ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5323-3180
Current Organisation
Public Health Foundation of India
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Publisher: E.U. European Publishing
Date: 14-12-2021
DOI: 10.18332/TID/143179
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 26-07-2021
DOI: 10.1136/TOBACCOCONTROL-2021-056629
Abstract: India’s tobacco-free film and TV rules were implemented from 2012. To assess the effect of the rules, we studied tobacco depictions in top-grossing Bollywood films released between 2006 and 2017 and rule compliance after 2012. Tobacco incidents and brand appearances were coded in 240 top-grossing Bollywood films (2006–2017) using the Breathe California method. Trends in number of tobacco incidents per film per year were studied before and after implementation of the rules using Poisson regression analysis. Compliance with rules over the years was studied using Pearson product-moment correlations. Forty-five films were U-rated (all ages), 162 were UA-rated (below age 12 years must be adult-accompanied), and 33 were A-rated (age 18+ years only). Before implementation of the rules, the number of tobacco incidents per film was increasing by a factor of 1.1/year (95% CI 1.0 to 1.2, p=0.002). However, beginning year 2013, the number of incidents per film started falling significantly by a factor of 0.7/year (95% CI 0.6 to 0.9 p=0.012) compared with the previous increasing trend. The percentage of youth-rated (U and UA) films with any tobacco incidents also declined from a peak of 76% in 2012 to 35% in 2017. The percentage of films complying with the rules (audio-visual disclaimers, health spots, static warnings) did not change significantly from 2012 to 2017. India’s 2012 rules were followed by a reduction in tobacco depictions in Bollywood films. Enhanced monitoring of compliance is needed to ensure the continued effectiveness of the rules.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-10-2022
DOI: 10.1093/NTR/NTAC230
Abstract: We studied the change in affordability of tobacco products, an important determinant of tobacco use, across the different socio-economic status (SES) in India. We calculated affordability in the form of relative income price (RIP-cost of tobacco products relative to income) for years 2011-12 and 2018-19 using three different denominators, i.e., per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) at national and state levels, respectively monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE) and in idual wages. We investigated RIP for cigarettes, bidis and smokeless tobacco (SLT) across different SES groups (caste groups, type of employment and education). RIP increased marginally for cigarettes, bidis and remained almost constant for SLT across casual workers. However, when RIP was adjusted with SES variables, there was no significant change (p>0.05) in affordability of products for casual workers in year 2018-19 as compared to 2011-12. For regular workers, cigarettes and bidis became marginally less affordable (β<1), whereas affordability remained constant for SLT. All products became more affordable for backward caste groups within regular workers. When RIP was calculated using MPCE all tobacco products became less affordable in year 2018-19. However, after adjusting for SES variables SLT reported no change in affordability. There was a marginal increase in affordability for all products when RIP was calculated with GDP. Although implementation of GST has increased the price of tobacco products, it is still not sufficient to reduce the affordability of tobacco products, particularly SLT and especially for the lower SES group. Tobacco use and economic disadvantage conditions of population are intricately linked. Affordability of tobacco products is influenced by socio-economic indicators like age, sex, income, education, etc. The literature measuring the affordability of tobacco products across different SES groups is scant in India. Additionally, existing literature measures affordability of tobacco products based on per capita GDP as a proxy for income. This is the first study in Indian context to report the change in affordability of tobacco products across different SES groups after adjusting for SES indicators, using in idual level income data. We have calculated the change in affordability of tobacco products between year 2011-12 and 2018-19 using GDP, household income, and in idual wages as proxy for income.
No related grants have been discovered for Nitika Sharma.