ORCID Profile
0000-0002-6142-0995
Current Organisations
Universidade Federal de Goiás
,
University of New England
,
University of Adelaide
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-1991
DOI: 10.1007/BF00867175
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-08-2016
DOI: 10.1111/CDOE.12253
Abstract: Diet diaries are recommended for dentists to monitor children's sugar consumption. Diaries provide multifaceted dietary information, but patients respond better to simpler advice. We explore how dentists integrate information from diet diaries to deliver useable advice to patients. As part of a questionnaire study of general dental practitioners (GDPs) in Northwest England, we asked dentists to specify the advice they would give a hypothetical patient based upon a diet diary case vignette. A sequential mixed method approach was used for data analysis: an initial inductive content analysis (ICA) to develop coding system to capture the complexity of dietary assessment and delivered advice. Using these codes, a quantitative analysis was conducted to examine correspondences between identified dietary problems and advice given. From these correspondences, we inferred how dentists reduced problems to give simple advice. A total of 229 dentists' responses were analysed. ICA on 40 questionnaires identified two distinctive approaches of developing diet advice: a summative (summary of issues into an all-encompassing message) and a selective approach (selection of a main message approach). In the quantitative analysis of all responses, raw frequencies indicated that dentists saw more problems than they advised on and provided highly specific advice on a restricted number of problems (e.g. not eating sugars before bedtime 50.7% or harmful items 42.4%, rather than simply reducing the amount of sugar 9.2%). Binary logistic regression models indicate that dentists provided specific advice that was tailored to the key problems that they identified. Dentists provided specific recommendations to address what they felt were key problems, whilst not intervening to address other problems that they may have felt less pressing.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.OPHTHA.2015.04.005
Abstract: Patients undergoing enucleation for uveal melanoma need to be informed of the possibility of phantom eye syndrome (PES). The number with uveal melanoma in PES studies has been small. Aims were to: (1) determine the prevalence, symptoms, and characteristics of PES and to test associations of PES symptoms with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (2) examine the interrelatedness of PES symptoms and (3) explore the emotional valence of PES and the relationship to anxiety and depression. Cross-sectional questionnaire. Patients (n = 179) with uveal melanoma enucleated 4 to 52 months previously. Questionnaire on PES. Responses to a routine audit of mood obtained from clinical records. Patients were asked about 3 symptoms: pain, visual sensations, and a feeling of seeing through the removed eye. Mood was assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Of 179 respondents, 108 (60.3%) experienced symptoms: 86 reported (48%) visual sensations, 50 reported (28%) seeing, and 42 reported (23%) pain 14 (7.8%) reported all 3 symptoms. At the time of the questionnaire, 31 (17%) experienced 1 or more symptoms daily. Women were more likely to report pain (odds ratio [OR], 2.18 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-4.40). Younger patients at enucleation were more likely to report pain (t = 4.13 degrees of freedom (df), 177 P < 0.001) and visual sensations (t = 2.11 df, 177 P < 0.05). Patients studied sooner after enucleation were more likely to report seeing (Mann-Whitney U, 2343 P < 0.05). Pain and seeing were intercorrelated (chi-square, 5.47 Φ = 0.18 df, 1 P < 0.05), pain with visual sensations (chi-square, 3.91 Φ = 0.15 df, 1 P < 0.05) and seeing with visual sensations (chi-square, 34.22 Φ = 0.45 df, 1 P < 0.001). Twenty of 108 patients (18.5%) found symptoms disturbing, and 21 of 108 (19.4%) pleasurable. Patients reporting pain were more anxious (OR, 3.53 95% CI, 1.38-9.03) and depressed (OR, 13.26 95% CI, 3.87-46.21). Patients should be informed of PES symptoms. Pain may indicate anxiety or depression this needs research to determine cause and effect.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1080/08870440902811163
Abstract: This study examined associations between illness representation dimensions specified by the self-regulation model, coping and mood in recently diagnosed gynaecological cancer patients. Participants were 61 patients recruited from a specialist outpatient gynaecology clinic. Patients completed a survey measuring their cognitive illness representations (IPQ-R), coping strategies (COPE) and mood (POMS-SF). Consistent with research into other illnesses, the study found theoretically congruent cross-sectional associations between illness representations and mood disturbance. Support was found for a possible path whereby higher denial and avoidant coping might mediate the relationships between cyclical timeline and illness coherence representations and more negative mood. There were no mediational relationships for other coping strategies. Mediation of the relationship between illness representations and mood by avoidant coping has important theoretical and practical implications. These are discussed, as are direct relationships between illness representations and mood.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1997
Abstract: Research suggests that drinkers often use personal self-regulatory techniques to avoid drunk driving. A population-representative s le of 427 people at high risk of drunk driving were interviewed to examine the extent to which they used self-regulatory techniques. Most popular techniques were limiting drinks to a predetermined number, organizing another driver, catching a taxi, and spontaneously delaying or avoiding driving after alcohol has been consumed. After controlling exposure to demographic and drinking behavior variables, limiting drinks to a predetermined number was the only technique associated with a reduced likelihood of drunk driving. Respondents who used taxis and drank low-alcohol beer were more likely to report drunk driving, as were those who spontaneously decided to delay or avoid driving after drinking. Although interpretation of the findings is constrained by the cross-sectional survey methodology, further investigations may lead to the development of countermeasures which promote the use of appropriate techniques.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1002/HUP.1016
Abstract: Lavender odour is commonly used to alleviate mild anxiety. Double blind studies are difficult to conduct with odours, and there are few reliable investigations of lavender's efficacy. Orally administered lavender capsules (placebo, 100, 200 microl) were tested in a randomised between-subjects (n = 97) double-blind study. Film clips were used to elicit anxiety. Measures included anxiety, State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), mood, positive and negative affect scale (PANAS), heart rate (HR), galvanic skin response (GSR), and heart rate variation (HRV). Following baseline measurements capsules were administered. Participants viewed a neutral film clip, then an anxiety-provoking and light-hearted recovery film clip. For the 200 microl lavender dose during the neutral film clip there was a trend towards reduced state anxiety, GSR and HR and increased HRV. In the anxiety-eliciting film, lavender was mildly beneficial in females but only on HRV measures. In males sympathetic arousal increased during the anxiety film (GSR). HRV significantly increased at 200 microl during all three film clips in females, suggesting decreased anxiety. These findings suggest that lavender has anxiolytic effects in humans under conditions of low anxiety, but these effects may not extend to conditions of high anxiety.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1002/AB.20231
Abstract: Studies of causal links between alcohol and aggression are often handicapped by threats to internal and external validity. Case-control methods employ an event-level analysis that can reduce some of these validity threats by the use of within-subject controls. This study used a case-control approach, asking 39 male inmates in a Young Offenders' Institution to compare drinking behaviour before incidents where they reported commission of an injurious assault and a matched incident where they did not. After controlling contextual differences, participants reported personally drinking more heavily and heavier drinking within their group, but not being more impaired when an assault was committed. The assault incidents were more likely to involve spontaneous, rather than planned, drinking and a higher proportion of males in the group. They were less likely to involve drinking in a pub. Our confirmation of previous findings using a case-control methodology strengthens those findings. Limitations of this methodology are also discussed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-12-2019
DOI: 10.1002/CPP.2399
Abstract: Many breast cancer (BCa) patients experience clinically significant anxiety and depression in survivorship. Self-compassion offers a bulwark to anxiety and depression in nonclinical, mental health, and some chronic physical health populations. We examined whether self-compassion predicted lower anxiety and depression symptoms in survivors and whether this might be mediated by lower worry and rumination. The design was a cross-sectional survey using self-report measures. Female adult BCa survivors of mixed stages who had finished primary surgical, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy treatments completed self-compassion subscales and worry, rumination, and anxiety and depression scales. Higher self-compassion subscale scores were negatively associated with anxiety and depression. Depressive brooding and worry mediated any effects of self-kindness and mindfulness on depression and anxiety, whereas common humanity directly predicted lower depression scores. Findings are consistent with the view that self-compassion reduces threat-related rumination and worry in BCa survivors, consequently reducing anxiety and depression. This may form a basis for prevention and treatment.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2001
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-02-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-6405.1992.TB00050.X
Abstract: Smoking-cessation c aigns and services use printed self-help materials as a major medium for assisting smokers to quit. Such materials are associated with abstinence rates of up to 20% at 12-month follow-ups. Adherence to the specific content of self-instructional programs can be poor, but higher levels of reported adherence may be associated with a greater likelihood of cessation. Personalized cessation materials do not enhance cessation rates, but social support and minimal levels of personal contact do. Research is needed to identify which specific components of these programs are effective, how adherence may be promoted and how materials may be used in conjunction with other interventions--particularly cost-effective forms of counselling and social support.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2016
Abstract: Objectives Current guidance recommends that dental practitioners should routinely give dietary advice to patients, with diet diaries as a tool to help diet assessment. We explored patients' compliance with diet-diaries usage in a paediatric clinic within a teaching hospital setting, where remuneration is not an issue. Objectives were to investigate associated factors affecting diet diaries return rate and the information obtained from returned diaries.Methods A retrospective study of 200 randomly selected clinical records of children aged 5-11 years who had received diet analysis and advice as part of a preventive dental care programme at a dental teaching hospital between 2010 and 2013. Clinical records, with a preventive care pro forma, were included in the study. Data on social and family history, DMFT-dmft, oral hygiene practices, dental attendance and dietary habits were obtained and compared with information given in completed diet-diaries. A deductive content analysis of returned diet-diaries was undertaken using a pre-developed coding scheme.Results Of 174 complete records included in this study, diet diaries were returned in 60 (34.5%) of them. Diet diaries were more likely to be returned by those children who reported that they regularly brushed their teeth (P <0.05), and those who came from smaller families (P <0.05). Content analysis of diet diaries enabled the identification of harmful types of foods and drinks in 100% of diaries. General dietary issues, frequency and between-meals intake of sugars were also all captured in the majority of diaries (95.0%, N = 56). Information on sugar amount (53.0%, N = 32), prolonged-contact with teeth (57.0%, N = 34) and near bedtime intakes (17.0%, N = 28) was reported in fewer diaries.Conclusions The return rate of diet-diaries in this setting was low, and associated with patients' demographic and oral health characteristics. Returned diet-diaries showed a varied range of missing important dietary information, such as sugar amount, which appears to compromise their validity as a diet assessment tool. Development of a more reliable and acceptable dietary assessment tool for use in the dental setting is needed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2003
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-04-2018
DOI: 10.1002/PON.4715
Abstract: We examined the role of posttreatment symptoms and functional problems and of worry about recurrent disease (WREC) in predicting probable anxiety and depression cases 24 months after diagnosis in survivors of posterior uveal melanoma. We examined whether WREC mediates links between symptoms, functional problems, and probable anxiety and depression cases. Prospective cohort study of 261 treated uveal melanoma survivors 6, 12, and 24 months after diagnosis. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses predicting anxiety and depression 24 months after diagnosis identified by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale cutoff scores. Symptoms, functional problems, and WREC 6-month posttreatment were entered into the analyses as predictors, then the same variables at 12 months. We controlled anxiety or depression at 6 and 12 months and chromosome 3 status, which accurately predicts 10-year survival. Mediation of links between 6-month symptoms and functional problems and 24-month anxiety and depression by 12-month WREC was tested. Anxiety caseness at 24 months was predicted by 6-month ocular irritation, headache, and functional problems and 12-month WREC. Depression caseness at 24 months was predicted by 6-month headache and functional problems. Worry about recurrent disease at 12 months mediated prediction of anxiety caseness by 6-month symptoms and functional problems. Chromosome 3 status predicted neither anxiety nor depression. Survivors reporting symptoms, functional problems, and WREC should be monitored for anxiety and depression. Appropriate reassurance that symptoms do not signify future disease might help prevent anxiety.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-04-2010
DOI: 10.1002/ACP.1702
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-04-2022
DOI: 10.1111/HEX.13490
Abstract: Technological advances have led to cancer prognostication that is increasingly accurate but often unalterable. However, a reliable prognosis of limited life expectancy can cause psychological distress. People should carefully consider offers of prognostication, but little is known about how and why they decide on prognostication. Using uveal melanoma (UM) patients, we aimed to identify (i) how and why do people with UM decide to accept prognostication and (ii) alignment and ergence of their decision‐making from conceptualizations of a ‘well‐considered’ decision. UM provides a paradigm to elucidate clinical and ethical perspectives on prognostication, because prognostication is reliable but prognoses are largely nonameliorable. We used qualitative methods to examine how and why 20 UM people with UM chose prognostication. We compared findings to a template of ‘well‐considered’ decision‐making, where ‘well‐considered’ decisions involve consideration of all likely outcomes. Participants wanted prognostication to reduce future worry about uncertain life expectancy. They spontaneously spoke of hoping for a good prognosis when making their decisions, but largely did not consider the 50% possibility of a poor prognosis. When pressed, they argued that a poor outcome at least brings certainty. While respecting decisions as valid expressions of participants' wishes, we are concerned that they did not explicitly consider the realistic possibility of a poor outcome and how this would affect them. Thus, it is difficult to see their decisions as ‘well‐considered’. We propose that nondirective preference exploration techniques could help people to consider the possibility of a poor outcome. This paper is a direct response to a patient‐identified and defined problem that arose in therapeutic and conversational discourse. The research was informed by the responses of patient participants, as we used the material from interviews to dynamically shape the interview guide. Thus, participants' ideas drove the analysis and shaped the interviews to come.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1998
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-09-2013
DOI: 10.1002/IJOP.12002
Abstract: Distressing health promotion advertising involves the elicitation of negative emotion to increase the likelihood that health messages will stimulate audience members to adopt healthier behaviors. Irrespective of its effectiveness, distressing advertising risks harming audience members who do not consent to the intervention and are unable to withdraw from it. Further, the use of these approaches may increase the potential for unfairness or stigmatization toward those targeted, or be considered unacceptable by some sections of the public. We acknowledge and discuss these concerns, but, using the public health ethics literature as a guide, argue that distressing advertising can be ethically defensible if conditions of effectiveness, proportionality necessity, least infringement, and public accountability are satisfied. We do not take a broad view as to whether distressing advertising is ethical or unethical, because we see the evidence for both the effectiveness of distressing approaches and their potential to generate iatrogenic effects to be inconclusive. However, we believe it possible to use the current evidence base to make informed estimates of the likely consequences of specific message presentations. Messages can be pre-tested and monitored to identify and deal with potential problems. We discuss how advertisers can approach the problems of deciding on the appropriate intensity of ethical review, and evaluating prospective distressing advertising c aigns against the conditions outlined.
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-6316-9.CH010
Abstract: Radio Frequency Identification—an object recognition technology—has been explored by hospitals worldwide in the past decade for inventory management. As this technology became accepted with successful pilots, integrating the technology with other applications within hospitals gained momentum. For this purpose, however, it is necessary to revise existing processes that are impacted by RFID. The standard approach in business process management is to redesign the existing processes to plug-in the technology and implement the new process with the technology. In this chapter, the authors provide a novel perspective in Business Process Redesign and Management that RFID may not only be a technology solution, but also an analytical lens to review the existing processes within hospitals such that existing inconsistencies may be revealed and an opportunity presented to address them.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1080/08870440801911130
Abstract: We investigated the idea that emotive imagery used in health promotion advertising can facilitate a defensive response that adversely affects risk perceptions. One hundred student drinkers were exposed to either a printed message accompanied by images designed to maximise emotional distress or the same message presented using less emotive images. A three-way interaction was found, whereby the presentation of distressing images caused lower personal risk estimates in participants higher in denial and vulnerability to alcohol-related problems. This effect may have been mediated by lower reading times, suggesting that participants avoided the messages. Moderation by denial suggests that the effect is attributable to defensiveness, whilst moderation by vulnerability suggests that it is threat specific. These findings suggest that emotive images might trigger defensive avoidance responses that reduce risk estimates in some audience sub-populations.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-04-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S11764-021-01036-4
Abstract: Prognostication in cancer is growing in importance as increasingly accurate tools are developed. Prognostic accuracy intensifies ethical concerns that a poor prognosis could be psychologically harmful to survivors. Uveal melanoma (UM) prognostication allows survivors to be reliably told that life expectancy is either normal (good prognosis) or severely curtailed because of metastatic disease (poor prognosis). Treatment cannot change life expectancy. To identify whether prognosis is associated with psychological harm, we compared harm in UM survivors with good and poor prognoses and those who declined testing and compared these outcomes to general population norms. Non-randomized 5-year study of a consecutive series of 708 UM survivors (51.6% male, mean age 69.03, SD =12.12) with observations at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months. We operationalized psychological harm as anxiety and depression symptoms, worry about cancer recurrence (WREC) and poor quality of life (QoL). Compared to other groups, survivors with poor prognoses showed initially elevated anxiety and depression and consistently elevated worry about local or distant recurrence over 5 years. Good prognoses were not associated with outcomes. Generally, no prognostic groups reported anxiety, depression and WREC or QoL scores that exceeded general population norms. Using a large s le, we found that harm accruing from a poor prognosis was statistically significant over 5 years, but did not exceed general non-cancer population norms. Survivors desire prognostic information. At a population level, we do not believe that our findings show sufficiently strong links between prognostication outcome and psychological harm to deny patients the option of knowing their prognosis. Nonetheless, it is important that patients are informed of potential adverse psychological consequences of a poor prognosis.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-03-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2013.01.005
Abstract: The present study employed latent growth mixture modeling to discern distinct trajectories of loneliness using data collected at 2‐year intervals from age 7–17 years ( N = 586) and examine whether measures taken at age 5 years were good predictors of group membership. Four loneliness trajectory classes were identified: (1) low stable (37% of the s le), (2) moderate decliners (23%), (3) moderate increasers (18%), and (4) relatively high stable (22%). Predictors at age 5 years for the high stable trajectory were low trust beliefs, low trusting, low peer acceptance, parent reported negative reactivity, an internalizing attribution style, low self‐worth, and passivity during observed play. The model also included outcome variables. We found that both the high stable and moderate increasing trajectories were associated with depressive symptoms, a higher frequency of visits to the doctor, and lower perceived general health at age 17. We discuss implications of findings for future empirical work.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-11-2013
DOI: 10.1111/CDOE.12084
Abstract: To take a motivational approach, testing an idea derived from self-determination theory (SDT) that the pursuit of intrinsic life and professional aspirations is associated with enhanced subjective well-being. A cross-sectional survey of a cluster s le of 583 dentists in England provided data on the subjective importance of their intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations and their perceived likelihood of achieving those aspirations. The dependent variable was a four-domain measure of subjective well-being. Controlling measures of core self-evaluations and trait emotional intelligence, the perceived importance and likelihood of achieving intrinsic aspirations were uniquely related to positive affect the perceived likelihood of achieving intrinsic aspirations was uniquely related to job and life satisfaction and positive affect, and the perceived likelihood of achieving extrinsic aspirations was uniquely related to life satisfaction. No aspiration variables uniquely predicted negative affect. These findings lend support to self-determination theory and provide a platform for the future development of interventions that can promote and maintain well-being in dentists.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-04-2014
DOI: 10.1111/BJHP.12103
Abstract: Distressing imagery is often used to improve the persuasiveness of mass-reach health promotion messages, but its effectiveness may be limited because audiences avoid attending to content. Prior self-affirmation or self-efficacy inductions have been shown to reduce avoidance and improve audience responsiveness to distressing messages, but these are difficult to introduce into a mass-reach context. Reasoning that a behavioural recommendation may have a similar effect, we reversed the traditional threat-behavioural recommendation health promotion message sequence. 2 × 2 experimental design: Factor 1, high- and low-distress images Factor 2, threat-recommendation and recommendation-threat sequences. Ninety-one students were exposed to an identical text message accompanied by high- or low-distress imagery presented in threat-recommendation and recommendation-threat sequences. For the high-distress message, greater persuasion was observed for the recommendation-threat than the threat-recommendation sequence. This was partially mediated by participants' greater self-exposure to the threat component of the message, which we attribute to the effect of sequence in reducing attentional avoidance. For the low-distress message, greater persuasion was observed for the threat-recommendation sequence, which was not mediated by reading time allocated to the threat. Tailoring message sequence to suit the degree of distress that message developers wish to induce provides a tool that could improve persuasive messages. These findings provide a first step in this process and discuss further steps needed to consolidate and expand these findings. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Health promotion messages accompanied by distressing imagery might, under some circumstances, persuade in iduals to engage in healthier behaviour. Audiences can respond defensively to distressing imagery, but may be less inclined to do so when an easily followed behavioural recommendation is presented before imagery. Current literature is ided on whether presenting a behavioural recommendation before a threat component accompanied by distressing images will improve the persuasiveness of messages. What does this study add? We show that, when a behavioural recommendation precedes a threat containing distressing images, persuasiveness of a threatening message is stronger than a threat-recommendation sequence. We show that a recommendation-threat sequence improves persuasiveness of distressing imagery because it reduces attentional avoidance.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-04-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1539-6924.2010.01406.X
Abstract: Risk perception theories posit that changes in risk perception prompt subsequent changes in risk behavior. Prospective studies using observations made at three time-points offer the capacity to test this hypothesis by observing sequential changes in both risk perceptions and behavior. A telephone survey was administered by random-digit dialing to 255 adult Australian drivers at baseline (T1), 6 weeks (T2), and 14 weeks (T3). During weeks 2-5, a risk-perception-based anti-speeding mass media c aign was conducted. The survey assessed risk perception, operationalized as the proportion of time that driving at 70 km/h (43 mph) was perceived to be dangerous, and self-reported speeding behavior, defined as the frequency of respondents driving 5 km (3 mph) faster than the legal speed limit in built up areas. Higher T2 risk perception predicted lower T3 self-reports of speeding after controlling T1 risk perception and T1 and T2 self-reported speeding. This can be interpreted as changes in risk perceptions between T1 and T2 predicting changes in speeding between T2 and T3. Further analyses showed that increases in risk perception predicted lower subsequent self-reported speeding changes, but decreases in risk perception were unrelated to those changes. Risk perception changes were unrelated to recall of exposure to the media c aign. These findings support a dynamic view of the relationship between risk perception and self-reported behavior, and that risk perception theories can be applied to speeding.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2011
Abstract: Background. Distressing imagery may inhibit health communications by inducing audiences to reduce distress by avoiding attention to persuasive messages. Method. This study used eye-tracking methods to compare gaze time allocated to a persuasive textual message, accompanied by either distressing high-resolution color images or less distressing two-color images with degraded outline and detail. Results. Participants in the distressing images condition showed lower intentions to reduce drinking in the following 3 months, which may have been mediated by lower gaze time to textual elements of the message. The effect was stronger in participants who both scored lower on dispositional mental disengagement and were more vulnerable to alcohol-related problems. Conclusions. These findings suggest that distressing imagery may inhibit persuasion by reducing audience attention to message components. Implications for message design are discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.JEP.2006.12.021
Abstract: Lavender is a popular treatment for stress and mild anxiety in Europe and the USA. The present study investigated the effects of (Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae)) lavender odour inhalation over 2 weeks or 24 h periods, on gerbil behaviour in the elevated plus maze in mature male and female gerbils, and compared results with the effects of diazepam (1 mg/kg) i.p. after 30 min and 2-week administration. Traditional measures of open entries showed an increasing trend over the 2 weeks exposure, whereas ethological measures indicative of anxiety stretch-attend frequency and percentage protected head-dips, were significantly lower. Exploratory behaviour, total head-dip frequency, increased after 24 h lavender and 2 weeks exposure. These results are comparable with diazepam administration. There were sex differences in protected head-dip an ethological indicator of anxiety: females showed a significant decrease in protected head-dips compared to both males and to female controls. In conclusion exposure to lavender odour may have an anxiolytic profile in gerbils similar to that of the anxiolytic diazepam. In addition, prolonged, 2-week lavender odour exposure increased exploratory behaviour in females indicating a further decrease in anxiety in this sex.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-01-2017
DOI: 10.1002/PON.4349
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2004
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2008
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 27-03-2019
Abstract: Although many hypotheses have been proposed to explain why humans speak so many languages and why languages are unevenly distributed across the globe, the factors that shape geographical patterns of cultural and linguistic ersity remain poorly understood. Prior research has tended to focus on identifying universal predictors of language ersity, without accounting for how local factors and multiple predictors interact. Here, we use a unique combination of path analysis, mechanistic simulation modelling, and geographically weighted regression to investigate the broadly described, but poorly understood, spatial pattern of language ersity in North America. We show that the ecological drivers of language ersity are not universal or entirely direct. The strongest associations imply a role for previously developed hypothesized drivers such as population density, resource ersity, and carrying capacity with group size limits. The predictive power of this web of factors varies over space from regions where our model predicts approximately 86% of the variation in ersity, to areas where less than 40% is explained.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-08-2020
DOI: 10.1002/PON.5514
Abstract: Cancer survivors commonly experience long‐term anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression might result from problems emerging during survivorship rather than illness and treatment. This study tested three potential causal paths: (a) concerns about physical symptoms and functional problems and fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) arising during survivorship directly cause anxiety and depression, (b) an indirect path whereby FCR mediates effects of concerns about physical symptoms and functional problems on anxiety and depression, and (c) a reciprocal path whereby anxiety and depression cause concerns about physical symptoms and functional problems and FCR, which exacerbate later anxiety and depression. S le of 453 uveal melanoma survivors who completed observations 6‐, 12‐, 24‐, 36‐, 48‐ and 60‐months post‐diagnosis and did not miss two consecutive observations. Cross‐lagged analyses were conducted to predict Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale subscale scores. Symptoms and functional problems were measured using the EORTC OPT 30 scale, and FCR operationalised by the EORTC OPT 30 worry about recurrence scale. Covariates were age, gender, treatment modality, and visual acuity of the fellow eye and chromosome‐3 status (which accurately predicts 10‐year survival), worry and anxiety or depression. All paths received some support, although the indirect path emerged only for anxiety in females. Concerns about physical symptoms, functional problems, and FCR originated in survivorship and appeared to both influence and be influenced by anxiety and depression. Findings emphasise the importance of actively monitoring survivors to prevent, detect, and intervene in the development of anxiety and depression during survivorship.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-04-2015
DOI: 10.1002/PON.3813
Abstract: Cancer survivors experience uncertainty about the future, which can be distressing. A prognostication tool is available for uveal melanoma survivors, which can provide accurate estimates of life expectancy - a key source of uncertainty. Accurate prognostic information has not previously been available for healthy cancer survivors. The aims of this study were to identify how patients experience prognostic information and how it affects their experience of uncertainty. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 healthy survivors of uveal melanoma 6-60 months after treatment (approximately 8-62 months after receiving prognostic information). Data were analysed qualitatively. Patients did not feel that the prognostic information relieved uncertainty, which still overshadowed their lives. Different prognoses engendered different experiences of uncertainty. Those receiving poor life expectancy estimates reported uncertainties regarding the timing and form of metastases that they were likely to experience, but they also used uncertainty to justify feeling hopeful. Those receiving good prognoses were often unable wholly to accept these. Patients whose test results failed or were intermediate retained their original uncertainties. Patients managed their uncertainties by suppressing thoughts about them and by trusting in the care of clinicians and the health-care system. Uncertainty in the context of uveal melanoma is a complex and multifaceted experience that is not easily resolved by prognostication. Additional approaches are needed to help patients with the uncertainty that persists despite prognostication.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-08-2018
DOI: 10.1111/ECOG.03784
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2007.06.023
Abstract: To investigate the anxiolytic effects of prolonged rose odor exposure, mature gerbils were exposed to acute (24 h), chronic (2 week) rose odor, or a no odor condition. Anxiolytic effects were assessed using the elevated plus maze and black white box. Rose odor profiles were compared with diazepam (1 mg/kg) i.p. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test was used, with the Mann-Whitney U test to examine significant group differences. In the elevated plus maze, spatiotemporal measures, altered by diazepam, were unaffected by rose oil, whereas exploration, increased (headdip frequency: acute U=100, p<0.001 chronic U=13, p<0.001). In the black white box, rose oil had anxiolytic spatiotemporal and exploratory behavior effects: latency to move from the white to the black compartment (acute U=182, p<0.01, chronic U=179, p<0.05), percentage time in the white compartment (acute U=168, p<0.01, chronic U=149, p<0.01) and exploration, rear-sniff frequency white (acute U=100, p<0.001 chronic U=99, p<0.001) increased. The percentage of time in the dark area decreased (acute U=160, p<0.01, chronic U=178, p<0.05). This anxiolytic profile strengthened after chronic exposure to rose odor, transitions between the compartments (U=167, p<0.01) and percentage of time moving around the arena (U=154, p<0.001) increased. This profile was more representative of modern anxiolytics, for ex le some serotonergic agents, rather than benzodiazepine type drugs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2010.03.013
Abstract: In adults, alcohol-related stimuli prime aggressive responding without ingestion or belief of ingestion. This represents either experiential or socially-and culturally-mediated learning. Using a laboratory-based competitive aggression paradigm, we replicated adult findings in 103 11-14 year old adolescents below the legal UK drinking age. Using a two-independent group design, priming with alcohol-related imagery led participants to deliver louder noise punishments in a competition task than priming with beverage-related images. This effect was stronger in participants scoring low on an internalization measure. Priming effects in relatively alcohol-naïve participants could constitute evidence of socio-cultural transmission of scripts linking alcohol use and aggression. The enhanced effect in lower internalization scorers suggests that alcohol priming might undermine behavioral inhibition processes in otherwise stable adolescents.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-04-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JASP.12074
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2004.03.030
Abstract: Arousal-based theories of gambling suggest that excitement gained from gambling reinforces further gambling behavior. However, recent theories of emotion conceptualize mood as comprising both arousal and valence dimensions. Thus, excitement comprises arousal with positive valence. We examined self-reported changes in arousal and affective valence in 27 problem and 40 nonproblem gamblers playing electronic gaming machines (EGMs). Problem gamblers reported greater arousal increases after gambling and increases in negative valence if they lost. This accords poorly with an excitement-based explanation of problem gambling.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-11-2020
DOI: 10.1111/HEX.13163
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-03-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S12671-021-01602-Y
Abstract: Anxiety and depression are common in chronic physical illness populations. Self-compassion, the motivation and the capacity to alleviate one’s own suffering, is associated with reduced anxiety and depression in mental health populations. This review aimed to collate available research showing links between self-compassion and anxiety and depression in chronic physical illness populations. This study is a systematic review of English language studies investigating univariate and multivariate correlates of anxiety and depression by self-compassion constructs in adult chronic physical illness populations. Twenty papers, reporting data from 16 unique studies, were included. Half s led cancer patients. Self-compassion scores consistently showed moderate to large inverse associations with anxiety and depression over both univariate ( r = −.37 to −.53 and r = −.38 to −.66, respectively) and multivariate analyses (β =.01 to β = −.55 and β = −.17 to β = −.59, respectively). Worry and depressive brooding, and shame, mediated relationships between self-compassion and anxiety and depression. Although findings suggest that self-compassion processes may have a role in alleviating anxiety and depression in chronic physical illness populations, methodological limitations limit confidence in this proposition. Prospective studies that identify theoretically plausible mediators and moderators are required before the development or modification of therapeutic interventions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2009
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-06-2023
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0285739
Abstract: Recent longitudinal research using the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), which disentangles the within and between variances, has afforded greater insights than previously possible. Moreover, the impact of reading enjoyment and reading for fun on subsequent school achievement, and vice versa, has only recently been scrutinized through this lens. This study’s longitudinal data (grades 3, 5, 7, and 9) comprised 2,716 Australian students aged 8 to 16 years, with school reading achievement measured by the National Assessment Program: Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN). The RI-CLPMs’ within-person effects were not trivial, accounting for approximately two-thirds and one-third of the variance in enjoyment/fun and achievement, respectively, with between-person effects accounting for the balance. Here, we highlight a reversing direction of reading achievement’s cross-lagged effect on subsequent reading enjoyment but note that the evidence for this over a reciprocal directionality was marginal. In mid-primary school, achievement at grade 3 predicted enjoyment at grade 5 more than the converse (i.e. enjoyment at grade 3 to achievement at grade 5). By secondary school, however, the directionality had flipped: enjoyment at grade 7 predicted achievement at grade 9 more so than the reverse. We termed this pattern the skill-leisure-skill directionality (S-L-S), as it concurred with the only two former studies that modelled equivalent instruments with the RI-CLPM. This model’s cross-lagged estimates represent deviations relative to a student’s average (i.e., within-person effect). In other words, students who enjoyed reading more (or less) in grade 7 achieved reading scores that were higher (or lower) than their average in grade 9. The implications for reading pedagogy are further discussed.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-09-2023
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1990
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900007099
Abstract: Effective mass-reach smoking-cessation interventions are required in order to accelerate the decline in the prevalence of smoking in Australia and other industrialised countries. Such large-scale interventions still rely, to a major extent, on theoretical principles derived from research with clinical or other opportunistic s les. Schachter (1982) argues that this type of research provides information which is unrepresentative of smokers in the general population. We compared a population-probability s le with a s le of smokers enrolling in a smoking-cessation program offered by a community health centre. The health centre s le was composed of predominantly female, older smokers who had higher smoking rates, had made more previous attempts to stop smoking, and tended to attribute their last relapse to irritability. We discuss some potential implications for research relevant to population-wide smoking control strategies.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-08-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S10865-021-00252-8
Abstract: A number of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) predict increased mortality after primary cancer treatment. Studies, though, are sometimes affected by methodological limitations. They often use control variables that poorly predict life expectancy, examine only one or two PROs thus not controlling potential confounding by unmeasured PROs, and observe PROs at only a single point in time. To predict all-cause mortality, this study used control variables affording good estimates of life expectancy, conducted multivariate analyses of multiple PROs to identify independent predictors, and monitored PROs two years after diagnosis. We recruited a consecutive s le of 824 patients with uveal melanoma between April 2008 and December 2014. PROs were variables shown to predict mortality in previous studies anxiety, depression, visual and ocular symptoms, visual function impairment, worry about cancer recurrence, and physical, emotional, social and functional quality of life (QoL), measured 6, 12 and 24 months after diagnosis. We conducted Cox regression analyses with a census date of December 2018. Covariates were age, gender, marital and employment status, self-reported co-morbidities, tumor diameter and thickness, treatment modality and chromosome 3 mutation status, the latter a genetic mutation strongly associated with mortality. Single predictor analyses (with covariates), showed 6-month depression and poorer functional QoL predicting mortality, as did 6–12 month increases in anxiety and 6–12 month decreases in physical and functional QoL. Multivariate analyses using all PROs showed independent prediction by 6-month depression and decreasing QoL over 6–12 months and 12–24 months. Elevated depression scores six months post-diagnosis constituted an increased mortality risk. Early intervention for depressive symptoms may reduce mortality.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-02-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2003
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-4375(03)00006-9
Abstract: Research suggests that people who engage in risk-taking behaviors often hold specific beliefs that can mitigate or reduce their perceptions of risk associated with those behaviors. A scale was developed (Speeding Risk Belief Scale (SRBS)) to assess beliefs about speeding-related risk and predict self-reported speeding in a random-digit telephone survey of 800 South Australian drivers between the ages of 16 and 50. The scale was internally consistent, and path analyses showed it to be associated with self-reported speeding, both directly and indirectly through participants' estimates of speeding-related risk. Origins of risk-mitigating beliefs and the extent to which they may be causally linked with speeding are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research. This research has strong implications for the conduct of countermeasure c aigns that disseminate information on speeding-related risk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-09-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S00787-009-0059-Y
Abstract: Childhood loneliness is characterised by children's perceived dissatisfaction with aspects of their social relationships. This 8-year prospective study investigates whether loneliness in childhood predicts depressive symptoms in adolescence, controlling for early childhood indicators of emotional problems and a sociometric measure of peer social preference. 296 children were tested in the infant years of primary school (T1 5 years of age), in the upper primary school (T2 9 years of age) and in secondary school (T3 13 years of age). At T1, children completed the loneliness assessment and sociometric interview. Their teachers completed externalisation and internalisation rating scales for each child. At T2, children completed a loneliness assessment, a measure of depressive symptoms, and the sociometric interview. At T3, children completed the depressive symptom assessment. An SEM analysis showed that depressive symptoms in early adolescence (age 13) were predicted by reports of depressive symptoms at age 8, which were themselves predicted by internalisation in the infant school (5 years). The interactive effect of loneliness at 5 and 9, indicative of prolonged loneliness in childhood, also predicted depressive symptoms at age 13. Parent and peer-related loneliness at age 5 and 9, peer acceptance variables, and duration of parent loneliness did not predict depression. Our results suggest that enduring peer-related loneliness during childhood constitutes an interpersonal stressor that predisposes children to adolescent depressive symptoms. Possible mediators are discussed.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2013.766734
Abstract: Time pressure is often cited as a reason for non-attendance at mammography screening, although evidence from other areas of psychology suggests that time pressure can improve performance when barriers such as time pressure provide a challenge. We predicted that time pressure would negatively predict attendance in women whose self-efficacy for overcoming time pressure is low, but positively predict attendance when self-efficacy is high. Time pressure was operationalised as the self-reported number of dependent children and others, and average number of working hours per week. Australian women were surveyed after being invited to attend second or subsequent screenings at a free public screening service, and subsequent attendance monitored until six months after screening was due. The majority (87.5%) attended screening. Women with more dependent children and higher self-efficacy showed greater attendance likelihood, and women with fewer non-child dependants and lower self-efficacy were less likely to attend. Working hours did not predict attendance. Findings provide partial support for the idea that time pressure acts as a challenge for women with high self-efficacy.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-11-2021
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 26-05-2017
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 04-2023
DOI: 10.1037/HEA0001270
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.BREAST.2012.06.005
Abstract: Although controversial, use of contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy (CRRM) is increasing. It is not clear whether reduction of objective breast cancer risk or other factors determine decisions for CRRM. We aimed to identify factors that influence these decisions by scrutinising how decisions were made in one centre. We reviewed a consecutive series of 60 patients considered for CRRM in one centre. Data sources, analysed using qualitative methods, were records of routine psychological assessment, surgeon letters, case-notes and interviews with four surgeons. Perceptions of objective risk did not generally drive patients' requests or surgeons' decisions. Instead, CRRM appeared to be mainly performed for psychological reasons: to reduce patients' cancer worry and to achieve cosmetic benefits. Routine use of the term 'risk-reducing' surgery masks a clinical decision which usually reflects influences other than risk. As CRRM is often carried out for psychological reasons it follows that evidence about its psychosocial outcomes is needed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-09-2016
DOI: 10.1038/EYE.2016.188
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2005
Publisher: National Institute for Health and Care Research
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3310/HSDR08030
Abstract: A new NHS dental practice contract is being tested using a traffic light (TL) system that categorises patients as being at red (high), amber (medium) or green (low) risk of poor oral health. This is intended to increase the emphasis on preventative dentistry, including giving advice on ways patients can improve their oral health. Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence (QLF™) cameras (Inspektor Research Systems BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) also potentially offer a vivid portrayal of information on patients’ oral health. Systematic review – objective: to investigate how patients value and respond to different forms of information on health risks. Methods: electronic searches of nine databases, hand-searching of eight specialist journals and backwards and forwards citation-chasing followed by duplicate title, abstract- and paper-screening and data-extraction. Inclusion criteria limited studies to personalised information on risk given to patients as part of their health care. Randomised controlled trial (RCT) – setting: NHS dental practice. Objective: to investigate patients’ preferences for and response to different forms of information about risk given at check-ups. Design: a pragmatic, multicentred, three-arm, parallel-group, patient RCT. Participants: adults with a high/medium risk of poor oral health attending NHS dental practices. Interventions: (1) information given verbally supported by a card showing the patient’s TL risk category (2) information given verbally supported by a QLF photograph of the patient’s mouth. The control was verbal information only (usual care). Main outcome measures: primary outcome – median valuation for the three forms of information measured by willingness to pay (WTP). Secondary outcomes included toothbrushing frequency and duration, dietary sugar intake, smoking status, self-rated oral health, a basic periodontal examination, Plaque Percentage Index and the number of tooth surfaces affected by caries (as measured by QLF). Qualitative study – an ethnography involving observations of 368 dental appointments and interviews with patients and dental teams. Systematic review – the review identified 12 papers (nine of which were RCTs). Eight studies involved the use of computerised risk assessments in primary care. Intervention effects were generally modest, even with respect to modifying risk perceptions rather than altering behaviour or clinical outcomes. RCT – the trial found that 51% of patients identified verbal information as their most preferred form, 35% identified QLF as most preferred and 14% identified TL information as most preferred. The median WTP for TL was about half that for verbal information alone. Although at 6 and 12 months patients reported taking less sugar in drinks, and at 12 months patients reported longer toothbrushing, there was no difference by information group. Qualitative study – there was very little explicit risk talk. Lifestyle discussions were often cursory to avoid causing shame or embarrassment to patients. Only 45% of patients were retained in the trial at 6 months and 31% were retained at 12 months. The trial was conducted in four dental practices, and five dental practices were involved in the qualitative work. Patients prefer personal, detailed verbal advice on oral health at their check-up. A new NHS dental practice contract using TL categorisation might make this less likely. Research on how to deliver, within time constraints, effective advice to patients on preventing poor oral health. More research on ‘risk work’ in wider clinical settings is also needed. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN71242343. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research Vol. 8, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-11-2018
DOI: 10.1111/HEX.12853
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 06-2013
DOI: 10.1037/A0033284
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.BBR.2010.08.006
Abstract: Neurokinin-1, (NK1) receptor antagonists offer strong potential as anxiolytic drugs with few side effects. The use of the Mongolian gerbil for anxiety research offers advantages because gerbil NK1 receptors share a greater homology with human NK1 receptors than those of other rodents. Studies are needed to validate existing tests of anxiety for use with this species. This study examined the effects of two anxiolytics (buspirone and diazepam) and two anxiogenics (caffeine and FG142) on male and female gerbil behaviour in the black-white box (BWB). Diazepam was anxiolytic in males but not females. The anxiolytic effects of buspirone were apparent at the lower doses in both males and females. Higher doses resulted in sedative effects in both sexes. Caffeine produced mild anxiogenesis in females at the lowest dose, and in males at the highest dose. FG7142 was mildly anxiogenic in males and not at all in females. Findings are discussed in light of previous research. The gerbil BWB should not be used as a valid test of anxiety in its current form.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/BJHP.12365
Abstract: Self-affirmation of personal values can reduce defensive responses to threatening health promotion messages, probably because it induces a positive and expansive view of the self. However, coping with threat is also an interpersonal process. We developed other-affirmation inductions that focus on values held by others. Two studies examined the effects of common affirmation inductions modified for other-affirmation: affirmation of a specific value (kindness) and affirmation of a personally chosen value. Randomized and controlled three-group (self-, other-, or no-affirmation conditions) single-factor design. Outcomes were time spent in self-directed viewing the message and self-reported outcomes that included intentions to reduce drinking, evaluations of the message, and risk perceptions. Students were randomized to self-, other, or no-affirmation conditions and asked to read a threatening anti-alcohol message. Self- and other-affirmation increased message viewing time in Study 1. In both studies, other-affirmation increased self-reported outcomes, and study 1 showed this effect to be more prominent in females. In Study 1, the effects of self- and other-affirmation on message exposure were greater in participants with defensive coping styles, and other-affirmation effects were mediated by more positive views of others and their values. This mediation was independent of self-affirmation. Other-affirmation increased self-reported outcomes and, in Study 1, reduced defensiveness to and improved viewing times to an anti-alcohol message. Other-affirmation could be useful, because it may be suited to particular subpopulations, such as females, and can be easily incorporated into mass-reach health communications. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Self-affirmation of personally important values can reduce defensive responding to threatening health communications. Self-affirmation effects have been shown to be mediated by feelings of connectedness. What does this study add? Affirmation of personally important values in others can improve effects of a health communication. Other-affirmation effects may be greater in those with defensive coping styles. Other-affirmation was mediated by enhanced perceptions of others and their values.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-2001
Abstract: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a disorder that severely disrupts sleep and may lead to severe long- and short-term health consequences. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective treatment for OSA, but compliance with CPAP is often poor. Forty participants diagnosed with OSA completed a questionnaire based on the health belief model after a one-night first-time trial of CPAP treatment. After a subsequent 1-month period of CPAP use, electronic usage records were downloaded and analysed. Perceived benefits of CPAP use and perceived barriers to use showed multivariate associations with the mean number of hours of daily CPAP use, and perceived benefits of CPAP use was inversely associated with the percentage of days that CPAP was not used. Participants' confidence in their ability to use CPAP showed significant univariate, but not multivariate, relationships with both variables. Findings suggest that patients may benefit from greater levels of information and instruction in CPAP use.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2005.09.005
Abstract: To research relations between coping style and well-being in adolescent prisoners previous research suggests that the stress of incarceration may be moderated by coping style in adult prisoners. This research examined links between coping style and distress in 133 male adolescent prisoners on two occasions over a six-week period shortly after the commencement of their imprisonment. Anxiety and depression both declined over this period, with T1-T2 depression reduction negatively associated with T1 emotion-based coping and positively associated with T1 detachment. Emotion coping declined over the six weeks, whereas detachment coping increased. These changes were associated with improved depression and anxiety scores. Detachment and low emotional expression may assist incarcerated adolescents to adapt more positively to the initial period of imprisonment, and prisoners may adopt these more effective coping styles over time. These findings are explained in terms of adaptation to stressors specific to the prison environment.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2011
DOI: 10.1002/AB.20400
Abstract: Social scripts are commonly shared representations of behavior in social contexts, which are seen to be partly transmitted through social and cultural media. Research suggests that people hold scripts associated with alcohol-related aggression, but, unlike general aggression scripts, there is little evidence of social transmission. To demonstrate social transmission of alcohol-related aggression scripts, learning mechanisms based on personal experience should be minimized. We used a lexical decision task to examine implicit links between alcohol and aggression in alcohol-naïve adolescents who have limited personal or vicarious experience of alcohol-related aggression. One hundred and four 11-14 year old adolescents made lexical decisions on aggressive or nonaggressive words preceded by 40-ms alcohol or nonalcohol word primes. Repeated measures analyses of group data showed that alcohol word primes did not lead to faster responses to aggressive words than to nonaggressive words, nor were responses to aggressive words faster when they were preceded by alcohol word primes than by nonalcohol word primes. However, at an in idual level, faster recognition times to the alcohol prime/aggression target word combination predicted aggression on a competitive laboratory task in 14 year olds only. This occurred only when the competitive aggression task was preceded by a visual presentation of alcoholic, but not nonalcoholic beverage, images. We concluded that alcohol-related aggression scripts are not strongly developed in this age group, but in idual differences in script strength are linked to alcohol-related laboratory aggression.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900006136
Abstract: Self-instructional materials are widely used to help smokers develop cognitive-behavioural techniques which may assist them to stop smoking. The effectiveness of these materials may be augmented by a minimal therapist support component to encourage and supervise their use. Forty-five smokers were recruited to a smoking-cessation program at a community health centre, and were randomly assigned to either a self-instructional manual plus regular telephone contact condition, or to a manual-only condition. A higher proportion of participants in the telephone contact condition reported being abstinent at 3- and 6-month follow-ups, but not at a 12-month follow-up. There were no differences between the two conditions for the smoking rates of the remaining smokers at each of the follow-ups. Levels of adherence to the techniques presented in the manual were generally low, with a preference for the more-simple behavioural techniques, and those which were related to initial behaviour change rather than to maintenance. There was no relationship between levels of reported adherence to the techniques and smoking status at follow up. There is the need for further research on the cost-effective use of social support strategies to augment the impact of self-instructional behaviour-change materials.
Location: Switzerland
No related grants have been discovered for Stephen Brown.