ORCID Profile
0000-0003-0274-6140
Current Organisation
University of Queensland
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Psychology | Ethology and Sociobiology | Population Ecology | Ecology | Psychology not elsewhere classified | Community Ecology | Freshwater Ecology | Social and Community Psychology
Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change | Fresh, Ground and Surface Water Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity |
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 26-08-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291711001577
Abstract: Gays, lesbians and bisexuals (i.e. non-heterosexuals) have been found to be at much greater risk for many psychiatric symptoms and disorders, including depression. This may be due in part to prejudice and discrimination experienced by non-heterosexuals, but studies controlling for minority stress, or performed in very socially liberal countries, suggest that other mechanisms must also play a role. Here we test the viability of common cause (shared genetic or environmental etiology) explanations of elevated depression rates in non-heterosexuals. A community-based s le of adult twins ( n =9884 in iduals) completed surveys investigating the genetics of psychiatric disorder, and were also asked about their sexual orientation. Large subsets of the s le were asked about adverse childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, physical abuse and risky family environment, and also about number of older brothers, paternal and maternal age, and number of close friends. Data were analyzed using the classical twin design. Non-heterosexual males and females had higher rates of lifetime depression than their heterosexual counterparts. Genetic factors accounted for 31% and 44% of variation in sexual orientation and depression respectively. Bivariate analysis revealed that genetic factors accounted for a majority (60%) of the correlation between sexual orientation and depression. In addition, childhood sexual abuse and risky family environment were significant predictors of both sexual orientation and depression, further contributing to their correlation. Non-heterosexual men and women had elevated rates of lifetime depression, partly due to shared etiological factors, although causality cannot be definitively resolved.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-04-2020
Abstract: While hundreds of studies have investigated the indices that make up attractive body shapes, these studies were based on preferences measured in the laboratory using pictorial stimuli. Whether these preferences translate into real-time, face-to-face evaluations of potential partners is unclear. Here, 539 (275 female) participants in 75 laboratory-based sessions had their body dimensions measured before engaging in round-robin speed dates. After each date, they rated each other’s body, face, personality, and overall attractiveness and noted whether they would go on a date with the partner. Women with smaller waists and lower waist-to-hip ratios were found most attractive, and men with broader shoulders and higher shoulder-to-waist (or hips) ratios were found most attractive. Taller in iduals were preferred by both sexes. Our results show that body dimensions associated with greater health, reproductive value (in women), and formidability (in men) influence face-to-face evaluations of attractiveness, consistent with a role of intersexual selection in shaping human bodies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOPSYCHO.2007.01.004
Abstract: It is difficult to study the genetic basis of psychological function/dysfunction due to its etiological complexity. Instead, we studied a biological marker, EEG power, which is associated with various psychological phenotypes and is closer to gene function. Previous studies have consistently demonstrated high heritability of EEG band power, but less is known about how common or specific genes influence each power band. For 519 adolescent twin pairs, spectral powers were calculated for delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands at bilateral occipital and frontal sites. All four bands were entered into a multivariate genetic model, with occipital and frontal sites modelled separately. Variance was decomposed into additive (A) and dominant (D) genetic factors, and common (C) and unique (E) environmental factors. Band heritabilities were higher at occipital (0.75-0.86) than frontal sites (0.46-0.80). Both common and specific genetic factors influenced the bands, with common genetic and specific genetic factors having more influence in the occipital and frontal regions, respectively. Non-additive genetic effects on beta power and a common environment effect on delta, theta, and alpha powers were observed in the frontal region.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt
Date: 06-2005
DOI: 10.1142/S0218348X05002829
Abstract: Previously it has been shown that the branching pattern of pyramidal cells varies markedly between different cortical areas in simian primates. These differences are thought to influence the functional complexity of the cells. In particular, there is a progressive increase in the fractal dimension of pyramidal cells with anterior progression through cortical areas in the occipitotemporal (OT) visual stream, including the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2), the dorsolateral area (DL, corresponding to the fourth visual area) and inferotemporal cortex (IT). However, there are as yet no data on the fractal dimension of these neurons in prosimian primates. Here we focused on the nocturnal prosimian galago (Otolemur garnetti). The fractal dimension (D), and aspect ratio (a measure of branching symmetry), was determined for 111 layer III pyramidal cells in V1, V2, DL and IT. We found, as in simian primates, that the fractal dimension of neurons increased with anterior progression from V1 through V2, DL, and IT. Two important conclusions can be drawn from these results: (1) the trend for increasing branching complexity with anterior progression through OT areas was likely to be present in a common primate ancestor, and (2) specialization in neuron structure more likely facilitates object recognition than spectral processing.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 06-01-2014
Abstract: Reproductive success (offspring quantity) is widely used as a measure of fitness (genetic contribution to future generations). Accurate predictions of the direction and magnitude of evolutionary change using this measure depend on the untested assumption that the genes influencing number of offspring are the same as those influencing number of grandoffspring. Using a population s le of identical and nonidentical Swedish twins and their descendants, we show that the genetic influences on number of offspring and grandoffspring are identical, supporting the use of reproductive success as a measure of fitness in comparable human populations.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1037/EMO0000101
Abstract: [Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 16(1) of Emotion (see record 2015-57029-001). In the article, the name of author Joshua M. Tybur was misspelled as Joshua M. Tyber. All versions of this article have been corrected.] Response sensitivity to common disgust elicitors varies considerably among in iduals. The sources of these in idual differences are largely unknown. In the current study, we use a large s le of female identical and nonidentical twins (N = 1,041 in iduals) and their siblings (N = 170) to estimate the proportion of variation due to genetic effects, the shared environment, and other (residual) sources across multiple domains of disgust sensitivity. We also investigate the genetic and environmental influences on the covariation between the different disgust domains. Twin modeling revealed that approximately half of the variation in pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust is due to genetic effects. An independent pathways twin model also revealed that sexual and pathogen disgust sensitivity were influenced by unique sources of genetic variation, while also being significantly affected by a general genetic factor underlying all 3 disgust domains. Moral disgust sensitivity, in contrast, did not exhibit domain-specific genetic variation. These findings are discussed in light of contemporary evolutionary approaches to disgust sensitivity.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-07-2014
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-11-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-01-2020
Abstract: Sex differences in misperceptions of sexual interest have been well documented however, it is unclear whether this cognitive bias could be explained by other factors. In the current study, 1,226 participants (586 men, 640 women) participated in a speed-dating task in which they rated their sexual interest in each other as well as the sexual interest they perceived from their partners. Consistent with previous findings, results showed that men tended to overperceive sexual interest from their partners, whereas women tended to underperceive sexual interest. However, this sex difference became negligible when we considered potential mediators, such as the raters’ sociosexual orientation and raters’ tendency to project their own levels of sexual interest onto their partners. These findings challenge the popular notion that sex differences in misperceptions of sexual interest have evolved as a specialized adaptation to different selection pressures in men and women.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 24-07-2019
Abstract: Reductions in animal body size over recent decades are often interpreted as an adaptive evolutionary response to climate warming. However, for reductions in size to reflect adaptive evolution, directional selection on body size within populations must have become negative, or where already negative, to have become more so, as temperatures increased. To test this hypothesis, we performed traditional and phylogenetic meta-analyses of the association between annual estimates of directional selection on body size from wild populations and annual mean temperatures from 39 longitudinal studies. We found no evidence that warmer environments were associated with selection for smaller size. Instead, selection consistently favoured larger in iduals, and was invariant to temperature. These patterns were similar in ectotherms and endotherms. An analysis using year rather than temperature revealed similar patterns, suggesting no evidence that selection has changed over time, and also indicating that the lack of association with annual temperature was not an artefact of choosing an erroneous time window for aggregating the temperature data. Although phenotypic trends in size will be driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, our results suggest little evidence for a necessary ingredient—negative directional selection—for declines in body size to be considered an adaptive evolutionary response to changing selection pressures.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-10-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-02-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-12-2005
DOI: 10.1002/AR.A.20278
Abstract: The biological underpinnings of human intelligence remain enigmatic. There remains the greatest confusion and controversy regarding mechanisms that enable humans to conceptualize, plan, and prioritize, and why they are set apart from other animals in their cognitive abilities. Here we demonstrate that the basic neuronal building block of the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal cell, is characterized by marked differences in structure among primate species. Moreover, comparison of the complexity of neuron structure with the size of the cortical area/region in which the cells are located revealed that trends in the granular prefrontal cortex (gPFC) were dramatically different to those in visual cortex. More specifically, pyramidal cells in the gPFC of humans had a disproportionately high number of spines. As neuron structure determines both its biophysical properties and connectivity, differences in the complexity in dendritic structure observed here endow neurons with different computational abilities. Furthermore, cortical circuits composed of neurons with distinguishable morphologies will likely be characterized by different functional capabilities. We propose that 1. circuitry in V1, V2, and gPFC within any given species differs in its functional capabilities and 2. there are dramatic differences in the functional capabilities of gPFC circuitry in different species, which are central to the different cognitive styles of primates. In particular, the highly branched, spinous neurons in the human gPFC may be a key component of human intelligence.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 04-04-2019
Abstract: Covariation of life history traits across species may be organised on a ‘fast-slow’ continuum. A burgeoning literature in psychology and social science argues that trait covariation should be similarly organised across in iduals within human populations. Here we describe why extrapolating from inter-species to inter-in idual trait covariation is not generally appropriate. The process that genetically tailors species to their environments (i.e. Darwinian evolution) is fundamentally different from processes that tailor in iduals to their environments (e.g. developmental plasticity), so their outcomes in terms of trait covariation need not be parallel or even related. We discuss why correlational selection, physical linkage, pleiotropy, and non-random mating do not substantively affect this claim in the context of complex human traits. We also discuss life history trade-offs and their relation to inter-in idual trait covariation. We conclude that researchers should avoid hypotheses and explanations that assume trait covariation will correspond across and within species, unless they can mount a theoretically coherent argument to support this claim in the context of their research question.
Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt
Date: 06-2005
DOI: 10.1142/S0219525905000476
Abstract: We review recent findings that, using fractal analysis, have demonstrated systematic regional and species differences in the branching complexity of neocortical pyramidal neurons. In particular, attention is focused on how fractal analysis is being applied to the study of specialization in pyramidal cell structure during the evolution of the primate cerebral cortex. These studies reveal variation in pyramidal cell phenotype that cannot be attributed solely to increasing brain volume. Moreover, the results of these studies suggest that the primate cerebral cortex is composed of neurons of different structural complexity. There is growing evidence to suggest that regional and species differences in neuronal structure influence function at both the cellular and circuit levels. These data challenge the prevailing dogma for cortical uniformity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-09-2021
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 21-12-2022
DOI: 10.1177/01461672221135955
Abstract: In iduals are thought to seek the best possible romantic partner in exchange for their own desirability. We investigated whether in iduals’ self-evaluations were related to their partner choices and whether the accuracy of these self-evaluations was associated with mating outcomes. Participants ( N = 1,354) took part in a speed-dating study where they rated themselves and others on mate value and indicated their willingness to date each potential partner. In iduals were somewhat accurate in their self-evaluations, and these self-evaluations were associated with in iduals’ revealed minimum and maximum standards for a potential partner, but not the number of partners they were interested in. Participants who overestimated their mate value were accepted by an equivalent number of partners compared with under-estimators, but the over-estimators were choosier and thus ended up with fewer (but similarly attractive) reciprocal matches. Results support social exchange theory and the matching hypothesis, and contrast findings that self-enhancement facilitates positive social outcomes.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 06-04-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.04.535652
Abstract: The ratio of male to female births has garnered interest and debate for more than a century. According to Fisher’s principle, offspring sex ratio remains approximately equal through a process of negative frequency-dependent balancing selection. That is, in iduals whose alleles predispose them to produce the rarer sex will have greater fitness, causing these alleles to increase in frequency until the population sex ratio is even again and the allele is no longer advantageous. Recently, though, analysis of all Swedish births since 1932 revealed that offspring sex ratio is not heritable in humans, demonstrating that Fisher’s principle cannot operate. Some have argued that Fisher’s principle makes no prediction about the heritability of offspring sex ratio at equilibrium and therefore can still serve as a valid explanatory framework. We use agent-based modelling to simulate the operation of Fisher’s principle and its effects on genetic variation in offspring sex ratio over 500 generations. Our simulations demonstrate that the operation of Fisher’s principle at equilibrium maintains heritability, contrary to implicit assumptions in previous arguments. These results, combined with recent evidence that offspring sex ratio is not heritable in humans, suggest that Fisher’s principle is not a valid explanatory framework for human offspring sex ratio.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 29-07-2021
Abstract: On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study ( n = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project ( n = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of in idual differences along a male–female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-09-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-10-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S10519-009-9300-1
Abstract: Risky sexual behaviour is a major health issue in society, and it is therefore important to understand factors that may predispose in iduals to such behaviour. Research suggests a link between risky sexual behaviour and personality, but the basis of this link remains unknown. Hans Eysenck proposed that personality is related to sexual behaviour via biological underpinnings of both. Here we test the viability of this perspective by analysing data from identical and non-identical twins (N = 4,904) who completed a questionnaire assessing sexual attitudes and behaviour as well as personality. Using genetic modelling of the twin data, we found that risky sexual behaviour was significantly positively correlated with Impulsivity (r = .27), Extraversion (r = .24), Psychoticism (r = .20), and Neuroticism (r = .09), and that in each case the correlation was due primarily to overlapping genetic influences. These findings suggest that the genetic influences that shape our personality may also predispose us to risky sexual behaviour.
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 12-10-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-10-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-01-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2011.01546.X
Abstract: Human mate preferences have received a great deal of attention in recent decades because of their centrality to sexual selection, which is thought to play a substantial role in human evolution. Most of this attention has been on universal aspects of mate preferences, but variation between in iduals is less understood. In particular, the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to variation in mate preferences is key to sexual selection models but has barely been investigated in humans, and results have been mixed in other species. Here, we used data from over 4000 mostly female twins who ranked the importance of 13 key traits in a potential partner. We used the classical twin design to partition variation in these preferences into that due to genes, family environment, and residual factors. In women, there was significant variability in the broad-sense heritability of in idual trait preferences, with physical attractiveness the most heritable (29%) and housekeeping ability the least (5%). Over all the trait preferences combined, broad-sense heritabilities were highly significant in women and marginally significant in men, accounting for 20% and 19% of the variation, respectively family environmental influences were much smaller. Heritability was a little higher in reproductive aged than in nonreproductive aged women, but the difference was not significant.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 30-12-2014
Abstract: For women, choosing a facially masculine man as a mate is thought to confer genetic benefits to offspring. Crucial assumptions of this hypothesis have not been adequately tested. It has been assumed that variation in facial masculinity is due to genetic variation and that genetic factors that increase male facial masculinity do not increase facial masculinity in female relatives. We objectively quantified the facial masculinity in photos of identical ( n = 411) and nonidentical ( n = 782) twins and their siblings ( n = 106). Using biometrical modeling, we found that much of the variation in male and female facial masculinity is genetic. However, we also found that masculinity of male faces is unrelated to their attractiveness and that facially masculine men tend to have facially masculine, less-attractive sisters. These findings challenge the idea that facially masculine men provide net genetic benefits to offspring and call into question this popular theoretical framework.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X17001121
Abstract: Most research cited throughout Pepper & Nettle's (P& N's) target article is correlational and suffers from a serious genetic confound that renders it of little evidentiary value. Of correlational findings that are not confounded, P& N ignore ex les that contradict their model. Further, P& N's claim that evolutionary models explaining between-species differences in behaviour can be used to understand that corresponding in idual differences lack any evidence.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-05-2012
Publisher: Humana Press
Date: 20-12-2011
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-555-8_9
Abstract: This chapter describes how the heritability of a trait can be estimated using data collected from pairs of twins. The principles of the classical twin design are described, followed by the assumptions and possible extensions of the design. In the second part of this chapter, two ex le scripts are presented and described, explaining the basic steps for estimating heritability using the statistical program OpenMx. OpenMx and the scripts used for this chapter can be downloaded so that readers can adapt and use the scripts for their own purposes.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 30-10-2018
DOI: 10.1101/457515
Abstract: Human DNA varies across geographic regions, with most variation observed so far reflecting distant ancestry differences. Here, we investigate the geographic clustering of genetic variants that influence complex traits and disease risk in a s le of ~450,000 in iduals from Great Britain. Out of 30 traits analyzed, 16 show significant geographic clustering at the genetic level after controlling for ancestry, likely reflecting recent migration driven by socio-economic status (SES). Alleles associated with educational attainment (EA) show most clustering, with EA-decreasing alleles clustering in lower SES areas such as coal mining areas. In iduals that leave coal mining areas carry more EA-increasing alleles on average than the rest of Great Britain. In addition, we leveraged the geographic clustering of complex trait variation to further disentangle regional differences in socio-economic and cultural outcomes through genome-wide association studies on publicly available regional measures, namely coal mining, religiousness, 1970/2015 general election outcomes, and Brexit referendum results.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 03-08-2022
Abstract: Although many researchers have proposed that women will show stronger preferences for male facial masculinity when conception probability is high, empirical tests of this hypothesis have produced mixed results. One possible explanation for these inconsistent findings is that effects of conception probability on women’s preferences for facial masculinity are moderated by additional factors not typically considered in these empirical tests. One such potential moderator is in idual differences in women’s openness to uncommitted sexual relationships (i.e., in idual differences in women’s sociosexual orientation) women who are more open to uncommitted sexual relationships might show stronger positive effects of conception probability on masculinity preferences, as their sexuality is more overt and sexual attitudes and behaviours are more ersified. Consequently, we analysed data from three independent s les (N = 2304, N = 483, and N = 339) to assess whether sociosexual orientation moderates the hypothesised positive effect of conception probability on women’s facial masculinity preferences. Analyses showed no evidence that higher conception probability increased preferences for facial masculinity or that sociosexual orientation moderated the effect of conception probability on women’s preferences for facial masculinity. While it remains possible that factors other than sociosexual orientation moderate effects of conception probability on masculinity preferences, our null results suggest that the mixed results for the effects of conception probability on facial masculinity preferences in previous studies are unlikely to be a consequence of failing to consider the moderating role of sociosexual orientation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-03-2008
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1086/659629
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 15-08-2018
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 25-01-2023
Abstract: Background: We investigate if covariation between parental and child ADHD behaviors can be explained by environmental and/or genetic transmission. Methods: We employed a large children-of-twins-and-siblings s le (N=22,350 parents & 11,566 8-year-old children) of the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). This enabled us to disentangle intergenerational influences via parental genes and parental behaviors (i.e., genetic and environmental transmission, respectively). Fathers reported on their own symptoms and mothers on their own and their child’s symptoms.Results: Child ADHD behaviors correlated with their mother’s (0.24) and father’s (0.10) ADHD behaviors. These correlations were largely due to additive genetic transmission. Variation in children’s ADHD behaviors was explained by genetic factors active in both generations (11%) and genetic factors specific to the children (46%), giving a total heritability of 57%. There were small effects of parental ADHD behaviors (2% environmental transmission) and gene-environment correlation (3%). The remaining variability in ADHD behaviors was due to in idual-specific environmental factors.Conclusions: The intergenerational resemblance of ADHD behaviors is primarily due to genetic transmission, with little evidence for parental ADHD behaviors causing children’s ADHD behaviors. This contradicts theories proposing environmental explanations of intergenerational transmission of ADHD, such as parenting theories or psychological life history theory.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 26-03-2021
Abstract: Hamer
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-08-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S00429-019-01931-8
Abstract: Comparing estimates of the amount of genetic and environmental variance for different brain structures may elucidate differences in the genetic architecture or developmental constraints of in idual brain structures. However, most studies compare estimates of relative genetic (heritability) and environmental variance in brain structure, which do not reflect differences in absolute variance between brain regions. Here we used a population s le of young adult twins and singleton siblings of twins (n = 791 M = 23 years, Queensland Twin IMaging study) to estimate the absolute genetic and environmental variance, standardised by the phenotypic mean, in the size of cortical, subcortical, and ventricular brain structures. Mean-standardised genetic variance differed widely across structures [23.5-fold range 0.52% (hippoc us) to 12.28% (lateral ventricles)], but the range of estimates within cortical, subcortical, or ventricular structures was more moderate (two to fivefold range). There was no association between mean-standardised and relative measures of genetic variance (i.e., heritability) in brain structure volumes. We found similar results in an independent s le (n = 1075, M = 29 years, Human Connectome Project). These findings open important new lines of enquiry: namely, understanding the bases of these variance patterns, and their implications regarding the genetic architecture, evolution, and development of the human brain.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 19-02-2020
Abstract: The ratio of males to females among an in idual's offspring at birth (offspring sex ratio) has long been of great interest to evolutionary biologists. The human offspring sex ratio is around 1 : 1 and is understood primarily in terms of Fisher's principle (R. A. Fisher, The genetical theory of natural selection , 1930), which is based on the insight that in a population with an unequal sex ratio, each in idual of the rarer sex will on average have greater reproductive value than each in idual of the more common sex. Accordingly, in iduals genetically predisposed to produce the rarer sex will tend to have greater fitness and thus genes predisposing to bearing that sex will increase in frequency until the population sex ratio approaches 1 : 1. An assumption of this perspective is that in iduals' offspring sex ratio is heritable. However, the heritability in humans remains remarkably uncertain, with inconsistent findings and important power limitations of existing studies. To address this persistent uncertainty, we used data from the entire Swedish-born population born 1932 or later, including 3 543 243 in iduals and their 4 753 269 children. To investigate whether offspring sex ratio is influenced by genetic variation, we tested the association between in iduals' offspring's sex and their siblings' offspring's sex ( n pairs = 14 015 421). We estimated that the heritability for offspring sex ratio was zero, with an upper 95% confidence interval of 0.002, rendering Fisher's principle and several other existing hypotheses untenable as frameworks for understanding human offspring sex ratio.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 04-08-2023
Abstract: In this chapter we critique evolutionary-developmental explanations of variation and covariation in psychological traits, with special emphasis on psychological ‘life history theory’. We argue that findings from behavioral genetics and developmental biology provides evidence that large proportions of in idual differences in traits are caused by differences in genes, and differences in intrinsic randomness (and environmental damage) during embryo development. Further, behavioral genetic findings suggest that covariation between traits can often be attributed to genetic processes—such as pleiotropy and assortative mating—rather than the output of evolved mechanisms that use environmental cues. Overall, we argue that the relevant evidence leaves little room for evolved mechanisms that shape trait-levels and trait covariations in psychology.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 13-08-2022
Abstract: Background: Parents and children resemble each other in ADHD behaviors. A key theoretical postulate from the evolutionary life history theory is that children use information from their environment (e.g., predictability and resource availability) and develop traits that are optimized for future success in that environment. Life history theory therefore expects that variation in children’s ADHD behaviors reflects evolved calibration to the developmental context that parents provide. Alternatively, children may resemble their parents not because of the provided environments, but because of their transmitted genes.Methods: We employed a large children-of-twins-and-siblings s le (N=22,350 parents & 11,566 8-year-old children) of the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). This enables disentangling intergenerational influences via parental genes and parental behavior (i.e., genetic and environmental transmission, respectively). Fathers reported on their symptoms (or absence thereof) and mothers on their own and their child’s symptoms.Results: Child ADHD behaviors correlated 0.24 with ADHD behaviors in mothers and .10 with those in fathers. These correlations were largely due to genetic transmission genetic transmission was five times larger than environmental transmission. Variation in children’s ADHD behaviors was largely explained by heritability (57%), with small effects of parental ADHD behaviors (2% environmental transmission), and gene-environment correlation (3%). The remainder was due to unique environmental influences and noise.Conclusion: The intergenerational transmission of ADHD behaviors is primarily due to genetic transmission, with little evidence for parental ADHD behaviors causing children’s ADHD behaviors. This contradicts the life history theory. The child-specific variability in ADHD behaviors is due, in equal amounts, to genetic factors that influence children’s but not parents’ ADHD behaviors, and to environmental influences and noise that make siblings unique from one another. We conclude that ADHD is not the outcome of adaptive behavior to the (family) environment, but rather a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic basis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-11-2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-07-2017
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2017-018959
Abstract: The Nineteen and Up study (19Up) assessed a range of mental health and behavioural problems and associated risk factors in a genetically informative Australian cohort of young adult twins and their non-twin siblings. As such, 19Up enables detailed investigation of genetic and environmental pathways to mental illness and substance misuse within the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin S le (BLTS). Twins and their non-twin siblings from Queensland, Australia mostly from European ancestry. Data were collected between 2009 and 2016 on 2773 participants (age range 18–38, 57.8% female, 372 complete monozygotic pairs, 493 dizygotic pairs, 640 non-twin siblings, 403 singleton twins). A structured clinical assessment (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) was used to collect lifetime prevalence of diagnostic statistical manual (4th edition) (DSM-IV) diagnoses of major depressive disorder, (hypo)mania, social anxiety, cannabis use disorder, alcohol use disorder, panic disorder and psychotic symptoms. Here, we further describe the comorbidities and ages of onset for these mental disorders. Notably, two-thirds of the s le reported one or more lifetime mental disorder. In addition, the 19Up study assessed general health, drug use, work activity, education level, personality, migraine/headaches, suicidal thoughts, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology, sleep–wake patterns, romantic preferences, friendships, familial environment, stress, anorexia and bulimia as well as baldness, acne, asthma, endometriosis, joint flexibility and internet use. The overlap with previous waves of the BLTS means that 84% of the 19Up participants are genotyped, 36% imaged using multimodal MRI and most have been assessed for psychological symptoms at up to four time points. Furthermore, IQ is available for 57%, parental report of ADHD symptomatology for 100% and electroencephalography for 30%. The 19Up study complements a phenotypically rich, longitudinal collection of environmental and psychological risk factors. Future publications will explore hypotheses related to disease onset and development across the waves of the cohort. A follow-up study at 25+years is ongoing.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-09-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S10519-016-9808-0
Abstract: Choice of romantic partner is an enormously important component of human life, impacting almost every facet of day-to-day existence, however the processes underlying this choice are remarkably complex and have so far been largely resistant to scientific explanation. One consistent finding is that, on average, members of romantic dyads tend to be more alike than would be expected by chance. Selecting for self-similarity is at least partially driven by phenotypic matching wherein couples share similar phenotypes, and preferences for a number of these traits are partly genetically influenced (e.g., education, height, social attitudes and religiosity). This suggests that genetically influenced preferences for self-similarity might contribute to phenotypic matching (and thus assortative mating), but it has never been studied in actual couples. In the present study, we use a large s le of twins to model sources of variation in self-similarity between partners. Biometrical modelling revealed that very little of the variation in the tendency to assortatively mate across 14 traits was due to genetic effects (7 %) or the shared environment of twins (0 %).
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 17-09-2014
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 13-09-2017
Abstract: Higher paternal age at offspring conception increases de novo genetic mutations. Based on evolutionary genetic theory we predicted older fathers' children, all else equal, would be less likely to survive and reproduce, i.e. have lower fitness. In sibling control studies, we find support for negative paternal age effects on offspring survival and reproductive success across four large populations with an aggregate N 1.4 million. Three populations were pre-industrial (1670–1850) Western populations and showed negative paternal age effects on infant survival and offspring reproductive success. In twentieth-century Sweden, we found minuscule paternal age effects on survival, but found negative effects on reproductive success. Effects survived tests for key competing explanations, including maternal age and parental loss, but effects varied widely over different plausible model specifications and some competing explanations such as diminishing paternal investment and epigenetic mutations could not be tested. We can use our findings to aid in predicting the effect increasingly older parents in today's society will have on their children's survival and reproductive success. To the extent that we succeeded in isolating a mutation-driven effect of paternal age, our results can be understood to show that de novo mutations reduce offspring fitness across populations and time periods.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.1111/EVO.12095
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-11-2010
DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2010.486096
Abstract: We investigated the temporal relationship between lifestyle and mental health among 564 midlife women. The mental health measured included anxiety, depression, and mental well-being the lifestyle measures included body mass index (BMI), exercise, smoking, alcohol use, and caffeine consumption. We found that BMI was positively related with mental well-being (r = .316, p = .009) smokers had lower mental well-being than nonsmokers (β = 6.725, p = .006), and noncaffeine drinkers had higher mental well-being (β = 5, p = .023). Past alcohol-drinkers had less anxiety than nondrinkers (β = 1.135, p = .04). Therefore, lifestyle is predictive of mental health among midlife and older women.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-2019
DOI: 10.1017/THG.2019.27
Abstract: The aim of the 25 and Up (25Up) study was to assess a wide range of psychological and behavioral risk factors behind mental illness in a large cohort of Australian twins and their non-twin siblings. Participants had already been studied longitudinally from the age of 12 and most recently in the 19Up study (mean age = 26.1 years, SD = 4.1, range = 20–39). This subsequent wave follows up these twins several years later in life (mean age = 29.7 years, SD = 2.2, range = 22–44). The resulting data set enables additional detailed investigations of genetic pathways underlying psychiatric illnesses in the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study (BLTS). Data were collected between 2016 and 2018 from 2540 twins and their non-twin siblings (59% female, including 341 monozygotic complete twin-pairs, 415 dizygotic complete pairs and 1028 non-twin siblings and singletons). Participants were from South-East Queensland, Australia, and the s le was of predominantly European ancestry. The 25Up study collected information on 20 different mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, substance use, psychosis, bipolar and attention-deficit hyper-activity disorder, as well as general demographic information such as occupation, education level, number of children, self-perceived IQ and household environment. In this article, we describe the prevalence, comorbidities and age of onset for all 20 examined disorders. The 25Up study also assessed general and physical health, including physical activity, sleep patterns, eating behaviors, baldness, acne, migraines and allergies, as well as psychosocial items such as suicidality, perceived stress, loneliness, aggression, sleep–wake cycle, sexual identity and preferences, technology and internet use, traumatic life events, gambling and cyberbullying. In addition, 25Up assessed female health traits such as morning sickness, breastfeeding and endometriosis. Furthermore, given that the 25Up study is an extension of previous BLTS studies, 86% of participants have already been genotyped. This rich resource will enable the assessment of epidemiological risk factors, as well as the heritability and genetic correlations of mental conditions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-02-2021
DOI: 10.1111/ADB.13015
Abstract: Risky behaviors, such as substance use and unprotected sex, are associated with various physical and mental health problems. Recent genome‐wide association studies indicated that variation in the cell adhesion molecule 2 ( CADM2 ) gene plays a role in risky behaviors and self‐control. In this phenome‐wide scan for risky behavior, it was tested if underlying common vulnerability could be (partly) explained by pleiotropic effects of this gene and how large the effects were. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐level and gene‐level association tests within four s les (25 and Up, Spit for Science, Netherlands Twin Register, and UK Biobank and meta‐analyses over all s les (combined s le of 362,018 participants) were conducted to test associations between CADM2 , substance‐ and sex‐related risk behaviors, and various measures related to self‐control. We found significant associations between the CADM2 gene, various risky behaviors, and different measures of self‐control. The largest effect sizes were found for cannabis use, sensation seeking, and disinhibition. Effect sizes ranged from 0.01% to 0.26% for single top SNPs and from 0.07% to 3.02% for independent top SNPs together, with sufficient power observed only in the larger s les and meta‐analyses. In the largest cohort, we found indications that risk‐taking proneness mediated the association between CADM2 and latent factors for lifetime smoking and regular alcohol use. This study extends earlier findings that CADM2 plays a role in risky behaviors and self‐control. It also provides insight into gene‐level effect sizes and demonstrates the feasibility of testing mediation. These findings present a good starting point for investigating biological etiological pathways underlying risky behaviors.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-2011
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 22-06-2011
Abstract: When choosing a mate, women are thought to face a trade-off between genetic and parental quality. Recent research suggests that this trade-off is influenced by environmental factors such as pathogen prevalence and resource scarcity, which affect the relative value of genetic and parental quality to offspring fitness. To further investigate these findings, the current study primed 60 women with pathogen prevalence, resource scarcity or an irrelevant threat, before administering a forced trade-off task that assessed mate preferences for traits thought to be indicative of genetic or parental quality. Women primed with pathogen prevalence revealed greater preferences for traits indicative of genetic quality at the expense of traits indicative of parental quality. The reverse was found for women primed with resource scarcity. These findings suggest that environmental factors may directly influence women's mate preferences owing to evolved plasticity, such that mate preferences are flexible in response to environmental factors.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-11-2013
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 21-05-2019
DOI: 10.1101/643304
Abstract: Using data from 5,500 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Domingue et al. (2018) claimed to show that friends are genetically more similar to one another than randomly selected peers, beyond the confounding effects of population stratification by ancestry. The authors also claimed to show ‘social-genetic’ effects, whereby in iduals’ educational attainment (EA) is influenced by their friends’ genes. Neither claim is justified by the data. Mathematically we show that 1) although similarity at causal variants is expected under assortment, the genome-wide relationship between friends (and similarly between mates) is extremely small (an effect that could be explained by subtle population stratification) and 2) significant association between in iduals’ EA and their friends’ polygenic score for EA is expected under homophily with no socio-genetic effects.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 30-08-2019
Abstract: Twin studies and other analyses of inheritance of sexual orientation in humans has indicated that same-sex sexual behavior has a genetic component. Previous searches for the specific genes involved have been underpowered and thus unable to detect genetic signals. Ganna et al. perform a genome-wide association study on 493,001 participants from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden to study genes associated with sexual orientation (see the Perspective by Mills). They find multiple loci implicated in same-sex sexual behavior indicating that, like other behavioral traits, nonheterosexual behavior is polygenic. Science , this issue p. eaat7693 see also p. 869
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 04-04-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-10-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41562-019-0757-5
Abstract: Human DNA polymorphisms vary across geographic regions, with the most commonly observed variation reflecting distant ancestry differences. Here we investigate the geographic clustering of common genetic variants that influence complex traits in a s le of ~450,000 in iduals from Great Britain. Of 33 traits analysed, 21 showed significant geographic clustering at the genetic level after controlling for ancestry, probably reflecting migration driven by socioeconomic status (SES). Alleles associated with educational attainment (EA) showed the most clustering, with EA-decreasing alleles clustering in lower SES areas such as coal mining areas. In iduals who leave coal mining areas carry more EA-increasing alleles on average than those in the rest of Great Britain. The level of geographic clustering is correlated with genetic associations between complex traits and regional measures of SES, health and cultural outcomes. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that social stratification leaves visible marks in geographic arrangements of common allele frequencies and gene-environment correlations.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1037/EMO0000141
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 26-01-2018
Abstract: The comment by Myers-Smith and Myers focuses on three main points: (i) the lack of a mechanistic explanation for climate-selection relationships, (ii) the appropriateness of the climate data used in our analysis, and (iii) our focus on estimating climate-selection relationships across (rather than within) taxonomic groups. We address these critiques in our response.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-11-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-11-2017
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 23-03-2021
Abstract: In iduals are thought to seek the best possible romantic partner in exchange for their own desirability. We investigated the strategies that in iduals use when choosing a partner, and whether these strategies optimise the quality of mutually interested partners (‘matches’). Further, we investigated whether these matching outcomes were affected by the accuracy of one’s self-perceived mate value. Participants (1501 total) took part in a speed dating experiment whereby they rated themselves and others on attractiveness variables and indicated their willingness to date each opposite sex partner they interacted with. We then calculated participants’ selectivity, minimum and maximum standards, accuracy, match quality, and match quantity. In iduals were somewhat accurate in their self-evaluations, and these self-evaluations guided in idual’s minimum and maximum quality standards for a potential partner, leading to higher quality matches. These findings extend social exchange models by emphasising the adaptiveness of accurate self-evaluations in mating contexts.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2018
Publisher: Springer New York
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7274-6_9
Abstract: This chapter describes how the heritability of a trait can be estimated using data collected from pairs of twins. The principles of the classical twin design are described, followed by the assumptions, and some possible extensions of the design. In the second part of this chapter, two ex le scripts are presented and the basic steps for estimating heritability using the statistical program OpenMx are explained. OpenMx and the scripts used for this chapter can be downloaded so that readers can adapt and use the scripts for their own purposes.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 30-09-2020
Abstract: Humans’ extraordinary intelligence seems to extend beyond the needs for survival. One theory to explain this surplus intelligence is that it evolved via sexual selection as a fitness indicator to advertise genetic quality to prospective mates. Consistent with this idea, self-reported mate preferences suggest intelligence is valued across cultures. Yet, as the validity of these self-reports has been questioned, it remains unclear whether objectively assessed intelligence is indeed attractive. We analysed data from two studies to test this key premise of the sexual selection theory of intelligence. In Study 1, 88 target men had their intelligence measured and based on short video clips were rated on intelligence, funniness, physical attractiveness and mate appeal by 179 women. In Study 2 (N = 729), participants took part in 2 to 5 speed-dating sessions in which their intelligence was measured and they rated each other’s intelligence, funniness, and mate appeal. Measured intelligence did not predict increased mate appeal in either study, whereas perceived intelligence and funniness did. More intelligent people were perceived as more intelligent, but not as funnier. Results suggest that intelligence is not important for initial attraction, which raises doubts concerning the sexual selection theory of intelligence.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-07-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10508-009-9508-4
Abstract: Recent evidence indicates that homosexuals and bisexuals are, on average, at greater risk for psychiatric problems than heterosexuals. It is assumed with some supporting evidence that prejudice often experienced by nonheterosexuals makes them more vulnerable to psychiatric disorder, but there has been no investigation of alternative explanations. Here we used Eysenck's Neuroticism and Psychoticism scales as markers for psychiatric vulnerability and compared heterosexuals with nonheterosexuals in a community-based s le of identical and nonidentical twins aged between 19 and 52 years (N = 4904). Firstly, we tested whether apparent sexual orientation differences in psychiatric vulnerability simply mirrored sex differences-for our traits, this would predict nonheterosexual males having elevated Neuroticism scores as females do, and nonheterosexual females having elevated Psychoticism scores as males do. Our results contradicted this idea, with nonheterosexual men and women scoring significantly higher on Neuroticism and Psychoticism than their heterosexual counterparts, suggesting an overall elevation of psychiatric risk in nonheterosexuals. Secondly, we used our genetically informative s le to assess the viability of explanations invoking a common cause of both nonheterosexuality and psychiatric vulnerability. We found significant genetic correlation between sexual orientation and both Neuroticism and Psychoticism, but no corresponding environmental correlations, suggesting that if there is a common cause of both nonheterosexuality and psychiatric vulnerability it is likely to have a genetic basis rather than an environmental basis.
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 03-11-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-04-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-01-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-01-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-05-2021
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.2537
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is more common in males than females and has been linked to male‐typical behavior. Accordingly, the “Extreme Male Brain” hypothesis suggests that ASD is associated with an exaggeratedly male‐typical brain. To test this hypothesis, we derived a data‐driven measure of in idual differences along a male–female dimension based on sex differences in subcortical brain shape (i.e., brain maleness) by training our algorithm on two population s les (Queensland Twin IMaging study and Human Connectome Project combined N = 2153). We then applied this algorithm to two clinical datasets (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I and II ASD N = 1060 neurotypical controls N = 1166) to obtain a brain maleness score for each in idual, representing maleness of their brain on a male–female continuum. Consistent with the Extreme Male Brain hypothesis, we found a higher mean brain maleness score in the ASD group than in controls ( d = 0.20 [0.12–0.29]), parallel to higher scores for control males than control females ( d = 1.17 [1.05–1.29]). Further, brain maleness was positively associated with autistic symptoms. We tested the possibility this finding was driven by the ASD group's larger brains than controls ( d = 0.17 [0.08–0.25]), given that males had larger brains than females ( d = 0.96 [0.84–1.07]). Indeed, after adjusting for differences in brain size, the brain maleness difference between the ASD group and controls disappeared, and no association with autistic symptoms remained (after controlling for multiple comparisons), suggesting greater maleness of the autistic brain is driven by brain size. Brain maleness may be influenced by the same factors that influence brain size. A popular theory proposes that in iduals with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) have an “extreme male brain”, but this has not been subject to rigorous, direct tests. We developed a measure of in idual differences along a male–female dimension and then derived this measure for 1060 in iduals with ASD and 1166 neurotypical controls. In iduals with ASD had slightly more male‐type brains. However, this difference is accounted for by males and in iduals with ASD having relatively larger brains than females and controls, respectively.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-11-2012
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2020
DOI: 10.1017/THG.2020.42
Abstract: Genetic research into human sexuality was scarce at the end of last century. In 1992 Nick developed a 12-page questionnaire to send to twins to investigate the underpinnings of sexuality. The questionnaire included items about sexual orientation, sociosexuality and sexual behavior, and was completed by almost 5000 twins. The resulting data, unique at the time, has been used to investigate many previously unexaminable research questions. Here we describe how Nick’s questionnaire contributed to our understanding of human sexuality and how we got involved in this endeavor.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X16001990
Abstract: We welcome the cross-disciplinary approach taken by Burkart et al. to probe the evolution of intelligence. We note several concerns: the uses of g and G , rank-ordering species on cognitive ability, and the meaning of general intelligence. This subject demands insights from several fields, and we look forward to cross-disciplinary collaborations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-08-2021
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 21-06-2023
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 24-03-2021
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 26-01-2011
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-04-2015
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 28-04-2021
Abstract: On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behaviour, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behaviour. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study (N=1,040) and Human Connectome Project (N=1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of in idual differences along a male-female dimension for brain and behaviour based on average sex differences in brain structure and behaviour, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioural differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioural differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioural sex differences are to some extent related to sex differences in brain structure, but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 21-02-2018
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 20-12-2019
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 03-03-2017
Abstract: Climate change will fundamentally alter many aspects of the natural world. To understand how species may adapt to this change, we must understand which aspects of the changing climate exert the most powerful selective forces. Siepielski et al. looked at studies of selection across species and regions and found that, across biomes, the strongest sources of selection were precipitation and transpiration changes. Importantly, local and regional climate change explained patterns of selection much more than did global change. Science , this issue p. 959
Publisher: Birkhäuser-Verlag
Date: 2005
Start Date: 12-2022
End Date: 12-2025
Amount: $417,875.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 12-2023
Amount: $655,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 01-2012
End Date: 08-2016
Amount: $375,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity