 10.2307/3145653
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Date: 08-1998
DOI: 10.2307/3147113
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2018.10.011
Abstract: Systemic changes in environmental conditions, such as climate, can have a significant impact on both natural and human systems. This paper provides an improved understanding of the spatio-temporal variations in underlying climate processes, and the potential effects climate change may have on Vietnam's agricultural sector. Statistical methods were combined with geostatistical techniques to test the statistical significance of long-term trends in the climatic variables, graphically representing the distribution of climate patterns, identifying variations and trends of changes over time and their likely effects on agricultural production. By using records of monthly precipitation and temperature for a relatively long-term period (1975-2014) over a high density of 112 meteorological stations across the country, robust statistical and visual evidence of climatic change throughout Vietnam are provided. The Mann-Kendall trend test confirms the statistically significant long-term trends of rainfall and temperature in many regions across the country. The visual analysis shows remarkable changes in the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of those variables and most of the 'hotspot' areas identified by geostatistical mapping are in areas with confirmed long-term trends. The long-term significant trends are also concentrated in areas with very high proportion of agricultural land, particularly land used for rice production in the Red River and Mekong River deltas. The findings deliver a better understanding of underlying climate processes and impacts across regions of Vietnam and provide a basis to develop effective climate-related policies for agricultural production in response to changing climatic conditions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1981
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1029/92WR02539
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-04-2022
DOI: 10.3390/SU14084578
Abstract: The core commitment of strong sustainability, SS, is that nature really is different: there are strict limits to the substitutability of natural and other kinds of capital. Initially, the threat to sustainability was perceived as human greed and impatience, and the goal of SS to address resource scarcity was to sustain resource stocks, the flow of environmental services, and/or the harvest for human benefit. For landscapes and ecosystems, the SS goal was preservation, often in a gestalt framing: preserved or not. Two developments beginning around the mid-20th century—increasing awareness of the variability of natural systems, and the revolutionary changes in thinking motivated by the study of complex dynamic systems, CDS—re-oriented SS toward Safety, i.e., minimizing exposure to risk defined as threat of harm. Around 2010, the sustainability agenda for CDS shifted from identifying early warning indicators enabling timely interventions to forestall adverse regime change to promoting resilience by expanding scale and encouraging patchwork patterns of systems in various stages of their adaptive cycles. Nevertheless, the need for natural resources to substitute for depleted exhaustibles suggests a continuing role for commercial agriculture, plantation forestry, and managed fisheries. I conclude with a paradox still to be resolved: the need for continued and increased production from renewable resources to replace depleted exhaustibles suggests SS-motivated management practices that seem obsolete from a CDS perspective.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1985
DOI: 10.2307/1241366
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-1994
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-03-2021
DOI: 10.3390/SU13063181
Abstract: This article shows how sustainability indicators (SIs) which have proliferated, and downscaled planetary boundaries (DPBs) which have recently emerged, can be used to target remedial interventions. I offer an integrative analysis drawing upon the existing literature, challenging, clarifying, and amending it in some ways, and extending it with new insights. The exposition is couched in the ex le of pollution control, but the analysis also applies to resource management with only modest amendments. Key conclusions are summarized. (i) In a default case where damage is indifferent to location within the problem shed and transactions costs are trivial, minimizing abatement costs requires that all units face the same marginal price of emissions and can be implemented by price setting at the jurisdictional level or cap and trade in pollution reduction credits. Larger geographic scale tends to reduce the average cost of abatement, an argument for coordination at the problem-shed level. Deviations from the default policy may be appropriate for addressing large point sources and local hot spots where damage is concentrated. (ii) A framework winnowing the proliferation of SIs includes the following principles: for quantitative target setting, SIs should address sustainability in its long-term context SIs should be measured in ratio scale, whereas ordinal-scale SIs are common and SIs should be selected for their usefulness in mapping the relationships among emissions, ambient concentrations, and damage. (iii) Target setting requires science-based empirical relationships and social values to assess trade-offs between abatement and its opportunity costs and suggest upper limits on tolerable damage. (iv) PBs that address global public goods can usefully be downscaled to set abatement targets. The PBs are science based and, in their original form, propose replacing social values with imperatives: violating the PB will doom the planet, which is unacceptable given any plausible value system. Given that PB = ∑DPB over all jurisdictions, global trading of credits would minimize costs of honoring the PB. Trade among a willing subset of jurisdictions could minimize the costs of meeting its aggregate DPB. (v) In contrast to most SI approaches, a cost–benefit (CB) approach can deal with substitutability and complementarity among sustainability objectives and evaluate multi-component policies. Net benefits are maximized when the marginal cost of abatement equals the marginal benefit for all units in the problem shed. This can be attained by price setting at the jurisdictional level or trade in credits. (vi) A major advantage of the CB approach is its well-defined relationship to weak sustainability. However, its value measures over-weight the preferences of the well-off. Equity considerations suggest relief from strict CB criteria in the case of essentials such as human health and nutrition, and subsidization by rich countries of sustainability projects in low-income countries.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1987
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 15-11-1986
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1998
No related grants have been discovered for Alan Randall.