ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6220-7531
Current Organisation
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
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Publisher: BMJ
Date: 24-04-2020
DOI: 10.1136/INJURYPREV-2019-043494
Abstract: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-07-2017
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.13778
Abstract: Elevated atmospheric CO
Publisher: International Society of Environmental Botanists
Date: 31-07-2017
DOI: 10.18811/IJPEN.V3I02.10432
Abstract: Arsenic is a highly toxic carcinogenic element whose contamination in groundwater and soil has emerged as a problem of unprecedented scale in last few years. The arsenic exposure to humans occurs through drinking water and food and threatens to increase incidences of cancer and other ailments drastically in future. To safeguard people from arsenic through food, research has focused on understanding in depth mechanisms of arsenic stress responses in plants. These included laboratory-based and field studies and encompassed morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular assays and also whole genome transcriptome and proteome analyses. These studies led to information about changes at biochemical and molecular levels which are reflected in morphological and growth changes. Further, the involvement of various signalling and regulatory elements has been revealed. Among these, microRNAs (miRNAs), which are 20-25 base pairs long RNAs, have emerged as important players in mediated arsenic stress responses in plants. miRNAs have been found to regulate signalling elements, transcription factors, hormones biosynthesis and responses, oxidative stress responses, sulphur metabolism etc. This review presents a discussion on miRNAs involvement in arsenic stress responses in plants and also sheds light on future perspectives.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 04-10-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.03.462792
Abstract: Mesophyll CO 2 conductance (g m ) in C 3 species responds to short-term (minutes) changes in environment potentially due to changes in some leaf anatomical and biochemical properties and due to measurement artifacts. Compared to C 3 species, there is less information about g m responses to short-term changes in environment conditions like p CO 2 across erse C 4 species and the potential determinants of these responses. Using 16 erse C 4 grasses we investigated the response of g m to short-term changes in CO 2 and how this response related to the leaf anatomical and biochemical traits. For all the measured C 4 -grasses g m increased as CO 2 decreased however, the percent change in g m varied (+13% to +250%) and significantly related to percent changes in leaf transpiration efficiency (TE i ). The percent increase in g m was highest in grasses with thinner mesophyll cell walls and greater leaf nitrogen, activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase, and a higher affinity of PEPC for bicarbonate. Our study demonstrates that CO 2 response of g m varies greatly across erse C 4 grasses and identifies the key leaf anatomical and biochemical traits related to this variation. These findings have implications for improving C 4 photosynthetic models, and in attempts to improve TE i through manipulation of g m .
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 03-09-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.02.457988
Abstract: Functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic variation may cause traits to covary over millions of years and slow populations from reaching their adaptive optima. Alternatively, trait covariation may result from selective constraint if some trait combinations are generally maladaptive. Quantifying the relative contribution of functional, developmental, and selective constraints on phenotypic variation is a longstanding goal of macroevolution, but it is often difficult to distinguish different types of constraints. The anatomy of leaves with stomata on both surfaces ( histomatous) present a unique opportunity to test the importance of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypyic evolution. The key insight is that stomata on each leaf surface encounter the same functional and developmental constraints, but potentially different selective constraints because of leaf asymmetry in light capture, gas exchange, and other features. Independent evolution of stomatal traits on each surface imply that functional and developmental constraints alone likely do not explain trait covariance. Packing limits on how many stomata can fit into a finite epidermis and cell-size-mediated developmental integration are hypothesized to constrain variation in stomatal anatomy. The simple geometry of the planar leaf surface and knowledge of stomatal development make it possible to derive equations for phenotypic (co)variance caused by these constraints and compare them with data. We analyzed evolutionary covariance between stomatal density and length in histomatous leaves from 236 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Stomatal anatomy on each surface erges partially independently, meaning that packing limits and developmental integration are not sufficient to explain phenotypic (co)variation. Hence, selective constraints, which require an adaptive explanation, likely contribute to (co)variation in ecologically important traits like stomata. We show how it is possible to evaluate the contribution of different constraints by deriving expected patterns of (co)variance and testing them using similar but separate tissues, organs, or sexes.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 28-07-2023
Abstract: Cell wall properties play a major role in determining photosynthetic carbon uptake and water use through their impact on mesophyll conductance (CO2 diffusion from substomatal cavities into photosynthetic mesophyll cells) and leaf hydraulic conductance (water movement from xylem, through leaf tissue, to stomata). Consequently, modification of cell wall (CW) properties might help improve photosynthesis and crop water use efficiency (WUE). We tested this using 2 independent transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) lines overexpressing the rice OsAT10 gene (encoding a “BAHD” CoA acyltransferase), which alters CW hydroxycinnamic acid content (more para-coumaric acid and less ferulic acid). Plants were grown under high and low water levels, and traits related to leaf anatomy, CW composition, gas exchange, hydraulics, plant biomass, and canopy-level water use were measured. Alteration of hydroxycinnamic acid content led to statistically significant decreases in mesophyll CW thickness (−14%) and increased mesophyll conductance (+120%) and photosynthesis (+22%). However, concomitant increases in stomatal conductance negated the increased photosynthesis, resulting in no change in intrinsic WUE (ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance). Leaf hydraulic conductance was also unchanged however, transgenic plants showed small but statistically significant increases in aboveground biomass (AGB) (+12.5%) and canopy-level WUE (+8.8% ratio of AGB to water used) and performed better under low water levels than wild-type plants. Our results demonstrate that changes in CW composition, specifically hydroxycinnamic acid content, can increase mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis in C3 cereal crops such as rice. However, attempts to improve photosynthetic WUE will need to enhance mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis while maintaining or decreasing stomatal conductance.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2018.12.121
Abstract: In the present study, the effects of nitrogen supply (low nitrogen: LN and high nitrogen: HN) on As stress (25 μM) responses of rice seedlings were monitored for 7 d. The mean length of primary, adventitious and lateral roots and number of adventitious and lateral roots were significantly improved in LN+As, while further reduced in HN+As, as compared to As alone treatment at 7 d. The LN+As treatment resulted in significant decline in As (848 μg g
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 06-2023
DOI: 10.1086/723780
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2022
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.18427
Abstract: Mesophyll CO 2 conductance ( g m ) in C 3 species responds to short‐term (minutes) changes in environment potentially due to changes in leaf anatomical and biochemical properties and measurement artefacts. Compared with C 3 species, there is less information on g m responses to short‐term changes in environmental conditions such as partial pressure of CO 2 ( p CO 2 ) across erse C 4 species and the potential determinants of these responses. Using 16 C 4 grasses we investigated the response of g m to short‐term changes in p CO 2 and its relationship with leaf anatomy and biochemistry. In general, g m increased as p CO 2 decreased (statistically significant increase in 12 species), with percentage increases in g m ranging from +13% to +250%. Greater increase in g m at low p CO 2 was observed in species exhibiting relatively thinner mesophyll cell walls along with greater mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular air spaces, leaf N, photosynthetic capacity and activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and Rubisco. Species with greater CO 2 responses of g m were also able to maintain their leaf water‐use efficiencies (TE i ) under low CO 2 . Our study advances understanding of CO 2 response of g m in erse C 4 species, identifies the key leaf traits related to this response and has implications for improving C 4 photosynthetic models and TE i through modification of g m .
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-02-2021
DOI: 10.1111/TPJ.15141
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 12-03-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.532111
Abstract: Cell wall properties can play a major role in determining photosynthetic carbon-uptake and water-use through impacts on mesophyll conductance (CO 2 diffusion from substomatal cavities into photosynthetic mesophyll cells) and leaf hydraulic conductance (water movement from xylem, through leaf tissue to stomata). Consequently, modification of cell wall properties is proposed as a major path for improving photosynthesis and crop water-use efficiency. We tested this using two independent transgenic rice lines that overexpress the rice OsAT10 gene (a “BAHD” CoA acyltransferase) which altered cell wall hydroxycinnamic acid content (greater para -coumaric acid and lower ferulic acid). Plants were grown under high and low water-levels and traits related to leaf anatomy, cell wall composition, gas exchange and hydraulics, plant biomass, and canopy-level water-use were measured. Alteration of hydroxycinnamic acid content led to significant decreases in mesophyll cell wall thickness (−14%), and increased mesophyll conductance (+120%) and photosynthesis (+22%). However, concomitant increases in stomatal conductance negated increased photosynthesis, resulting in no change in intrinsic water-use efficiency (ratio of photosynthesis/stomatal conductance). The leaf hydraulic conductance was also unchanged however, the transgenics showed small, but significant increase in above-ground biomass (+12.5%), and canopy-level water-use efficiency (+8.8% ratio of above-ground biomass/ water-used) and performed better under low water-level. Our results demonstrate that changes in cell wall composition, specifically hydroxycinnamic acid content, can increase mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis in C 3 cereal crops like rice. However, attempts to improve photosynthetic water-use efficiency will need to enhance mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis whilst maintaining or decreasing stomatal conductance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-12-2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-04-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-09-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-03-2023
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.18771
Abstract: The ‘One Hundred Important Questions Facing Plant Science Research’ project aimed to capture a global snapshot of the current issues and future questions facing plant science. This revisiting builds on the original 2011 paper. Over 600 questions were collected from anyone interested in plants, which were reduced to a final list of 100 by four teams of global panellists. There was remarkable consensus on the most important topics between the global subpanels. We present the top 100 most important questions facing plant science in 2022, ranging from how plants can contribute to tackling climate change, to plant‐defence priming and epigenome plasticity. We also provide explanations of why each question is important. We demonstrate how focussing on climate change, community and protecting plant life has become increasingly important for plant science over the past 11 years. This revisiting illustrates the collaborative and international need for long‐term funding of plant science research, alongside the broad community‐driven efforts to actively ameliorate and halt climate change, while adapting to its consequences.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-06-2020
DOI: 10.1111/PCE.13807
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-09-2019
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.16106
Abstract: Mesophyll conductance ( g m ) is the diffusion of CO 2 from intercellular air spaces ( IAS ) to the first site of carboxylation in the mesophyll cells. In C 3 species, g m is influenced by erse leaf structural and anatomical traits however, little is known about traits affecting g m in C 4 species. To address this knowledge gap, we used online oxygen isotope discrimination measurements to estimate g m and microscopy techniques to measure leaf structural and anatomical traits potentially related to g m in 18 C 4 grasses. In this study, g m scaled positively with photosynthesis and intrinsic water‐use efficiency ( TE i ), but not with stomatal conductance. Also, g m was not determined by a single trait but was positively correlated with adaxial stomatal densities ( SD ada ), stomatal ratio ( SR ), mesophyll surface area exposed to IAS ( S mes ) and leaf thickness. However, g m was not related to abaxial stomatal densities ( SD aba ) and mesophyll cell wall thickness ( T CW ). Our study suggests that greater SD ada and SR increased g m by increasing S mes and creating additional parallel pathways for CO 2 diffusion inside mesophyll cells. Thus, SD ada , SR and S mes are important determinants of C 4 ‐ g m and could be the target traits selected or modified for achieving greater g m and TE i in C 4 species.
Location: Australia
Location: United States of America
No related grants have been discovered for Dr VARSHA PATHARE.