ORCID Profile
0000-0001-8586-7858
Current Organisation
University of Western Australia
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Soil Sciences | Soil Biology | Microbial Ecology | Agronomy | Microbial Ecology | Environmental Management And Rehabilitation | Soil Biology |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Farmland, Arable Cropland and Permanent Cropland Soils | Rehabilitation of degraded mining lands | Native forests | Wheat | Farmland, Arable Cropland and Permanent Cropland Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity
Related Links
Publications
Correlation between mite community structure and gross N fluxes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2004
Potential roles of biological amendments for profitable grain production – A review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
The effect of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizer on populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in pastures
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1992
DOI: 10.1071/AR9921131
Abstract: We assessed whether 6-year-old applications of phosphorus (P) fertilizer to a previously unfertilized field site resulted in the selection of populations of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi that were more 'tolerant' of added P than the original VA mycorrhizal population at the site. In 1977, four rates of P (0, 49, 97 and 200 kg P/ha) were applied to a field site at Mt Barker, Western Australia. In 1983, either no P or a rate of P sufficient for maximum plant growth (352 kg P/ha) was applied to each of these plots and the formation of spores and colonization of roots by VA mycorrhizal fungi were examined in the following 3 years. Residual P from fertilizers applied in 1977 increased both the percentage of root length colonized and the length of root colonized by VA mycorrhizal fungi in 1983, 1984 and 1985. Colonization by 'medium hyphae' Glomus spp., Acaulospora laevis Gerd. and Trappe and fine endophyte increased in response to the 1977 applications of P. By contrast, colonization by Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. and Gerd.) Walker and Sanders decreased with the 1977 applications of P. Application of an adequate rate of P to the field plots in 1983 generally decreased the development of VA mycorrhizal infection in plots, to a greater extent where larger rates of P had previously been applied in 1977. We attributed this effect to higher initial levels of mycorrhizal colonization in the plots which received larger rates of P in 1977. The 1977 applications of P are unlikely to have resulted in the selection of strains of VA mycorrhizal fungi that are less tolerant of added P than the strains present in the unfertilized plots. There was a common relationship between VA mycorrhizal colonization and the residual value of the P applications which provided indirect evidence that there was no change in the P-tolerance of the indigenous VA mycorrhizal population in response to P applied in 1977. Interpretation of the effects of the 1977 and 1983 applications of P on VA mycorrhizal colonization was compounded by the effects these applications of P had on the botanical composition of the pasture and also on the inoculum potential in each plot. Spores of A. laevis and S. calospora were recovered from each field plot. The number of spores of A. laevis increased in response to P applied in 1977 and generally decreased in response to P applied in 1983. These effects could be directly related to the effects the 1977 and 1983 applications of P had on the length of root colonized by A. laevis in the preceding growing season.
THE SPREAD OF MYCORRHIZAL INFECTION BY GIGASPORA CALOSPORA FROM A LOCALIZED INOCULUM
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1987
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.1987.TB00173.X
Abstract: The lateral spread of Gigaspora calospora (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe was examined in Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) grown on a steamed lateritic podsol. Plants were sown in a sward in pots 29 cm long × 12 cm wide and inoculum of G. calospora was placed at one end. Mycorrhizal infection was estimated 21, 35, 63, 91 and 119 d after sowing at points 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 cm from the inoculum. The lateral spread of Glotnusfasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerd.) through roots of T. subterraneum was measured 35 d after sowing. The percentage root length infected by G. calospora declined exponentially with distance from the inoculum. In contrast, infection by G. fasciculatum spread with a distinct front and hence was best described by a Gompertz curve. The number of spores of G. calospora recovered at increasing distances from the point of inoculation at the final harvest was correlated with the proportion of roots infected at an earlier harvest, and therefore provided a useful measure of the pattern of spread of G. calospora within roots.
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHATE SUPPLY AND INOCULATION WITH A VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS ON THE DEATH OF THE ROOT CORTEX OF WHEAT, RAPE AND SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1986
Soil Security: Solving the Global Soil Crisis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-10-2013
Infectivity and effectiveness of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Effect of inoculum type
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1981
DOI: 10.1071/AR9810631
Abstract: Plants, inoculated with four vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (Glomus fasciculatus, G. monospovus and two isolates of Acaulospova laevis), were grown from 4 to 16 weeks, and the development of infection and spores was followed. Infected roots from pot cultures of different ages were used to examine the effect of mycorrhiza development on the infectivity of each fungus. The effectiveness of each fungus was assessed by measuring its ability to increase the growth of subterranean clover on a phosphate-deficient soil. For all fungi, the percentage of root length infected increased rapidly up to 10 weeks after sowing, and thereafter it either increased only slightly or decreased. Infectivity of root inocula increased with increasing percentage of root length infected in the inoculum for all fungi, except where large numbers of mature spores (24/g infected root) had been produced by one isolate of A. laevis. The infectivity of inoculum roots from pots containing mature spores of this isolate declined rapidly, although it was not decreased by the onset of sporulation by A. laevis. For all fungi, irrespective of the inoculum used, the fresh weight of tops of subterranean clover grown on a phosphate-deficient soil was very closely correlated with the percentage of its root length infected at an early stage of plant growth. That is, the effectiveness of the species of fungi examined at increasing phosphorus uptake into plants was related to the infectivity of the inoculum used.
Sequential defoliation impacts on colonisation of roots of Lolium rigidum by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were primarily determined by root responses
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-08-2019
Soil mediated effects of phosphorus supply on the formation of mycorrhizas by Scutellispora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders on subterranean clover
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1991
Mediation of competition between two colonizing VA mycorrhizal fungi by the host plant
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1993
Foliar application of nano-Zn and mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced Zn in grain and yield of two barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars under field conditions
Publisher: Southern Cross Publishing
Date: 20-03-2020
DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.20.14.03.P2120
Abstract: Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global micronutrient problem in agricultural systems. The main target of this experiment was to investigate the effectiveness of foliar application of Zn under field conditions. Grain yield and Zn concentration in seed were assessed with three replicate plots per treatment in a factorial (2 x 3 x 2) experiment for two barley cultivars (Yusuf and Julgeh), three foliar ZnO applications (nano, ordinary and nano+ordinary ZnO) and two commercial inocula of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (F. mosseae and R. irregularis). Among all Zn foliar applications, Zn applied in both nano and nano+ordinary forms were labile and resulted in the highest Zn concentration in grain of both barley cultivars. Cultivar Julgeh had higher grain Zn concentrations than did cultivar Yusuf in the same treatments. Nano ZnO was more effective than the ordinary form of ZnO and had the highest potential to improve physiological traits, plant growth and yield parameters in both cultivars. There was also a positive impact of the nano form of ZnO on phytase activity and carbonic anhydrase concentration in both barley cultivars. Inoculation with commercial inocula of AM fungi also enhanced grain Zn concentration, with Julgeh more responsive to inoculation with F. mosseae, and Yusuf more responsive to inoculation with R. irregularis. Generally, the combined application of Zn and inoculation with AM fungi improved physiological traits, grain yield and Zn availability to these two barley cultivars grown under field conditions. Accordingly, the nano form of Zn positively enhanced shoot morphological parameters, physiological parameters and grain Zn concentration. Application of the nano form ZnO in combination with inoculation with AM fungi had the most beneficial effects on grain Zn concentration, so this combined practice may have potential to reduce the requirement for application of synthetic Zn chemical fertilizers.
Inhibition of hyphal growth of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in soil containing sodium chloride limits the spread of infection from spores
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1998
The provision of pest and disease information using Information Communication Tools (ICT); an Australian example
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Polymer-coated rock mineral fertilizer has potential to substitute soluble fertilizer for increasing growth, nutrient uptake, and yield of wheat
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-01-2020
The involvement of mycorrhizas in assessment of genetically dependent efficiency of nutrient uptake and use
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-1992
DOI: 10.1007/BF00012010
Effect of rate of application of superphosphate on populations of vesicular arbuscular endophytes
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1978
DOI: 10.1071/EA9780573
Abstract: The effect of altering the rate of superphosphate application on the population of vesicular arbuscular endophytes in a pasture soil was studied during 1976. Between 1950 and 1965 the pasture near Bakers Hill, Western Australia, had received an average of 150 kg superphosphate ha-1 year-1. For the ten years prior to 1976, five rates of superphosphate were applied to plots within the pasture. Varying the rate of superphosphate affected the number of VA endophyte spores. Adding 56 kg superphosphate ha-1 year-1 increased spore numbers by 40 per cent compared with the unfertilized plots. Spore numbers in plots receiving higher rates of superphosphate than 56 kg ha-1 were similar to those in unfertilized plots. The relative abundance of spores of the four endophyte species found (Glomus monosporus, Acaulospora laevis, Gigaspora sp. and 'White reticulate') was unaffected by superphosphate applications. In a glasshouse experiment vesicular arbuscular endophytes from plots that had received the highest rate of superphosphate (224 kg ha-1 year-1) did not differ from those which had received no superphosphate in their ability to infect and increase the phosphorus uptake and growth of clover. It was concluded that altering the rate of superphosphate application on an old, adequately fertilized pasture does not affect the infectivity or effectiveness of the vesicular arbuscular endophyte population.
Indigenous and introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to plant growth in two agricultural soils from south-western Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-12-2004
DOI: 10.1007/S00572-003-0282-1
Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi occur in all agricultural soils but it is not easy to assess the contribution they make to plant growth under field conditions. Several approaches have been used to investigate this, including the comparison of plant growth in the presence or absence of naturally occurring AM fungi following soil fumigation or application of fungicides. However, treatments such as these may change soil characteristics other than factors directly involving AM fungi and lead to difficulties in identifying the reason for changes in plant growth. In a glasshouse experiment, we assessed the contribution of indigenous AM fungi to growth of subterranean clover in undisturbed cores of soil from two agricultural field sites (a cropped agricultural field at South Carrabin and a low input pasture at Westdale). We used the approach of estimating the benefit of AM fungi by comparing the curvature coefficients (C) of the Mitscherlich equation for subterranean clover grown in untreated field soil, in field soil into which inoculum of Glomus invermaium was added and in soil fumigated with methyl bromide. It was only possible to estimate the benefit of mycorrhizas using this approach for one soil (Westdale) because it was the only soil for which a Mitscherlich response to the application of a range of P levels was obtained. The mycorrhizal benefit (C of mycorrhizal vs. non-mycorrhizal plants or C of inoculated vs. uninoculated plants) of the indigenous fungi corresponded with a requirement for phosphate by plants that were colonised by AM fungi already present in the soil equivalent to half that required by non-mycorrhizal plants. This benefit was independent of the plant-available P in the soil. There was no additional benefit of inoculation on plant growth other than that due to increased P uptake. Indigenous AM fungi were present in both soils and colonised a high proportion of roots in both soils. There was a higher ersity of morphotypes of mycorrhizal fungi in roots of plants grown in the Westdale soil than in the South Carrabin soil that had a history of high phosphate fertilizer use in the field. Inoculation with G. invermaium did not increase the level of colonisation of roots by mycorrhizal fungi in either soil, but it replaced approximately 20% of the root length colonised by the indigenous fungi in Westdale soil at all levels of applied P. The proportion of colonised root length replaced by G. invermaium in South Carrabin soil varied with the level of application of P to the soil it was higher at intermediate levels of recently added soil P.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus responses to disturbance are context-dependent
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-01-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S00572-016-0759-3
Abstract: Anthropogenic disturbance is one of the most important forces shaping soil ecosystems. While organisms that live in the soil, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, are sensitive to disturbance, their response is not always predictable. Given the range of disturbance types and differences among AM fungi in their growth strategies, the unpredictability of the responses of AM fungi to disturbance is not surprising. We investigated the role of disturbance type (i.e., soil disruption, agriculture, host perturbation, and chemical disturbance) and fungus identity on disturbance response in the AM symbiosis. Using meta-analysis, we found evidence for differential disturbance response among AM fungal species, as well as evidence that particular fungal species are especially susceptible to certain disturbance types, perhaps because of their life history strategies.
Influence of liming, inoculum level and inoculum placement on root colonization of subterranean clover
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2002
DOI: 10.1007/S00572-002-0185-6
Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi differ in their response to soil pH. Thus, change in soil pH may influence the relative abundance of mycorrhizal fungi inside roots. Root colonization by two AM fungi was studied in relation to addition of lime (CaCO3), quantity of inoculum and inoculum placement. Addition of CaCO3 to an acid soil decreased the colonization of roots by Acaulospora laevis but increased colonization by Glomus invermaium when both fungi were present. In acid soil (pH 4.7), almost all roots were colonized by A. laevis, while G. invermaium was dominant when soil pH was increased to pH 7.3. This occurred regardless of whether the inoculum was banded or mixed throughout the soil. There was no effect of CaCO3 on the relative abundance of fungi inside roots at intermediate rates of CaCO3 application (pH 5.3-6.3) when both fungi were inoculated together. In this experiment, both fungi colonized roots at all levels of CaCO3 when inoculated alone, except for A. laevis at the highest level of CaCO3. We conclude that soil pH affects the competitive ability of these two AM fungi during mycorrhiza formation primarily by affecting hyphae growth in soil and thus the relative abundance of hyphae at the root surface and subsequently inside the root.
Application of compost and clay under water-stressed conditions influences functional diversity of rhizosphere bacteria
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-09-2018
An ecological view of the formation of VA mycorrhizas
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-1994
DOI: 10.1007/BF00000096
Phosphorus and the formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1979
Exploring economic assessment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-11-2021
Biochar phosphorus concentration dictates mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and soil phosphorus cycling
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-03-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-41671-7
Abstract: We aimed to determine the relationship between biochar properties and colonisation of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in agricultural soil. We used a range of biochars that differed in pH, water holding capacity, C, N and P concentrations to investigate interactions between biochar and AM fungi. A glasshouse experiment was conducted with subterranean clover and wheat, amended separately with 34 sources of biochar (applied at 1% w/w), to investigate potential responses in a phosphorus (P) deficient agricultural soil. Plant growth responses to biochar ranged from positive to negative and were dependent on biochar P concentration, available soil P and AM root colonisation. The higher the nutrient P concentration in biochar, the lower was AM colonisation. Growth responses of wheat and clover to the application of various biochars were mostly positive, and their growth was correlated, but biochar contributions to soil fertility varied with biochar properties. When nutrient concentrations are higher in biochars, especially for P and N, plants can gain access to nutrients via the plant roots and mycorrhizal hyphae. Thus biochar amendments can increase both plant nutrient uptake and crop production in nutrient deficient soil.
Introduction of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into agricultural soils
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1983
DOI: 10.1071/AR9830741
Abstract: Two species of vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi were introduced into agricultural soils at four field sites. Three sites were chosen, on the basis of a previous survey, to give a range in the expected extent and rate of mycorrhizal formation by the indigenous fungi. The fourth site had recently been cleared of natural vegetation and ploughed. The success of inoculation with Glomus fasciculatum and G. monosporum was measured by estimating the extent of mycorrhizas formed by the inoculant fungi and by recording growth of subterranean clover. The effects of inoculating with these two mycorrhizal fungi on the development of mycorrhizas formed by the indigenous fungi were also followed in detail. At two sites, infection by G. fasciculatum was increased in the plots where this species was added in the inoculum. Growth was temporarily enhanced after inoculation with G. fasciculatum at one of these sites. This corresponded with a temporary increase in the percentage of root length infected as a result of inoculation. Plants grown at the two sites where G. fasciculatum became established had a slower rate of development of infection by the indigenous VA mycorrhizal fungi compared with that formed by the indigenous species at the other two sites.
Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, inoculum level and posphorus placement on growth and posphorus uptake of Phyllanthus calycinus under jarrah forest soil
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-01-2008
VA mycorrhizal spores from three species of Acaulospora : germination, longevity and hyphal growth
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1993
External hyphae of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. 1. Spread of hyphae and phosphorus inflow into roots
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1992
Manure Application Is the Key to Improving Soil Quality of New Terraces
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-11-2022
DOI: 10.3390/SU142215166
Abstract: Building level terraces is a crucial strategy for agriculture development in mountainous areas. There have been many studies on improving the soil quality of terraces, but the main factors involved are still unclear. We conducted an 18-year long-term experiment on a newly built terrace with four fertilization treatments: applied mineral nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), applied sheep manure (M), applied sheep manure combined with mineral nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (MNP), and an unfertilized control (CK). A soil quality index (SQI) was used to evaluate the dynamic evolution of soil quality in the terrace for these fertilization treatments, and the relationship between soil quality and crop yield was investigated. A total data set (TDS) and a minimum data set (MDS) were used to calculate the SQIs according to the linear scoring method and the nonlinear scoring method of soil indicators, respectively. The results showed that the SQI for all treatments increased over time, and both the SQI and crop yield were significantly increased by fertilization treatments. The SQI of all three fertilized treatments in the sixth rotation cycle increased by 38–313% compared to the control in the first rotation cycle (3 years). There was no significant difference in the SQI between the M and MNP, but it was significantly higher than for both the NP and CK. During the 18 year experimental period, the SQI for the M and MNP treatments showed an upward trend, while it tended to be stable after initially increasing for the NP and CK treatments. For each treatment, the SQI calculated by the linear and nonlinear scoring methods using the MDS and TDS were all significantly positively correlated, and were also significantly positively correlated with crop yield. Overall, the soil quality in the terrace was increased by fertilization however, the application of manure was the key to a rapid increase in soil quality, and the SQI measurements demonstrated a clear link between the soil quality of the terrace and crop yield.
The contribution from hyphae, roots and organic carbon constituents to the aggregation of a sandy loam under long-term clover-based and grass pastures
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1994
Growth stimulation of subterranean clover with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1977
DOI: 10.1071/AR9770639
Abstract: The growth of subterranean clover inoculated with two types of vesicular arbuscular endophytes was compared with that of uninoculated plants at five levels of applied superphosphate in a high phosphatefixing soil. Plants were grown in both untreated soil and soil steamed to eliminate the natural population of mycorrhizal fungi. Marked increases in the growth and phosphorus content of plants inoculated with a fungus isolated in Western Australia were apparent at intermediate levels of superphosphate in both soils. This fungus, which resembles Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, was more efficient at increasing growth and phosphorus content of subterranean clover than Glomus fasciculatus (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe. The greater growth response of plants inoculated with the fungus resembling G. mosseae was associated with a greater amount of mycorrhizal roots. Responses in nodulation closely paralleled responses in growth. Non-mycorrhizal plants produced more dry matter at a given phosphorus concentration in tops than did mycorrhizal plants.
Phosphorus, soluble carbohydrates and the competition between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing subterranean clover
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1994
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.1994.TB04263.X
Abstract: We investigated the competition between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus sp. [isolate WUM 10(1)] and Scutellospora calospora [isolate WUM 12(3)] during the colonization of subterranean clover at four concentrations of soil phosphorus (P). When the clover seedlings were 4 wks old we collected data for plant growth, P uptake, mycorrhizal colonization and soluble carbohydrate status of the roots. The percent and total colonization by Glomus sp. was reduced to a much greater extent than S. calospora when the soil P status was increased. When both fungi were inoculated together, S. calospora was unaffected by the presence of Glomus sp. or the P status of the soil Glomus sp., however, was reduced to a far greater extent when in the presence of S. calospora than compared to when it was inoculated alone, Associated with the decreases in colonization by Glomus sp., when inoculated alone, with S. calospara and with increases in the level of P applied to the soil, were decreases in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates within the root. We propose that root carbohydrates directly influence the outcome of competition between these two isolates during the colonization of subterranean clover.
Yield benefits from joint application of manure and inorganic fertilizer in a long-term field pea, wheat and potato crop rotation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2023
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS ON THE FORMATION OF MYCORRHIZAS BY GIGASPORA CALOSPORA AND GLOMUS FASCICULATUM IN RELATION TO ROOT CARBOHYDRATES
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1986
Phosphorus, soluble carbohydrates and endomycorrhizal infection
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1983
The state of the art
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2008
Response of wheat to a multiple species microbial inoculant compared to fertiliser application
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 13-11-2018
Fungal Communities Resist Recovery in Sand Mine Restoration
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 26-11-2019
Mycorrhizas formed by Gigaspora calospora and Glomus fasciculatum on subterranean clover in relation to soluble carbohydrate concentrations in roots
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1990
The effect of soil disturbance on vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils from different vegetation types
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1991
Roots of jarrah forest plants. I. Mycorrhizal associations of shrubs and herbaceous plants
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1991
DOI: 10.1071/BT9910445
Abstract: This survey included 109 plants native to the jarrah forest (a mediterranean eucalypt woodland in south-western Australia dominated by Eucalyptus marginata and E. calophylla). Mycorrhizal formation by seedlings of these plants was examined after inoculation with isolates of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, or after growth in intact cores of natural habitat soil containing VAM and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. These methods were supplemented by examining roots from mature forest-grown plants, so that different methods and criteria for designating mycorrhizal association types could be considered. Most plants had one of the following types of mycorrhizal association: VAM only (56% of species) both ECM and VAM (16% of species) or non-mycorrhizal roots (25% of species, which also had long root hairs and/or cluster roots). Plants with dual ECM/VAM associations often formed ECM more readily than VAM. With the exception of the large and erse families, Papilionaceae, Myrtaceae and Anthericaceae, plants within a family had consistent mycorrhizal relations, as did the members of most genera.
Diversity and symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii isolates from pasture soils in south-western Australia
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1071/SR01052
Abstract: The abundance of the Australian inoculant strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii for subterraneum clover (WU95) and the ersity of naturalised rhizobia were assessed in 3 subterranean clover pastures in the Albany region of south-western Western Australia. Most probable number, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used. A putative strain similar to inoculant strain WU96 was uncommon at one site (South Stirling) and not isolated at 2 other sites. Randomly lified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR fingerprinting using the RPO1 primer identified 45 different profiles amongst the 208 isolates examined. RAPD-PCR fingerprinting using the primers RPO4 and RPO5 confirmed most groupings based on RPO1 fingerprint patterns and revealed further genetic ersity within some groups. Overall, 54 putative strains were defined by RAPD-PCR fingerprint profiles across the 3 sites. Subterranean clover rhizobia at the Manypeaks and Mount Shadforth sites were dominated by isolates with 1 or 2 RPO1 RAPD profiles at 2 s ling times, while the population at South Stirling was much more erse. The symbiotic effectiveness of 11 rhizobial isolates, representing the major RPO1 RAPD profile groups within naturalised rhizobial populations, were compared in pot culture with those of the 2 commercial inoculant strains for subterranean clover, WU95 and TA1, on 3 cultivars. Differences in effectiveness among 3 of the 11 isolates were observed in comparison to both the commercial strains and other naturalised isolates. The nitrogen fixing effectiveness of 8 isolates representing different subgroups from one RP01 group was not the same. The use of all 3 primers increased the precision in defining putative strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, and although naturalised rhizobia from these pastures are saprophytically competent, their dominance in nodules does not appear to be linked to symbiotic effectiveness.
Coastal mycology and invasive species: Boundary conditions fo arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi in incipient Sand Dunes
Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation
Date: 03-03-2016
DOI: 10.2112/SI75-057.1
Comparison of morphological and molecular genetic quantification of relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within roots
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-01-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00572-011-0425-8
Abstract: Nested PCR licons of ribosomal RNA genes have been used to identify in iduals within assemblages of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in roots and to estimate their relative abundance. Microscopy has also been used to identify their relative abundance in roots, but only at low resolution, usually the genus level. We evaluated the robustness of using nested PCR licons of ribosomal RNA genes to estimate the relative abundance of undefined AM fungi in uniformly aged roots in comparison to visual estimates. The relative abundance of AM fungi was assessed as per cent root length colonised by morphotypes and relative sequence type abundance in clone libraries. Plants were grown in coastal soil to obtain assemblages of unknown AM fungi at two times (spring and autumn). Relative abundance of dominant genera of AM fungi in roots (Archaeospora and Glomus) based on an analysis of ribosomal RNA genes did not consistently correspond with relative abundance of morphotypes. This microscopic vs. molecular genetic comparison supports previous conclusions that there can be limitations in using nested PCR licons for quantifying the relative abundance of AM fungi in roots, with a s ling bias likely to be of significance. Both molecular genetic and morphological methods are used to estimate relative abundance of AM fungi as a precursor to understanding mycorrhizal function in field soils, but they are rarely verified using alternative approaches although this may be necessary.
Impacts of Rock Mineral and Traditional Phosphate Fertilizers on Mycorrhizal Communities in Pasture Plants
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-04-2023
DOI: 10.3390/MICROORGANISMS11041051
Abstract: Intensive fertilizer use can constrain contributions from soil biological processes in pastures, including those associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We evaluated the effect of fertilizers of different P solubility on the colonization of the roots of two common pasture plants by a community of AM fungi in a pasture soil. The treatments were a rock mineral fertilizer, a chemical fertilizer and a microbial inoculant. Subterranean clover and annual ryegrass were grown in pots for 10 weeks. Both fertilizers reduced the proportion and length of roots colonized by naturally occurring AM fungi. However, by 10 weeks, there was a much greater length of mycorrhizal root for annual ryegrass than for subterranean clover. The relative abundance of mycorrhizal fungi in the families Glomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae in roots was not affected by the form of fertilizer, but ersity indices of AM fungi in roots were altered. The chemical fertilizer had a greater negative effect on AM fungal ersity indices in the annual ryegrass roots compared with the subterranean clover roots. The reduction in OTU richness of AM fungi with fertilizer application corresponded with reduced soil pH. Differential effects of P fertilizers on naturally occurring AM fungi in this agricultural soil have the potential to influence the efficacy of P fertilizer use and dominance of plant species in grasslands.
Seasonal variation in infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to plant response to applied phosphorus
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1983
DOI: 10.1071/SR9830207
Abstract: The effect of applied phosphorus on the growth of subterranean clover was studied in a virgin forest soil s le collected in summer and again in spring. The soil s le was used soon after it was collected. The shape of the response curve for plant growth differed greatly in the two experiments. This may be related to the presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in plants grown in the soil s le collected in summer and its absence in the soil s le collected in spring.
Invasion of Spores of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Gigaspora decipiens by Burkholderia spp
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 10-2003
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.10.6250-6256.2003
Abstract: Burkholderia species are bacterial soil inhabitants that are capable of interacting with a variety of eukaryotes, in some cases occupying intracellular habitats. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic Burkholderia spp., including B. vietnamiensis , B. cepacia , and B. pseudomallei , were grown on germinating spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora decipiens. Spore lysis assays revealed that all Burkholderia spp. tested were able to colonize the interior of G. decipiens spores. Amplification of specific DNA sequences and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the intracellular presence of B. vietnamiensis . Twelve percent of all spores were invaded by B. vietnamiensis , with an average of 1.5 × 10 6 CFU recovered from in idual infected spores. Of those spores inoculated with B. pseudomallei , 7% were invaded, with an average of 5.5 × 10 5 CFU recovered from in idual infected spores. Scanning electron and fluorescence microscopy provided insights into the morphology of surfaces of spores and hyphae of G. decipiens and the attachment of bacteria. Burkholderia spp. colonized both hyphae and spores, attaching to surfaces in either an end-on or side-on fashion. Adherence of Burkholderia spp. to eukaryotic surfaces also involved the formation of numerous fibrillar structures.
Effects of phosphate and nitrogen application on death of the root cortex in spring wheat
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1993
Prolonged survival and viability of VA mycorrhizal hyphae after root death
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1981
Residual effects of lime- and clay-amended biosolids applied to coarse-textured pasture soil
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1155/2015/417192
Abstract: This study investigated whether there was residual effect of application of lime- and clay-amended biosolids (LaBC ® ) on ryegrass growth and soil microbial biomass in a coarse-textured, acid pasture soil. Reapplied LaBC ® increased fertiliser-use efficiency and plant growth in this glasshouse experiment. Soil management history was established with a single application of LaBC ® (50 t ha −1 wet weight equivalent) with or without inorganic fertiliser (NPK) prior to growing annual ryegrass for 5 cycles. In cycle 6 there was no residual nutrient effect of the original application of LaBC ® but there was a residual liming effect of the previously applied LaBC ® . A nutrient effect of reapplied LaBC ® in plant growth cycle 6, had little residual benefit in cycle 7. The residual concentration of inorganic N remaining in this coarse-textured acid soil after a single application of LaBC ® was negligible and did not appear to be a risk to the environment when applied at 50 t ha −1 wet weight equivalent.
Biochars influence seed germination and early growth of seedlings
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-11-2012
The role of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture and the selection of fungi for inoculation
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1982
DOI: 10.1071/AR9820389
Abstract: Vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas are roots infected with particular soil fungi which form symbiotic associations. It is often assumed that VA mycorrhizal fungi could be used to increase the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers in agriculture. Our principal concern is the question: 'Can the symbiosis be exploited on a large scale?'. VA mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake, and hence plant growth, by shortening the distance that nutrients must diffuse through soil to the root. Mycorrhizal roots do not appear to have a lower threshold concentration of nutrients for absorption from solution than do non-mycorrhizal roots. Most soils contain VA mycorrhizas. Hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi, agricultural soils must have either a low incidence of indigenous VA mycorrhizal fungi or alternatively, species which are less effective than the inoculant fungi in their ability to stimulate nutrient uptake by plants. The distribution of species of VA mycorrhizal fungi varies with climatic and edaphic environment, as well as with land use. However, the factors which control their distribution are poorly understood. Differences among VA mycorrhizal fungi in their ability to increase nutrient uptake appear to be due to differences in their ability to form mycorrhizas rapidly and extensively. The importance of other differences among the fungi, such as in the absorption of nutrients from solution or in the distribution and amount of external mycelium, has yet to be clearly demonstrated. Inoculant VA mycorrhizal fungi must be capable of persisting in soils at a high inoculum potential, as well as being able to increase nutrient uptake. Until now, little attention has been paid to characteristics which enable the fungi to persist after inoculation. We are critical of many of the methods employed in experiments aimed at selecting 'efficient' VA mycorrhizal fungi. For practical purposes, selection can only be achieved by means of comparisons performed in untreated field soils, with phosphorus supply limiting plant growth. Because the form of inoculum can affect the relative abilities of VA mycorrhizal fungi to infect and improve plant growth, appropriate inocula are needed for each agricultural situation. The survival of many species of fungi in various types of inocula requires further study so that procedures can be developed for introducing particular fungi into agricultural soils. This review emphasizes many gaps in our knowledge. For ex le, we need more information on how and to what extent species or strains of VA mycorrhizal fungi differ in their ability to increase plant growth. We know even less about their beneficial effects in years following that of field inoculation. The ecology of indigenous VA mycorrhizal fungi in field soils has also been largely neglected. These and other deficiencies preclude any immediate recommendations for large-scale inoculation with selected VA mycorrhizal fungi.
Structure and diversity among rhizobial strains, populations and communities - a review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Introduction: Perspectives on Mycorrhizas and Soil Fertility
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2017
Microbial phylogenetic and functional responses within acidified wastewater communities exhibiting enhanced phosphate uptake
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2016.08.037
Abstract: Acid stimulated accumulation of insoluble phosphorus within microbial cells is highly beneficial to wastewater treatment but remains largely unexplored. Using single cell analyses and next generation sequencing, the response of active polyphosphate accumulating microbial communities under conditions of enhanced phosphorus uptake under both acidic and aerobic conditions was characterised. Phosphorus accumulation activities were highest under acidic conditions (pH 5.5>8.5), where a significant positive effect on bioaccumulation was observed at pH 5.5 when compared to pH 8.5. In contrast to the Betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated enhanced biological phosphorus removal process, the functionally active polyP accumulators at pH 5.5 belonged to the Gammaproteobacteria, with key accumulators identified as members of the families Aeromonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. This study demonstrated a significant enrichment of key polyphosphate kinase and exopolyphosphatase genes within the community metagenome after acidification, concomitant with an increase in P accumulation kinetics.
Morphology and infectivity of fine endophyte in a mediterranean environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1999
Seasonal variation in the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in annual pastures in a Mediterranean environment
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1987
DOI: 10.1071/AR9870707
Abstract: The seasonal variation in the rate and extent of formation of mycorrhizas in pasture soils from two sites in south-west Australia was examined. Undisturbed soil cores were taken on eight occasions throughout the year, sown with Trifolium subterraneum L. and maintained in a glasshouse. At each collection time the extent of formation of mycorrhizas was measured 3 and 6 weeks after sowing.There was no seasonal variation in the extent of mycorrhizas formed in undisturbed soil cores at one site, hut at the other site the extent of mycorrhizas decreased over time. The rate of formation of mycorrhizas was most rapid when cores were collected immediately after the opening rains of the season.Similar species of fungi were present at both sites however, the rate and extent of infection formed by each species differed between the sites. At both sites the infectivity of A. laevis and fine endophyte decreased throughout the winter months, but the infectivity of Glomus spp. did not change. Neither the total spore number nor an estimate of the number of infective propagules reflected the infectivity of the total population of VA mycorrhizal fungi measured simultaneously at the two sites.
A farmer–scientist investigation of soil carbon sequestration potential in a chronosequence of perennial pastures
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-10-2018
DOI: 10.1002/LDR.3184
Infectivity and effectiveness of five endomycorrhizal fungi: Competition with indigenous fungi in field soils
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1981
DOI: 10.1071/AR9810621
Abstract: Five species of endomycorrhizal fungi differed in their ability to stimulate phosphorus uptake and growth of subterranean clover when inoculated into two untreated field soils which were phosphate deficient. Each soil contained a different indigenous endomycorrhizal fungus. The amount of roots converted to mycorrhizas by each indigenous and inoculant fungus was estimated by using differences in the morphology of the infection within the roots and a line-intercept method. Effectiveness of the inoculant fungi in increasing plant growth was related to the infectivity of the fungi from the inocula used. The fungi indigenous to the two soils used did not appear to affect the extent to which mycorrhizas were formed by any of the inoculant fungi.
The loss of VA mycorrhizal infectivity during bauxite mining may limit the growth of Acacia pulchella R.Br.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1989
DOI: 10.1071/BT9890033
Abstract: We used plant bioassays to monitor the decline in infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in topsoil during bauxite mining. In a second experiment, we investigated the seasonal changes in the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) forest soil. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that Acacia pulchella growing in soil disturbed during bauxite mining would respond to phosphorus and to inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi. During bauxite mining in the Western Australian jarrah forest, the infectivity of propagules of VA mycorrhizal fungi in topsoil was destroyed, even when the soil was stripped and respread promptly without stockpiling. Most infectivity was lost within 3 weeks of clearing the vegetation, before the soil was disturbed. The rapid loss of infectivity may be associated with the absence of spores in the soil. In a revegetated, respread soil, the infectivity of VA rnycorrhizal fungi was substantially greater than that of freshly disturbed soil, but less than levels recorded in similar undisturbed forest soil. There were no clear seasonal changes in VA mycorrhizal infectivity, indicating that the loss of infectivity during mining was not a seasonal response. Dry matter production by Acacia pulchella, in a glasshouse experiment, was at least doubled if soil from experiment 1 was inoculated with effective VA mycorrhizal fungi.
Acacias respond to additions of phosphorus and to inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi in soils stockpiled during mineral sand mining
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-1989
DOI: 10.1007/BF02220699
Farmers’ knowledge and use of soil fauna in agriculture: A worldwide review
Publisher: Resilience Alliance, Inc.
Date: 2016
Microscopy observations of habitable space in biochar for colonization by fungal hyphae from soil
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Biological indicators for soil health: Potential for development and use of on-farm tests
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2017
The promise and the potential consequences of the global transport of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-04-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1461-0248.2006.00910.X
Abstract: Advances in ecology during the past decade have led to a much more detailed understanding of the potential negative consequences of species' introductions. Moreover, recent studies of mycorrhizal symbionts have led to an increased knowledge of the potential utility of fungal inoculations in agricultural, horticultural and ecological management. The intentional movement of mycorrhizal fungal species is growing, but the concomitant potential for negative ecological consequences of invasions by mycorrhizal fungi is poorly understood. We assess the degree to which introductions of mycorrhizal fungi may lead to unintended negative, and potentially costly, consequences. Our purpose is to make recommendations regarding appropriate management guidelines and highlight top priority research needs. Given the difficulty in discerning invasive species problems associated with mycorrhizal inoculations, we recommend the following. First, careful assessment documenting the need for inoculation, and the likelihood of success, should be conducted prior to inoculation because inoculations are not universally beneficial. Second, invasive species problems are costly and often impossible to control by the time they are recognized. We recommend using local inoculum sources whenever possible. Third, non-sterile cultures of inoculum can result in the movement of saprobes and pathogens as well as mutualists. We recommend using material that has been produced through sterile culture when local inoculum is not available. Finally, life-history characteristics of inoculated fungi may provide general guidelines relative to the likelihood of establishment and spread. We recommend that, when using non-local fungi, managers choose fungal taxa that carry life-history traits that may minimize the likelihood of deleterious invasive species problems. Additional research is needed on the potential of mycorrhizal fungi to spread to non-target areas and cause ecological damage.
Molecular divergence of fungal communities in soil, roots and hyphae highlight the importance of sampling strategies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
The distribution and abundance of vesicular arbuscular endophytes in some Western Australian soils
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1977
DOI: 10.1071/BT9770515
Abstract: The distribution and abundance of large-spored vesicular arbuscular (VA) endophytes was examined at three localities in Western Australia. Within each locality, soil s les were collected from sites with a range of soil properties and superphosphate histories. Vesicular arbuscular endophytes were widespread. Spores were found in all but five of 104 s les. In two of the s les where spores were not found, plants grown in the soils formed VA mycorrhizas. Root infection by a fine endophyte resembling Rhizophagus tenuis was also frequently observed. Five spore types were found. Honey-coloured sessile spores were present in 85% of the s les. The yellow vacuolate spore type was the second most common endophyte, but its distribution was mostly limited to cultivated and fertilized soils. Endophytes other than the yellow vacuolate spore type occurred on both virgin and agricultural soils. The distribution of honey-coloured sessile and yellow vacuolate spores in cultivated soils appeared to be associated with variation in soil pH. The total numbers of spores collected on a 106 μm sieve were not correlated with soil pH, NaHCO3-extractable phosphorus or superphosphate history.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and soil salinity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-1993
DOI: 10.1007/BF00204058
Potential for Recycling Nutrients from Biosolids Amended with Clay and Lime in Coarse-Textured Water Repellence, Acidic Soils of Western Australia
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1155/2015/541818
Abstract: Application of biosolids in soils is an efficient method of recycling nutrients from biosolids and it is considered even safer when it is modified after mixing and diluting with other suitable soil organic amendments. A variety of soil organic amendments, such as green manures and composts, are used for modifying and co-composting with biosolids. However, these may not be considered as appropriate biosolids disposal and remedial measures for soils with unique problems such as low soil pH, water repellence nature, and poor water and nutrient retention capacities due to soil textural issues. Historically, soil amendments such as lime, clay, and recently biochar are being applied for such problematic soils at Western Australia and these researches focused mostly on improvement in soil physical and chemical properties. However, studies with potential for applying modified biosolids with these amendments are not complete yet. This review focused on identifying such gaps in these studies from over 170 peer-reviewed key research and review articles published over decades to latest in these areas.
The effect of rain in the dry‐season on the formation of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizas in the growing season of annual clover‐based pastures
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1994
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.1994.TB04264.X
Abstract: In a mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and cool winter growing seasons, rain in summer may initiate seed germination and seedling emergence in annual clover‐based pastures. If soil moisture becomes limiting and the seedlings die before the onset of winter rains then a‘false break’has occurred. The effect of false breaks on the formation of mycorrhizas in subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) in the winter growing season was investigated. Undisturbed cores were collected in the summer from two annual clover‐based pastures in Western Australia. The cores were treated with one or two false breaks, or left dry. For each false break, 3 centimetres of water were applied to the surface of the core over a 3 day period and then the cores were let dry in glasshouse conditions. The second false break and the growing season were initiated after the complete death of plants that had emerged in the previous cycle. The growing season was simulated by watering all cores to field capacity and planting to a uniform stand of subterranean clover. Mycorrhizal colonization in the growing season was decreased by false breaks with little difference between One and two false breaks. In one soil, the percentage of the root length containing arbuscules (AC%) at 14 d after planting in the growing season was decreased from 52 to 33% by false breaks and at 42 d after planting from 16 to 46%. In the other soil, the AC% at 28 d after planting in the growing season was decreased from 72 to 55% by false breaks. Assessment of the morphology of the mycorrhizas indicated that colonization by fine endophytes was decreased but colonization by Acaulospora spp., Glomus spp. and Scutellospora and Gigaspora spp. was not decreased by false breaks. Shoot phosphorus concentration at 14 d after planting and shoot dry mass at 42 d after planting were decreased by false breaks in only one soil.
Reconciling disparate responses to grazing in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins and isoenzymes of Gaeumannomyces graminis
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1975
DOI: 10.1071/BT9750001
Abstract: The wheat and oat take-all fungi show a close serological relationship with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis isolated from kikuyu grass, supporting the conclusions of Walker, who recognized the three fungal groups as varieties of G. graminis based on morphological characters. Three techniques for studying proteins (disc and gradient gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing) were assessed as possible aids in identifying and classifying isolates of G. graminis. Protein patterns were affected by the age of the mycelium and the composition of the growth medium used. Patterns prepared by disc electrophoresis were helpful for identifying isolates of G. graminis, but not for separating the varieties. Gradient gel electrophoresis patterns were sufficient for distin- guishing the kikuyu grass isolate from take-all fungi isolated from wheat or oats, but the differences between the patterns of the wheat and oat take-all fungi were too slight to aid in identifying these varieties. Esterase and peroxidase isoenzyme patterns of the isolates from the three varieties were too variable to assist in identifying isolates of G. graminis at either the species or the variety level. Isoelectric focusing patterns of the proteins for each variety were useful for distinguishing the kikuyu grass isolate from the wheat and oat take-all fungi. The protein patterns illustrate a closer relationship between the wheat and oat take-all fungi than either has with the variety of G. graminis from kikuyu grass. None of the methods gave a convenient means of separating the wheat and oat take-all fungi.
Factors influencing the occurrence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1991
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS IN INCREASING GROWTH AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE OF SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER FROM PHOSPHORUS SOURCES OF DIFFERENT SOLUBILITIES
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1980
Association between Burkholderia species and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spores in soil
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2009
Finch numbers, owl predation and plant dispersal on Isla Daphne Major, Galápagos
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1975
DOI: 10.1007/BF00345308
Functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on root surfaces
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2008
Phosphorus uptake by a community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in jarrah forest
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2003
Unknown risks to soil biodiversity from commercial fungal inoculants
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-03-2017
Dairy soil bacterial responses to nitrogen application in simulated Italian ryegrass and white clover pasture
Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
Date: 10-2019
Abstract: Through clearing and use of fertilizer and legumes, areas of southwestern Australia's unique coastal sand plains can support relatively low-cost dairies. However, the ancient, highly weathered nature of the soils in this region makes the dairies susceptible to a range of threats, including nutrient leaching and erosion. Despite this, Western Australian dairy cows typically produce up to 5,500 L of milk per head annually supported by inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer (commonly 50:50 urea and ammonium sulfate) at rates up to <320 kg of N/ha per year. Where hotspots exist (up to 2,000 kg of N/ha per year), total N exceeds pasture requirements. We investigated plant and soil bacteria responses to N fertilizer rates consistent with Australian legislated production practices on dairy farms for pure and mixed swards of white clover (Trifolium repens) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in a long-term pasture experiment in controlled glasshouse conditions. Although the soil bacterial community structure at phylum level was similar for white clover and Italian ryegrass, relative abundances of specific subgroups of bacteria differed among plant species according to the N fertilizer regimen. Marked increases in relative abundance of some bacterial phyla and subphyla indicated potential inhibition of N cycling, especially for N hotspots in soil. Ammonium concentration in soil was less correlated with dominance of some N-cycling bacterial phyla than was nitrate concentration. Changes in bacterial community structure related to altered nutrient cycling highlight the potential for considering this area of research in policy assessment frameworks related to nutrient loads in dairy soils, especially for N.
Infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after wetting and drying
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1996
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.1996.TB04933.X
Abstract: In a mediterranean environment, a hot and dry summer is followed by a cool and rainy winter, the growing season. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi survive in dry soil in the summer and are able to colonize newly emerged plants in winter. However, late summer and autumn rains are frequently followed by periods of drought, resulting in the wetting and drying of the soil before the onset of regular winter rains. The results of three experiments investigating the effect of wetting and drying of soil on the subsequent infectivity of different AM fungi and their in idual propagules are presented. In a first experiment, pot‐culture inoculum of Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe, Glomus invermaium Hall, or fine endophytes, each containing a mixture of propagule forms, was mixed into pots of steam‐sterilized soil with low phosphorus content. Pots were treated with a wetting and drying cycle where the soil was watered to field capacity for three consecutive days and then left to dry to a water content of less than 1.5% g g −1 . Infectivity was assessed in a subsequent growth cycle planted with clover. In a second experiment, the infectivity of spores of A. laevis, Glomus monosporum Gerd. & Trappe or Scutellospora calospora (Nicol & Gerd.) Walkers & Sanders, and of dried mycorrhizal root fragments of G. invermaium or S. calospora was assessed after a wetting and drying cycle in which the soil was watered to field capacity for seven consecutive days before drying. In a third experiment, the infectivity of the extraradical hyphae of G. invermaium after wetting and drying was assessed. AM fungi and their in idual propagules responded differently to wetting and drying. The infectivity of pot‐culture inoculum of A. laevis, G. invermaium and fine endophytes was increased, decreased and unaffected, respectively, by wetting and drying. The infectivity of spores of A. laevis and G. monosporum was increased by wetting and drying but the infectivity of spores of 5. calospora was not affected. Infectivity of mycorrhizal root fragments of G. invermaium and S. calospora was decreased and increased, respectively, by wetting and drying. Finally, the infectivity of the extraradical hyphae of G. invermaium was eliminated by a wetting and drying cycle. These results indicate that the development and function of mycorrhizas after late summer and early autumn rains may be limited by the occurrence and predominance of propagules of different AM fungi.
External hyphae of vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. 2. Hyphal transport of 32P over defined distances
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1992
Synergistic impacts of clay and organic matter on structural and biological properties of a sandy soil
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
Amelioration of a saline‐alkaline soil using biochar and compost: Impacts on plant growth, soil biological and chemical characteristics
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-09-2023
DOI: 10.1002/LDR.4905
FORMATION OF EXTERNAL HYPHAE IN SOIL BY FOUR SPECIES OF VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1985
Variation in the size and shape of Darwin's finches
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-1985
What is soil biological fertility?
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 2007
Establishing a quality management framework for commercial inoculants containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
Nitrogen additions promote decomposition of soil organic carbon in a tibetan alpine meadow
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-04-2018
Mycorrhizal fungus propagules in the jarrah forest: II. Spatial variability in inoculum levels
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1995
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.1995.TB03083.X
Abstract: Spatial variations in the capacity of propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi to form associations in their natural habitats were investigated using bioassays with bait plants grown in intact cores of forest soil. These cores were collected from a sclerophyllous forest community dominated by Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith (jarrah) and E. calophylla Lindley (marri) trees with a erse shrub understorey in the mediterranean (winter rainfall) climatic zone of Western Australia. Small‐scale (adjacent core) variations in the capacity of AM fungi to form associations were found to be as substantial as differences between locations 1 5 m apart. Comparisons of AM fungus colonization patterns within the roots of seedlings growing in the same core indicated that there was considerable spatial heterogeneity in the inoculums potential of ‘in idual’ fungi within these 1 1 volumes of soil. A second experiment included bait plants to measure ECM formation as welt as AM formation and also considered the impact of soil disturbance. The disruption of hyphal networks reduced mycorrhizal formation somewhat, but it still remained highly variable. Some of this spatial heterogeneity could be attributed to differences in the organic matter content, length of fungal hyphae, or length of old mycorrhizal roots, measured within soil cores. In jarrah forest soil, mycelial systems of AM and ECM fungi apparently were localized in separate domains, and there were also zones where non‐mycorrhizal roots (mostly cluster roots produced by members of the Proteaceae) predominated. More research is required to determine the size of domains of mycorrhizal mycelial systems in soils, how these spatial patterns change with time, and if they are associated with zones of resource utilization by different ‘functional groups’ of roots.
Increasing the length of hyphae in a sandy soil increases the amount of water-stable aggregates
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1996
GROWTH OF SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF ENDOMYCORRHIZAS BY INTRODUCED AND INDIGENOUS FUNGI IN A FIELD SOIL
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1978
Field inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rehabilitation of mine sites with native vegetation, including Acacia spp.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1071/SB02004
Abstract: Field experiments were conducted at rehabilitation sites at two contrasting mines in Western Australia. At both mines, Acacia spp. are important components of the rehabilitation ecosystem. At a mineral sands mine near Eneabba, dry-root inoculum of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus invermaium (WUM 10) was introduced into riplines with three rates of phosphate fertiliser application. Plants were assessed for mycorrhizal colonisation and phosphorus status. There was no plant growth benefit from inoculation. A considerable number of infective propagules of indigenous AM fungi was already present in the topsoil. The inoculant fungus as well as the indigenous AM fungi formed mycorrhizas, but only in a small number of Acacia and other native plant species. In a study of AM fungal inoculation at a gold mine rehabilitation site at Boddington, dry-root inoculum of G.�invermaium was applied to riplines prior to seeding. Despite apparently ideal environmental conditions, colonisation of native seedlings was limited. Possible reasons for this were investigated in further experiments that addressed environmental factors such as soil temperature and moisture and factors such as the age of the plant and presence of a colonised cover crop. Inoculum remained infective even under moist conditions in field soil for at least 4 months. Its infectivity decreased in parallel with falling temperatures. However, the level of infectivity present did not ensure extensive colonisation of native plants such as Acacia seedlings in the field. Susceptibility of Acacia seedlings to colonisation by AM fungi appeared to be seasonal, as colonisation increased with increasing daytime temperatures and daylight hours.
The survival of infective hyphae of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in dry soil: an interaction with sporulation
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1993
Early vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in soil collected from an annual clover-based pasture in a Mediterranean environment: soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1071/A96049
Abstract: The results of 2 experiments investigating the early stages of the formation of vesicular- arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas in response to both soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains are reported for a Mediterranean environment in the south-west of Western Australia. In Expt 1, treatments including an early break, a late break, and a false break followed by a late break were applied to a mixed and sieved field soil collected dry in the summer and placed in pots in a glasshouse. In each break, pots were watered to field capacity and planted with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) or capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). In early and false breaks, both initiated on the same day in early autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 30°C, and in the late break, initiated 50 days later in autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 18°C. In both early and late breaks, pots were watered to field capacity for either 21 or 42 days when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In a false break, pots were watered to field capacity for 7 days after which the soil was allowed to dry and newly emerged plants died. These pots were then rewatered and replanted at the same time as pots receiving a late break, and subjected to the same soil temperature (18°C). In Expt 2 performed the following year, soil temperature was maintained at 31 or 18°C in both early and late breaks. Pots were planted with clover and watered to field capacity for 21 or 42 days, when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In Expt 1, VA mycorrhizal colonisation of both clover and capeweed was initially low in an early break compared with levels observed in a late break. Only mycorrhizas formed by Glomus spp. were observed in the early break, whereas mycorrhizas of Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora spp. and fine endophytes were observed in the late break. Colonisation was decreased by a false break, predominantly because of a decrease in formation of mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. In Expt 2, mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. predominated in warm soil in both early and late breaks and mycorrhizas of Acaulospora spp., Scutellospora spp., and fine endophytes were observed in greater abundance in cool soil in early and late breaks. These experiments indicate that soil temperature at the time of the break will have a large impact on both the overall levels of VA mycorrhizal colonisation of pasture plants and colonisation by different fungi. In addition, fungi that remain quiescent in warm soil may avoid damage in a false break.
COLONIZATION OF THE ROOT SYSTEM OF SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER BY THREE SPECIES OF VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1984
Soil disturbance reduces the infectivity of external hyphae of vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1989
Biochar-Soil Interactions in Four Agricultural Soils
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
Soil Microbial Responses to Biochars Varying in Particle Size, Surface and Pore Properties
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
Soil biota and crop residue decomposition during summer and autumn in south-western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2000
THE SPREAD OF GLOMUS FASCICULATUM THROUGH ROOTS OF TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM AND LOLIUM RIGIDUM
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1985
Soil-plant-microbe interactions from microscopy to field practice
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-09-2011
A quantitative study of the spores and anatomy of mycorrhizas formed by a species of Glomus, with reference to its taxonomy
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1979
DOI: 10.1071/BT9790363
Abstract: The development of spores and sporocarps was studied in two isolates of a species of Glomus collected in Western Australia. The isolates, which had been maintained in pot culture, differed slightly in the size range of spores and in the relationship between spore size and the development of the peridium. Anatomical characteristics of mycorrhizas of three pasture species (Trifolium subterraneum, Erodium botrys and Lolium rigidum) formed with this species of Glomus were essentially the same and were largely unaffected by nitrogen supply. The hyphae in nitrogen-deficient plants were slightly wider than those in nitrogen-adequate plants of T. subterraneum and E. botrys. The effect of phosphorus supply on the anatomy of mycorrhizas formed by this fungus and T. subterraneum was studied with time. Phosphorus supply had no effect on the formation of arbuscles, the density of hyphae within infected roots, or the morphology of the branching pattern of the endophyte hyphae within the root. However, phosphate added above that required for maximum plant yield eliminated vesicle formation. Anatomical characteristics of the mycorrhizas changed little with time except for arbuscle number, which decreased markedly between 29 and 50 days after sowing. We concluded that the anatomy of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas formed by a particular endophyte species grown under a range of conditions may not be as variable as has been generally assumed. There is scope for identification of species of endophyte within plant roots. Furthermore, some features of infection morphology could prove to be useful for taxonomic purposes.
Infectivity of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1982
DOI: 10.1071/AR9821049
Abstract: The development of vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas was followed for subterranean clover grown in 20 field soils in a glasshouse experiment. The aims of the study were: to understand the way in which mycorrhizas develop in field soils to identify those factors which could be used to predict field sites suitable for inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi. In each soil, the amount and rate of mycorrhiza formation were estimated for species of each genus represented. The data were examined in relation to differences among soils in numbers of spores of VA mycorrhizal fungi and in soil properties. A poor correlation between total spore numbers and the total amount and rate of infection formed was attributed to two factors. First, infection by fine endophyte (a fungus which does not form large spores that can be counted) was ubiquitous, but the amount of mycorrhizas formed by this fungus varied greatly. Second, species of fungi differed in their rates of infection. In general, there was an association between spore numbers and infection development for in idual fungal species. The development of mycorrhizas in any soil fell into one of three categories: I, rapid and extensive II, extensive but with a lag phase III, slow and limited in extent. The species of fungi in soils from each category were similar. Category I included the soils which were most deficient in phosphorus for plant growth. However, from measurements of soil properties alone, it is not possible to predict those soils which are suitable for the introduction of inoculant VA mycorrhizal fungi.
Relationships between soil organic matter and the soil microbial biomass (size, functional diversity, and community structure) in crop and pasture systems in a semi-arid environment
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/SR11203
Abstract: The quantity and/or quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and its fractions regulate microbial community composition and associated function. In this study an established, replicated agricultural systems trial in a semi-arid environment was used to test: (i) whether agricultural systems which have increased plant residue inputs increase the amount of labile SOM relative to total SOM, or change the quality of SOM fractions and (ii) whether the size or quality of OM fractions is most strongly linked to the size, activity, functional ersity, and community structure of the soil microbial biomass. Soil (0–50 mm) was collected following 5 years of continuous wheat, crop rotation, crop–pasture rotation, annual pasture, or perennial pasture. Pastures were grazed by sheep. Direct drilling and non-inversion tillage techniques were compared in some cropping systems. Total carbon (C) increased with the proportion of pasture as a result of increased SOM inputs into these systems land use also significantly affected SOM fractions and their chemical and physical nature. While the size, function, and structure of the soil microbial community were somewhat related to total soil C, they were better correlated with SOM fractions. The C : nitrogen (N) ratio of light fraction organic matter could be used to predict the amount of potentially mineralisable N in soil, while the C : N ratio of total SOM could not. Measurement of bacterial community structure (using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) significantly discriminated between land uses, while community-level physiological profiles revealed fewer differences. Overall, our findings support the premise that labile fractions of SOM are more strongly related to microbial community structure and function than is total SOM.
Interactions between biochar and mycorrhizal fungi in a water-stressed agricultural soil
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-04-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S00572-016-0693-4
Abstract: Biochar may alleviate plant water stress in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi but research has not been conclusive. Therefore, a glasshouse experiment was conducted to understand how interactions between AM fungi and plants respond to biochar application under water-stressed conditions. A twin chamber pot system was used to determine whether a woody biochar increased root colonisation by a natural AM fungal population in a pasture soil ('field' chamber) and whether this was associated with increased growth of extraradical AM fungal hyphae detected by plants growing in an adjacent ('bait') chamber containing irradiated soil. The two chambers were separated by a mesh that excluded roots. Subterranean clover was grown with and without water stress and harvested after 35, 49 and 63 days from each chamber. When biochar was applied to the field chamber under water-stressed conditions, shoot mass increased in parallel with mycorrhizal colonisation, extraradical hyphal length and shoot phosphorus concentration. AM fungal colonisation of roots in the bait chamber indicated an increase in extraradical mycorrhizal hyphae in the field chamber. Biochar had little effect on AM fungi or plant growth under well-watered conditions. The biochar-induced increase in mycorrhizal colonisation was associated with increased growth of extraradical AM fungal hyphae in the pasture soil under water-stressed conditions.
Calcium modifies pH effects on the growth of acid-tolerant and acid-sensitive Rhizobium meliloti
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1992
DOI: 10.1071/AR9920765
Abstract: The growth of Rhizobium meliloti is sensitive to soil acidity, and its poor growth and survival limits the production from Medicago spp. on acid soils. In the selection of acid tolerant rhizobia for medics, growth in acidified laboratory media has been poorly related to persistence in acid soils. However, the Ca concentration in laboratory media may have been inadequate for growth of some rhizobial strains at low pH. Therefore, acid-tolerant and acid-sensitive strains of R. meliloti were grown in a buffered, defined medium at a range of Ca and P concentrations, and at several pH values. Growth rate was increased by increasing the Ca concentration from 200 to 2000 8M at low (5-70) and moderate (6.50) pH, but not at pH 7.30. Thus, the Ca requirement for the growth of R. meliloti under acid conditions is much higher than previously thought.
Limited evidence for short-term succession of microarthropods during early phases of surface litter decomposition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2004
Phosphate transport by communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in intact soil cores
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2001
Complementary effect of zoo compost with mineral nitrogen fertilisation increases wheat yield and nutrition in a low-nutrient soil
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
Revegetation in an iron-ore mine-nutrient requirements for plant growth and the potential role of vesicular-arhuscular (Va) mycorrhizal fungi
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1988
DOI: 10.1071/SR9880497
Abstract: Revegetation after iron-ore mining in the Pilbara region of Australia is difficult because of the harsh climate and because the material to be revegetated is likely to have poor fertility and low microbial activity. In this work we defined the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in local soils and mine materials, and then the nutrient requirements for adequate plant growth in low-grade ore. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that addition of phosphorus to low-grade ore, and inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi, increases the growth of Acacia pyrijolia. The VA mycorrhizas were formed only in soil collected from sites dominated by Triodia pungens. A. pyrifolia nodulated only in soil from sites dominated by A. aneura. In low-grade ore, phosphorus deficiency was the major limitation to plant growth. Inoculation with a Glomus sp. resulted in up to 70% increases in dry matter production at low rates of phosphorus. The response to phosphorus or inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi was limited by nitrogen deficiency.
Sulfur supply and the formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas by Glomus fasciculatum on subterranean clover
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1985
A change in the concentration of NaCl in soil alters the rate of hyphal extension of some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 08-2004
DOI: 10.1139/B04-122
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of a rapid change in the concentration of the soil solution on hyphal growth from germinated spores of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: isolates of Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe, Gigaspora decipiens Hall & Abbott, and Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders. Spores of either G. decipiens or S. calospora were incubated between millipore filters buried in sand that had been watered to field capacity with solutions of 0, 150, or 300 mmol/L NaCl. After 11 d, the intact pairs of filters were recovered, left undisturbed, or transferred into and further incubated in soil watered with one of the three solutions. Spores of A. laevis were incubated between filters in sand without NaCl and after 20 d were either left undisturbed or transferred to soil with 0, 50, 150, or 300 mmol/L NaCl in the soil solution for a further 11 d. The filter sandwiches were stained and opened, and determinations of spore germination, number of auxiliary cells, and length of hyphae on each were made. For G. decipiens and S. calospora, the effect of NaCl on hyphal growth was reversible. Hyphae from spores germinated in sand with 300 mmol/L NaCl showed markedly increased growth when transferred to a less saline environment. Hyphae from spores germinated in nonsaline sand continued to grow, but at a slower rate, when transferred to a saline environment. Hyphae of A. laevis continued to elongate after transfer to soil with 50 mmol/L NaCl but not 150 or 300 mmol/L NaCl. Morphological differences were observed between hyphae of G. decipiens grown in a highly saline as compared with a nonsaline substrate.Key words: soil salinity, arbuscular mycorrhizas, species and genera of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, hyphae.
Soil Science teaching principles
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
Glomalean mycorrhizal fungi from tropical Australia: I. Comparison of the effectiveness and specificity of different isolation procedures
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-04-1999
Plant-Dependent Soil Bacterial Responses Following Amendment With a Multispecies Microbial Biostimulant Compared to Rock Mineral and Chemical Fertilizers
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 04-02-2021
Abstract: Biostimulants are gaining momentum as potential soil amendments to increase plant health and productivity. Plant growth responses to some biostimulants and poorly soluble fertilizers could increase soil microbial ersity and provide greater plant access to less soluble nutrients. We assessed an agricultural soil amended with a multispecies microbial biostimulant in comparison with two fertilizers that differed in elemental solubilities to identify effects on soil bacterial communities associated with two annual pasture species (subterranean clover and Wimmera ryegrass). The treatments applied were: a multispecies microbial biostimulant, a poorly soluble rock mineral fertilizer at a rate of 5.6 kg P ha –1 , a chemical fertilizer at a rate of 5.6 kg P ha –1 , and a negative control with no fertilizer or microbial biostimulant. The two annual pasture species were grown separately for 10 weeks in a glasshouse with soil maintained at 70% of field capacity. Soil bacteria were studied using 16S rRNA with 27F and 519R bacterial primers on the Mi-seq platform. The microbial biostimulant had no effect on growth of either of the pasture species. However, it did influence soil bio ersity in a way that was dependent on the plant species. While application of the fertilizers increased plant growth, they were both associated with the lowest ersity of the soil bacterial community based on Fisher and Inverse Simpson indices. Additionally, these responses were plant-dependent soil bacterial richness was highly correlated with soil pH for subterranean clover but not for Wimmera ryegrass. Soil bacterial richness was lowest following application of each fertilizer when subterranean clover was grown. In contrast, for Wimmera ryegrass, soil bacterial richness was lowest for the control and rock mineral fertilizer. Beta ersity at the bacterial OTU level of resolution by permanova demonstrated a significant impact of soil amendments, plant species and an interaction between plant type and soil amendments. This experiment highlights the complexity of how soil amendments, including microbial biostimulants, may influence soil bacterial communities associated with different plant species, and shows that caution is required when linking soil bio ersity to plant growth. In this case, the microbial biostimulant influenced soil bio ersity without influencing plant growth.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-mediated interspecific nutritional competition of a pasture legume and grass under drought-stress
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Tolerance and induction of tolerance to Ni of arbuscular mycorrhizal from New Caledonian ultramafic soils
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-09-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S00572-008-0197-Y
Abstract: The influence of Ni on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has not been studied yet. We tested the tolerance to Ni of five AMF isolates from New Caledonian ultramafic soils. Spore germination indicated that these isolates were clearly more tolerant to Ni than three other isolates from non-ultramafic soils. They were able to germinate at 30 microg g(-1) Ni, whereas spores of the non-ultramafic isolates were totally inhibited at 15 microg g(-1) Ni. Among the ultramafic isolates, two were obtained from roots of Ni-hyperaccumulating plants. Their tolerance to Ni was clearly higher than all the other isolates. The proportion of germinated spores of the different isolates in contact with ultramafic soils showed the same tendencies as those observed with Ni solutions. Tolerance to Ni increased when spores were produced from mycorrhiza on plants grown on sand containing 20 microg g(-1) Ni, in comparison with those produced on sand without Ni. These results indicate that the tolerance to Ni of AMF spores can be induced by the presence of this metal in the substrate.
Darwin's finches: population variation and natural selection
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 1976
Abstract: Van Valen's model, which relates morphological variation to ecological variation in an adaptive scheme, was investigated with in idually marked and measured Darwin's finches on two adjacent Galápagos islands, Santa Cruz and Daphne Major. Results show that environmental heterogeneity is correlated with large continuous, morphological variation: variation in bill dimensions of Geospiza fortis is greater on Santa Cruz than on Daphne, as is environmental heterogeneity. Within populations of this species, different phenotypes distribute themselves in different habitat patches, select foods of different sizes and hardness, and exploit them with efficiencies that are phenotype- (bill size) dependent. These data constitute indirect evidence that natural selection has a controlling influence over the level of phenotypic variation exhibited by a population. Further evidence is that phenotypes did not survive equally well during the study period on Daphne island G. fortis was apparently subjected to directional selection on bill tip length and G. scandens to normalizing selection on body weight and bill depth. Other factors which may have contributed to the establishment of a difference in variation between Santa Cruz and Daphne populations are the founder effect, genetic drift, and assortative mating. Annual climatic unpredictability is considered a source of environmental heterogeneity which, through its effect upon food supply, favors large morphological variation. It is predicted that species of large in idual size are more influenced by this than are small species, and consequently exhibit greater size-corrected variation. The prediction is tested with data from six Geospiza species, and found to be correct.
Managing soils to enhance mycorrhizal benefits in Mediterranean agriculture
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1995
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on soil organic matter priming and net carbon balance in alpine meadows
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-02-2023
DOI: 10.1002/LDR.4642
Abstract: Fertilizers‐induced priming effects of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition influences net carbon balance and nutrient release. We hypothesize that very strong limitation of plant productivity and microbial activities by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), common in Tibetan meadows, retard SOM decomposition and turnover. Consequently, N and/or P fertilization will induce priming effects of SOM and have implications for carbon balance. Soils from a nine‐year fertilization experiment (N alone, P alone, NP together, and control) from a Tibetan alpine meadow were used to investigate priming effect of SOM and carbon balance after addition of 13 C labeled glucose. N and/or P fertilization acidified soil by 0.5 pH unit, decreased SOM content, and increased total and available N, total P. Regardless of fertilization, glucose addition accelerated SOM decomposition with priming effects of 30–60 μg C g −1 soil during 78 days. Alleviation of N and P limitation by N and NP fertilization lowered the priming effect by 17% and 14%, respectively, but P fertilization increased priming effect by 67%. The negative correlation of priming effect intensity with SOM, nitrate or total N, and microbial biomass contents indicated that fertilization‐induced differences in soil N and the microbial community are responsible for the priming effects. Positive correlation of carbon balance with total N and ammonium contents suggested that soil N accounts for carbon sequestration. Therefore, long‐term N and/or P fertilization accelerate SOM decomposition and reduce SOM storage in alpine meadows, of which P fertilization induces the highest priming effect and the lowest SOM storage.
Soil Health and Related Ecosystem Services in Organic Agriculture
Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education
Date: 19-06-2015
DOI: 10.5539/SAR.V4N3P116
Abstract: Soil health is dependent upon complex bio-physical and bio-chemical processes which interact in space and time. Microrganisms and fauna in soil comprise highly erse and dynamic communities that contribute, over either short or long time frames, to the transformation of geological minerals and release of essential nutrients for plant growth. Certified organic soil management practices generally restrict the use of chemically-processed highly soluble plant nutrients, leading to dependence on nutrient sources that require microbial transformation of poorly soluble geological minerals. Consequently, slow release of nutrients controls their rate of uptake by plants and associated plant physiological processes. Microbial and faunal interactions influence soil structure at various scales, within and between crystalline mineral grains, creating complex soil pore networks that further influence soil function, including the nutrient release and uptake by roots. The incorporation of organic matter into soil, as either manure or compost in organic farming systems is controlled to avoid excessive release of soluble nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, while simultaneously contributing an essential source of carbon for growth and activity of soil organisms. The interdependence of many soil physical and chemical processes contributing to soil health is strongly linked to activities of the organisms living in soil as well as to root structure and function. Capitalizing on these contributions to soil health cannot be achieved without holistic, multiscale approaches to nutrient management, an understanding of interactions between carbon pools, mineral complexes and soil mineralogy, and detailed examination of farm nutrient budgets.
Comparative anatomy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas formed on subterranean clover
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1982
DOI: 10.1071/BT9820485
Abstract: The anatomy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas formed by 10 species from the Endogonaceae within subterranean clover roots was compared using light microscopy. In pot cultures of single species of fungi, each fungus formed a characteristic infection pattern within roots of subterranean clover. Fungi from the genera Glomus (excluding G. tenuis), Acaulospora and Gigaspora were readily distinguished from each other. Within each genus, species varied in the extent to which they formed hyphae or vesicles with dissimilar morphology. Differences among genera were always greater than those among species within genera. This emphasizes a role for infection morphology in taxonomic descriptions of the fungi which are usually limited to features of spores. A key is provided to the characteristics useful for distinguishing among these 10 species of fungi within roots of subterranean clover.
Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1071/SR10002
Abstract: The influence of biochar (biomass-derived black carbon) on crop growth and nutrient uptake varies based on the rate of biochar applied with fertilisers. We investigated the effect of deep-banded oil mallee biochar at different rates (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6 t/ha) with 2 types of fertiliser (non-inoculated MultiMAPS® at 30 or 55 kg/ha inoculated Western Mineral Fertiliser at 100 kg/ha) on wheat growth at a farmer’s field in a low rainfall area of Western Australia. Wheat yield increased significantly when biochar was applied with inoculated fertiliser and 30 kg/ha non-inoculated fertiliser. Mycorrhizal colonisation in wheat roots increased significantly with biochar application with inoculated mineral fertiliser. Mycorrhizal hyphae may have improved water supply to reduce drought stress in these treatments by extending crop exploration of water from the wide inter-rows. Grain yield increases were due to better grain survival and grain fill with reduced drought stress. Early stage phosphorus uptake was not improved by mycorrhizal colonisation—phosphorus supply from the soil and applied fertiliser was already adequate. The residual effect of biochar and mineral fertilisers was assessed using a mycorrhizal bioassay for soil collected from the field trial 2 years after application of biochar. Biochar and both fertilisers increased mycorrhizal colonisation in clover bioassay plants. Deep-banded biochar provided suitable conditions for mycorrhizal fungi to colonise plant roots.
THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ON THE FORMATION OF HYPHAE IN SOIL BY THEVESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS, GLOMUS FASCICULATUM
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1984
Plant surface microbiology
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2008
Wheat responses to aggressive and non-aggressive arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2000
The rate of development of mycorrhizas affects the onset of sporulation and production of external hyphae by two species of Acaulospora
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1992
Soil disturbance and water stress interact to influence arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizosphere bacteria and potential for N and C cycling in an agricultural soil
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-11-2019
Selection of Inoculant Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1992
Effect of low root-zone temperature on nodule initiation in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1071/AR01092
Abstract: The effect of low root-zone temperature on nodulation of Lupinus angustifolius [L.] cv. Yandee was studied using glasshouse experiments in which the effects of temperature on nodule initiation and subsequent nodule development could be assessed separately. Low temperature (7 and 12˚C compared with 25˚C) reduced the growth of both uninoculated plants supplied with adequate mineral N and inoculated plants reliant on fixation alone for their N. However, even at 25˚C, growth of inoculated plants compared with plants supplied with mineral N was limited, and at lower temperatures nodulation was severely inhibited. The most sensitive stage to low root-zone temperature was nodule initiation and there appeared to be a critical temperature between 7 and 12˚C at which initiation did not take place. Increasing the number of bacteria in inocula (from 5 × 103 to 5 × 107 viable cells/mL) did not overcome inhibition. A number of erse cultivars of L. angustifolius showed the same response as cv. Yandee. Low temperature inhibition of nodule initiation could be overcome by addition of culture solution collected from around the roots of symbioses established at 25˚C. The culture solutions were only effective if the roots at 25˚C were inoculated or, if collected from around uninoculated roots of plants grown with mineral N, they were first exposed to a Bradyrhizobium suspension and then sterilised before addition to cultures at low temperature. The data indicate that both plant and bradyrhizobial factors are required for nodule initiation and that exudation of plant factors at low root-zone temperature is insufficient to stimulate production of the nodulation factors from Bradyrhizobium. At 25˚C, the nodulation zone of lupin roots bore many fractures in the epidermis and showed a high frequency of free root cap border cells, as well as a distinct matrix of extracellular material. These features were significantly reduced at 12˚C and essentially absent at 7˚C, indicating that at low temperature bacterial entry may be restricted.
The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Effect of zinc foliar application and mycorrhizal inoculation on morpho-physiological traits and yield parameters of two barley cultivars
Publisher: PAGEPress Publications
Date: 11-06-2019
Abstract: Zinc (Zn) plays a vital role in biological systems. Plants require an appropriate balance of this essential micronutrient for growth and optimum yield. This study focused on the effectiveness of foliar application of Zn combined with inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on morphological, physiological traits and yield parameters of barley cultivars during the 2015-2016 growing season. In this factorial experiment, different forms of foliar applied ZnO (nil, nano Zn, ordinary Zn and nano+ordinary Zn) and inoculation with AM fungi (nil, Glomus mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis) were investigated for two barley cultivars (Yusuf and Julgeh). The two cultivars differed in response to the form of foliar Zn applied and inoculation with the two commercial inocula of AM fungi. The major responses were significant increases in chlorophyll content (107%), soluble sugar (227%), grain Zn concentration (217%), carbonic anhydrase activity (128%) and grain phytase activity (65%) for cultivar Julgeh inoculated with G. mosseae when sprayed with nano ZnO compared with control. Cultivar Julgeh inoculated with G. mosseae had physiological traits more likely to enhance productivity and economical yield than did cultivar Yusuf that invested more in root traits and vegetative growth. Consequently, the nano form of Zn positively increased root and shoot morphological parameters, physiological parameters and grain Zn concentration, but the ordinary form of Zn enhanced yields and yield parameters. While foliar Zn application and inoculation with AM fungi significantly enhanced all measured parameters, the forms of Zn and inoculation with the two different AM fungi differed in their effectiveness.
Hyphae of a vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus maintain infectivity in dry soil, except when the soil is disturbed
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1989
Fungal inoculants in the field: Is the reward greater than the risk?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-09-2018
The effect of soil ph on the formation of va mycorrhizas by two species of glomus
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1985
DOI: 10.1071/SR9850253
Abstract: Two species of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi differed in their ability to infect subterranean clover roots when soil pH was changed by liming. In a glasshouse experiment, Glomus fasciculatum infected extensively at each of four levels of soil pH (range 5.3-7.5). Glomus sp. (WUM 16) only infected extensively at the highest pH level. Liming the soil depressed plant growth, but this effect was almost entirely overcome by inoculation with G. fasciculatum. In the second experiment, Glomus sp. (WUM 16) failed to spread from existing infection within roots of subterranean clover when soil pH was 5.3 or lower. The lack of spread of infection was associated with an inability of hyphae of this fungus to grow in the soil used unless it was limed to give a pH at least greater than 5.3.
Soil salinity delays germination and limits growth of hyphae from propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-03-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S00572-006-0046-9
Abstract: Colonisation of plant roots by some arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is reduced in the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl), probably due to a direct effect of NaCl on the fungi. However, there appear to be differences between the fungi in their ability to colonise plants in the presence of NaCl. This experiment tested the hypothesis that propagules of different isolates and species of AM fungi from saline and nonsaline soils would differ in their ability to germinate and grow in the presence of NaCl in the soil solution. Spores or pieces of root colonised by a range of AM fungi were incubated between filters buried in soil to which NaCl had been added at concentrations of 0, 150 or 300 mM in the soil solution. At regular intervals, filters were removed from the soil and both the percentage of propagules which had germinated and the length of proliferating hyphae were determined. Germination of spores of AM fungi studied was delayed in the presence of NaCl, but the fungi differed in the extent to which germination was inhibited. Two isolates of Scutellospora calospora reached maximum germination in 300 mM NaCl, but neither of two isolates of Acaulospora laevis germinated in the presence of NaCl. Germination of spores of the other fungi, including some isolated from saline soil, fell between these extremes. For some fungi, the specific rate of hyphal extension was reduced by NaCl. For others, the specific rate of growth was similar in the presence of NaCl to that in the control treatment, but overall production of hyphae was reduced in the NaCl treatments because germination was reduced.
The effect of surface mining on the infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1987
DOI: 10.1071/BT9870641
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that soil disturbance associated with mining will reduce the infectivity of propagules of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi to different extents, depending on the mining operation and the environment. At each of four mine sites, the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi was estimated in soil from native vegetation, disturbed topsoil and revegetated soil. Infectivity was measured using subterranean clover and Acacia species as bioassay plants. In a second experiment the effects of soil disturbance and soil storage on infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi were measured separately. Topsoil disturbance decreased the number of spores or the number of spore types that could be isolated from the soil, and reduced or delayed formation of VA mycorrhizas. Glasshouse treatments indicated that both disturbance and a period of storage without plant growth contributed to the loss in infectivity of propagules of VA mycorrhizal fungi. After 4-5 years of revegetation, the number of infective propagules appears to be restored to a level equivalent to that of undisturbed soils. The possibility of improving revegetation by increasing the inoculum potential of disturbed soils needs to be investigated.
Mycorrhizal fungus propagules in the jarrah forest: I. Seasonal study of inoculum levels
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1994
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.1994.TB03972.X
Abstract: Seasonal variations in the capacity of propagules of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi to form associations in natural habitat soils were investigated by bioassays. These bioassays involved bait plants which? were grown in intact cores of forest soil to assess mycorrhiza formation by hyphal networks and other propagules of YAM or ECM fungi. Soil cores were collected from the same positions along a transect at different times of the year from a erse sclerophyllous forest community dominated by Eucalyptus marginato (jarrah) and E. calophylla (marri) trees in the mediterranean (winter rainfall) climatic zone of Western Australia. Seasonal fluctuations in mycorrhiza formation by propagules of VAM or ECM fungi, or colonization by particular VAM endophytes (identified by their morphology within roots), were not substantial. Thus hyphal networks and other mycorrhizal fungus propagules in this soil maintained u similar capacity to colonize roots throughout the rear, even during extended periods of summer drought. It appeared That low light levels in the glasshouse could reduce the capacity of bait plants to form mycorrhizas during the winter. Substantial spatial variability in mycorrhizal fungus inoculum levels between the transect locations where cores were collected persisted through time, but variations in the relative cover of host or non–host plants at these locations were not sufficient to explain these patterns.
Forage yield, soil water depletion, shoot nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and concentration, of young and old stands of alfalfa in response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation in a semiarid environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Amending Poultry Broiler Litter to Prevent the Development of Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) and Other Nuisance Flies
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 26-09-2018
DOI: 10.1093/JEE/TOY277
Abstract: Spent poultry litter use as a fertilizer in horticulture supports stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) development. Stable fly continues to have an economic impact on livestock production and rural lifestyle in south-western Australia. The use of raw poultry manure is banned in 12 Shires surrounding Perth. The loss of market options for West Australian broiler growers has caused economic hardship. Hence, this study examined a range of chemical and biological amendments to spent poultry broiler litter in preventing stable fly and nuisance fly development. These included alkalizers (i.e., lime sand, quicklime, soda ash, and shell grit), acidifiers (aluminum sulfate, sodium bisulfate), gypsum, zeolite, spongolite, calcium cyanamide, and two fungal agents. The treated litters were placed under irrigation in horticulture with amendments added prior to them being exposed in the field as replicate 1-liter pads. In total, 19,559 stable flies developed from the spent litters exposed over five field experiments (88.7% of all flies recovered). House flies (Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) 2,067 or 9.4%), false stable flies (Muscina stabulans Fallén (Diptera: Muscidae) 414 or 1.9%), and two sarcophagids (flesh fly) also developed from the litter. Borax completely prevented any fly development from the litter. Calcium cyanamide (1-2.5% v/v) and sodium bisulfate (10%) reduced stable fly numbers by as much as 99-100% when added to litter. Alkalizers, zeolite, spongolite, and entomopathogenic fungi had no significant impact on stable fly development. The addition of either calcium cyanamide or sodium bisulfate to raw litter can boost the fertilizer value of the litter while preventing stable fly development.
THE EFFECT OF ROOT DENSITY, INOCULUM PLACEMENT AND INFECTIVITY OF INOCULUM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF VESICULAR–ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1984
Clay addition to lime-amended biosolids overcomes water repellence and provides nitrogen supply in an acid sandy soil
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-05-2014
Co-application of a biosolids product and biochar to two coarse-textured pasture soils influenced microbial N cycling genes and potential for N leaching
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-01-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-78843-9
Abstract: Co-application of biochar and biosolids to soil has potential to mitigate N leaching due to physical and chemical properties of biochar. Changes in N cycling pathways in soil induced by co-application of biological amendments could further mitigate N loss, but this is largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine whether co-application of a biochar and a modified biosolids product to three pasture soils differing in texture could alter the relative abundance of N cycling genes in soil sown with subterranean clover. The biosolids product contained lime and clay and increased subterranean clover shoot biomass in parallel with increases in soil pH and soil nitrate. Its co-application with biochar similarly increased plant growth and soil pH with a marked reduction in nitrate in two coarse textured soils but not in a clayey soil. While application of the biosolids product altered in silico predicted N cycling functional genes, there was no additional change when applied to soil in combination with biochar. This supports the conclusion that co-application of the biochar and biosolids product used here has potential to mitigate loss of N in coarse textured soils due to N adsoption by the biochar and independently of microbial N pathways.
Effects of decadal nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on microbial taxonomic and functional attributes associated with soil organic carbon decomposition and concentration in an alpine meadow
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2023
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