ORCID Profile
0000-0003-1801-8703
Current Organisation
James Cook University
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Isotope Geochemistry | Archaeological Science | Quaternary Environments | Ecological Impacts of Climate Change | Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience | Geochemistry | Environmental Monitoring | Surfacewater Hydrology | Global Change Biology | Other Biological Sciences | Carbon Sequestration Science | Palaeontology (incl. Palynology) | Ore Deposit Petrology | Archaeology | Ecology | Atmospheric Sciences | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Archaeology | Geochronology And Isotope Geochemistry | Chemical Oceanography | Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology | Climate Change Processes | Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander archaeology | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture language and history | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Environmental Knowledge | Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy | Pyrometallurgy | Metals and Alloy Materials | Landscape Ecology | Palaeoecology | Geochemistry Not Elsewhere Classified | Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing | Surface Processes | Palaeoclimatology | Soil Sciences | Ecological Applications | Archaeological science | Geomatic Engineering | Quaternary environments | Plant Physiology | Ecosystem Function | Technology not elsewhere classified |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Expanding Knowledge in the Earth Sciences | Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Australia (excl. Social Impacts) | Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity at Regional or Larger Scales | Understanding Australia's Past | Climate Variability (excl. Social Impacts) | Climate change | Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water in Fresh, Ground and Surface Water Environments (excl. Urban and Industrial Use) | Expanding Knowledge in History and Archaeology | Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change | Forest and Woodlands Soils | Mineral Exploration not elsewhere classified | Earth sciences | Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water in Marine Environments | Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water in Coastal and Estuarine Environments | Other environmental aspects | Global climate change adaptation measures | Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water not elsewhere classified | Land and Water Management of environments not elsewhere classified | Sparseland, Permanent Grassland and Arid Zone Soils | Climate and Climate Change not elsewhere classified | Global Effects of Climate Change and Variability (excl. Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and the South Pacific) (excl. Social Impacts) | Expanding Knowledge in the Environmental Sciences | Basic Precious Metal Products | Titanium Minerals, Zircon, and Rare Earth Metal Ore (e.g. Monazite) Exploration | Farmland, Arable Cropland and Permanent Cropland Land Management | Forest and Woodlands Land Management
Related Links
Publications
Woody cover and hominin environments in the past 6 million years
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2011
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE10306
Thirty years of increased precipitation modifies soil organic matter fractions but not bulk soil carbon and nitrogen in a mesic grassland
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2023
Net landscape carbon balance of a tropical savanna: Relative importance of fire and aquatic export in offsetting terrestrial production
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-08-2020
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.15287
Charcoal re-combustion efficiency in tropical savannas
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
A record of fire, vegetation and climate through the last three glacial cycles from Lombok Ridge core G6-4, eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1999
Biochar-based fertilizer: Supercharging root membrane potential and biomass yield of rice
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.136431
Abstract: Biochar-based compound fertilizers (BCF) and amendments have proven to enhance crop yields and modify soil properties (pH, nutrients, organic matter, structure etc.) and are now in commercial production in China. While there is a good understanding of the changes in soil properties following biochar addition, the interactions within the rhizosphere remain largely unstudied, with benefits to yield observed beyond the changes in soil properties alone. We investigated the rhizosphere interactions following the addition of an activated wheat straw BCF at an application rates of 0.25% (g·g
Evolution of the Irrawaddy delta region since 1850
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-05-2010
The reliability of radiocarbon dates of different carbon fractions in the Australian tropical savannas: A case study from Sanamere Lagoon, northeast Australia
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 23-03-2020
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU2020-11983
Abstract: & & The selection and pre-treatment of a reliable organic fraction from which to acquire radiocarbon dates is fundamental to obtain accurate chronologies. S ling from tropical lakes is particularly challenging given the adverse preservation conditions and diagenesis in these environments. Our research is the first to examine and quantify the differences between the radiocarbon date results from different carbon fractions and pretreatments from the same depths from a tropical lake sediment core (1.72 m long) located in north Australia to assess which one(s) are more reliable. Six different organic fractions (bulk organics, pollen concentrate, cellulose, stable polycyclic aromatic carbon (SPAC), charcoal & um and charcoal & um), for a total of 27 radiocarbon dates, were compared in six different depths along the core. Acid-base-acid (ABA), modified ABA (30 % hydrogen peroxide + ABA), 2chlorOx (a novel cellulose pre-treatment method) and hydrogen pyrolysis (hypy) were used to pre-treat the correspondent organic fractions. The oldest date is 31,295 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP) and the youngest is 2,048 cal yr BP, spanning 29,247 years. The smallest offset between the minimum and the maximum age in a given depth was found to be 975 years (between SPAC and charcoal & um) and the largest 16,527 years (between pollen concentrate and SPAC). The SPAC fractions pre-treated with hypy consistently yielded older ages compared to all other fraction in most cases, while bulk organics yielded consistently younger ones. The magnitude and consistency of the offsets and the physical and chemical properties of the tested organic fractions suggest that SPAC is the most reliable fraction to date in tropical lake sediments and that hypy successfully removes contamination sourced from exogenous carbon.& &
A comprehensive database of quality-rated fossil ages for Sahul’s Quaternary vertebrates
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-07-2016
Abstract: The study of palaeo-chronologies using fossil data provides evidence for past ecological and evolutionary processes, and is therefore useful for predicting patterns and impacts of future environmental change. However, the robustness of inferences made from fossil ages relies heavily on both the quantity and quality of available data. We compiled Quaternary non-human vertebrate fossil ages from Sahul published up to 2013. This, the FosSahul database, includes 9,302 fossil records from 363 deposits, for a total of 478 species within 215 genera, of which 27 are from extinct and extant megafaunal species (2,559 records). We also provide a rating of reliability of in idual absolute age based on the dating protocols and association between the dated materials and the fossil remains. Our proposed rating system identified 2,422 records with high-quality ages (i.e., a reduction of 74%). There are many applications of the database, including disentangling the confounding influences of hypothetical extinction drivers, better spatial distribution estimates of species relative to palaeo-climates, and potentially identifying new areas for fossil discovery.
The isotopic composition of soil organic carbon on a north–south transect in western Canada
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2002
Evolutionary anthropology: Homo 'incendius'
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE11195
Populating PEP II: the dispersal of humans and agriculture through Austral-Asia and Oceania
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2004
Variations of δ13C in the surface soil organic carbon pool
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 09-1997
DOI: 10.1029/97GB01197
Carbon sequestration and biodiversity restoration potential of semi-arid mulga lands of Australia interpreted from long-term grazing exclosures
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
Soil carbon stocks vary predictably with altitude in tropical forests: Implications for soil carbon storage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
Variation in soil carbon stocks and their determinants across a precipitation gradient in W est A frica
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-03-2012
Coupled rainfall and water vapour stable isotope time series reveal tropical atmospheric processes on multiple timescales
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-09-2019
DOI: 10.1002/HYP.13576
Natural abundance of 13C in leaf litter as related to feeding activity of soil invertebrates and microbial mineralisation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2000
The carbon isotope composition of semi-labile and stable pyrogenic carbon in a thermosequence of C3 and C4 derived char
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
Criteria for assessing the quality of Middle Pleistocene to Holocene vertebrate fossil ages
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
The ameliorating effects of biochar and compost on soil quality and plant growth on a Ferralsol
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1071/SR14118
Abstract: Deteriorating soil fertility and the concomitant decline in agricultural productivity are major concerns in many parts of the world. A pot experiment was conducted with a Ferralsol to test the hypothesis that application of biochar improves soil fertility, fertiliser-use efficiency, plant growth and productivity, particularly when combined with compost. Treatments comprised: untreated control mineral fertiliser at rates of 280 mg nitrogen, 70 mg phosphorus and 180 mg potassium pot–1 (F) 75% F + 40 g compost pot–1 (F + Com) 100% F + 20 g willow biochar pot–1 (F + WB) 75% F + 10 g willow biochar + 20 g compost pot–1 (F + WB + Com) 100% F + 20 g acacia biochar pot–1 (F + AB) and 75% F + 10 g acacia biochar + 20 g compost pot–1 (F + AB + Com). Application of compost with fertiliser significantly increased plant growth, soil nutrient status and plant nutrient content, with shoot biomass (as a ratio of control value) decreasing in the order F + Com (4.0) F + WB + Com (3.6) F + WB (3.3) F + AB + Com (3.1) F + AB (3.1) F (2.9) control (1.0). Maize shoot biomass was positively significantly correlated with chlorophyll content, root biomass, plant height, and specific leaf weight (r = 0.99, 0.98, 0.96 and 0.92, respectively). Shoot and root biomass had significant correlations with soil water content, plant nutrient concentration, and soil nutrient content after harvesting. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first component provided a reasonable summary of the data, accounting for ~84% of the total variance. As the plants grew, compost and biochar additions significantly reduced leaching of nutrients. In summary, separate or combined application of compost and biochar together with fertiliser increased soil fertility and plant growth. Application of compost and biochar improved the retention of water and nutrients by the soil and thereby uptake of water and nutrients by the plants however, little or no synergistic effect was observed.
Lack of chronological support for stepwise prehuman extinctions of Australian megafauna
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 25-07-2013
CADICA: Continuous Automated Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer with application to aquatic carbon cycle science
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2012
A new Quaternary stratigraphy of the Kallang River Basin, Singapore: Implications for urban development and geotechnical engineering in Singapore
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
X-ray microtomographic imaging of charcoal
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2008
Recovery of organic matter from mineral‐rich sediment and soils for stable isotope analyses using static dense media
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-12-2009
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.4358
Gracilaria waste biomass (sampah rumput laut) as a bioresource for selenium biosorption
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-05-2015
Tree-scale spatial variability of soil carbon cycling in a mature oil palm plantation
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/SR15211
Abstract: Soil carbon fluxes are highly variable in space and time under tree crops such as oil palm, and attempts to model such fluxes must incorporate an understanding of this variability. In this work, we measured soil CO2 emission, root biomass and pruned frond deposition rates and calculated carbon fluxes into and out of the soil in a mature (20-year-old, second planting cycle) oil palm plantation in Papua New Guinea. Tree-scale spatial variability in CO2 emission and root biomass was quantified by making measurements on a 35-point trapezoid grid covering the 38.5-m2 repeating unit of the plantation (n = 4 grids). In order to obtain an overall mean soil CO2 emission rate within 5% of the most accurate estimate, ≥24 measurement points were required. Soil CO2 emissions were spatially correlated with calculated carbon inputs (r2 = 0.605, slope 1 : 1), but not with soil water content or temperature. However, outputs were higher than inputs at all locations, with a mean overall output of 7.24 µmol m–2 s–1 and input of 3.02 µmol m–2 s–1. Inputs related to fronds, roots and groundcover constituted 60%, 36% and 4% of estimated inputs, respectively. The spatial correlation of carbon inputs and outputs indicates that mineralisation rate is controlled mostly by the amount rather than the nature or input depth of the additions. The spatially uniform net carbon emission from soil may be due to inaccuracies in calculated fluxes (especially root-related inputs) or to non-biological emissions.
Recarbonization of the humid tropics
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 2012
Heterotrophic Fixation of CO2 in Soil
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2005
Radiocarbon analysis of the early archaeological site of Nauwalabila I, Arnhem Land, Australia: Implications for sample suitability and stratigraphic integrity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2002
Soil types influence predictions of soil carbon stock recovery in tropical secondary forests
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Early human settlement of Sahul was not an accident
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-06-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-42946-9
Abstract: The first peopling of Sahul (Australia, New Guinea and the Aru Islands joined at lower sea levels) by anatomically modern humans required multiple maritime crossings through Wallacea, with at least one approaching 100 km. Whether these crossings were accidental or intentional is unknown. Using coastal-viewshed analysis and ocean drift modelling combined with population projections, we show that the probability of randomly reaching Sahul by any route is % until ≥40 adults are ‘washed off’ an island at least once every 20 years. We then demonstrate that choosing a time of departure and making minimal headway (0.5 knots) toward a destination greatly increases the likelihood of arrival. While drift modelling demonstrates the existence of ‘bottleneck’ crossings on all routes, arrival via New Guinea is more likely than via northwestern Australia. We conclude that anatomically modern humans had the capacity to plan and make open-sea voyages lasting several days by at least 50,000 years ago.
Rayleigh distillation and the depth profile of 13C/12C ratios of soil organic carbon from soils of disparate texture in Iron Range National Park, Far North Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2005
Hydrogen-isotope fractionation in aluminum hydroxides: Synthesis products versus natural samples from bauxites
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2001
Algal biochar: Effects and applications
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-06-2012
Litter contribution to diurnal and annual soil respiration in a tropical montane cloud forest
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2009
Determination of the abundance and carbon isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1997
Validating community-led forest biomass assessments
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 30-06-2015
Response of central Siberian Scots pine to soil water deficit and long‐term trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 22-01-2002
DOI: 10.1029/2000GB001374
A global carbon and nitrogen isotope perspective on modern and ancient human diet
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 25-08-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-61331/V1
Abstract: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses are widely used to infer diet and mobility in ancient and modern human populations, potentially providing a means to situate humans in global food webs. We collated 13,533 globally distributed analyses of ancient and modern human collagen and keratin s les. We converted all data to a common ‘Modern Diet Equivalent’ reference frame to enable direct comparison between ancient and modern human diets and the natural environment. This approach reveals a broad diet in ancient times, consistent with the human ability to consume opportunistically as extreme omnivores within complex natural food webs and across multiple trophic levels in every terrestrial and many marine ecosystems on the planet. In stark contrast, dietary breadth across modern non-subsistence populations has dramatically compressed by two-thirds, largely as a result of the rise of industrial agriculture and animal husbandry practices, as well as the globalization of food distribution networks.
Fire, prehistoric humanity, and the environment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-1995
Climate dependence of heterotrophic soil respiration from a soil‐translocation experiment along a 3000 m tropical forest altitudinal gradient
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-11-2009
Humans, megafauna and environmental change in tropical Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-06-2013
DOI: 10.1002/JQS.2639
Pyrogenic carbon from tropical savanna burning: production and stable isotope composition
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 20-03-2015
Abstract: Abstract. Widespread burning of mixed tree–grass ecosystems represents the major natural locus of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) production. PyC is a significant, pervasive and yet poorly understood "slow-cycling" form of carbon present in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soils and sediments. We conducted 16 experimental burns on a rainfall transect through northern Australian savannas with C4 grasses ranging from 35 to 99% of total biomass. Residues from each fire were partitioned into PyC and further into recalcitrant (HyPyC) components, with each of these fluxes also partitioned into proximal components ( μm), likely to remain close to the site of burning, and distal components ( μm), likely to be transported from the site of burning. The median (range) PyC production across all burns was 16.0 (11.5) % of total carbon exposed (TCE), with HyPyC accounting for 2.5 (4.9) % of TCE. Both PyC and HyPyC were dominantly partitioned into the proximal flux. Production of HyPyC was strongly related to fire residence time, with shorter duration fires resulting in higher HyPyC yields. The carbon isotope (δ13C) compositions of PyC and HyPyC were generally lower by 1–3‰ relative to the original biomass, with marked depletion up to 7‰ for grasslands dominated by C4 biomass. δ13C values of CO2 produced by combustion were computed by mass balance and ranged from ~0.4 to 1.3‰. The depletion of 13C in PyC and HyPyC relative to the original biomass has significant implications for the interpretation of δ13C values of savanna soil organic carbon and of ancient PyC preserved in the geologic record, as well as for global 13C isotopic disequilibria calculations.
Geochronology of cave deposits at Liang Bua and of adjacent river terraces in the Wae Racang valley, western Flores, Indonesia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JHEVOL.2009.01.003
Abstract: A robust timeframe for the extant cave deposits at Liang Bua, and for the river terraces in the adjoining Wae Racang valley, is essential to constrain the period of existence and time of extinction of Homo floresiensis and other biota that have been excavated at this hominin type locality. Reliable age control is also required for the variety of artifacts excavated from these deposits, and to assist in environmental reconstructions for this river valley and for the region more broadly. In this paper, we summarize the available geochronological information for Liang Bua and its immediate environs, obtained using seven numerical-age methods: radiocarbon, thermoluminescence, optically- and infrared-stimulated luminescence (collectively known as optical dating), uranium-series, electron spin resonance, and coupled electron spin resonance/uranium-series. We synthesize the large number of numerical age determinations reported previously and present additional age estimates germane to questions of hominin evolution and extinction.
Optimal climate for large trees at high elevations drives patterns of biomass in remote forests of Papua New Guinea
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-05-2017
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.13741
Abstract: Our ability to model global carbon fluxes depends on understanding how terrestrial carbon stocks respond to varying environmental conditions. Tropical forests contain the bulk of the biosphere's carbon. However, there is a lack of consensus as to how gradients in environmental conditions affect tropical forest carbon. Papua New Guinea (PNG) lies within one of the largest areas of contiguous tropical forest and is characterized by environmental gradients driven by altitude yet, the region has been grossly understudied. Here, we present the first field assessment of aboveground biomass (AGB) across three main forest types of PNG using 193 plots stratified across 3,100-m elevation gradient. Unexpectedly, AGB had no direct relationship to rainfall, temperature, soil, or topography. Instead, natural disturbances explained most variation in AGB. While large trees (diameter at breast height > 50 cm) drove altitudinal patterns of AGB, resulting in a major peak in AGB (2,200-3,100 m) and some of the most carbon-rich forests at these altitudes anywhere. Large trees were correlated to a set of climatic variables following a hump-shaped curve. The set of "optimal" climatic conditions found in montane cloud forests is similar to that of maritime temperate areas that harbor the largest trees in the world: high ratio of precipitation to evapotranspiration (2.8), moderate mean annual temperature (13.7°C), and low intra-annual temperature range (7.5°C). At extreme altitudes (2,800-3,100 m), where tree ersity elsewhere is usually low and large trees are generally rare or absent, specimens from 18 families had girths >70 cm diameter and maximum heights 20-41 m. These findings indicate that simple AGB-climate-edaphic models may not be suitable for estimating carbon storage in forests where optimal climate niches exist. Our study, conducted in a very remote area, suggests that tropical montane forests may contain greater AGB than previously thought and the importance of securing their future under a changing climate is therefore enhanced.
Evolution of the Sungei Buloh–Kranji mangrove coast, Singapore
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2004
Structural, physiognomic and aboveground biomass variation in savanna-forest transition zones on three continents. How different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 24-03-2014
Amazon Basin forest pyrogenic carbon stocks: First estimate of deep storage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Stable Isotope Anatomy of Tropical Cyclone Ita, North-Eastern Australia, April 2014
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-03-2015
Farming with crops and rocks to address global climate, food and soil security
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-02-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41477-018-0108-Y
Abstract: The magnitude of future climate change could be moderated by immediately reducing the amount of CO
Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60kaBP at Border Cave, South Africa
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2003
Minimum founding populations for the first peopling of Sahul
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-06-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41559-019-0902-6
Abstract: The timing, context and nature of the first people to enter Sahul is still poorly understood owing to a fragmented archaeological record. However, quantifying the plausible demographic context of this founding population is essential to determine how and why the initial peopling of Sahul occurred. We developed a stochastic, age-structured model using demographic rates from hunter-gatherer societies, and relative carrying capacity hindcasted with LOVECLIM's net primary productivity for northern Sahul. We projected these populations to determine the resilience and minimum sizes required to avoid extinction. A census founding population of between 1,300 and 1,550 in iduals was necessary to maintain a quasi-extinction threshold of ≲0.1. This minimum founding population could have arrived at a single point in time, or through multiple voyages of ≥130 people over ~700-900 years. This result shows that substantial population amalgamation in Sunda and Wallacea in Marine Isotope Stages 3-4 provided the conditions for the successful, large-scale and probably planned peopling of Sahul.
Isotopic variability in the intertidal acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides : a potentially novel sea-level proxy indicator
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1144/SP303.12
Variability in oxidative degradation of charcoal: Influence of production conditions and environmental exposure
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
Field-based cavity ring-down spectrometry of δ13C in soil-respired CO2
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2013
DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2013.750606
Abstract: Measurement of soil-respired CO₂ at high temporal resolution and s le density is necessary to accurately identify sources and quantify effluxes of soil-respired CO₂. A portable s ling device for the analysis of δ(13)C values in the field is described herein. CO₂ accumulated in a soil chamber was batch s led sequentially in four gas bags and analysed by Wavelength-Scanned Cavity Ring-down Spectrometry (WS-CRDS). A Keeling plot (1/[CO₂] versus δ(13)C) was used to derive δ(13)C values of soil-respired CO₂. Calibration to the δ(13)C Vienna Peedee Belemnite scale was by analysis of cylinder CO₂ and CO₂ derived from dissolved carbonate standards. The performance of gas-bag analysis was compared to continuous analysis where the WS-CRDS analyser was connected directly to the soil chamber. Although there are inherent difficulties in obtaining absolute accuracy data for δ(13)C values in soil-respired CO₂, the similarity of δ(13)C values obtained for the same test soil with different analytical configurations indicated that an acceptable accuracy of the δ(13)C data were obtained by the WS-CRDS techniques presented here. Field testing of a variety of tropical soil/vegetation types, using the batch s ling technique yielded δ(13)C values for soil-respired CO₂ related to the dominance of either C₃ (tree, δ(13)C=-27.8 to-31.9 ‰) or C₄ (tropical grass, δ(13)C=-9.8 to-13.6 ‰) photosynthetic pathways in vegetation at the s ling sites. Standard errors of the Keeling plot intercept δ(13)C values of soil-respired CO₂ were typically 7-9 μmol m(-2) s(-1)).
Assessment of hydropyrolysis as a method for the quantification of black carbon using standard reference materials
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
A radiocarbon chronology for Sanamere Lagoon, Cape York Peninsula, using multiple organic fractions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
Temporal variation and climate dependence of soil respiration and its components along a 3000 m altitudinal tropical forest gradient
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 05-11-2010
DOI: 10.1029/2010GB003787
AUSTRALIAN MARINE RADIOCARBON RESERVOIR EFFECTS: ΔR ATLAS AND ΔR CALCULATOR FOR AUSTRALIAN MAINLAND COASTS AND NEAR-SHORE ISLANDS
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 31-10-2023
DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2023.95
Stochastic models support rapid peopling of Late Pleistocene Sahul
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-04-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-021-21551-3
Abstract: The peopling of Sahul (the combined continent of Australia and New Guinea) represents the earliest continental migration and settlement event of solely anatomically modern humans, but its patterns and ecological drivers remain largely conceptual in the current literature. We present an advanced stochastic-ecological model to test the relative support for scenarios describing where and when the first humans entered Sahul, and their most probable routes of early settlement. The model supports a dominant entry via the northwest Sahul Shelf first, potentially followed by a second entry through New Guinea, with initial entry most consistent with 50,000 or 75,000 years ago based on comparison with bias-corrected archaeological map layers. The model’s emergent properties predict that peopling of the entire continent occurred rapidly across all ecological environments within 156–208 human generations (4368–5599 years) and at a plausible rate of 0.71–0.92 km year −1 . More broadly, our methods and approaches can readily inform other global migration debates, with results supporting an exit of anatomically modern humans from Africa 63,000–90,000 years ago, and the peopling of Eurasia in as little as 12,000–15,000 years via inland routes.
Selective preservation of pyrogenic carbon across soil organic matter fractions and its influence on calculations of carbon mean residence times
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
45,610–52,160 years of site and landscape occupation at Nawarla Gabarnmang, Arnhem Land plateau (northern Australia)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
A preliminary estimate of organic carbon transport by the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and Thanlwin (Salween) Rivers of Myanmar
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
Foliar trait contrasts between African forest and savanna trees: genetic versus environmental effects
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1071/FP14040
The Pyrogenic Carbon Cycle
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 30-05-2015
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-060614-105038
Abstract: Pyrogenic carbon (PyC includes soot, char, black carbon, and biochar) is produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter accompanying biomass burning and fossil fuel consumption. PyC is pervasive in the environment, distributed throughout the atmosphere as well as soils, sediments, and water in both the marine and terrestrial environment. The physicochemical characteristics of PyC are complex and highly variable, dependent on the organic precursor and the conditions of formation. A component of PyC is highly recalcitrant and persists in the environment for millennia. However, it is now clear that a significant proportion of PyC undergoes transformation, translocation, and remineralization by a range of biotic and abiotic processes on comparatively short timescales. Here we synthesize current knowledge of the production, stocks, and fluxes of PyC as well as the physical and chemical processes through which it interacts as a dynamic component of the global carbon cycle.
Late Pliocene–Pleistocene expansion of C4 vegetation in semiarid East Asia linked to increased burning
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1130/G36110.1
Contrasting photosynthetic characteristics of forest vs. savanna species (far North Queensland, Australia)
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 13-06-2014
Quantification of pyrogenic carbon in the environment: An integration of analytical approaches
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Antarctic ice sheet discharge driven by atmosphere-ocean feedbacks at the Last Glacial Termination
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-01-2017
DOI: 10.1038/SREP39979
Abstract: Reconstructing the dynamic response of the Antarctic ice sheets to warming during the Last Glacial Termination (LGT 18,000–11,650 yrs ago) allows us to disentangle ice-climate feedbacks that are key to improving future projections. Whilst the sequence of events during this period is reasonably well-known, relatively poor chronological control has precluded precise alignment of ice, atmospheric and marine records, making it difficult to assess relationships between Antarctic ice-sheet (AIS) dynamics, climate change and sea level. Here we present results from a highly-resolved ‘horizontal ice core’ from the Weddell Sea Embayment, which records millennial-scale AIS dynamics across this extensive region. Counterintuitively, we find AIS mass-loss across the full duration of the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR 14,600–12,700 yrs ago), with stabilisation during the subsequent millennia of atmospheric warming. Earth-system and ice-sheet modelling suggests these contrasting trends were likely Antarctic-wide, sustained by feedbacks lified by the delivery of Circumpolar Deep Water onto the continental shelf. Given the anti-phase relationship between inter-hemispheric climate trends across the LGT our findings demonstrate that Southern Ocean-AIS feedbacks were controlled by global atmospheric teleconnections. With increasing stratification of the Southern Ocean and intensification of mid-latitude westerly winds today, such teleconnections could lify AIS mass loss and accelerate global sea-level rise.
Better estimates of soil carbon from geographical data: a revised global approach
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-05-2018
The influence of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> vegetation on soil organic matter dynamics in contrasting semi-natural tropical ecosystems
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 29-05-2015
Rapid degradation of pyrogenic carbon
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2012
Can composition and physical protection of soil organic matter explain soil respiration temperature sensitivity?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-12-2010
Soil carbon balance following conversion of grassland to oil palm
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-03-2015
DOI: 10.1111/GCBB.12138
Holocene climate–fire–vegetation feedbacks in tropical savannas
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JVS.13158
Abstract: Informed management of savanna systems depends on understanding determinates of composition, structure and function, particularly in relation to woody‐plant components. This understanding needs to be regionally based, both past and present. In this study, Holocene plant patterns are explored at a site within the eucalypt savannas of northern Australia. Australian savannas are the least developed globally and uniquely placed to track ecological change. Northern Territory, Australia. Palynological analyses were undertaken on a 5‐m sediment core, spanning the last 10,700 calendar years. Pollen was categorised to capture vegetation type, classified further according to plant function and/or environmental response. Detrended Correspondence Analysis was used to quantify ecological dissimilarities through time. At the Pleistocene transition, grasses were abundant then declined and remained low relative to increased woody cover from the mid‐late Holocene. Savanna composition gradually transitioned from Corymbia to Eucalyptus dominance until significantly disturbed by a phase of repeated, extreme climate events. Highest non‐savanna variability in terrestrial and wetland plant types formed mixed vegetation communities through the mid‐Holocene. Savannas are not homogeneous but the product of plant changes in multiple dimensions. In the Northern Territory, dynamic though restricted non‐eucalypt shifts are embedded within larger, slower eucalypt change processes. Primary climate–vegetation relationships determine the long‐term fire regime. The role of large but infrequent disturbance events in maintaining savanna ersity are significant, in degrees of impact on tree–grass turnover, its form and the extent of vegetation recovery. People's landscape interactions were found to be interwoven within this feedback hierarchy.
The influence of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> vegetation on soil organic matter dynamics in contrasting semi-natural tropical ecosystems
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 26-08-2015
Abstract: Abstract. Variations in the carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter (SOM) in bulk and fractionated s les were used to assess the influence of C3 and C4 vegetation on SOM dynamics in semi-natural tropical ecosystems s led along a precipitation gradient in West Africa. Differential patterns in SOM dynamics in C3/C4 mixed ecosystems occurred at various spatial scales. Relative changes in C / N ratios between two contrasting SOM fractions were used to evaluate potential site-scale differences in SOM dynamics between C3- and C4-dominated locations. These differences were strongly controlled by soil texture across the precipitation gradient, with a function driven by bulk δ13C and sand content explaining 0.63 of the observed variability. The variation of δ13C with soil depth indicated a greater accumulation of C3-derived carbon with increasing precipitation, with this trend also being strongly dependant on soil characteristics. The influence of vegetation thickening on SOM dynamics was also assessed in two adjacent, but structurally contrasting, transitional ecosystems occurring on comparable soils to minimise the confounding effects posed by climatic and edaphic factors. Radiocarbon analyses of sand-size aggregates yielded relatively short mean residence times (τ) even in deep soil layers, while the most stable SOM fraction associated with silt and clay exhibited shorter τ in the savanna woodland than in the neighbouring forest stand. These results, together with the vertical variation observed in δ13C values, strongly suggest that both ecosystems are undergoing a rapid transition towards denser closed canopy formations. However, vegetation thickening varied in intensity at each site and exerted contrasting effects on SOM dynamics. This study shows that the interdependence between biotic and abiotic factors ultimately determine whether SOM dynamics of C3- and C4-derived vegetation are at variance in ecosystems where both vegetation types coexist. The results highlight the far-reaching implications that vegetation thickening may have for the stability of deep SOM.
A million-year record of fire in sub-Saharan Africa
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-1998
DOI: 10.1038/29507
Pyrogenic carbon from tropical savanna burning: production and stable isotope composition
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 28-10-2014
DOI: 10.5194/BGD-11-15149-2014
Abstract: Abstract. Widespread burning of mixed tree-grass ecosystems represents the major natural locus of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) production. PyC is a significant, pervasive, and yet poorly understood "slow-cycling" form of carbon present in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soils and sediments. We conducted sixteen experimental burns on a rainfall transect in northern Australian savannas with C4 grasses ranging from 35 to 99% of total biomass. Residues from each fire were partitioned into PyC and further into recalcitrant (HyPyC) components, with each of these also partitioned into proximal ( 125 μm) and distal ( 125 μm) fluxes. The median [range] PyC production across all burns was 16.0 [11.5]% of total carbon exposed (TCE), with HyPyC accounting for 2.5 [4.9]% of TCE. Both PyC and HyPyC were dominantly partitioned into the proximal flux, likely to remain (initially) close to the site of production. Production of HyPyC was strongly related to fire residence time, with shorter duration fires resulting in higher HyPyC yields. The carbon isotope (δ13C) compositions of PyC and HyPyC were generally lower by 1–3‰ relative to the original biomass, with marked depletion up to 7 ‰ for grasslands dominated by C4 biomass. δ13C values of CO2 produced by combustion was computed by mass balance and ranged from ~0.4 to 1.3‰. The depletion of 13C in PyC and HyPyC relative to the original biomass has significant implications for the interpretation of δ13C values of savanna soil organic carbon and of ancient PyC preserved in the geologic record, and for global 13C isotopic disequilibria calculations.
Does soil pyrogenic carbon determine plant functional traits in Amazon Basin forests?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2017
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of avian uric acid
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-10-2008
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.3739
Abstract: We report results obtained using a new technique developed to measure the stable-isotope composition of uric acid isolated from bird excreta (guano). Results from a diet-switch feeding trial using zebra finches suggest that the delta(13)C of uric acid in the guano equilibrates with the diet of the bird within 3 days of a change in diet, while the equilibration time for delta(15)N may be longer. The average carbon isotope discrimination between uric acid and food before the diet switch was +0.34 +/- 1 per thousand (1sigma) while after the diet switch this increased slightly to +0.83 +/- 0.7 per thousand (1sigma). Nitrogen isotope discrimination was +1.3 +/- 0.3 per thousand (1sigma) and +0.3 +/- 0.3 per thousand (1sigma) before and after the diet switch however, it is possible that the nitrogen isotope values did not fully equilibrate with diet switch over the course of the experiment. Analyses of other chemical fractions of the guano (organic residue after uric acid extraction and non-uric acid organics solubilised during extraction) suggest a total range of up to 3 per thousand for both delta(13)C and delta(15)N values in in idual components of a single bulk guano s le. The analysis of natural s les from a range of terrestrial and marine species demonstrates that the technique yields isotopic compositions consistent with the known diets of the birds. The results from natural s les further demonstrate that multiple s les from the same species collected from the same location yield similar results, while different species from the same location exhibit a range of isotopic compositions indicative of different dietary preferences. Given that many s les of guano can be rapidly collected without any requirement to capture specimens for invasive s ling, the stable-isotope analysis of uric acid offers a new, simple and potentially powerful tool for studying avian ecology and metabolism.
Assessing the Reliability of a Small-Scale Legacy Radiocarbon Dataset Using Chronometric Transparency Approaches: Torres Strait Radiocarbon Database
Publisher: Ubiquity Press, Ltd.
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.5334/JOAD.95
Archaeal lipid-inferred paleohydrology and paleotemperature of Lake Chenghai during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 07-05-2020
Abstract: Abstract. Over the past decades, paleoenvironmental studies in the Indian summer monsoon region have mainly focused on precipitation change, with few published terrestrial temperature records from the region. We analysed the distribution of isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (isoGDGTs) in the sediments of Lake Chenghai in southwest China across the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, to extract both regional hydrological and temperature signals for this important transition period. The lake level was reconstructed from the relative abundance of crenarchaeol in isoGDGTs (%cren) and the crenarchaeol′/crenarchaeol ratio. The %cren-inferred lake level identified a single lowstand (15.4–14.4 ka cal BP), while the crenarchaeol′/crenarchaeol ratio suggests a relatively lower lake level between 15.4–14.4 and 12.5–11.7 ka cal BP, corresponding to periods of weakened ISM during the Heinrich 1 and Younger Dryas cold event. A filtered TetraEther indeX consisting of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86 index) revealed that lake surface temperature was similar to present-day values during the last deglacial period and suggests a substantial warming of ∼4 ∘C from the early Holocene to the mid-Holocene. Our paleotemperature record is generally consistent with other records in southwest China, suggesting that the distribution of isoGDGTs in Lake Chenghai sediments has potential for quantitative paleotemperature reconstruction.
The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Influence of feedstock properties and pyrolysis conditions on biochar carbon stability as determined by hydrogen pyrolysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
Vegetation over the last glacial maximum at Girraween Lagoon, monsoonal northern Australia
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 14-07-2020
DOI: 10.1017/QUA.2020.50
Abstract: Northern Australia is a region where limited information exists on environments at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Girraween Lagoon is located on the central northern coast of Australia and is a site representative of regional tropical savanna woodlands. Girraween Lagoon remained a perennial waterbody throughout the LGM, and as a result retains a complete proxy record of last-glacial climate, vegetation and fire. This study combines independent palynological and geochemical analyses to demonstrate a dramatic reduction in both tree cover and woody richness, and an expansion of grassland, relative to current vegetation at the site. The process of tree decline was primarily controlled by the cool-dry glacial climate and CO 2 effects, though more localised site characteristics restricted wetland-associated vegetation. Fire processes played less of a role in determining vegetation than during the Holocene and modern day, with reduced fire activity consistent with significantly lower biomass available to burn. Girraween Lagoon's unique and detailed palaeoecological record provides the opportunity to explore and assess modelling studies of vegetation distribution during the LGM, particularly where a number of different global vegetation and/or climate simulations are inconsistent for northern Australia, and at a range of resolutions.
Quantifying pyrogenic carbon from thermosequences of wood and grass using hydrogen pyrolysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
Algal biochar - production and properties
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2010.07.106
Abstract: This study presents baseline data on the physiochemical properties and potential uses of macroalgal (seaweed) biochar produced by pyrolysis of eight species of green tide algae sourced from fresh, brackish and marine environments. All of the biochars produced are comparatively low in carbon content, surface area and cation exchange capacity, but high in pH, ash, nitrogen and extractable inorganic nutrients including P, K, Ca and Mg. The biochars are more similar in characteristics to those produced from poultry litter relative to those derived from ligno-cellulosic feedstocks. This means that, like poultry litter biochar, macroalgal biochar has properties that provide direct nutrient benefits to soils and thereby to crop productivity, and will be particularly useful for application on acidic soils. However, macroalgal biochars are volumetrically less able to provide the carbon sequestration benefits of the high carbon ligno-cellulosic biochars.
Oxygen-Isotope Fractionation between Aluminum-Hydroxide Phases and Water at <60°C: Results of Decade-Long Synthesis Experiments
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2000
C4‐derived soil organic carbon decomposes faster than its C3 counterpart in mixed C3/C4 soils
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-08-2007
A rapid throughput technique to isolate pyrogenic carbon by hydrogen pyrolysis for stable isotope and radiocarbon analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-02-2020
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.8737
Abstract: Rapid, reliable isolation of pyrogenic carbon (PyC also known as char, soot, black carbon, or biochar) for the determination of stable carbon isotope (δ We explored the potential for subjecting multiple s les to HyPy analysis by placing up to nine in idual s les in custom-designed borosilicate s le vessels in a single reactor run. We tested for cross-contamination between s les in the same run using materials with highly ergent radiocarbon activities (~0.04-116.3 pMC), δ Very small but measurable transfer between s les of highly ergent isotope composition was detectable. For s les having a similar composition, this cross-contamination is considered negligible with respect to measurement uncertainty. For s les having ergent composition, we found that placing a s le vessel loaded with silica mesh adsorbent between s les eliminated measurable cross-contamination in all cases for both It is possible to subject up to seven s les to HyPy in the same reactor run for the determination of radiocarbon content and δ
Optical and radiocarbon dating at Jinmium rock shelter in northern Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-1998
DOI: 10.1038/30718
Seasonal Shift From Biogenic to Geogenic Fluvial Carbon Caused by Changing Water Sources in the Wet‐Dry Tropics
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 02-2020
DOI: 10.1029/2019JG005384
Barriers and bridges: early human dispersals in equatorial SE Asia
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Date: 08-09-2014
DOI: 10.1144/SP411.2
Impact of temperature and moisture on heterotrophic soil respiration along a moist tropical forest gradient in Australia
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1071/SR14217
Co‐limitation of photosynthetic capacity by nitrogen and phosphorus in West Africa woodlands
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-05-2010
Effects of mineralogy, chemistry and physical properties of basalts on carbon capture potential and plant-nutrient element release via enhanced weathering
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Alkali extraction of archaeological and geological charcoal: evidence for diagenetic degradation and formation of humic acids
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
Temperature sensitivity of tropical forest soil respiration increase along an altitudinal gradient with ongoing decomposition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
The effects of biochar, compost and their mixture and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of barley grown on a Nitisol in the highlands of Ethiopia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.05.033
Abstract: The effects of organic amendments and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on yield and N use efficiency of barley were investigated on a Nitisol of the central Ethiopian highlands in 2014. The treatments were factorial combinations of no organic amendment, biochar (B), compost (Com), Com+B and co-composted biochar (COMBI) as main plots and five N fertilizer levels as sub-plots, with three replicates. Application of organic amendment and N fertilizer significantly improved yield, with grain yield increases of 60% from Com+B+69kgNha(-1) at Holetta and 54% from Com+92kgNha(-1) at Robgebeya, compared to the yield from the maximum N rate. The highest total N uptake was obtained from Com+B+92kgNha(-1) at Holetta (138kgha(-1)) and Com+92kgNha(-1) at Robgebeya (101kgha(-1)). The agronomic efficiency (yield increase per unit of N applied, AE), apparent recovery efficiency (increase in N uptake per unit of N applied, ARE) and physiological efficiency (yield increase per unit of N uptake, PE) responded significantly to organic amendments and N fertilizer. Mean AE and ARE were highest at B+23kgNha(-1) at Holetta and at B+23 and B+46kgNha(-1) at Robgebeya. The PE ranged from 19 to 33kggrainkg(-1) N uptake at Holetta and 29-48kggrainkg(-1) N uptake at Robgebeya. The effects of organic amendments and N fertilizer on AE, ARE and PE were greater at Robgebeya than at Holetta. The enhancement of N use efficiency through application of organic amendments emphasizes the importance of balanced crop nutrition, ensuring that barley crops are adequately supplied with N and other nutrients. Overall, the integration of both organic and inorganic amendments may optimize N uptake efficiency and reduce the amount of N fertilizer required for the sustainable barley production in the long-term.
RADIOCARBON DATING | Charcoal
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2013
Soil Security: Solving the Global Soil Crisis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-10-2013
Supplementary material to "Microbial Membrane Tetraether lipid-inferred paleohydrology and paleotemperature of Lake Chenghai during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition"
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 27-08-2019
Spatial and temporal expression of vegetation and atmospheric variability from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of bat guano in the southern United States
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2007
Tipping elements and amplified polar warming during the Last Interglacial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
New sedimentary evidence reveals a unique history of C4 biomass in continental East Asia since the early Miocene
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-03-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-00285-7
Abstract: Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) and n -alkane data from sediments in the northern South China Sea reveal variations in material from C 4 plants in East Asia over the last ~19 Ma. These data indicate the likely presence of C 4 taxa during the earliest part of the record analysed, with C 4 species also prominent during the mid and late Miocene and especially the mid Quaternary. Notably the two records erge after the mid Quaternary, when PyC data indicate a reduced contribution of C 4 taxa to biomass burning, whereas plant-derived n -alkanes indicate a greater abundance of C 4 plants. This ergence likely reflects differences in the predominant source areas of organic materials accumulating at the coring site, with PyC representing a larger source area that includes material transported in the atmosphere from more temperate (relatively cooler and drier) parts of East Asia. Variations in the relative abundances of C 3 and C 4 taxa appear to be linked to a combination of environmental factors that have varied temporally and geographically and that are unique to East Asia. A major expansion of C 4 biomass in warmer subtropical parts of eastern Asia from ~1 Ma and particularly from ~0.4 Ma is later than other parts of the world.
Microwave extraction–isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (ME‐IRIS): a novel technique for rapid extraction and in‐line analysis of δ18O and δ2H values of water in plants, soils a
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.7005
Abstract: Traditionally, stable isotope analysis of plant and soil water has been a technically challenging, labour-intensive and time-consuming process. Here we describe a rapid single-step technique which combines Microwave Extraction with Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectroscopy (ME-IRIS). Plant, soil and insect water is extracted into a dry air stream by microwave irradiation within a sealed vessel. The water vapor thus produced is carried to a cooled condensation chamber, which controls the water vapor concentration and flow rate to the spectrometer. Integration of the isotope signals over the whole analytical cycle provides quantitative δ(18)O and δ(2) H values for the initial liquid water contained in the s le. Calibration is carried out by the analysis of water standards using the same apparatus. Analysis of leaf and soil water by cryogenic vacuum distillation and IRMS was used to validate the ME-IRIS data. Comparison with data obtained by cryogenic distillation and IRMS shows that the new technique provides accurate water isotope data for leaves from a range of field-grown tropical plant species. However, two exotic nursery plants were found to suffer from spectral interferences from co-extracted organic compounds. The precision for extracted leaf, stem, soil and insect water was typically better than ±0.3 ‰ for δ(18)O and ±2 ‰ for δ(2) H values, and better than ±0.1 ‰ for δ(18)O and ±1 ‰ for δ(2) H values when analyzing water standards. The effects of s le size, microwave power and duration and s le-to-s le memory on isotope values were assessed. ME-IRIS provides rapid and low-cost extraction and analysis of δ(18)O and δ(2) H values in plant, soil and insect water (≈10-15 min for s les yielding ≈ 0.3 mL of water). The technique can accommodate whole leaves of many plant species.
Paleo-temperature inferred from brGDGTs over the past 18 cal ka BP from Lake Barrine, tropical NE Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Quantifying the abundance and stable isotope composition of pyrogenic carbon using hydrogen pyrolysis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-10-2012
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.6397
Abstract: Pyrogenic carbon (C(P)) is an important component of the global carbon budget. Accurate determination of the abundance and stable isotope composition of C(P) in soils and sediments is crucial for understanding the dynamics of the C(P) cycle and interpreting records of biomass burning, climate and vegetation change in the past. Here we test hydrogen pyrolysis (hypy) as a new technique potentially capable of eliminating labile organic carbon (C(L)) from total organic carbon (C(T)) in a range of matrices in order to enable reliable quantification of both the C(P) component of C(T) and the stable carbon isotope composition of C(P) (δ(13)C(P)). We mixed C(P) at a range of concentrations with common C(P)-free matrices (C(L) = cellulose, chitin, keratin, decomposed wood, leaf litter, grass and algae) and determined the amount of residual carbon not removed by hydrogen pyrolysis (C(R)) as a ratio of C(T) (C(R)/C(T)). Mixing C(P) with a unique δ(13)C value provided a natural abundance isotope label from which to precisely determine the ratio of C(P) to residual C(L) remaining after hypy. All C(P)-free matrices contained trace carbon after hypy, indicating that hypy does not remove all the C(L). However, there was a strong correlation between C(R)/C(T) and C(P)/C(T), viz. C(R)/C(T)= 1.02(C(P)/C(T)) + 4.0 × 10(-3), r(2) = 0.99, p 4% being required for the determination of the δ(13)C(P) values within an interpretable error under our experimental conditions.
Complexities in the palaeoenvironmental and archaeological interpretation of isotopic analyses of the Mud Shell Geloina erosa (Lightfoot, 1786)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
A revised high-resolution oxygen-isotope chronology for ODP-668B: implications for Quaternary biomass burning in Africa
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2002
Carbon-isotope composition of sediments from the Gulf of Papua
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF01204457
Investigation of growth responses in saprophytic fungi to charred biomass
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2010
Environmental controls on the stable carbon isotopic composition of soil organic carbon: implications for modelling the distribution of C<sub>3<
Publisher: Stockholm University Press
Date: 2008
Identifying the ‘savanna’ signature in lacustrine sediments in northern Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Preferential Production and Transport of Grass-Derived Pyrogenic Carbon in NE-Australian Savanna Ecosystems
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 12-01-2018
Loss and gain of carbon during char degradation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
Redating the onset of burning of Lynch's Crater (North Queensland): Implications for human settlement in Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2001
DOI: 10.1002/JQS.643
Punctuated eustatic sea-level rise in the early mid-Holocene
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 09-2010
DOI: 10.1130/G31066.1
Microbial processes and carbon‐isotope fractionation in tropical and temperate grassland soils
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2000
Partitioning of Microbially Respired CO2 Between Indigenous and Exogenous Carbon Sources During Biochar Degradation Using Radiocarbon and Stable Carbon Isotopes
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 05-11-2018
DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2018.128
Southern Ocean carbon sink enhanced by sea-ice feedbacks at the Antarctic Cold Reversal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-06-2020
The Irrawaddy River Sediment Flux to the Indian Ocean: The Original Nineteenth‐Century Data Revisited
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 11-2007
DOI: 10.1086/521607
Algal bioproducts derived from suspended solids in intensive land-based aquaculture
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2012.12.094
Abstract: Land-based aquaculture produces suspended solids in culture pond and settlement pond waters that could be harvested as a bioresource. Suspended solids were quantified, characterised and harvested from these two sources to assess their suitability for conversion to bioproducts. The suspended solids of settlement ponds were less concentrated (87.6±24.7mgL(-1)) than those of culture ponds (131.8±8.8mgL(-1)), but had a higher concentration of microalgae (27.5±4.0%) and consequently higher particulate organic carbon (24.8±4.7%) and particulate nitrogen (4.0±0.8%). The microalgal community also differed between sources with a higher concentration of fatty acids in the biomass from settlement ponds. Consequently, biochar produced from biomass harvested from settlement ponds was higher in organic carbon and nitrogen, with a lower cation exchange capacity. In conclusion, we characterised a renewable and potentially valuable bioresource for algal bioproducts derived from suspended solids in intensive land-based aquaculture.
Phosphorus Response and Fertilizer Recommendations for Wheat Grown on Nitisols in the Central Ethiopian Highlands
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-09-2015
Continuous shipboard measurements of oceanic δ18O, δD and δ13CDIC along a transect from New Zealand to Antarctica using cavity ring-down isotope spectrometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Biochar from commercially cultivated seaweed for soil amelioration
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-04-2015
DOI: 10.1038/SREP09665
Abstract: Seaweed cultivation is a high growth industry that is primarily targeted at human food and hydrocolloid markets. However, seaweed biomass also offers a feedstock for the production of nutrient-rich biochar for soil amelioration. We provide the first data of biochar yield and characteristics from intensively cultivated seaweeds ( Saccharina , Undaria and Sargassum – brown seaweeds and Gracilaria, Kappaphycus and Eucheuma – red seaweeds). While there is some variability in biochar properties as a function of the origin of seaweed, there are several defining and consistent characteristics of seaweed biochar, in particular a relatively low C content and surface area but high yield, essential trace elements (N, P and K) and exchangeable cations (particularly K). The pH of seaweed biochar ranges from neutral (7) to alkaline (11), allowing for broad-spectrum applications in erse soil types. We find that seaweed biochar is a unique material for soil amelioration that is consistently different to biochar derived from ligno-cellulosic feedstock. Blending of seaweed and ligno-cellulosic biochar could provide a soil ameliorant that combines a high fixed C content with a mineral-rich substrate to enhance crop productivity.
Soil properties, greenhouse gas emissions and crop yield under compost, biochar and co-composted biochar in two tropical agronomic systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Charcoal reflectance measurements: implications for structural characterization and assessment of diagenetic alteration
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
Extreme short-term stable isotope variability revealed by continuous rainwater analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-09-2012
DOI: 10.1002/HYP.9505
ISO-CADICA: Isotopic - Continuous, automated dissolved inorganic carbon analyser
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-02-2012
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.6143
Abstract: Quantifying the processes that control dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) dynamics in aquatic systems is essential for progress in ecosystem carbon budgeting. The development of a methodology that allows high-resolution temporal data collection over prolonged periods is essential and is described in this study. A novel s ling instrument that sequentially acidifies aliquots of water and utilises gas-permeable ePTFE tubing to measure the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and δ(13)C(DIC) values at sub-hourly intervals by Cavity Ring-down spectrometry (CRDS) is described. The minimum sensitivity of the isotopic, continuous, automated dissolved inorganic carbon analyser (ISO-CADICA) system is 0.01 mM with an accuracy of 0.008 mM. The analytical uncertainty in δ(13)C(DIC) values is proportional to the concentration of DIC in the s le. Where the DIC concentration is greater than 0.3 mM the analytical uncertainty is ±0.1‰ and below 0.2 mM stability is < ± 0.3‰. The isotopic effects of air temperature, water temperature and CO(2) concentrations were found to either be negligible or correctable. Field trials measuring diel variation in δ(13)C(DIC) values of coral reef associated sea water revealed significant, short-term temporal changes and illustrated the necessity of this technique. Currently, collecting and analysing large numbers of s les for δ(13)C(DIC) measurements is not trivial, but essential for accurate carbon models, particularly on small scales. The ISO-CADICA enables on-site, high-resolution determination of DIC concentration and δ(13)C(DIC) values with no need for s le storage and laboratory analysis. The initial tests indicate that this system can offer accuracy approaching that of traditional IRMS analysis.
Stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes from bat guano in the Grand Canyon, USA, reveal Younger Dryas and 8.2 ka events
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1130/G24938A.1
Continental‐scale measurement of the soil organic carbon pool with climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 10-02-2006
DOI: 10.1029/2005GB002576
Emission of CO2 from tropical riparian forest soil is controlled by soil temperature, soil water content and depth to water table
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/SR15040
Abstract: Tropical forests play a key role in the global carbon cycle. However, little is known about carbon cycling in the substantial portion of tropical forests that are low-lying, with shallow and fluctuating water tables. This study aimed to determine what factors control emissions of CO2 from soil in a riparian rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Emissions were measured over the course of 1 year, using static chambers. Emission rates were significantly related to soil temperature (0–0.1 m depth), soil water content (0–0.12 m depth) and depth to water table. The most efficient linear model of emissions as a function of measured parameters, which also included soil pH (0–0.1 m depth), had r2 = 0.355. CO2 emissions were highest (5.2–7.5 μmol m–2 s–1) at moderate soil temperature (24−28°C), water table depth (0.2–1.5 m) and soil water-filled porosity (0.25–0.79). They were lowest ( .5 μmol m–2 s–1) at low soil temperature ( °C) or when the water table was within 0.15 m of the surface. An additional interaction between temperature and soil water was determined in the laboratory. Incubation of soil cores showed that temperature sensitivity of the heterotrophic component of respiration increased as the soil dried. It is clear that models of soil respiration in lowland tropical forests should take into account depth to water table, which is a key, but hitherto unreported, controller of CO2 emissions in tropical forests.
Supplementary material to "Contrasting photosynthetic characteristics of forest vs. savanna species (far North Queensland, Australia)"
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 13-06-2014
Elemental δ13C at Allen's Cave, Nullarbor Plain, Australia: Assessing post-depositional disturbance and reconstructing past environments
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2001
DOI: 10.1002/JQS.633
The biogeochemistry of insectivorous cave guano: a case study from insular Southeast Asia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-03-2015
Terrestrial carbon-storage from the last glacial maximum to the present
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1996
Publisher Correction: Farming with crops and rocks to address global climate, food and soil security
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-05-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41477-018-0162-5
Abstract: In the version of this Perspective originally published, 'acidification' was incorrectly spelt as 'adification' in Fig. 4. This has now been corrected.
First continuous shipboard δ 18O and δD measurements in sea water by diffusion sampling-cavity ring-down spectrometry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-06-2012
A carbon and nitrogen isotope perspective on ancient human diet in the British Isles
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Climate change not to blame for late Quaternary megafauna extinctions in Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-01-2016
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS10511
Abstract: Late Quaternary megafauna extinctions impoverished mammalian ersity worldwide. The causes of these extinctions in Australia are most controversial but essential to resolve, because this continent-wide event presaged similar losses that occurred thousands of years later on other continents. Here we apply a rigorous metadata analysis and new ensemble-hindcasting approach to 659 Australian megafauna fossil ages. When coupled with analysis of several high-resolution climate records, we show that megafaunal extinctions were broadly synchronous among genera and independent of climate aridity and variability in Australia over the last 120,000 years. Our results reject climate change as the primary driver of megafauna extinctions in the world’s most controversial context, and instead estimate that the megafauna disappeared Australia-wide ∼13,500 years after human arrival, with shorter periods of coexistence in some regions. This is the first comprehensive approach to incorporate uncertainty in fossil ages, extinction timing and climatology, to quantify mechanisms of prehistorical extinctions.
Large rivers and orogens: The evolution of the Yarlung Tsangpo–Irrawaddy system and the eastern Himalayan syntaxis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
The climate reconstruction potential of Acacia cambagei (gidgee) for semi-arid regions of Australia using stable isotopes and elemental abundances
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Directionally supervised cellular automaton for the initial peopling of Sahul
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2023
Continuous analysis of δ 18O and δD values of water by diffusion sampling cavity ring-down spectrometry: A novel sampling device for unattended field monitoring of precipitation, ground and surface waters
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-11-2011
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.5282
Abstract: A novel s ling device suitable for continuous, unattended field monitoring of rapid isotopic changes in environmental waters is described. The device utilises diffusion through porous PTFE tubing to deliver water vapour continuously from a liquid water source for analysis of δ¹⁸O and δD values by Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometry (CRDS). Separation of the analysed water vapour from non-volatile dissolved and particulate contaminants in the liquid s le minimises spectral interferences associated with CRDS analyses of many aqueous s les. Comparison of isotopic data for a range of water s les analysed by Diffusion S ling-CRDS (DS-CRDS) and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) shows significant linear correlations between the two methods allowing for accurate standardisation of DS-CRDS data. The internal precision for an integration period of 3 min (standard deviation (SD) = 0.1‰ and 0.3‰ for δ¹⁸O and δD values, respectively) is similar to analysis of water by CRDS using an autos ler to inject and evaporate discrete water s les. The isotopic effects of variable air temperature, water vapour concentration, water pumping rate and dissolved organic content were found to be either negligible or correctable by analysis of water standards. The DS-CRDS system was used to analyse the O and H isotope composition in short-lived rain events. Other applications where finely time resolved water isotope data may be of benefit include recharge/discharge in groundwater/river systems and infiltration-related changes in cave drip water.
Early Last Interglacial ocean warming drove substantial ice mass loss from Antarctica
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 11-02-2020
Abstract: The future response of the Antarctic ice sheet to rising temperatures remains highly uncertain. A useful period for assessing the sensitivity of Antarctica to warming is the Last Interglacial (LIG) (129 to 116 ky), which experienced warmer polar temperatures and higher global mean sea level (GMSL) (+6 to 9 m) relative to present day. LIG sea level cannot be fully explained by Greenland Ice Sheet melt (∼2 m), ocean thermal expansion, and melting mountain glaciers (∼1 m), suggesting substantial Antarctic mass loss was initiated by warming of Southern Ocean waters, resulting from a weakening Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in response to North Atlantic surface freshening. Here, we report a blue-ice record of ice sheet and environmental change from the Weddell Sea Embayment at the periphery of the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), which is underlain by major methane hydrate reserves. Constrained by a widespread volcanic horizon and supported by ancient microbial DNA analyses, we provide evidence for substantial mass loss across the Weddell Sea Embayment during the LIG, most likely driven by ocean warming and associated with destabilization of subglacial hydrates. Ice sheet modeling supports this interpretation and suggests that millennial-scale warming of the Southern Ocean could have triggered a multimeter rise in global sea levels. Our data indicate that Antarctica is highly vulnerable to projected increases in ocean temperatures and may drive ice–climate feedbacks that further lify warming.
Holocene sea-level change and ice-sheet history in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1998
Humans, water, and the colonization of Australia
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 08-09-2016
Abstract: Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth, but humans dispersed rapidly through much of the arid continental interior after their arrival more than 47,000 y ago. The distribution and connectedness of water across the continent, and particularly in its arid core, played a pivotal role in facilitating and focusing early human dispersal throughout the continent. We analyze the distribution and connectedness of modern permanent water across Australia. The modelled least-cost pathways between permanent water sources indicate that the observed rapid occupation of the continental interior was possible along multiple, well-watered routes and likely was driven by the depletion of high-ranked resources in each newly occupied area over time.
The carbon isotope composition of organic matter occluded in iron nodules
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1994
Stable Isotopes of Subfossil Bat Guano as a Long-Term Environmental Archive: Insights from a Grand Canyon Cave Deposit
Publisher: National Speleological Society
Date: 31-08-2010
Automated calibration of laser spectrometer measurements of δ18O and δ2H values in water vapour using a Dew Point Generator
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-05-2018
DOI: 10.1002/RCM.8131
Abstract: Continuous measurement of stable O and H isotope compositions in water vapour requires automated calibration for remote field deployments. We developed a new low-cost device for calibration of both water vapour mole fraction and isotope composition. We coupled a commercially available dew point generator (DPG) to a laser spectrometer and developed hardware for water and air handling along with software for automated operation and data processing. We characterised isotopic fractionation in the DPG, conducted a field test and assessed the influence of critical parameters on the performance of the device. An analysis time of 1 hour was sufficient to achieve memory-free analysis of two water vapour standards and the δ The automated calibration system provides high accuracy and precision and is a robust, cost-effective option for long-term field measurements of water vapour isotopes. The necessary modifications to the DPG are minor and easily reversible.
Stability of elemental carbon in a savanna soil
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 12-1999
DOI: 10.1029/1999GB900067
Crop yield, plant nutrient uptake and soil physicochemical properties under organic soil amendments and nitrogen fertilization on Nitisols
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon: A review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Revisiting Michael Bonell's work on humid tropical rainforest catchments: Isotope tracers reveal seasonal shifts in catchment hydrology
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2022
DOI: 10.1002/HYP.14722
Abstract: It has been almost 50 years since the foundational work at the Babinda catchments in North Queensland kickstarted the field of tropical hydrology globally. To expand upon this work and build a more generalized hydrological understanding of steep rainforest catchments, we studied the seasonal evolution of hydrological response from two catchments with broadly similar characteristics to the Babinda catchments. Both hydrometric and water stable isotope data were collected at relatively high frequencies during one wet season (Thompson Creek) and a 3‐year period (Atika Creek). The longer dataset spans a wide range of environmental conditions experienced in the humid tropics, including events that cover the wetting‐up transitional period of the wet season and tropical cyclones (TC). Both catchments displayed a fast streamflow response to rainfall with the shallow upper soil profile responding quickly to rainfall at Atika Creek. New findings from this study include the importance of pre‐event water ( % using the two component hydrograph separation technique) for overall event flows, especially when the catchment was wet. Rainfall, surface runoff and groundwater isotope and specific electrical conductivity (SEC) compositions varied between rainfall events with the most complex bivariate mixing plots observed for multi‐peak events that occurred at the start of the wet season and after a dry period within the wet season. Two‐tracer, 3 component hydrograph separations did not provide satisfactory results in identifying source water contributions to streamflow. These results highlighted the time‐variant and non‐conservative behaviour of the rainfall, surface runoff and shallow groundwater source waters over the seasonal timescale, with soil water being an important unidentified source contributor. Our findings highlight the need for high frequency multi‐source s ling to accurately interpret catchment behaviour and the importance of soil water contributions to streamflow. We propose a framework to describe the seasonal evolution of streamflow response in steep tropical rainforest catchments experiencing seasonal rainfall activity.
Fluvial dynamics of dissolved and particulate organic carbon during periodic discharge events in a steep tropical rainforest catchment
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2011
Radiocarbon dating of organic- and carbonate-carbon in Genyornis and Dromaius eggshell using stepped combustion and stepped acidification
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2003
Palaeochannels of Australia's Riverine Plain - Reconstructing past vegetation environments across the Late Pleistocene and Holocene
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Stable Isotope Studies of the Dopolan Bauxite Deposit, Zagros Mountain, Iran
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-02-2016
DOI: 10.3390/MIN6010011
The effect of soil texture and roots on the stable carbon isotope composition of soil organic carbon
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1071/SR02044
Data Descriptor: Daily observations of stable isotope ratios of rainfall in the tropics
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-10-2019
Forest contraction in north equatorial Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 26-07-2010
Abstract: Today, insular Southeast Asia is important for both its remarkably rich bio ersity and globally significant roles in atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Despite the fundamental importance of environmental history for ersity and conservation, there is little primary evidence concerning the nature of vegetation in north equatorial Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period (LGP). As a result, even the general distribution of vegetation during the Last Glacial Maximum is debated. Here we show, using the stable carbon isotope composition of ancient cave guano profiles, that there was a substantial forest contraction during the LGP on both peninsular Malaysia and Palawan, while rainforest was maintained in northern Borneo. These results directly support rainforest “refugia” hypotheses and provide evidence that environmental barriers likely reduced genetic mixing between Borneo and Sumatra flora and fauna. Moreover, it sheds light on possible early human dispersal events.
Height-diameter allometry of tropical forest trees
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 05-05-2011
On the delineation of tropical vegetation types with an emphasis on forest/savanna transitions
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2013
A revised chronology of the lowest occupation layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piauı́, Brazil: the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2003
Microbial Membrane Tetraether lipid-inferred paleohydrology and paleotemperature of Lake Chenghai during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 27-08-2019
DOI: 10.5194/CP-2019-82
Abstract: Abstract. Over the past few decades, paleoenvironmental studies in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) region have mainly focused on precipitation change, with few published terrestrial temperature records from the region. We analyzed the distribution of isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (isoGDGTs) in the sediments of Lake Chenghai in southwest China across the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, to extract both regional hydrological and temperature signals for this important transition period. Lake-level was reconstructed from the relative abundance of crenarchaeol in isoGDGTs (%cren) and the crenarchaeol'/crenarchaeol ratio. The %cren-inferred lake-level identified a single lowstand (15.4–14.4 cal ka BP), while the crenarchaeol'/crenarchaeol ratio suggests relatively lower lake-level between 15.4–14.4 cal ka BP and 12.5–11.7 cal ka BP, corresponding to periods of weakened ISM during the Heinrich 1 (H1) and Younger Dryas (YD) cold event. A filtered TetraEther indeX consisting of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86 index) revealed that lake surface temperature reached present-day values during the YD cold event, and suggests a substantial warming of ~ 4 °C from the early Holocene to the mid-Holocene. Our paleotemperature record is generally consistent with other records in southwest China, suggesting that the distribution of isoGDGTs in Lake Chenghai sediments has potential for quantitative paleotemperature reconstruction.
Intrinsic and extrinsic forcing in life histories: patterns of growth and stable isotopes in male Antarctic fur seal teeth
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 19-08-2009
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS08158
Basin-wide variations in Amazon forest nitrogen-cycling characteristics as inferred from plant and soil15N:14N measurements
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-09-2013
Geochemistry of coral from Papua New Guinea as a proxy for ENSO ocean-atmosphere interactions in the Pacific Warm Pool
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Bioremediation for coal-fired power stations using macroalgae
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2015.01.036
Abstract: Macroalgae are a productive resource that can be cultured in metal-contaminated waste water for bioremediation but there have been no demonstrations of this biotechnology integrated with industry. Coal-fired power production is a water-limited industry that requires novel approaches to waste water treatment and recycling. In this study, a freshwater macroalga (genus Oedogonium) was cultivated in contaminated ash water amended with flue gas (containing 20% CO₂) at an Australian coal-fired power station. The continuous process of macroalgal growth and intracellular metal sequestration reduced the concentrations of all metals in the treated ash water. Predictive modelling shows that the power station could feasibly achieve zero discharge of most regulated metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in waste water by using the ash water dam for bioremediation with algal cultivation ponds rather than storage of ash water. Slow pyrolysis of the cultivated algae immobilised the accumulated metals in a recalcitrant C-rich biochar. While the algal biochar had higher total metal concentrations than the algae feedstock, the biochar had very low concentrations of leachable metals and therefore has potential for use as an ameliorant for low-fertility soils. This study demonstrates a bioremediation technology at a large scale for a water-limited industry that could be implemented at new or existing power stations, or during the decommissioning of older power stations.
Stable isotope proxy records in tropical terrestrial environments
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Contrasting photosynthetic characteristics of forest vs. savanna species (Far North Queensland, Australia)
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 19-12-2014
An inflection in the rate of early mid-Holocene eustatic sea-level rise: A new sea-level curve from Singapore
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2007
Assessment of oxygen plasma ashing as a pre-treatment for radiocarbon dating
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
Improving corporate disclosure through XBRL
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 12-03-2018
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential for eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) to go beyond static reporting. A taxonomy structure of information is developed for providing a knowledge base and insights for an XBRL taxonomy for integrated reporting (IR). Design Science (DS) research, as a pragmatic exploratory research approach, is embraced to create a new “artefact” and thematic content analysis is used to analyse IR in practice. Using XBRL for IR allows a shift from static and periodic reporting to more relevant and dynamic corporate disclosure for stakeholders, who can navigate and retrieve customised disclosure information according to their interest by exploiting the multidimensionality of IR and overcome some of its criticisms. The bi-dimensional taxonomy structure the authors’ present allows users to navigate disclosure from two different perspectives (content elements (CE) and capitals), display specific themes of interest, and drill down to more detailed information. Because of its evidence-based nature and levels of disaggregation, it provides flexibility to preparers and users of information. Additionally, the findings demonstrate the need to codify sector-specific information for the CE, so that to direct the efforts toward the development of sector-specific taxonomy extensions in developing an XBRL taxonomy for IR. The limitations of DS research are, first, the artefact design and, second, its effects in practice. The first limitation stems from the social actors’ perspective taken into account to develop the taxonomy structure, which derives from the analysis of the reporting practices rather than a pluralistic approach and dialogic engagement. The second limitation relates to the XBRL taxonomy development process because, since the study is limited to the “design” phase being codification and structuring the knowledge base for an XBRL taxonomy, there is a need to develop a taxonomy in XBRL and then apply it in practice to empirically demonstrate the potential and benefits of XBRL in the IR context. The taxonomy structure is targeted at entities interested in designing an XBRL taxonomy for IR. This is a call for academics and practitioners to explore the potential of technology to improve corporate disclosure and open up new projections for resurging themes on intellectual capital (IC) reporting with prospects for IC “fourth-stage” research focused on IC disclosure. This is an interdisciplinary research employing the DS approach, which is rooted in information systems research. It is the first academic study providing pragmatic results for using XBRL in the context of IC and IR.
Quantifying Charcoal Degradation and Negative Priming of Soil Organic Matter with a 14C-Dead Tracer
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 28-07-2016
DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2016.45
Palaeoenvironments of insular Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period: a savanna corridor in Sundaland?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2005
Savanna in equatorial Borneo during the late Pleistocene
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-04-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-42670-4
Abstract: Equatorial Southeast Asia is a key region for global climate change. Here, the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) is a critical driver of atmospheric convection that plays a dominant role in global atmospheric circulation. However, fluctuating sea-levels during the Pleistocene produced the most drastic land-sea area changes on Earth, with the now-drowned continent of Sundaland being exposed as a contiguous landmass for most of the past 2 million years. How vegetation responded to changes in rainfall that resulted from changing shelf exposure and glacial boundary conditions in Sundaland remains poorly understood. Here we use the stable carbon isotope composition ( δ 13 C) of bat guano and High Molecular Weight n -alkanes, from Saleh Cave in southern Borneo to demonstrate that open vegetation existed during much the past 40,000 yrs BP. This location is at the southern equatorial end of a hypothesized ‘savanna corridor’ and the results provide the strongest evidence yet for its existence. The corridor would have operated as a barrier to east-west dispersal of rainforest species, and a conduit for north-south dispersal of savanna species at times of lowered sea level, explaining many modern biogeographic patterns. The Saleh Cave record also exhibits a strong correspondence with insolation and sea surface temperatures of the IPWP, suggesting a strong sensitivity of vegetation to tropical climate change on glacial/interglacial timeframes.
The age and origin of the Straits of Singapore
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2006
Structural, physiognomic and above-ground biomass variation in savanna–forest transition zones on three continents – how different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 21-05-2015
Landscape rules predict optimal superhighways for the first peopling of Sahul.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-04-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41562-021-01106-8
Abstract: Archaeological data and demographic modelling suggest that the peopling of Sahul required substantial populations, occurred rapidly within a few thousand years and encompassed environments ranging from hyper-arid deserts to temperate uplands and tropical rainforests. How this migration occurred and how humans responded to the physical environments they encountered have, however, remained largely speculative. By constructing a high-resolution digital elevation model for Sahul and coupling it with fine-scale viewshed analysis of landscape prominence, least-cost pedestrian travel modelling and high-performance computing, we create over 125 billion potential migratory pathways, whereby the most parsimonious routes traversed emerge. Our analysis revealed several major pathways-superhighways-transecting the continent, that we evaluated using archaeological data. These results suggest that the earliest Australian ancestors adopted a set of fundamental rules shaped by physiological capacity, attraction to visually prominent landscape features and freshwater distribution to maximize survival, even without previous experience of the landscapes they encountered.
The isotopic signature of monsoon conditions, cloud modes, and rainfall type
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-06-2018
DOI: 10.1002/HYP.13140
Supplementary material to "Structural, physiognomic and aboveground biomass variation in savanna-forest transition zones on three continents. How different are co-occurring savanna and forest
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 24-03-2014
Holocene savanna dynamics in the seasonal tropics of northern Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
Carbon isotopic signatures of soil organic matter correlate with leaf area index across woody biomes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-09-2014
Molecular complexity and diversity of persistent soil organic matter
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar–compost for soil quality, maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions in a tropical agricultural soil
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.11.054
Abstract: Soil quality decline represents a significant constraint on the productivity and sustainability of agriculture in the tropics. In this study, the influence of biochar, compost and mixtures of the two on soil fertility, maize yield and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was investigated in a tropical Ferralsol. The treatments were: 1) control with business as usual fertilizer (F) 2) 10 t ha(-1) biochar (B)+F 3) 25 t ha(-1) compost (Com)+F 4) 2.5 t ha(-1) B+25 t ha(-1) Com mixed on site+F and 5) 25 t ha(-1) co-composted biochar-compost (COMBI)+F. Total aboveground biomass and maize yield were significantly improved relative to the control for all organic amendments, with increases in grain yield between 10 and 29%. Some plant parameters such as leaf chlorophyll were significantly increased by the organic treatments. Significant differences were observed among treatments for the δ(15)N and δ(13)C contents of kernels. Soil physicochemical properties including soil water content (SWC), total soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3(-)N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N), exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were significantly increased by the organic amendments. Maize grain yield was correlated positively with total biomass, leaf chlorophyll, foliar N and P content, SOC and SWC. Emissions of CO2 and N2O were higher from the organic-amended soils than from the fertilizer-only control. However, N2O emissions generally decreased over time for all treatments and emission from the biochar was lower compared to other treatments. Our study concludes that the biochar and biochar-compost-based soil management approaches can improve SOC, soil nutrient status and SWC, and maize yield and may help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in certain systems.
Terrestrial carbon storage at the LGM
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-1994
DOI: 10.1038/371566A0
The efficiency of charcoal decontamination for radiocarbon dating by three pre-treatments – ABOX, ABA and hypy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
Organic carbon isotope and molecular fossil records of vegetation evolution in central Loess Plateau since 450 kyr
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-03-2016
Utilization of Sugarcane Habitat by Feral Pig (Sus scrofa) in Northern Tropical Queensland: Evidence from the Stable Isotope Composition of Hair
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-09-2012
Effect of fire and soil texture on soil carbon in a sub-humid savanna (Matopos, Zimbabwe)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2000
Sclerochronological analysis of archaeological mollusc assemblages: methods, applications and future prospects
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-01-2016
Estimating organic carbon content of soil in Papua New Guinea using infrared spectroscopy
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1071/SR16227
Abstract: Quantification of soil organic carbon (SOC) content is important for sustainable agricultural management and accurate carbon accounting. Infrared (IR) absorbance can be used to estimate SOC content, but the relationship differs between regions due to matrix effects. We developed an IR-based model specific for SOC in Papua New Guinean soils. A total of 437 s les from 0.0–0.3m depth were analysed for SOC using Dumas combustion. IR absorption spectra were collected from the same s les, and a predictive regression model was developed using the 6000–1030cm–1 spectral range. Using a validation set, predicted SOC values resulting from the IR-based model compared well with values from Dumas combustion (R2=0.905 ratio of performance-to-deviation=5.64). Constraining wavelengths to positively correlated regions of the spectra was also explored and showed improved model performance (R2=0.932). Overall, IR analysis provides a robust method for estimating SOC content for a range of Papua New Guinean soils.
Influence of production variables and starting material on charcoal stable isotopic and molecular characteristics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2008
Stable isotopic signature of Australian monsoon controlled by regional convection
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Correspondence between glass-FT and 14C ages of silicic pyroclastic flow deposits sourced from Maninjau caldera, west-central Sumatra
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2004
Dynamics of Charcoal Alteration in a Tropical Biome: A Biochar-Based Study
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 04-06-2018
Biochar and biochar-compost as soil amendments: Effects on peanut yield, soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical North Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Author Correction: Savanna in equatorial Borneo during the late Pleistocene
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-03-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-60958-8
Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
What caused extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna of Sahul?
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 10-02-2016
Abstract: During the Pleistocene, Australia and New Guinea supported a rich assemblage of large vertebrates. Why these animals disappeared has been debated for more than a century and remains controversial. Previous synthetic reviews of this problem have typically focused heavily on particular types of evidence, such as the dating of extinction and human arrival, and have frequently ignored uncertainties and biases that can lead to misinterpretation of this evidence. Here, we review erse evidence bearing on this issue and conclude that, although many knowledge gaps remain, multiple independent lines of evidence point to direct human impact as the most likely cause of extinction.
Sediment mixing at Nonda Rock: Investigations of stratigraphic integrity at an early archaeological site in northern Australia and implications for the human colonisation of the continent
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2007
DOI: 10.1002/JQS.1136
A global carbon and nitrogen isotope perspective on modern and ancient human diet
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 03-05-2021
Abstract: The carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of human tissues can be used to infer dietary information. We transformed isotope compositions of 13,666 modern and ancient analyses to make them comparable on a common scale. This reveals that the isotope dietary breadth of modern humans is highly compressed when compared to populations predating the development in 1910 of modern industrial fertilizer by the Haber–Bosch method. However, modern humans that still use “traditional” subsistence strategies retain remarkably similar isotope dietary breadth to all pre-Haber–Bosch human populations. Increased reliance on industrial agriculture and pastoralism is resulting in a cascade of “rewiring” to remaining food webs globally that can reduce the resilience of global ecosystems in the face of accelerating environmental change.
Microbial characteristics of soils on a latitudinal transect in Siberia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-06-2003
The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
A latitudinal gradient in carbon turnover times in forest soils
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-1996
DOI: 10.1038/381143A0
Variation in soil carbon stocks and their determinants across a precipitation gradient in West Africa
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-07-2012
Ensemble gene function prediction database reveals genes important for complex I formation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-12-2017
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.14921
Abstract: Recent advances in gene function prediction rely on ensemble approaches that integrate results from multiple inference methods to produce superior predictions. Yet, these developments remain largely unexplored in plants. We have explored and compared two methods to integrate 10 gene co-function networks for Arabidopsis thaliana and demonstrate how the integration of these networks produces more accurate gene function predictions for a larger fraction of genes with unknown function. These predictions were used to identify genes involved in mitochondrial complex I formation, and for five of them, we confirmed the predictions experimentally. The ensemble predictions are provided as a user-friendly online database, EnsembleNet. The methods presented here demonstrate that ensemble gene function prediction is a powerful method to boost prediction performance, whereas the EnsembleNet database provides a cutting-edge community tool to guide experimentalists.
Development of a robust 14C chronology for Lynch's crater (North Queensland, Australia) using different pretreatment strategies
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2001
DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200031611
Abstract: Lynch's Crater in northeastern Australia provides a long, continuous record of environmental change within the Late Quaternary. Here, we present newly determined radiocarbon ages, using acid-base-acid stepped combustion (ABA-SC) and acid-base-wet oxidation stepped combustion (ABOX-SC) pretreatment strategies. The new results largely confirm the original untreated radiocarbon results for the uppermost 9 m of sediments, (ca. 35 ka BP). Below this depth, results from both pretreatment methods are in stratigraphic agreement and extend the dating of the record from 38 ka BP to about 48 ka BP, although an apparent increased sedimentation rate below 12 m is questionable. The scarcity of “charcoal” in several of the s les raises questions regarding the application of ABOX-SC to lake or sw sediments, with evidence for contributions from younger, chemically resistant bacterial carbon along with fine “charcoal” in some s les. However, the extent to which this phenomenon is significant to the final age estimate appears to be s le specific, and is probably dependent upon the length of the wet oxidation step in the pretreatment.
Palaeogeography and voyage modeling indicates early human colonization of Australia was likely from Timor-Roti
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
One year of spectroscopic high-frequency measurements of atmospheric CO2, CH4, H2O and δ13C-CO2 at an Australian Savanna site
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-10-2022
DOI: 10.1002/GDJ3.180
Abstract: We provide a 1‐year dataset of atmospheric surface CO 2 , CH 4 and H 2 O concentrations and δ 13 C‐CO 2 values from an Australian savanna site. These semi‐arid ecosystems act as carbon sinks in wet years but the persistence of the sink in dry years is uncertain. The dataset can be used to constrain uncertainties in modelling of greenhouse gas budgets, improve algorithms for satellite measurements and characterize the role of vegetation and soil in modulating atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. We found pronounced seasonal variations in daily mean CO 2 concentrations with an increase (by 5–7 ppmv) after the first rainfall of the wet season in early December with peak concentrations maintained until late January. The CO 2 increase reflected the initiation of rapid microbial respiration from soil and vegetation sources upon initial wetting. As the wet season progressed, daily CO 2 concentrations were variable, but generally decreased back to dry season levels as CO 2 assimilation by photosynthesis increased. Mean daily concentrations of CH 4 increased in the wet season by up to 0.2 ppmv relative to dry season levels as the soil profile became waterlogged after heavy rainfall events. During the dry season there was regular cycling between maximum CO 2 /minimum δ 13 C‐CO 2 at night and minimum CO 2 /maximum δ 13 C‐CO 2 during the day. In the wet season diel patterns were less regular in response to variable cloud cover and rainfall. CO 2 isotope data showed that in the wet season, surface CO 2 was predominantly a two‐component mixture influenced by C 3 plant assimilation (day) and soil lant respiration (night), while regional background air from higher altitudes represented an additional CO 2 source in the dry season. Higher wind speeds during the dry season increased vertical mixing compared to the wet season. In addition, night‐time advection of high‐altitude air during low temperature conditions also promoted mixing in the dry season.
Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2004
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE02956
Abstract: Excavations at Liang Bua, a large limestone cave on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia, have yielded evidence for a population of tiny hominins, sufficiently distinct anatomically to be assigned to a new species, Homo floresiensis. The finds comprise the cranial and some post-cranial remains of one in idual, as well as a premolar from another in idual in older deposits. Here we describe their context, implications and the remaining archaeological uncertainties. Dating by radiocarbon (14C), luminescence, uranium-series and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods indicates that H. floresiensis existed from before 38,000 years ago (kyr) until at least 18 kyr. Associated deposits contain stone artefacts and animal remains, including Komodo dragon and an endemic, dwarfed species of Stegodon. H. floresiensis originated from an early dispersal of Homo erectus (including specimens referred to as Homo ergaster and Homo georgicus) that reached Flores, and then survived on this island refuge until relatively recently. It overlapped significantly in time with Homo sapiens in the region, but we do not know if or how the two species interacted.
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