ORCID Profile
0000-0002-2021-2743
Current Organisation
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
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Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 15-12-2022
Abstract: ypoglycemia is a frequent and acute complication in type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and is associated with a higher risk of car mishaps. Currently, hypoglycemia can be detected and signaled through flash glucose monitoring (FGM) or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. These devices, however, require manual and visual interaction, removing the focus of attention from the driving task. Hypoglycemia is known to cause a decrease in attention, challenging the safety of using such devices behind the wheel. Here, we present an investigation of hands- and distraction-free technology: an in–vehicle voice–assistant–based warning. esigning and assessing a voice–assistant–based health warning for hypoglycemia while driving and addressing the limitations of the current warning solutions. e developed and assessed the warning in three studies, where participants received the warning while driving. In all studies, we measured participants’ self-reported technology readiness, perception of the warning, and compliance behavior (whether they stopped the car and their reaction time), and assessed any room for improvement through participants’ feedback. In Study 0, 10 healthy participants drove in a simulator and assessed the feasibility of using a voice assistant to deliver a warning. In Study 1, 18 participants with T1DM drove in a simulator and assessed the revised version of the warning. In Study 2, 20 participants with T1DM undergoing hypoglycemia assessed a further revised version of the warning while driving in a real car on a test track. In all studies, we also measured self-reported technology readiness, and acceptance of the warning, and assessed compliance behavior and reaction time in response to the warning. n all studies, 100% of participants complied with the warning. In Study 0, healthy participants perceived the warning as usable and useful, and their feedback suggested reducing speech rate and increasing driver-assistant interaction. In Study 1, participants with T1DM reported good perception and their feedback suggested the warning to be less instructive. In Study 2, we observed moderate perception (lower than in Study 1), and participants’ feedback revealed the warning was too overloading. o the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study investigating the feasibility of an in–vehicle voice–assistant–based warning for hypoglycemia while driving. Drivers find such an implementation useful and effective, although in iduals with T1DM preferred a simple and direct voice warning, rather than a conversational one. This may reflect the utility and unfamiliarity of proactive behavior in voice assistants. We anticipate this research to be a starting point for the combination of driver-state warnings and for voice–assistant–based health support, and to be a guide for the design of such a combination. linicalTrials.gov NCT04035993, NCT04569630
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 08-03-2023
Abstract: ypoglycemia is a serious complication in diabetes, it impairs cognitive and psychomotor function, and is linked to driving mishaps. In-vehicle voice assistants (VAs) have been designed to proactively deliver a warning of hypoglycemia while driving. However, proactive VAs can cause driving impairments through startling. Hence, we complement the voice warning from the VA with ambient light-emitting diodes (LED) and investigate the effect of this addition on emotional reaction. esigning an in-vehicle voice warning for hypoglycemia and assessing its effect on the emotional reaction and technology acceptance. e present two studies investigating the emotional reactions of drivers with diabetes to different hypoglycemia warning modalities. The same procedure was replicated in two settings: simulated and real driving. A quasi-experimental design, with two independent variables (blood glucose phase and warning modality) and one main dependent variable (emotional reaction), was implemented. The material and apparatus included intravenous catheters to manipulate blood glucose and a tablet with an app to simulate hypoglycemia warnings. The warnings had three possible modalities: Standard, Voice, and Voice + LED. Objective emotional reaction (arousal) was measured physiologically via skin conductance response (SCR). Subjective emotional reaction was measured with the Affective Slider (valence and arousal). Both emotional reaction measures were tested with a mixed-effect linear model. Secondary outcomes included self-reported measures of technology acceptance. ur results showed that in the simulated-driving setting, the Voice + LED warning modality was preferred over other modalities. However, this advantage decreased in real-world driving because the LED was less visible outdoors. The Voice modality was more effective than the Standard warning modality in both simulated and real-world driving studies. The mixed model on self-reported emotional reaction yielded significant results. Self-reported arousal was higher during Decreasing blood glucose and Hypoglycemia for Voice and Voice + LED in the real-world driving study. In contrast, self-reported valence was influenced by blood glucose manipulation rather than the warning modality. The mixed model on SCR did not yield significant results. Participants consistently ranked the Voice and Voice + LED warning modalities superior to the Standard modality. his paper proposes using the in-vehicle VA and ambient lighting system installed in a car to deliver a warning of hypoglycemia. It investigated how the warning modality affects emotional response and acceptance in virtual and real-world environments. The study provides insight into the potential of implementing VA-based health warnings in cars and contributes to a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of in-vehicle VA-based health interventions.
No related grants have been discovered for Mathias Kraus.