ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0614-0157
Current Organisations
Organisation
,
University of Wollongong
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-10-2011
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-01-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2019
Abstract: The prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) is alarmingly high among South African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Limited data exist exploring how IPV prevalence and its risk factors differ by age. Study data were from the baseline visit of HPTN 068, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted from 2011 to 2015 in Mpumalanga, South Africa. A cohort of 2,533 AGYW, aged 13 years to 20 years, answered survey questions on demographics and behaviors, including their experiences of physical and sexual violence ever and in the past 12 months. We calculated the prevalence of IPV and related risk factors, as well as prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals, stratified by age. Nearly one quarter (19.5%, 95% CI = [18.0, 21.2]) of AGYW experienced any IPV ever (physical or sexual) by a partner. The prevalence of any IPV ever among AGYW aged 13 years to 14 years, 15 years to 16 years, and 17 years to 20 years was 10.8%, 17.7%, and 32.1%, respectively. Key variables significantly associated with any IPV ever across all age groups included borrowing money from someone outside the home in the past 12 months, ever having had vaginal sex, ever having had anal sex, and consuming any alcohol. Few statistically significant associations were unique to specific age groups. The history of IPV among the youngest AGYW is a critical finding and should be a focus of prevention efforts.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 13-05-2022
DOI: 10.1111/HSC.13827
Abstract: The social determinants of health affect an in idual's capacity to cope during a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic which could potentially impact their well-being. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between well-being and the social determinants of health among Australian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study of adults residing in Australia was conducted using SurveyMonkey between 20 August and 14 October 2020. Participants were recruited via social media. Well-being was measured using the 10-item Multicultural Quality of Life Index and social determinants of health were measured using validated tools and investigator developed questions. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25. Inferential statistics, including independent t-test and one-way ANOVA, were undertaken. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the predictors of well-being. In total, 1211 responses were received. Females accounted for 80.7% of the responses, men 16.7% and transgender/non-binary 2.6%. The mean age of the respondents was 43 years (SD 14.2). The mean score for total well-being was 62.58 (SD 21.22). The significant predictors of higher well-being were housing security (p = 0.000), food security (p = 0.000), social support (p = 0.000) and access to healthcare (p = 0.000). This study demonstrates that those with poor social support, difficulty accessing healthcare, insecure housing and food insecurity had significantly poorer well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. It shows that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated social vulnerabilities and highlights the need for action to address the social determinants of health and inequalities.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 24-09-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-05-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1071/AH15235
Abstract: Objective The aim of the present study was to explore the use of complementary consent methodologies to support a potentially vulnerable group of people, namely those aging with intellectual disability, to provide personal input. It was premised on the view that processes to determine capacity for consent, appropriately modified to account for in idual capabilities and current circumstances, could facilitate meaningful participation in the development of personal health care plans of people previously excluded from contributing. Methods The present descriptive case study research was undertaken in New South Wales, Australia. A seven-step process for determining capacity for consent was developed, and 10 participants aged between 54 and 73 years with lifelong intellectual disability and health comorbidities were involved. A variety of assistive communication tools was used to support in iduals to demonstrate their capacity for giving informed consent. Results After being provided with tailored support mechanisms, seven participants were considered to meet all seven components for determining capacity for consent. Three participants were deemed not to have capacity to give consent regardless of the type of support provided. Conclusions Three critical factors for facilitating personal involvement in decision making for in iduals with an intellectual disability were identified: (1) defining consent specifically for the target outcome (2) outlining the criteria needed for consent to be obtained and (3) using appropriately modified alternative communication mechanisms as necessary. What is known about the topic? Self-determination is one of the fundamental principles of human rights legislation around the world and, as such, it is considered desirable to have personal input by in iduals into the development of their own health care plans. However, this is not always considered feasible if the person comes from a group in the community perceived to be vulnerable to exploitation and viewed as lacking capacity to give informed consent. This results in the use of proxy respondents, who may not accurately represent the desires and life aspirations of the in idual. What does this paper add? This paper examines the development and implementation of a targeted program to support in iduals aging with lifelong intellectual disability to demonstrate their capacity to provide informed consent. Specifically, it outlines how alternative communications methods, tailored to personal needs and capacity, can assist an in idual to both understand and then confirm their understanding of consent in order to participate in developing health care plans. What are the implications for practitioners? People with intellectual disability are now living longer and are increasingly at risk of serious health conditions. The development of long-term health management plans has traditionally not included in iduals with more complex needs and moderate intellectual disability, but the present study shows that members of this cohort can successfully understand and consent to participate in health care decision making. By proactively supporting this process, community and healthcare settings may be able to directly facilitate contribution from more in iduals, therefore better meeting the goal of person-centred support.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-07-2018
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000954
Abstract: We combined behavioral survey data from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Prevention Trials Network 068 study with phylogenetic information to determine if cluster membership was associated with characteristics of young women and their partners. Clusters were more likely to involve young women from specific villages and schools, indicating some localized transmission. Supplemental digital content is available in the text.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-09-2021
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 12-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1002/JIA2.25029
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-1999
DOI: 10.1177/008124639902900401
Abstract: HIV continues to spread unabated in many developing countries. Here we consider the interventions that are currently in place and critically discuss the methods that are being used to evaluate them as reported in the published literature. In recent years there has been a move away from highly in idual-oriented interventions towards more participatory approaches that emphasise techniques such as community-led peer education and group discussions. However, this move towards more community orientated intervention techniques has not been matched by the development of evaluation methods with which to capture and explain the community and social changes which are often necessary preconditions for health-enhancing behaviour change. Evaluation research continues to rely on quantitative methodologies that fail to elucidate the complex changes that the newer interventions seek to promote within target communities. In addition, these methods of evaluation tend to rely on the use of highly in idualistic and quantitative biomedical indicators such as HIV/STD rates, or knowledge, attitude, perception and behaviour (KAPB) survey questionnaires. We argue that such approaches are inadequate for the task of tracking and measuring important determinants of programme success such as psycho-social changes, features of the community-intervention interface and the degree of trust and identification with which members of target communities regard particular interventions. Rigorously conducted qualitative process evaluations taking account of the above factors could make a key contribution to the development of more successful HIV-prevention interventions.
Publisher: School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University
Date: 02-09-2015
DOI: 10.36251/JOSI.96
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-10-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-11-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-022-14529-3
Abstract: CCTs are currently being explored for HIV prevention among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Southern Africa. However, little is known about how CCT geared towards adolescents’ influence peer relationships, despite evidence that peer relationships form a critical part of development in adolescence. This article presents findings from a qualitative study that explored CCT recipients’ and non-recipients’ perspectives on the impact of CCTs paid to AGYW on peer relationships. HPTN 068 was a randomised controlled trial that assessed whether providing CCT to AGYW and their households reduces AGYW’s risk of acquiring HIV. As part of this trial, we conducted interviews and focus group discussions with sub-s les of AGYW ( n = 39), who were both cash recipients and non-recipients. Through content analysis, we explored ways in which the CCT positively or negatively impacted on peer relationships. From the recipients’ viewpoint, the CCT improved their social standing within their peer groups. It facilitated peer identity and promoted social connectedness among AGYW receiving the CCT. Receipt of the CCT enabled AGYW to resemble and behave like their peers who had money, allowing their poverty to become “invisible”. The CCT facilitated social interactions, information sharing, and instrumental social support among AGYW. CCT recipients experienced an increase in their social capital, evident in their ability to network, share, and reciprocate with others. However, the CCT also evoked negative emotions such as jealousy, anxiety, and resentment among non-recipients and led to a deterioration of personal relationships. CCTs have enormous benefits for AGYW, but they may also have a negative impact on peer relationships. The implementation of HIV prevention interventions focused on structural drivers needs to be conscious of these dynamics and ensure that the negative consequences do not outweigh benefits.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 11-10-2013
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2021
DOI: 10.1093/GERONI/IGAB046.847
Abstract: Globally, the greatest number of older people with HIV (OPWH) are in sub-Saharan Africa (3.7 million). This population will continue to expand with greater access to anti-retroviral therapy. Compared to OPWH in high income counties, these OPWH have constrained access to government and community-based services and largely rely on assistance from family, friends, and neighbors for their social support needs. We examined factors related to perceptions of instrumental and emotional support sufficiency (availability and adequacy) among OPWH age 50 and older in Uganda (n = 101) and South Africa (n = 108). Significant covariates of instrumental support sufficiency included not having an AIDS diagnosis, greater support from family, and less support from friends. Significant covariates of emotional support sufficiency were fewer depressive symptoms, greater support from family, and geographic location (Uganda). Explanation of these findings based on social network characteristics and implications for policy and program development will be discussed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-05-2016
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-04-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-02-2017
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2022
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2022
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2022
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2005
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S143192760909374X
Abstract: Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Publisher: South African Medical Association NPC
Date: 29-01-2010
DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.3652
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-01-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-09-2022
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 31-07-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-10-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S10461-008-9462-5
Abstract: Uptake of VCT remains low in many sub-Saharan African countries. Men and women aged 15 and older were recruited from a family planning, STI, and VCT clinic in inner-city Johannesburg between 2004 and 2005 to take part in a cross-sectional survey on HIV testing (n = 198). Fourty-eight percent of participants reported previously testing for HIV and, of these, 86.9% reported disclosing their status to their sex partner. In multivariable analyses, in iduals whose partners had been tested for HIV were more likely to have tested (AOR 2.92 95% CI: 1.38-6.20). In addition, those who reported greater blame/shame attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS were less likely to have tested (AOR 0.35 95% CI: 0.16-0.77) while those reporting more equitable attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS were more likely to have tested (AOR 2.87 95% CI: 1.20-6.86). Promotion of and increased access to couples HIV testing should be made available within the South African context.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00289-1
Abstract: Despite the growing popularity of participatory peer education as an HIV-prevention strategy worldwide, our understandings of the processes underlying its impact on sexual norms are still in their infancy. Starting from the assumption that gender inequalities play a key role in driving the epidemic amongst young people, we outline a framework for conceptualizing the processes underlying successful peer education. We draw on the inter-locking concepts of social identity, empowerment (with particular emphasis on Freire's account of critical consciousness) and social capital. Thereafter we provide a critical case study of a school-based peer education programme in a South African township school, drawing on a longitudinal case study of the programme, and interviews and focus groups with young people in the township. Our research highlights a number of features of the programme itself, as well as the broader context within which it was implemented, which are likely to undermine'the development of the critical thinking and empowerment which we argue are key preconditions for programme success. In relation to the programme itself, these include peer educators' preference for didactic methods and biomedical frameworks, unequal gender dynamics amongst the peer educators, the highly regulated and teacher-driven nature of the school environment and negative learner attitudes to the programme. In relation to the broader context of the programme, we point to factors such as limited opportunities for communication about sex outside of the peer educational setting, poor adult role models of sexual relationships, poverty and unemployment, low levels of social capital and poor community facilities. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of peer educational activities, and point to a number of broader social and community development initiatives that would maximize the likelihood of programme success.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.1002/JIA2.25043
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 15-12-2017
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1097/01.QAI.0000243126.75153.3C
Abstract: This study estimated the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of young people in South Africa who have experienced parental death and examined associations between parental death and young people's HIV status and sexual behaviors. Data were from a cross-sectional nationally representative household survey of 11,904 15- to 24-year-old South Africans. Surveys included items on sexual behavior and family composition, and oral fluid s les were collected to test for HIV status. The prevalence of parental death was 27.3% overall: 22.4% reported a father deceased, 7.9% reported a mother deceased, and 3.0% reported both parents deceased. Parental death was disproportionately associated with black ethnicity, impoverished household living conditions, lack of an adult guardian in the home, and not completing compulsory education levels. Controlling for sociodemographic factors, parental death among female participants was significantly associated with HIV-positive status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08 to 1.44), ever having had oral sex (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.49), ever having had vaginal sex (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.60), and having more than 1 sex partner during the past year (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.64). Among male participants, parental death was significantly associated with ever having had vaginal sex (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.36) and having unprotected sex at the last sexual episode (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.42). More than one quarter of young South Africans have experienced parental death. Death of a parent is associated with young female South Africans' HIV status and sexual behaviors among young female and male South Africans. HIV prevention interventions are necessary to address the specific needs of young South Africans who have experienced parental death.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-09-2015
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-08-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 30-06-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-01-2022
Abstract: A large number of international students enrol in Australian higher education and contribute to Australia’s multicultural population. Diverse cultural backgrounds and life experiences impact international students’ knowledge of sexual health and healthy relationships. Along with unfamiliarity of the Australian healthcare system, this may place international students at risk of poor sexual health. We explored the sexual health priorities of international students with 12 male and 16 female international students aged between 18 and 49 years, for the development of a sexual health and relationship information resource for international students. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded thematically in Nvivo 12. Students noted that cultural norms about sex inhibited their ability to access information and they had concerns about their relationship behaviours within the Australian cultural context. Some participants noted challenges with accessing information and care and were enthusiastic about increasing international student access to reliable information and access to services. Based on the findings from these interviews, we developed a resource specifically for international students and evaluated its design and content through three focus group discussions with international students. This evaluation data informed refinements made to the resource. The resource Kit contains sexual health and relationship information and provides links to reputable online sexual health information. The Kit has been widely distributed to international students and is currently being further evaluated for use and acceptability.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-11-2016
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2020
DOI: 10.1093/EURPUB/CKAA166.736
Abstract: Indigenous Australians have disproportionately poorer health outcomes than their non-Indigenous counterparts. Preventable chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, are primary factors that contribute to their lower life expectancy. Health risk behaviors such as smoking, physical inactivity, poor nutrition and obesity largely contribute to the enduring health ide. Therefore, the aim of this qualitative review was to synthesize the best available evidence on the perceptions of Indigenous Australians towards cardiovascular primary prevention programs. A search using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MedNar, ProQuest and Index to Theses for published and unpublished studies was conducted in January 2020. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by two reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Meta-aggregation was conducted in accordance with JBI methodology. Eleven studies involving 249 participants were included. Three synthesized findings were developed 1) External factors can affect participants' experiences of prevention programs. Support from family motivates participation and behavioral change. Support from health professionals that is free from judgment facilitates participation 2) The complexities of an in idual's life influence Indigenous Australian's experiences and participation in prevention programs and health risk behavioral change 3) A personal desire to change behaviors and participate in prevention programs requires development of knowledge on healthy lifestyles, creation of new social norms and overcoming internal struggles. Indigenous Australians participation in primary prevention for cardiovascular risk factors and adoption of a healthy lifestyle are influenced by social support, social determinants and personal desire. Future programs need to tackle structural drivers and create a supportive environment to assist in behavior change. Social determinants affect Indigenous Australians experiences and participation in prevention programs for behaviour change. Prevention programs must create a supportive environment with the inclusion of family.
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 17-11-2021
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-1029614/V1
Abstract: Background Racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural ersity in Australia is rapidly increasing. Although Indigenous Australians account for only approximately 3.5% of the country’s population, over 50% of Australians were born overseas or have at least one migrant parent. Migration accounts for over 60% of Australia’s population growth, with migration from Asia, Sub-Saharan African and the Americas increasing by 500% in the last decade. Little is known about Australian mental health care practitioners’ attitudes toward this ersity and their level of cultural competence. Aim Given the relationship between practitioner cultural competence and an effective therapeutic alliance with erse clients, this study aimed to identify factors that influence non-White and White practitioner cultural competence and therapeutic alliance. Methods An online questionnaire was completed by 139 Australian mental health practitioners. The measures included: the Multicultural Counselling Inventory (MCI) the Color-blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS) and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR). Descriptive statistics were used to summarise participants’ demographic characteristics. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to identify between-group differences (non-White compared to White practitioners) in cultural competence, therapeutic alliance, and racial and ethnic blindness. Correlation analyses were conducted to determine the effect of participants’ gender or age on cultural competence and therapeutic alliance. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to predict cultural competence and therapeutic alliance. Results The study demonstrates that higher MCI total scores (measuring cultural competence and therapeutic alliance) were associated with being non-White, older age, greater attendance of cultural competence-related trainings and increased awareness of general and pervasive racial and/or ethnic discrimination. Practitioners with higher MCI total scores were also likely to have higher self-deceptive positive enhancement scores on the BIDR than those with lower MCI total scores. Conclusion The findings highlight that the current one-size-fits-all and skills-development approach to cultural competence training ignores the significant role that practitioner ersity and differences play in the therapeutic alliance. The recommendations from this study can inform clinical educators and supervisors about the importance of continuing professional development relevant to practitioners’ age, racial/ethnic background and professional experience.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00272-0
Abstract: Levels of heterosexually transmitted HIV infection are high amongst South African youth, with one recent survey reporting levels of 18.9% amongst 17-20 year olds and 43.1% amongst 21-25 year olds. In these groups levels of knowledge about HIV are high, but perceived vulnerability and reported condom use are low. Much existing research into youth HIV in developing countries relies on survey measures which use in idual knowledge, attitudes and reported behaviour as variables in seeking to explain HIV transmission amongst this group. This paper reports on a focus group study that seeks to complement existing in idual-level quantitative findings with qualitative findings highlighting community and social factors that hinder condom use amongst youth in the township of Khutsong, near Carletonville. Study informants comprised 44 young women and men in the 13-25 year age group. Data analysis highlighted six factors hindering condom use: lack of perceived risk peer norms condom availability adult attitudes to condoms and sex gendered power relations and the economic context of adolescent sexuality. Informants did not constitute a homogenous group in terms of their understandings of sexuality. While there was clear evidence for the existence of dominant social norms which place young peoples' sexual health at risk, there was also evidence that many young people are self-consciously critical of the norms that govern their sexual behaviour, despite going along with them, and that they are aware of the way in which peer and gender pressures place their health at risk. There was also evidence that a minority of youth actively challenge dominant norms and behave in counter-normative and health-enhancing ways. The actively contested nature of dominant sexual norms provides a fertile starting point for peer education programmes that seek to provide the context for the collective negotiation of alternative sexual norms that do not endanger young peoples' sexual health.
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-06-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-09-2015
DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2014.951396
Abstract: Technological change, particularly the growth of the Internet and smart phones, has increased the visibility of male escorts, expanded their client base and ersified the range of venues in which male sex work can take place. Specifically, the Internet has relocated some forms of male sex work away from the street and thereby increased market reach, visibility and access and the scope of sex work advertising. Using the online profiles of 257 male sex workers drawn from six of the largest websites advertising male sexual services in Australia, the role of the Internet in facilitating the normalisation of male sex work is discussed. Specifically we examine how engagement with the sex industry has been reconstituted in term of better informed consumer-seller decisions for both clients and sex workers. Rather than being seen as a 'deviant' activity, understood in terms of pathology or criminal activity, male sex work is increasingly presented as an everyday commodity in the market place. In this context, the management of risks associated with sex work has shifted from formalised social control to more informal practices conducted among online communities of clients and sex workers. We discuss the implications for health, legal and welfare responses within an empowerment paradigm.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-02-2016
Publisher: Guttmacher Institute
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1363/3508209
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-06-2010
Abstract: Developing and disseminating a preventive HIV vaccine is a primary scientific and public health objective. However, little is known about HIV vaccine acceptability in the high-prevalence setting of South Africa— where young adults are likely to be targeted in early dissemination efforts. This study reports on six focus groups ( n = 42) conducted in 2007 with South Africans aged 18 to 24 years. A deductive framework approach is used to identify key motivators and barriers to future HIV vaccine uptake. Participants identify HIV testing, HIV stigma, mistrust of the health care system, and concerns about sexual disinhibition as barriers to vaccine uptake. For women, family members and friends are strong motivators for vaccine uptake, whereas men are more likely to see vaccines as an opportunity to stop using HIV prevention strategies such as condoms and partner reduction. Implications of these findings for developing HIV vaccine dissemination strategies and policy in South Africa are discussed.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 30-06-2017
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-2007
Abstract: Although 50% of all new global HIV infections occur among young people, our knowledge to date of the impact of adolescent HIV prevention interventions in developing country settings is limited. During 1999, a national HIV prevention programme for youth, called loveLife, was launched in South Africa. This paper describes the challenges faced in trying to evaluate such a national programme and the types of evidence that could be used to better understand the effect of programmes of national scale. A range of methods were planned to evaluate the programme, including national household surveys and programme monitoring data. Given the urgent need to scale-up programmes in an effort to reduce new HIV infections, a range of evidence should be assessed to measure the effect of large-scale, complex behavioural interventions as an alternative to randomised controlled trials.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-05-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S40359-021-00579-6
Abstract: The development of cultural competence is central to the therapeutic alliance with clients from erse backgrounds. Given that the majority of Australia’s population growth is due to migration, mental health practitioner construing of non-White and White people has a significant role and impact on client engagement. To examine the impact of mental health practitioner construing on their strategies for cultural competence and the therapeutic alliance, 20 White and non-White mental health practitioners and trainees providing mental health services were purposively s led and interviewed face-to-face or via videoconferencing. Data was analysed thematically and the impact of construing on practitioner cultural competence and the therapeutic alliance were interpreted using Personal Construct Psychology. Practitioners demonstrated cultural competence in their acknowledgement of the impact of negative construing of ethnic, cultural, religious, social, racial and linguistic ersity on client wellbeing. Practitioners sought to address these negative impacts on clients by drawing on the client-practitioner relationship to improve the therapeutic alliance. The results reinforce the need for mental health care workers to develop cultural competence with a focus on developing awareness of the impact of frameworks of Whiteness on the experiences of non-White people. This is central to the development of a therapeutic alliance where clients feel understood and assured that their mental health concerns will not be constructed (and treated) through a framework that constrains both White and non-White people’s opportunities for improved mental health and wellbeing.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 07-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2020
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 19-11-2019
Abstract: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a human rights violation and is associated with a variety of adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Collective efficacy, defined as mutual trust among community members and willingness to intervene on the behalf of the common good, has been associated with reduced neighbourhood violence. Limited research has explored whether community collective efficacy is associated with reduced incidence of IPV. This is of particular interest among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of HIV is greatest and IPV is common. We collected longitudinal data among 2533 AGYW (ages 13–20) enrolled in the HPTN 068 cohort in Mpumalanga province, South Africa between 2011 and 2016. We included participants from 26 villages where community surveys were collected during the HPTN 068 study. Collective efficacy was measured at the village level via two population-based cross-sectional surveys in 2012 and 2014. Multivariable Poisson generalised estimating equation regression models estimated the relative risk ratio (RR) between village collective efficacy scores and subsequent physical IPV 12 month incidence, adjusting for village-level clustering and covariates. Thirty-eight per cent of the cohort (n=950) reported at least one episode of recent physical IPV during follow-up. For every SD higher level of collective efficacy, there was a 6% lower level of physical IPV incidence (adjusted RR: 0.94 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98) among AGYW after adjusting for covariates. Community-level interventions that foster the development of collective efficacy may reduce IPV among AGYW.
Publisher: National Inquiry Services Center (NISC)
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2003.9626568
Abstract: Within South Africa there is a growing HIV epidemic, particularly among young heterosexual people. A recent report (NMF/HSRC, 2002) indicates that levels of HIV infection among young people aged 15-24 years are 9.3% although other studies in more specific locations have shown levels to be higher than this. One of the best means of developing successful and innovative HIV prevention programmes for young people is to enhance our understandings of youth sexuality and the manner in which dominant norms contribute to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Social norms of masculinity are particularly important in this regard, as the manner in which 'normal' men are defined such as through acquisition of multiple partners, power over women and negative attitudes towards condoms, are often in conflict with the true emotional vulnerabilities of young men. Given the strong influence of peer groups on young people and the belief that one of the solutions to behaviour change lies in peer renegotiation of dominant norms, there is the need to begin to investigate young men who challenge dominant norms of masculinity. It is in investigating their points of view that a platform for the deconstruction of stereotypical masculinities and the reconstruction of new norms can be formed. The paper begins to consider these counter normative ideas through highlighting the discussions of young South African men aged 13-25 years in focus groups and in-depth in idual interviews conducted in Gauteng Province. It is apparent that among this group there are young men challenging normative views of masculinity in a manner that could be harnessed within HIV prevention initiatives.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-11-2019
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-02-2013
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 09-03-2021
Abstract: ith the improved accessibility to social media globally, health researchers are capitalising on this method to recruit participants for research studies. This has particularly been the case during COVID-19, when traditional methods of recruitment have not been able to be used. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the feasibility of social media for recruiting a national s le. his paper describes the use of social media as a tool for recruiting a national s le of adults to an online survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. etween August – October 2020, participants were recruited through Facebook via two advertisement c aigns into an online survey exploring the relationship between social determinants of health and wellbeing of adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analysed using the Facebook metrics auto generated in the Facebook Ads Manager. n total, 9594 people were reached nationally with the paid advertisement c aigns, resulting in 1211 online survey responses. The total cost of the advertisement c aign was $649.66, resulting in an overall cost per click of $0.25 AUD. acebook is a feasible and cost-effective method of recruiting participants into an online survey, enabling recruitment of population groups considered hard to reach or marginalised. Recruitment through Facebook facilitated ersity, with participants varying in socioeconomic status, geographical location, educational attainment and age.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-2002
Abstract: The prevalence of HIV infection in Africa is substantially higher among young women than it is among young men. Biological explanations of this difference have been presented but there has been little exploration of social factors. In this paper we use data from Carletonville, South Africa to explore various social explanations for greater female infection rates. This paper reports on data from a random s le of 507 people between 13 and 24 years old. Subjects were tested for HIV, as well as other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and answered a behavioural questionnaire. The age-prevalence of HIV infection differs between men and women with considerably higher rates of increase with age among young women. The age of sexual debut did not differ significantly between men and women (15.9 and 16.3 years, respectively) and below the age of 20 years there was no difference in the number or distribution of the number of sexual partners reported by men or women. The risk of infection per partnership was substantially higher among women than among men. Women have sexual partners who are, on average, about five years older than they are with some variation with age. Scaling the age-prevalence curve for men by the age of their sexual partners gives a curve whose shape is indistinguishable from that for women but is about 30% lower for men than for women. In terms of social explanations for HIV rates among women, the data indicates that this difference can be explained by the relative age of sexual partners, but not by other factors explored. In addressing the epidemic among young women it will be essential to deal with the social factors that lead young women to select their partners from older-age cohorts and that shape their sexual networking patterns.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2022
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 17-01-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-12-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-022-14896-X
Abstract: COVID-19 has created global disruption, with governments across the world taking rapid action to limit the spread of the virus. Physical distancing and lockdowns abruptly changed living conditions for many, posing specific challenges of social isolation and lack of connectedness due to being physically and socially isolated from family and friends. Social capital is the bonding of in iduals within a society that facilitates and shapes social interactions. The aim of this study was to qualitatively explore the impact that existing social capital has on Australians’ experience of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic and the effect this has had on their wellbeing and quality of life. Participants from various socioeconomic areas within Australia were purposively selected to participate in semi-structured interviews conducted via videoconferencing or telephone. Inductive thematic analysis of the data was undertaken. A total of 20 participants were interviewed ranging in age from 21 to 65 years, including 50% ( n = 10) females, 40% ( n = 8) males, 5% ( n = 1) non-binary and 5% ( n = 1) transgender. Three main themes emerged from the analysis of the data: No person is an island Social engagement and Loneliness and isolation. In iduals who resided in low socioeconomic areas, those who lived alone and had reduced social support expressed feelings of poorer wellbeing. This study describes the lived-experiences of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on Australians’ social capital and wellbeing. The findings highlight the need for interventions to increase social support, social cohesion, and social connectedness, especially among Australians from low socioeconomic areas, to enhance their overall wellbeing.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2021.105672
Abstract: Food-related issues are on the rise in urban areas around the world. Issues include unhealthy food habits and eating practices, disconnection from food and culture, social isolation and environmental unsustainability. There has been increasing consideration of pedagogical approaches, or food pedagogies, to address these challenges. This paper aims to identify the key elements and influences over food-related activities within food pedagogies that strive to improve urban health and sustainability. A scoping literature review was conducted using five electronic databases. Of the 271 abstracts identified, thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. The review identified four key elements: 'Everyday food experiences', 'Social relations', 'Culture', and 'Sustainable lifestyles' and two main influences: 'Professionals involved with food-related activities' and 'Spaces of learning/experiencing food-related activities'. The key elements and influences embrace pedagogical and practical attributes of food pedagogies that address the complex food-related issues. However, limited published research examines food pedagogies or attempts to develop an agreed, theoretically informed framework. This review provides understanding of important knowledge and practical implications of food pedagogies for multiple stakeholders involved in food-related activities, useful to the development of food education programs and food policies or initiatives for societal health and sustainability in urban areas.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1002/JIA2.25182
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-05-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S40359-022-00818-4
Abstract: Racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural ersity in Australia is rapidly increasing. Although Indigenous Australians account for only approximately 3.5% of the country’s population, over 50% of Australians were born overseas or have at least one migrant parent. Migration accounts for over 60% of Australia’s population growth, with migration from Asia, Sub-Saharan African and the Americas increasing by 500% in the last decade. Little is known about Australian mental health care practitioners’ attitudes toward this ersity and their level of cultural competence. Given the relationship between practitioner cultural competence and the mental health outcomes of non-White clients, this study aimed to identify factors that influence non-White and White practitioners’ cultural competence. An online questionnaire was completed by 139 Australian mental health practitioners. The measures included: the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) the Multicultural Counselling Inventory (MCI) and the Color-blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS). Descriptive statistics were used to summarise participants’ demographic characteristics. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests were conducted to identify between-group differences (non-White compared to White practitioners) in cultural competence and racial and ethnic blindness. Correlation analyses were conducted to determine the association between participants’ gender or age and cultural competence. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to predict cultural competence. The study demonstrates that non-White mental health practitioners are more culturally aware and have better multicultural counselling relationships with non-White people than their White counterparts. Higher MCI total scores (measuring cultural competence) were associated with older age, greater attendance of cultural competence-related trainings and increased awareness of general and pervasive racial and/or ethnic discrimination. Practitioners with higher MCI total scores were also likely to think more highly of themselves (e.g., have higher self-deceptive positive enhancement scores on the BIDR) than those with lower MCI total scores. The findings highlight that the current one-size-fits-all and skills-development approach to cultural competence training ignores the significant role that practitioner ersity and differences play. The recommendations from this study can inform clinical educators and supervisors about the importance of continuing professional development relevant to practitioners’ age, racial/ethnic background and practitioner engagement with prior cultural competence training.
Publisher: Queensland University of Technology
Date: 20-02-2023
DOI: 10.5204/IJCJSD.2437
Abstract: Problems associated with recognising and reporting domestic and family violence (DFV) have been well established. Challenges around DFV service provision have been addressed by considering particular types of place, typically metropolitan or rural and remote areas. This article examines DFV services from the perspective of service providers in a regional area around 100 kilometres south of Sydney. In this context, DFV service providers reflected on the barriers and challenges of providing services to two target communities: challenges that were representative of nationwide service experiences but exacerbated by specific regional characteristics. Their experiences suggest that competitive, short-term and innovation-focused funding streams have contributed to a siloed service landscape that clients struggle to navigate. Greater attention to service integration would address many of these challenges.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2021
DOI: 10.1111/ADJ.12855
Abstract: Despite recommendations that pre‐school children use toothpaste containing 500–550 ppm of fluoride, there has been an increase in non‐fluoridated toothpastes marketed for children. This study investigated children’s toothpaste in Australia. A comprehensive audit of all toothpastes marketed for pre‐school children and available in store in the Macarthur region of NSW, Australia, was carried out. All toothpastes available for purchase were obtained and examined size and price were catalogued, along with ingredient lists and fluoride levels. One hundred and seven in idual toothpastes were identified in the audit, with 67 (62.6%) containing no fluoride. Of the 40 fluoridated toothpastes, only 11 (10.3%) contained the recommended level of fluoride of 500–550 ppm. Twenty‐two (20.6%) of all toothpastes were made in Australia, all of which were non‐fluoridated. Six (5.6%) of the toothpastes studied contained excessive levels of fluoride (1350–1500 ppm). Seventeen of the 20 least expensive toothpastes contained fluoride, while 18 of the 20 most expensive toothpastes were non‐fluoridated. Despite expert recommendations, the majority of children’s toothpaste available in Australia contains either no fluoride or the wrong levels of fluoride. Further study is needed to determine why this change is occurring and what is influencing the increase in non‐fluoride toothpastes on the market.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-10-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-07-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2015
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-12-2019
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2006
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2022
DOI: 10.1093/EURPUB/CKAC131.041
Abstract: The social and economic impacts that have occurred during the pandemic can disproportionally affect those already experiencing poverty. The social determinants of health aggravate inequalities and can adversely affect wellbeing. This study aims to gain rich insight into Australian adults’ experiences of the social determinants of health and the impact on their wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive qualitative study using purposive s ling to recruit participants for semi-structured interviews, conducted via videoconferencing between March-August 2021. Thematic analysis was performed with the support of NVivo 12. Participants included 20 Australian adults from various socioeconomic areas ranging in age from 21 to 65 years. Three main themes emerged from the analysis of the data: Food-related concerns Housing outcomes and Psychological and emotional impact. Accessing food, during the COVID-19 pandemic, for most participants who resided in low socioeconomic areas, was described as stressful and challenging. Along with the burden of food security, many participants from low socioeconomic areas expressed emotional distress in relation to securing and maintaining adequate housing. The pandemic has lified existing social determinants of health experienced by those within low socioeconomic areas, particularly those who are female and from migrant communities. The wellbeing of participants from low socioeconomic areas decreased in response to their experiences and challenges with food insecurity and housing instability, highlighting the need for housing affordability strategies and funding of emergency food relief initiatives. Food access for those in areas with high socioeconomic disadvantage, can be improved to address some of the barriers associated with food security by providing supermarket meal vouchers, access to community gardens, and school food programs. • The housing and food insecurity experienced by participants in this study during the pandemic has influenced their overall wellbeing. • The pandemic has lified existing social determinants of health experienced by those in low socioeconomic areas.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-08-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-05-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-11-2022
DOI: 10.1002/BSE.3295
Abstract: The study examines the determinants of the quality of carbon reporting (QCR) by top listed firms of a developed country. Using a s le of the top 50 listed firms of New Zealand (NZ) s led over a period of 6 years (2015–2020), the study measured QCR index using 14‐items and analysed the data using regression analysis. The study finds that external factors, namely, carbon regulation (Emission Trading Scheme—ETS law), use of a standardised reporting format for non‐financial reporting (Global Reporting Initiative, GRI) template, and environmental and social (E& S) performance, all positively influence the QCR. The study also finds that corporate governance attributes namely board ersity (women's representation on the board) and board size positively influence the QCR. Lastly, the study finds that top firms in NZ have many areas of improvement in reporting quality carbon information. The study is the first empirical research on QCR from NZ firms that evidences multiple institutional factors and governance elements as key explanatory factors driving towards making carbon reporting credible and reliable.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S30759
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1080/13691050902803537
Abstract: Women in sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of HIV infection and may struggle to negotiate condom use. This has led to a focus on the development of female-controlled barrier methods such as the female condom, microbicides and the diaphragm. One of the advantages of such products is their contribution to female empowerment through attributes that make covert use possible. We used focus groups to discuss covert use of barrier methods with a s le of South African women aged 18-50 years from Eastern Johannesburg. Women's attitudes towards covert use of HIV prevention methods were influenced by the overarching themes of male dislike of HIV and pregnancy prevention methods, the perceived untrustworthiness of men and social interpretations of female faithfulness. Women's discussions ranged widely from overt to covert use of barrier methods for HIV prevention and were influenced by partner characteristics and previous experience with contraception and HIV prevention. The discussions indicate that challenging gender norms for HIV prevention can be achieved in quite subtle ways, in a manner that suits in idual women's relationships and previous experiences with negotiation of either HIV or pregnancy prevention.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.1080/09540120802282586
Abstract: HIV infection is high among South African youth but most report being unaware of their HIV status. We explored the correlates of HIV testing using data from youth aged 15-24 years old who reported being sexually experienced during a national survey conducted in South Africa in 2003 (N=7665). Among sexually experienced youth, 32.7% of females and 17.7% of males reported having been tested for HIV. In multivariable analysis, ever being pregnant (OR = 2.97 95% CI 2.36-3.73), ever starting a conversation about HIV/AIDS (OR = 1.29 95% CI 1.0-1.65) and urban residence (OR = 2.0 95% CI 1.58-2.52) were independent correlates of HIV testing among sexually experienced females. Among sexually experienced males, HIV-positive status (OR = 1.76 95% CI 1.14-2.73), personally knowing someone that died of AIDS (OR = 1.68 95% CI 1.14-2.47), being aged 20-24 years (OR = 1.56 95% CI 1.10-2.22) and having completed high school (OR = 1.58 95% CI 1.17-2.12) were independent correlates of HIV testing. The following factors were significantly associated with HIV testing among both men and women ever talking to parents about HIV/AIDS, ever participating in a loveLife programme, a higher frequency of visits to a clinic in the past 12 months and non-black race (p<0.05). There is a need to better understand the correlates of HIV testing to ensure that adolescent HIV prevention programmes actively promote HIV testing among this group. Specific attention needs to be paid to young women who do not access antenatal care and young men who are less regular users of routine clinical care. Communication is a significant predictor of having tested for HIV and should be encouraged with parents and through intervention programmes for adolescents. Finally, specific attention must be paid to increasing access to HIV testing for at-risk adolescents in rural communities.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-11-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S13031-021-00417-X
Abstract: Sexual violence and intimate partner violence are exacerbated by armed conflict and other humanitarian crises. This narrative systematic review of evidence for interventions to reduce risk and incidence of sexual and intimate partner violence in conflict, post-conflict and other humanitarian crises, updates and expands our review published in 2013. A search of ten bibliographic databases for publications from January 2011 to May 2020 used database specific key words for sexual/intimate partner violence and conflict/humanitarian crisis. The 18 papers, describing 16 studies were undertaken in conflict ost-conflict settings in 12 countries. Six intervention types were reported: i) personnel ii) community mobilisation iii) social norms iv) economic empowerment v) empowerment and vi) survivor responses, with the most common being economic empowerment (n = 7) and gendered social norms interventions (n = 6). Combined interventions were reported in nine papers. Four studies identified non-significant reductions in incidence of sexual/ intimate partner violence, showing an evident positive trend all four evaluated gendered social norms or economic empowerment singly or in combination. Evidence for improved mental health outcomes was found for some economic empowerment, social norms and survivor interventions. Some evidence of reduced risk of sexual violence and intimate partner violence was identified for all intervention types. Qualitative studies suggest that experiences of social connection are important for women who participate in programming to address sexual and intimate partner violence. Interventions with multiple strategies appear to hold merit. Achieving and demonstrating reduced sexual and intimate partner violence remains challenging in this context. Future research should continue to explore how social norms interventions can be most effectively delivered, including the impact of including mixed and same sex groups. Work is needed with local partners to ensure programs are contextually adapted.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-01-2012
Abstract: Concerns about the impact of risk compensation on advances in biomedical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention technologies have been documented. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study using focus group discussions with young South African men and women (aged 18 to 24 years) to explore perceptions of risk compensation with regard to a hypothetical posttrial HIV vaccine. During the discussions, participants expressed their disquiet about the potential for risk compensation and the manner in which this might manifest among young people. Discussions specifically focused on reductions in condom use, an increase in multiple partners, and increased frequency of sex. The discussions also revealed contradictory feelings about HIV vaccines: appreciation for their development tempered by concerns about loss of control and undermining morality. Women were particularly concerned with the possibility of increased partner concurrency and infidelity. We suggest that concerns in HIV vaccine target populations about the impact of possible risk compensation be incorporated into strategies for vaccine introduction once vaccines move from the hypothetical to reality.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-06-2022
DOI: 10.1111/PHN.13107
Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore the association between economic wellbeing and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and remoteness during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A cross‐sectional study via SurveyMonkey was conducted in Australia between August 2020 and October 2020. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. A total of 1211 in iduals responded to the survey. Income loss was significantly associated with those from low socioeconomic status (OR = 1.65 95% CI 1.01–2.68). Access of superannuation was significantly associated with those in outer regional (OR = 3.61 95% CI 0.81–16.03) and low socioeconomic status (OR = 2.72 95% CI 1.34–5.53). Financial inability to pay for services was significantly associated with living in remote areas (OR = 2.26 95% CI 0.88–5.80). The economic wellbeing of people who identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, live in regional or remote areas, and reside in low socioeconomic areas have been substantially impacted during the pandemic. Findings call for policies to address the underlying social determinants of health.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1071/SH23163
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-11-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S10461-007-9325-5
Abstract: In South Africa, the rising AIDS related mortality has increased the publicity of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and may have an impact on behavior change. We examined the association between knowing someone who has died of AIDS and self-reported behavior change, condom use at last intercourse, number of partners in the prior 12 months, and attitudes towards HIV, among South African youth aged 15-24. We found that over 40% of youth reported knowing someone who died of AIDS, most commonly a neighbor. Using multivariable logistic regression, we found that high school-educated youth who knew someone who died of AIDS were significantly more likely to report having changed their behavior as a result of HIV (OR 2.01, 95% CI: 1.32 .06). We found no association between knowing someone who died of AIDS and other HIV prevention-related behaviors. While youth tended to have increased odds of perceiving HIV to be serious, they did not consistently perceive their risk of contracting HIV to be higher when they knew someone who died of AIDS. Our results suggest that part of the key to impacting behavior change in youth may lie in better understanding what factors increase youth's perceived risk of contracting HIV which will help us better target our interventions. If youth are impacted by personal knowledge of an AIDS death, to the point that they change their behaviors, we must continue to encourage discourse about HIV/AIDS with the hope that persons dying from AIDS will feel more comfortable disclosing their diagnosis to youth they know and others.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2001
DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200105040-00009
Abstract: To determine the seroprevalence of HIV and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) by age and gender among young people aged 14--24 years in a South African town and to identify risk factors for HIV infection. A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on a random s le of men (n = 723) and women (n = 784) living in a township in the Carletonville district of South Africa. Potential demographic and behavioural risk factors associated with HIV were recorded by questionnaire and biological tests were performed on serum and urine. Data analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression. Among men and women the prevalence of HIV infection was 9.4 and 34.4%, respectively, and of positive HSV-2 serology was 17.0 and 53.3%, respectively. Among 24-year-old women the prevalence of HIV was 66.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 54.6--77.3%]. HSV-2 seropositivity was a strong independent risk factor for HIV infection with odds ratios of 5.3 (95% CI, 2.7--10.3) for men and 8.4 (95% CI, 4.9--14.2) for women. There was no independent effect of age at first sex or serological markers of other sexually transmitted infections on HIV infection. HIV infection among young women increases rapidly after the onset of sexual activity and reaches extremely high levels by 24 years of age. These findings suggest that rates of HIV transmission from men to women are high and that HSV-2 plays a major role in the spread of HIV in this population.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-08-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-06-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S10389-023-01952-Y
Abstract: The social and economic impacts that have occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic can disproportionally affect those already experiencing poverty or at risk of poverty. Therefore, this study sought to explore the relationship between well-being and social determinants of health among Australian adults during the pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 20 participants, aged 21–65 years, from various socioeconomic areas. Three main themes emerged from the analysis of the data: food security housing outcomes and psychological and emotional impact. Participants in low socioeconomic areas struggled with food security, having to access food banks, which was precipitated by employment loss during the pandemic. Some female participants experienced worsening inequalities and lack of financial and housing stability, affecting their overall well-being. This study identified that there was a clear social ide between adults living in low socioeconomic areas compared with those living in high socioeconomic areas, with participants in low socioeconomic areas faring worse in terms of exacerbated social determinants of health and consequent impacts on well-being.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-04-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-10-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-05-2013
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2003
DOI: 10.1080/0954012031000105379
Abstract: The study aims to investigate the potential for an intervention based on male circumcision in a South African town with a high level of HIV infection. It draws on two cross-sectional studies conducted in August 2000 among a s le of 606 male adults aged 13-59 years, and in August 1999 among a s le of 723 male youth aged 14-24 years. A qualitative study was further conducted on perceptions and attitudes towards male circumcision using focus group discussions and in-depth interview. Among men aged 25-59 years, 36% reported being circumcised The median reported age at circumcision was 20. A total of 42% of 14-24-year-old circumcised men reported having been circumcised in a medical setting. Circumcised and uncircumcised men did not differ in their sexual behaviour or in sociodemographic characteristics, apart from their age and ethnic group. Among 467 uncircumcised adult men, 59% said that they would be circumcised if circumcision reduced the chances of getting HIV and STDs. Focus group discussions showed that circumcision is still important to many people, and is seen as an essential part of the transition into adulthood Reluctance to be circumcised was mainly related to the possibility of adverse outcomes of circumcision performed in non-medical settings, although initiation schools remain attractive for education and transmission of cultural values. Some misconceptions remain, however, especially about the preventative nature of circumcision for STD transmission. The cultural importance of male circumcision has weakened over the last century and when it is done it is often by a medical practitioner. An intervention that would include male circumcision seems feasible in communities such as the one where this study was conducted but needs to be carefully planned in order to ensure that participants understand that circumcision probably reduces, but certainly does not eliminate, the risk of HIV infection.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-05-2021
DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1919315
Abstract: Young women in South Africa face elevated risk of HIV infection compared to male peers. Cash transfers may mitigate their risk for HIV however, there is limited understanding of mechanisms of impact. We explored hope as one potential mechanism. Longitudinal qualitative analysis was used to explore how cash transfer recipients in the HPTN 068 study conceptualised hope and how the intervention influenced their hope over time. We found the intervention increased confidence, alleviated financial stressors and instilled in young women the belief that a better life, defined as being educated, independent and supportive to family, was attainable. Findings support hope as a critical outcome of cash transfer and other economic strengthening interventions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2019
DOI: 10.1002/JIA2.25359
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-01-2022
DOI: 10.3390/SU14031300
Abstract: Cities strive to feed growing populations while at the same time minimize the environmental impacts of their food systems. To support cities to achieve their goals, they require systematic and practical actions, including identification of the needs and capacities of food practitioners to guide and support food-related policies and initiatives. This study aims to explore barriers to food-related actions in everyday settings and the potential of a food pedagogy framework to overcome such barriers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 39 experienced food leaders from erse food-related areas in Australia. Thematic analysis identified six key themes related to weaknesses in food-related actions, including lack of: a broad understanding about food acknowledgement of values of food in everyday lives a broad pedagogical lens a responsible entity organizational supports and coordination between stakeholders and communities. Existing national and global food initiatives were reviewed using a pedagogical framework to identify presence of these barriers to actions, together with strategies that aimed to avoid or diminish such barriers. The findings confirm that a pedagogical approach has potential to enhance the roles and capacities of food practitioners and provide support for government and community structures to achieve a common vision of healthy and sustainable urban food systems.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-09-2020
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 29-04-2018
DOI: 10.1111/HSC.12355
Abstract: While research indicates that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescents may be at increased risk of some sexually transmitted infections, there is limited information about factors that may place these young people at more risk of adverse sexual health than their non-Indigenous counterparts. Current research has tended to focus on surveillance-type data, but there is an increasing need to understand social determinants of sexual health risk. This systematic review assessed the evidence of social determinants impacting on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescents' sexual health in Australia. Published, English-language literature was searched across key databases from 2003 to 2015. Fourteen studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Findings suggest that social determinants such as access to healthcare, poverty, substance use, educational disadvantage, sociocultural context, gender inequalities, status and identity, and social disadvantage impacted on Indigenous adolescents' sexual behaviours and sexual health risk. Evidence from the literature included in the review suggests that peer education may be an acceptable and appropriate approach for addressing such issues. There remains a need for programmes and services to be community-developed and community-led, thus ensuring cultural appropriateness and relevance. However, there is also a significant need for such programmes to be effectively and rigorously evaluated with data that goes beyond surveillance, and seeks to unpack how sexual norms are experienced by Indigenous adolescents, particularly outside of remote Australia - and how these experiences act as either risk or protective factors to good sexual health and positive social and emotional well-being.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.CONTRACEPTION.2006.12.020
Abstract: Dual contraceptive method use is advocated for adolescent women to prevent pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. We examined data from a nationally representative s le of South African women aged 15-24 years to establish factors associated with dual method use. Only 7% of current contraceptive users reported using dual methods, although this percentage increased to 28.1% when women reporting hormonal contraception and condom use at last sex were included. In multivariate analyses, having talked about condoms with a partner was most strongly associated with dual method use (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 12.3 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.1-25.1) and suggests that communication skills might be the most effective way of increasing dual method use. Difficulty in accessing condoms was associated with lower odds of dual method use (AOR, 0.5 95% CI, 0.2-1.0). We conclude with recommendations to increase male involvement and encourage communication between partners for the integration of HIV prevention and other reproductive health care services.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-01-2019
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 20-04-2015
Abstract: Qualitative interviews are increasingly being utilized within the context of intervention trials. While there is emerging assistance for conducting and reporting qualitative analysis, there are limited practical resources available for researchers engaging in a group coding process and interested in ensuring adequate Intercoder Reliability (ICR) the amount of agreement between two or more coders for the codes applied to qualitative text. Assessing the reliability of the coding helps establish the credibility of qualitative findings. We discuss our experience calculating ICR in the context of a behavioural HIV prevention trial for young women in South Africa which involves multiple rounds of longitudinal qualitative data collection. We document the steps that we took to improve ICR in this study, the challenges to improving ICR, and the value of the process to qualitative data analysis. As a result, we provide guidelines for other researchers to consider as they embark on large qualitative projects.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-07-2023
DOI: 10.1177/10778012231183655
Abstract: Domestic and family violence is a significant issue in the Murrumbidgee region of New South Wales, Australia, mirroring national and international concerns about gender-based violence. Generally, there are known barriers associated with providing domestic and family violence (DFV) services in rural and remote communities however, little research has considered the specific service needs and service barriers in the after-hours period. This is crucial. The already limited rural and remote services available during business hours are further constricted in the after-hours period. This article reports on research about after-hours service need and service challenges in six target communities in the Murrumbidgee region.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-12-2017
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 28-02-2019
Abstract: Background. Prevention of both school dropout and teen pregnancy represent clear public health priorities for South Africa, yet their complex and potentially cyclical relationship has not been fully explored. Objective. To further understand how this relationship operates, we analyzed data from a randomized trial of young women aged 13 to 20 years enrolled in school in rural South Africa to estimate the association between pregnancy and subsequent dropout and between dropout and subsequent pregnancy. Method. We examined inverse probability (IP) of exposure-weighted survival curves for school dropout by pregnancy and for pregnancy by school dropout. We used weighted curves to calculate 1-, 2-, and 3-year risk differences and risk ratios. Additionally, we used an IP-weighted marginal structural cox model to estimate a hazard ratio (HR) for each relationship. Results. Dropout from school was associated with subsequent pregnancy (HR 3.58 95% confidence interval [CI] [2.04, 6.28]) and pregnancy was associated with subsequent school dropout (HR 2.36 95% CI [1.29, 4.31]). Young women who attended school but attended fewer days had a higher hazard of pregnancy than those who attended more school (HR 3.64 95% CI [2.27, 5.84]). Conclusion. Pregnancy is both a cause and a consequence of school dropout. Consideration of school attendance and academic performance could ultimately enhance pregnancy prevention efforts in this population. Programs should be tailored differently for (1) girls who have dropped out of school, (2) those who are in school and at risk for pregnancy, and (3) those who are in school and become pregnant.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 26-11-2018
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2012.05.005
Abstract: Substance use is increasing among youth in South Africa, and may be contributing to transmission of HIV. As parental death often leaves youth with altered emotional and physical resources, substance use may be greater among orphaned adolescents. Utilizing data from a household survey of 15–24 year old South Africans ( n = 11,904), multivariable models were fitted to examine the association of factors from five domains with alcohol and drug use, and to compare substance use among orphaned versus non‐orphaned youth. Results showed that factors from in idual, family, and community domains were most associated with substance use. Compared with non‐orphans, paternal and double orphaned males were more likely to have consumed alcohol, and paternally orphaned females had significantly greater odds of having used drugs. Findings confirm that some sub‐groups of orphaned youth are at increased risk of substance use and families and communities may be influential in moderating this risky behavior.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-07-2012
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2022
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-09-2018
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 30-12-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-07-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-11-2021
DOI: 10.1111/PHN.12837
Abstract: To synthesize the best available qualitative evidence on the perceptions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (hereafter, respectfully referred to as Indigenous Australians) toward participation in cardiovascular primary prevention programs. In 2017, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of premature mortality in Indigenous Australians, accounting for 11.5% of all deaths. Health risk behaviors such as smoking, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and obesity largely contribute to this burden of disease. A search using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, MedNar, ProQuest and Index to Theses for published and unpublished studies was conducted in January 2020. The methodological quality of the included studies was independently assessed by two reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Data extraction and meta-aggregation were conducted in accordance with JBI methodology. Eleven studies were included. Three synthesized findings were developed (a) social and community support affect participants' experiences of prevention programs (b) structural drivers and social determinants influence Indigenous Australians experiences and participation in prevention programs and health risk behavioral change and (c) a personal desire to change behaviors and participate in prevention programs requires development of knowledge regarding healthy lifestyles and creation of new social norms. Indigenous Australians participation in primary prevention for cardiovascular risk factors and adoption of a healthy lifestyle are influenced by social support, social determinants, and personal desire. Future programs need to tackle the structural drivers and facilitate a supportive environment to assist in health risk behavior change.
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Date: 10-2009
Abstract: Objectives. We studied whether female youths from communities with higher sexual violence were at greater risk of negative reproductive health outcomes. Methods. We used data from a 2003 nationally representative household survey of youths aged 15–24 years in South Africa. The key independent variable was whether a woman had ever been threatened or forced to have sex. We aggregated this variable to the community level to determine, with control for in idual-level experience with violence, whether the community-level prevalence of violence was associated with HIV status and adolescent pregnancy among female, sexually experienced, never-married youths. Results. Youths from communities with greater sexual violence were significantly more likely to have experienced an adolescent pregnancy or to be HIV-positive than were youths from communities experiencing lower sexual violence. Youths from communities with greater community-level violence were also less likely to have used a condom at their last sexual encounter. In idual-level violence was only associated with condom nonuse. Conclusions. Programs to reduce adolescent pregnancies and HIV risk in South Africa and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa must address sexual violence as part of effective prevention strategies.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 31-05-2008
Abstract: Reduced HIV risk behavior and increased use of care and support services have been demonstrated among adults accessing HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). The impact of VCT on adolescents is, however, not known. Focus group discussions were held with adolescents and parents in two South African townships to establish the perceptions of and needs for VCT among young people. Ecological theory informed the analysis. Adolescents had limited experience of VCT, were afraid of knowing their HIV status, and felt that testing was only for symptomatic in iduals. Youth felt that they would disclose their HIV status to family members who they felt would be most supportive. Youth were afraid of stigma and discrimination rarely referring to the community as a source of support. Discussions highlighted the inappropriateness of clinical facilities for youth VCT. We conclude with recommendations for youth-friendly VCT services.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-08-2021
DOI: 10.1177/15248380211036054
Abstract: Domestic and family violence (DFV) has been described as a “national emergency” in Australia, with a suite of policies and interventions introduced over the past decade to better support women and their children. Within these frameworks, young people have been identified as agents of change for primary prevention however, little is known about their attitudes and knowledge of DFV. This scoping review thus sought to establish the attitudes and knowledge of DFV held by young people (under 25 years old) in Australia. Nine international databases were searched, yielding 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The studies were quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods in design, with the findings demonstrating that young Australians have good knowledge about DFV. However, the review also indicates problematic areas around young people’s understanding of the harms of DFV with many continuing to hold victim-blaming attitudes. In addition, much of the existing research is survey-based in nature, there is no strong uniformity across the studies, nor is there an engaged approach to research design. Moreover, the current measures used in research are not sufficient to gauge where young people gain knowledge about DFV, nor do they explain under what conditions attitudes change or what are the medium- and long-term effects of DFV prevention work. We therefore contend that future research ought to be interdisciplinary and intersectional in nature and collaborate with a range of young people in order to understand their full potential as agents of social change and primary prevention.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-08-2021
DOI: 10.1111/PHN.12959
Abstract: To synthesize the best available evidence on the relationship between the social determinants of health and health outcomes among adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic. COVID‐19 has created widespread global transmission. Rapid increase in in iduals infected with COVID‐19 prompted significant public health responses from governments globally. However, the social and economic impact on communities may leave some in iduals more susceptible to the detrimental effects. A three‐step search strategy was used to find published and unpublished papers. Databases searched included: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. All identified citations were uploaded into Endnote X9, with duplicates removed. Methodological quality of eligible papers was assessed by two reviewers, with meta‐synthesis conducted in accordance with JBI methodology. Fifteen papers were included. Three synthesized‐conclusions were established (a) Vulnerable populations groups, particularly those from a racial minority and those with low incomes, are more susceptible and have been disproportionately affected by COVID‐19 including mortality (b) Gender inequalities and family violence have been exacerbated by COVID‐19, leading to diminished wellbeing among women and (c) COVID‐19 is exacerbating existing social determinants of health through loss of employment/income, disparities in social class leading to lack of access to health care, housing instability, homelessness, and difficulties in physical distancing. Reflection on social and health policies implemented are necessary to ensure that the COVID‐19 pandemic does not exacerbate health inequalities into the future.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: AOSIS
Date: 19-04-2011
DOI: 10.4102/SAJHIVMED.V12I1.215
Abstract: LETTER
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 09-03-2021
DOI: 10.2196/28656
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-03-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-023-26321-W
Abstract: The recent increase in silicosis cases in several countries casts doubt on dust control practices and their effectiveness in preventing respirable crystalline silica (RCS) exposure. Apart from silicosis, RCS may lead to other illnesses, health-related quality of life losses for workers and their families, and economic losses for companies. Thus, this systematic literature review examined the effectiveness of interventions employed to prevent exposure to RCS and increase the use of dust control measures. The review used keywords related to dust control interventions to search seven databases. Search results were screened and extracted for synthesis. The narrative synthesis showed the extent of research investment in China. In several designs and combinations, the interventions utilized water, surfactant, foam, and air currents to reduce dust exposure. These interventions offer varying degrees of dust control effectiveness against RCS and respirable dust. Although evidence indicates that interventions significantly decrease dust concentration levels, the control measures in place may not effectively prevent workplace overexposure to RCS. The review found that education and training interventions are employed to improve dust controls and respiratory protective equipment (RPE) use. Also, marketing strategies promote the use of RPE. These interventions can increase the frequency of use of RPE and the adoption of best practice dust control measures. Interventions increase knowledge, awareness, and attitudes about RPE usage and generate positive perceptions while reducing misconceptions. However, the benefits obtained from an intervention may diminish after its implementation, indicating that the interventions may not continually motivate workers to adopt control measures or use RPE.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-10-2007
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 19-02-2008
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-07-2008
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/DYN131
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-10-2022
DOI: 10.1177/0272684X221118791
Abstract: Globally, food is acknowledged as a primary focus for addressing challenges facing cities. City councils create and support food-related policies or strategies to enhance healthy and sustainable environments, and multiple food practitioners engage closely with these initiatives. However, the visibility of educational aspects of food within governments, policy development, public spaces, or across society is limited. There is a lack of evidence about how pedagogical frameworks can inform these initiatives. This study aims to develop a draft food pedagogies framework, whose application can inform food initiatives beyond the classroom to increase adults’ awareness of, engagement with and empowered action relating to food, with the goal to advance societal health and sustainability. A qualitative approach included semi-structured interviews with 39 experienced food leaders from erse food-related fields in Australia. Using thematic analysis, five key themes to assist adults learn about food in everyday life settings were identified: (1) Making use of (in)formal pedagogical spaces in communities (2) Encouraging interactions with a range of people related to food (3) Creating enjoyable and practical experiences as part of daily lives (4) Developing supportive and transparent systems that reflect communities’ needs and (5) Utilizing broader social issues. A proposed framework, based on the five themes and existing theoretical frameworks, can be used to inform policy makers and erse food practitioners to develop urban food strategies that aim to create food-centred changes within urban settings toward societal health and sustainability.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 23-09-2005
DOI: 10.1097/01.AIDS.0000183129.16830.06
Abstract: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection, HIV risk factors, and exposure to national HIV prevention programs, and to identify factors associated with HIV infection among South African youth, aged 15-24 years. A cross-sectional, nationally representative, household survey. From March to August 2003 we conducted a national survey of HIV prevalence and sexual behavior among 11 904 15-24 year olds. Multivariable models for HIV infection were restricted to sexually experienced youth. Young women were significantly more likely to be infected with HIV in comparison with young men (15.5 versus 4.8%). Among men, a history of genital ulcers in the past 12 months was associated with HIV infection [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.91 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-3.49) whereas among women a history of unusual vaginal discharge in the past 12 months was associated with HIV infection (AOR, 1.75 95% CI, 1.26-2.44). Young women with older partners were also at increased risk of HIV infection. Among both men and women, increasing partner numbers and inconsistent condom use were significantly associated with HIV infection. Males and females who reported participation in at least one loveLife program were less likely to be infected with HIV (AOR, 0.60 95% CI, 0.40-0.89 AOR, 0.61 95% CI, 0.43-0.85, respectively). This survey confirms the high HIV prevalence among young people in South Africa and, in particular, young women's disproportionate risk. Programs for youth must continue to promote partner reduction, consistent condom use and prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections while also addressing contextual factors that make it difficult for them to implement behavior change.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-01-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S10461-007-9343-3
Abstract: Sexually active South African youth are at high risk for HIV infection but a low prevalence of condom use has been reported in this population. We examined correlates of consistent condom use with most recent sex partners among a nationally representative s le of youth 15-24 years old who reported having had sex in the previous 12 months (N = 6,649). Among men and women, having talked to a partner about using condoms was the most significant predictor of consistent condom use. However, youth who reported being in their most recent relationship for more than 1 year and who reported having had sex one or more times in the last month were more likely to report inconsistent condom use. HIV interventions should empower youth to talk about using condoms with their partners, encourage periodic testing for HIV, and reinforce condom use according to HIV status in long-term relationships.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2012
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 11-05-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.1002/JIA2.25134
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-1997
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-04-2022
DOI: 10.1111/SSQU.13146
Abstract: This article examined “marginalia”—participants’ unsolicited additions to a survey conducted in regional Australia examining community attitudes to domestic and family violence. Using mixed methods analysis, we examined whether there were any specific demographic or attitudinal characteristics associated with leaving marginalia on our survey. We used NVivo to thematically organize the types and content of marginalia provided by participants. We found that leaving marginalia on the survey instrument was not associated with specific demographic or attitudinal characteristics, thus making it challenging to determine the primary motivation for leaving such additions. Thematically, the marginalia were largely concerned with providing further explanation or questioning and correcting. A smaller group focused on communicating attitudes toward and experiences of domestic and family violence. A minority of participants leave unrequested information on quantitative surveys. We suggest some further thoughts about the value of such data and how to manage it.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2017-019167
Abstract: We examined the potential influence of both s le selection effects and Hawthorne effects in the behavioural HIV Prevention Trial Network 068 study, designed to examine whether cash transfers conditional on school attendance reduce HIV acquisition in young South African women. We explored whether school enrolment among study participants differed from the underlying population, and whether differences existed at baseline (s le selection effect) or arose during study participation (Hawthorne effect). We constructed a cohort of 3889 young women aged 11–20 years using data from the Agincourt Health and socio-Demographic Surveillance System. We compared school enrolment in 2011 (trial start) and 2015 (trial end) between those who did (n=1720) and did not (n=2169) enrol in the trial. To isolate the Hawthorne effect, we restricted the cohort to those enrolled in school in 2011. In 2011, trial participants were already more likely to be enrolled in school (99%) compared with non-participants (93%). However, this association was attenuated with covariate adjustment (adjusted risk difference (aRD) (95% CI): 2.9 (− 0.7 to 6.5)). Restricting to those enrolled in school in 2011, trial participants were also more likely to be enrolled in school in 2015 (aRD (95% CI): 4.9 (1.5 to 8.3)). The strength of associations increased with age. Trial participants across both study arms were more likely to be enrolled in school than non-participants. Our findings suggest that both s le selection and Hawthorne effects may have diminished the differences in school enrolment between study arms, a plausible explanation for the null trial findings. The Hawthorne-specific findings generate hypotheses for how to structure school retention interventions to prevent HIV.
No related grants have been discovered for Catherine MacPhail.